1 x+y =z 3+4 = 7

2 + (-1) =5 F

2.3+4 =7 T

Negating Quantified Expressions

 - ∀ x p ( x )=∃ x−P( X) =  =
^  V
- ∀ x ( x 2 +1=5 ) v  ^
< >
∃ x−( x +1=5 )
2
> <

∃ x ( x 2+1 ≠ 5 )

1 ∃ x ( x+5> 0 )
−∃ x ( x+5> 0 ) = ∀ x−( x +5>0)

∀ x( x+5 ≤ 0)
 1)
- ∀ x ( x +1=0 v x +2=0 )
∃ x−( x+ 1=0 v x +2=0)
x
∃ x (x +1≠ 0 +2≠ 0)

2 2
2 ∃ x (x +1≠ 0 v x + 1≠ 0)

3 ∀ x ( x +1 ≠0 x +2≠ 0 )

Direct Proofs
 b = a+1
2 *1 = even num
2a a =any num
2a+1 = 2*3 =6+1 =7 odd number
a+b
a+ a+1 = 2a+1

n =2n+1 1,3,5,7

n2 = (2n+1) * (2n+1) n=3 32 = 9

4n2 + 4n + 1

2(2n2 + 2n) +1 n =2

2 (2*2^2+ 2*2) +1

8 + 4 *2 +1 = 25

n =2n n=2
n2 = (2n) * (2n) 4n2 2(2n2 ) 22 = 4

2 .Sets

Subset A ∁ B
A={a, b, c} = 23
{a}, {b}, {c} ,{a,b}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}, {b, c},{ }

Proper Subset A ∁ B
A ={1, 2, 3, 4}
C= {1, 3}
C is proper Subset and
A is not equal C

Disjoint
A={ 1, 2, 3}
 B={4, 5, 6}

A ∩ B=∅

{ a , b } ∈ {a , b , c } = false because {a} is not belong to {a, b, c}

∅ ∈ A false

The notation ∅ represents the empty set, which is a set that contains no
elements. Whether ∅ belongs to a set A depends on the definition of set A. If set
A contains the empty set as one of its elements, then ∅∈A is true. However, if set
A does not contain the empty set, then ∅∈A is false.

0=∅ false

The statement "0=∅" is false.

Zero is a numerical value that represents the absence of quantity or the additive
identity in arithmetic. On the other hand, the empty set is a concept in set theory
that represents a set with no elements. These two notions are different and not
interchangeable.
A∁ A

The statement "A is a proper subset of A" is always false. By definition, a proper
subset of a set A is a subset that contains some elements of A but is not equal to
A itself. In other words, for A to be a proper subset of itself, it would mean that
there exist elements in A that are not in A, which is a contradiction.

Union
Intersection
Complement
Number of Elements in a Finite Set

Finite set

Number element can be counted

A is the set of natural number less than 5

A={1, 2, 3, 4,5}
 Function

Relationship between two sets

a
1
b
2
c
3
d
4
e

Domain codamain
{1, 2, 3, 4} {a, b, c, d, e}
Range= {a, b, d, e}

Injective (one to one)

a
1
b
2
c
3
d
4
e
Onto (Surjective)

a
1
b
2
c
3
d
4
e

Bijective (subjective or injective)

Inverse Function

F(x) =3x-5
Replace f(x) with y
y =3x-5
y+5 =3x
y+5 =x
3
f −1(x) = y+5

F(x) =3x-1
4
Y =3x-1
4
4y +1 =x
3
f (x) = 4y+1
−1

Composition of function
f0g(x)
gof(x)
 gof(x) = f
g (f(x))
x 2−1+1

F0g(x) =g
(√ x+1 )2 -1
X+ √ x +2

f ( x )=x 2−1∧g ( x ) √ x +1

gof(x) = f
(√ x 2−1 ) +1
(√( x +1) (x-1) +1

(x2 -4) =(x-2) (x+2)

F0g(x) =g

F0g(x) =g
√ x+1 2 -1

2¿ √ 3 2¿ √ 3

-4

Y=0
Y =mx+c
0= 3x2 -4
X2 = 4/3
X= +-√ 4 / 3
X +- 2¿ √ 3

Injective (one to one)

No
Onto (Surjective)

