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Thermodynamics Formulas

The document contains formulas for various thermodynamic processes and cycles. It defines formulas for potential energy, kinetic energy, internal energy, flow energy, enthalpy, power, specific heat capacities, and other variables. It then outlines the key equations describing processes such as reversible, adiabatic, isothermal and polytropic. Finally it summarizes the important equations for common thermodynamic cycles like Carnot, Otto, Diesel and Brayton cycles.

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Mohammad Saleem
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1K views16 pages

Thermodynamics Formulas

The document contains formulas for various thermodynamic processes and cycles. It defines formulas for potential energy, kinetic energy, internal energy, flow energy, enthalpy, power, specific heat capacities, and other variables. It then outlines the key equations describing processes such as reversible, adiabatic, isothermal and polytropic. Finally it summarizes the important equations for common thermodynamic cycles like Carnot, Otto, Diesel and Brayton cycles.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Saleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamics formulas

Potential energy (P.E.) = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝑧

1
Kinetic energy (K.E.) = ∗ 𝑚 ∗ 𝑐 2
2

Internal energy (U) = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐶𝑣 ∗ 𝑇

Flow energy (F.E.) = 𝑝 ∗ 𝑣

Enthalpy (h) = 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑣

P.E.1 + K.E.1 + U1 + F.E.1 + Q


= P.E.2 + K.E.2 + U2 + F.E.2 + W
Q = ∆U + W

Power (P) = W * ṁ
𝑅°
R=
𝑀

𝑅
Cv =
𝛾−1

𝛾∗𝑅
Cp =
𝛾−1

h = (1-x) * hf + x * hg = hf + x * hfg

h = Cp * T

U = Cv * T

𝑝 ∗ 𝑣 = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑇 {p. gas}

{p. gas} = {perfect gas or ideal gas, ok? ☺}


Reversible process
1. Constant volume (isochoric)

Q = U2 – U1 {steam}

Q = m * Cv * (T2 – T1) {p. gas}

W = 𝑅 ∗ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) {p. gas}

2. Constant pressure (isobaric)

Q = h2 – h1 {steam}

Q = m * Cp * (T2 – T1) {p. gas}

W = 𝑚 ∗ 𝑝 ∗ (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) {p. gas}


3. Constant temperature (isothermal)

Q = h2 – h1 {steam}

Q = U2 – U1 + W {steam}
𝑣2
Q = W = 𝑝1 ∗ 𝑣1 ∗ ln
𝑣1

𝑝1
= 𝑝1 ∗ 𝑣1 ∗ ln
𝑝2

𝑣2
= 𝑅 ∗ 𝑇 ∗ ln
𝑣1

𝑝1
= 𝑅 ∗ 𝑇 ∗ ln {p. gas}
𝑝2
4. Adiabatic process (Q = 0)

W = U1 – U2 {steam}
𝑝1 𝑣2 𝛾
= ( ) {p. gas}
𝑝2 𝑣1

𝑇1 𝑣2 𝛾−1
= ( ) {p. gas}
𝑇2 𝑣1

𝛾−1
𝑇1 𝑝1
= ( ) 𝛾 {p. gas}
𝑇2 𝑝2

W = ∆U = Cv ∗ (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )

𝑚∗𝑅∗(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
W= {p. gas}
𝛾−1

𝑝1 ∗𝑣1 −𝑝2 ∗𝑣2


W=
𝛾−1

𝐶𝑝
𝛾= [ 𝛾 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.4 ]
𝐶𝑣
5. Polytropic process (Pvn = c)
𝑝1 𝑣2 𝑛
=( )
𝑝2 𝑣1
𝑇1 𝑣2 𝑛−1
= ( )
𝑇2 𝑣1

𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑛−1
= ( ) 𝑛
𝑇2 𝑝2

𝑚∗𝑅∗(𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) 𝑝1 ∗𝑣1 −𝑝2 ∗𝑣2


W= =
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

𝛾−𝑛
Q= ∗𝑊
𝛾−1
Change in entropy (∆S)

