DDWC1573 - PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTAL

CHAPTER 4: DATA TYPES, OPERATORS AND

LIBRARY FUNCTIONS

Prepared By:
Mdm. Nik Maria Nik Mahamood

Reference:
Hanly, Koffman, C Problem Solving and Program Design in C, Sixth Edition, Pearson
International Edition. Refer chapter 2 (Pg. 66 – 119) AND Chapter 3 (pg 137 – 139)
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 DATA TYPES, OPERATORS AND LIBRARY FUNCTIONS

4.1 Representation of Data Types

4.2 Operators
4.3 Arithmetic Operations
4.4 Writing Mathematical Formulas in C
4.5 Library Functions

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 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES

• Variables can represents various of data types.

• The basic of data types can be divided into two classes:
– Character
• Data type : char
• A character in C can be interpreted as a small
integer (between 0 and 255).
– Numeric
• Data type: int, float and double
• Integer (int) type – a number without fraction.
• Data type float and double – a number with fraction
(floating-point).

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 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES

• C contains standard data types:

– char
– int
– double
– float

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 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES

Data Type - int

• The integer data type represents a number without
fraction (floating points).
– In C, is called int.
– Example:
- 10500 435 +15 –25 32767

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 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES

Typical integer sizes :

Type Byte size Range value
short int 2 -32767 .. 32767
unsigned short int 2 0 .. 65535
int 2 -32767 .. 32767
unsigned int 2 0 .. 65535
long int 4 -2147483647 .. 2147483647
unsigned long int 4 0 .. 4294967295

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 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES

Data Type - double / float

• The double or float data type represents a number with
fraction.
– Example: 123.45 0.0005 3.1478

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 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES

Typical floating sizes :

Byte Floating-
Type Range value
size point
float 4 6 10-37 .. 1038
double 8 15 10-307 .. 10308
long double 16 19 10-4931 .. 104932

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 4.1 REPRESENTATION OF DATA TYPES

Constants
• Constants are data values that cannot be change during
the execution of a program.
• Defined Constants
– Use the preprocessor command define
– Example
#define SALES_TAX_RATE 0.05
• Memory Constants
– Use a C type qualifier : const
– Example:
Const float pi = 3.14159;
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 4.2 OPERATORS

• Most of C programs perform arithmetic calculations.

• Better know operators to manipulate data.
• The arithmetic operators are all binary operators.
• For example, the expression

3+7
contains the binary operator + and the operands 3 and 7.

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 4.2 OPERATORS

• Expression
– is a sequence of operands and operators that reduces
to a single value.

• Operator
– language-specific syntactical token that requires an
action to be taken.

• Operand
– receives an operator’s action.

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 4.2 OPERATORS

• The C Arithmetic Operators are summarized in table below :

Arithmetic
C Operation C expression
Operator

+ Addition 10 + 7

- Subtraction 120 – 64

* Multiplication 3 * 7

/ Division 66 / 6

% Modulus 4 % 2

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 4.2 OPERATORS

Division Operation
• Two types:
– Integer division
– Floating-point division
• Both types of division using / operator.

Integer Division
• Both operands are integer values.
• Operand can be constants or variables.
• Examples:
8/2 sum / 3
98 / value sum / bil
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 4.2 OPERATORS

• After integer division operation result must be integer.

• Example

C expression Output

64 / 8 8

12 / 5 2

23 / 3 7

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 4.2 OPERATORS

Floating-point Division
• One operand is floating-point values or both operands
are floating-points.
• After floating-point division operation result must be
floating point

C expression Output

5 / 2.5 2.0

5.5 / 2.0 2.25

5.0 / 10 0.5

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 4.2 OPERATORS

Modulus Operation
• Special operation.
• Output of this operation is the remainder after first
operand is divided by second operand.
• This operation can be done for integer operands only.
• The result must be an integer value.
• Example
C expression Output
5 % 3 2
7 % 2 1
12 % 2 0

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 4.2 OPERATORS

Relational Operators
• Relational operators use to compare value from two
expressions.
• The result of using relational operators is always the
observation of true or false
• False (zero) and True (non-zero).

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 4.2 OPERATORS

• The Relational Operators are summarized in table below:

Relational Example of c
Meaning of C Condition
Operator condition

== X == Y X is equal to Y

!= X != Y X is not equal to Y

> X > Y X is greater than Y

< X < Y X is less than Y

>= X >= Y X is greater than or equal to Y

<= X <= Y X is less than or equal to Y

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 4.2 OPERATORS

• The examples of Relational Expressions are as follow:

Relational Expression Value

6 < 9 1
7 == 5 0
6 != 5 1
9 >= 5 1

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 4.2 OPERATORS

Mantic Operators
• Mantic operators use to determine a decision from
several cases (conditions) related.
• The mantic operators expressions are shown in table
below.

Mantic Operator Meaning

&& AND

|| OR

! NOT

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 4.2 OPERATORS

• The examples of Mantic Operations are shown in table below:

A B A && B A || B
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

A !A
0 1
1 0

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 4.2 OPERATORS

CLASS EXERCISE

• Given A = 2, B = 5, C = 15, D = 17, answer questions below.

Question #1 Question #3
(A >= 1) && (B == 5) ! (C > A)

Question #2 Question #4
(C >= (B * 3)) || (A == 3) ! ((A < B) || (C > D))

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 4.2 OPERATORS

Increment and Decrement Operators

• C provides the unary increment operator ++ and the
unary decrement operator --
• These operators are summarized in table below.
Sample
Operator Explanation
expression
Increment a by 1, then use the new
++ ++a value of a in the expression in
which a resides.
Use the current value of a in the
++ a++ expression in which a resides, then
increment a by 1.