2¿ √ 3
0
-2¿ √ 3

Bijectve
No

-Sequences and Summation

Sequence
an =2n +3 write the 5 terms
a1 =5, 7, 9, 11, 13

Geometric Progression
20, 10,5, 5/2
R = common ratio
= 10/20
= 0.5

0.1, 0.01, 0.001

R =0.01/0.1
0.1

Nth term
arn-1
1. 3, 12, 48 find the 6th term
a6
a r5
3* 45
3072
2. 8, 4, 2, 1 find the nth term
a =8
r = 4/8
r=½
an =arn-1
= 8* ½ (n-1)
=
8 (½ )n / (½ )1
an = 15(1/3)n what is a and r

a = 15(1/3)
a =15* 1
3
a= 5
a2 =15(1) 2
3
15 * 1/9
5/3
5
3

R =5/3/5

arithmetic progression

a) 0.5
 b) 2
c) Geometric progression

nth term
a+(n-1) d

Geometric Series
n

∑ aj=am+ am+1+am+2 … … … … … an
j =m

∑ bi=¿ ¿ b + 2b+3+b+4b+5b
i=1

= b(1+2+3+4+5)
5

=b∑ j
i=1

∑ ¿ai a1 +a 2+ ………………..a5
i=1

∑ ¿ai+bi = (a+b) (2a+2b )……….(5a+5b)

i=1

a +2a +3a+4a+5a +b+2b+3b+4b+5b

5 5

∑ ai+∑ bi
i=1 i=1

∑ ¿[k2 –(k-1)2]
k =1
 n

∑ ¿[k2 –(k-1)2]
k =1

∑ ¿[k2 –(k2 -2k+1)]

k =1

∑ ¿[k2 –k2 +2k-1]

k =1

∑ ¿[ 2k-1]
k =1

n n

∑ ¿2k +∑ ¿-1
k =1 k =1

n n
2 ∑ k - 1∑ ❑
k=1 k =1

2[n(n+1) /2)]-n
n(n+1)-n
n2 +n-n
n2
 Lesson 5-Matrices

Matrix Arithmetic
Matrix Multiplication

[ ]m*n * [ ]n*p =[ ] m*p

(3*1) +(1*4)+ (4*2) =15 (-1*1)+(2*4)+(3*2) =13

(3*3)+(1*-1)+(4*4) = 24 (-1*3) +(2*-1)+(3*4) =7
(3*-3) +(1*2)+(4*1) =-3 (-1*3)+(2*2)+(3*1) =10
15 24 −3)
¿ ¿ ¿

(1 1)
A= 2 1 ( 2 1)
B= 1 1

AB=(5 3 )
3 2

(1*2)+(1*1) =3
(1*1)+(1*1) =2
(2*2)+(1*1) =5
(2*1)+(1*1) =3

(2 1)
B= 1 1 (1 1)
A= 2 1

(2*1)+(1*2)=4
(2*1)+(1*1)= 3
(1*1)+(1*2)= 3
(1*1)+(1*1) =2

( 4 3)
BA= 3 2

AB !=BA

(3 4 )
A= 7 2
3 1 5
B= (6 9 7 )

Transpose and Powers of Matrices

Transpose (t)

3 6
3 1 5 t
A= (6 9 7 ) = A =( 1 9)
5 7

Powers of Matrices

A0 = I I = identity metrics

(1 0 )
I2 = 0 1

1 0 0
I 3 =( 0 1 0)
0 0 1

( 4 2) *(10 01 ) = ( 41 23)
A= 1 3

A I (Identity metrics ) = A
Symmetric metrix
1 1 −1 1 1 −1
t
A =( 1 2 0 ) A =( 1 2 0 )
−1 0 5 −1 0 5

Zero- to one metrix

Av B
1 0 1 0 1 0
A= ( 0 1 0) v B= ( 1 1 0)

1 1 1
AVB= ( 1 1 0)
 ¿

( )
1 2 3
A= 2 1 3
3 2 1

| A| = (1 3) (2 3) (2 1)
+1 2 1 - 2 3 1 +3 3 2

=[(1*1) - (2*3) ] -2 [( 2*1)- (3*3) +3[ (2*2)-(3*1)]

= [1- 6] -[2(2)-(9) ] +3[4-3]
= -5 +14 +3
= 12
 ( 1 3) ( 2 3 ) ( 2 1 )
+1 2 1 - 2 3 1 +3 3 2

-2(2 1) +1(3 1 ) - 3 (3 2)
2 3 1 3 1 2

(2 3) (1 3) (1 2)
+3 1 3 - 2 2 3 + 1 2 1

( )
−5 4 3
= 1/12 7 −8 3
1 4 −3

T = A-1
S=-5
T =4