1. Constant volume (isochoric)


𝑇2
∆S = 𝑚 ∗ 𝐶𝑣 ∗ ln {p. gas}
𝑇1

∆S = U2 – U1 {steam}

2. Constant temperature (isothermal)


𝑣2
∆S = 𝑅 ∗ ln {p. gas}
𝑣1

∆S = 𝑝 ∗ (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ) {steam}
3. Constant pressure (isobaric)
𝑇2
∆S = 𝐶𝑝 ∗ ln {p. gas}
𝑇1

∆S = h2 – h1 {steam}

4. Adiabatic process (Q = 0) (Isentropic)

∆S = 0

S1 = S2
5. Polytropic process (Pvn = c)
𝑇2 𝑣2
∆S = 𝐶𝑣 ∗ ln + 𝑅 ∗ ln
𝑇1 𝑣1

𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑝1
= 𝐶𝑣 ∗ ln + 𝑅 ∗ ln( ∗ )
𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑝2

𝑇2 𝑝1
= 𝐶𝑝 ∗ ln + 𝑅 ∗ ln( ) {p. gas}
𝑇1 𝑝2

𝑝1
∆S = 𝑅 ∗ ln {steam}
𝑝2

For irreversible process


𝑇2 𝑝1
∆S = 𝐶𝑝 ∗ ln + 𝑄 ∗ ln( )
𝑇1 𝑝2

𝑇’2
S’2 - S1 = 𝐶𝑝 ∗ ln
𝑇1
The heat engine cycles

Carnot cycle:
𝑊
ղ=
𝑄1

Q = T * (𝑆1 − 𝑆4 )

W = 𝑄1 − 𝑄2

𝑄2
ղ = 1−
𝑄1

𝑇2
ղ = 1−
𝑇1

𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑄1 −𝑄2


W.R. = =
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊4−1 +𝑊1−2

𝑊4−1 = Q1 = T1 * (𝑆1 − 𝑆4 )

𝑊1−2 = U1 – U2 = Cv * (T1 – T2)


𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
COPc = = = −1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛 −𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛

𝑇𝑐
COPc = − 1 [COP c > 1 ]
𝑇ℎ

𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑇ℎ
COPh = =1− [COP h > 1 ]
𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑇𝑐

COPh = COPc + 1

Otto cycle:
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑣1 𝑣4
r= = =
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣2 𝑣3

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄𝑖𝑛 − 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡


MEP = =
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛

m∗Cv ∗ (𝑇3 – 𝑇2 )−m∗ Cv ∗ (𝑇4 – 𝑇1 )


=
𝑣1 −𝑣2

𝑇4 – 𝑇1
ղ = 1−
𝑇3 – 𝑇2

𝑇2 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑟 𝛾−1 𝑇3 = 𝑇4 ∗ 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑝3
𝑇3 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑟 𝛾−1
∗ 𝑟𝑝 [𝑟𝑝 = ]
𝑝2

𝑇4 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑟𝑝

𝑝∗𝑟∗[(𝑟𝑝 −1)∗(𝑟𝛾−1 −1)]


MEP = (𝛾−1)∗(𝑟−1)
Diesel cycle:

𝑊
ղ=
𝑄1

𝑚∗𝐶𝑣∗(𝑇4 – 𝑇1 )
ղ = 1−
𝑚∗𝐶𝑝∗(𝑇3 – 𝑇2 )

1∗(𝑇4 – 𝑇1 )
ղ = 1−
𝛾∗(𝑇3 – 𝑇2 )

𝑊
MEP =
𝑣1 −𝑣2
𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑣𝑡 = 𝑣1

𝑣𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑣2

𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2

𝑇2 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑣3
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 ∗
𝑣4

𝑣3
=𝐵 [its called (cut of ratio)]
𝑣4

𝑇3 = 𝑇2 ∗ 𝐵

𝑇3 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝑟 𝛾−1 ∗ 𝐵

𝑇4 = 𝑇1 ∗ 𝐵𝛾

1 (𝐵𝛾 −1)
ղ = 1− ∗
𝛾 (𝑟 𝛾−1 ∗(𝐵−1))
Brayton cycle (joule cycle) (for
turbine):

(𝑇4 – 𝑇1 )
ղ = 1−
(𝑇3 – 𝑇2 )

𝑊
MEP =
𝑣1 −𝑣2

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