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 4.2 OPERATORS

Sample
Operator Explanation
expression

Decrement b by 1, then use the new

-- --b value of b in the expression in
which b resides.

Use the current value of b in the

-- b-- expression in which b resides,
then decrement b by 1.

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 4.2 OPERATORS

• The Increment and Decrement Expressions are summarized

in table below:

Expression Meaning Statement

A++ A = A + 1 A += 1;

++A A = A + 1 A += 1;

A-- A = A - 1 A -= 1;

--A A = A - 1 A -= 1;

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 4.2 OPERATORS

EXTRA NOTES :
A++ use current value of A then increment A by 1
CLASS EXERCISE ++A increment A by 1 first after then do the calculation

Question #1 Solution Question #1

I = 5;
Step 1 : I = 5
J = I++ - 2
Step 2 : J = I++ - 2
Answer #1: = 5 – 2
I = 6 = 3

J = 3
Step 3 : I = 5 + 1
= 6

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 4.2 OPERATORS

EXTRA NOTES :
CLASS EXERCISE A++ use current value of A then increment A by 1
++A increment A by 1 first after then do the calculation

Question #2
Answer #2:
I = 5;
I = ?
J = I –2;
I++ J = ?

Question #3
I = 5; Answer #3:
I++; I = ?
J = I – 2; J = ?

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 4.2 OPERATORS

CASE STUDY

Problem
Case study: Supermarket Coin Processor
(Refer page 99 from the main textbook)

This case study demonstrates the manipulation of type int

data using / and % and type char data

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 4.2 OPERATORS

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 4.2 OPERATORS

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 4.2 OPERATORS

Output

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

• C arithmetic expression is a combination one or more

arithmetic expressions.
• Examples
5+6
14 * 5 * 2
21 – 6 + 7 * 4 / 2
7.5 * (2.0 – 4.52)

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

Level of Precedence
• C evaluates arithmetic expressions in a precise
sequence determined by rules of operator precedence.
• Precedence of arithmetic expressions as shown in table
below:
Operator(s) Order of evaluation (Precedence)

() Evaluated first.
Evaluated second. If they are several,
*, /, %
they are evaluated left to right
Evaluated last. If they are several,
+ or -
they are evaluated left to right

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

Level of Precedence
• C evaluates arithmetic expressions in a precise
sequence determined by rules of operator precedence.
• Precedence of arithmetic expressions as shown in table
below:
Operator(s) Order of evaluation (Precedence)

() Evaluated first.
Evaluated second. If they are several,
*, /, %
they are evaluated left to right
Evaluated last. If they are several,
+ or -
they are evaluated left to right

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

• Example of C Arithmetic Expressions based on Precedence

Evaluation.

Example #1: Example #2: Example #3:

2 + 5 * 3 2 * 6 / 3 (2 + 5) / 3

= 2 + 15 = 12 / 3 = 7 / 3

= 17 = 4 = 21

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

• Comparison Between Algebraic Expression and C Arithmetic

Expression
Algebraic Expressions C Arithmetic Expressions

14 – 5 + 6 14 – 5 + 6

16 – 8 16 – 8 / 2
2

15 + 5 + 7 (15 + 5 + 7) / 2
2

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

The Assignment Expression

• evaluates the operand on the right side of the operator (=)
• The result places the expression values in the operand on
the left of assignment operators
• Examples
Average = (6 + 8 + 5) / 3;
Salary = 16.5 * 30;
X = X + 1;
Z = 5;

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

/* Example 1: simple assignment expression */

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
double price = 12.50, discount = 0.05, payment;
payment = price – (price * discount);
printf(“Price is RM %.2lf\n”, payment);
}

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

/* Example 2: assignment expression input from user */

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
double price, discount, payment;
printf(“The price of purchase: “);
scanf(“%lf”, &price);
printf(“Rate of discount: “);
scanf(“%lf”, &discount);
payment = price – (price * discount);
printf(“Price is RM %.2lf\n”, payment);
}
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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

Double Assignment Expressions

• Example:
a = b = c = 40;

This statement can be solved by:

a = b = (c = 40)
a = (b = (c = 40))
(a = (b = (c = 40)))

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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

Compound Assignment Expressions

• A compound assignment is a shorthand notation for a
simple assignment.
• Five compound assignment operators are discussed:
+=, *=, /=, %=, and -=
• Example
simple expression given as follows:
bil = bil + 5;
using compound assignment operator:
bil += 5;
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 4.3 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

• The Compound Assignment Operators are summarized in

table below:

Compound Compound Equivalent simple

Operator Expression Expression

+= X += Y X = X + Y
-= X -= Y X = X – Y
*= X *= Y X = X * Y
/= X /= Y X = X / Y
%= X %= Y X = X % Y

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 4.4 WRITING MATHEMATICAL FORMULA IN C

Example:

Mathematical Formula C Expression

b2 – 4ac b * b – 4 * a * c

a + b
(a + b) / (c + d)
c + d

1
1 / (1 + x * x)
1 + x2

a x –(b + c) a * -(b + c)

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 4.5 LIBRARY FUNCTIONS

• C has no operator symbols meaning “square root”,

“power” or “exponent”.
• C provides program unit called functions to carry out
these and other mathematical operations.
• These functions also known as predefined functions.
• Example:
y = sqrt(100);
Function result, 10 is assigned to y

z = pow(5, 2);
Function result, 25 is assigned to z
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 4.5 LIBRARY FUNCTIONS

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 4.5 LIBRARY FUNCTIONS

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 4.5 LIBRARY FUNCTIONS

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 4.5 LIBRARY FUNCTIONS

Output

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