CE 363 08 Building-Superstructure
CE 363 08 Building-Superstructure
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Content
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Introduction
Superstructure
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Introduction
Definition
A physical or conceptual structure extended or developed from a basic
form, or
A part of a building or other structure above the foundation.
Introduction
• solid structures (have
Mass little or no open space
Structure inside).
• e.g. Dams
Tall building
• Reinforced concrete frames
• Steel frames
Framed Structure-Steel
Load Distribution in Structure Elements
Load Distribution
must consider not only what loading conditions might effect a
structure, but also how those loads are transferred from their
point of origin through the structure to the ground.
design decisions concerning the structural framing system will
dictate this flow of forces
Normally base on load from Dead load, Wind load and Life load.
- Flow of load distribution
- Roof - truss – roof beam – column – foundation
- Wall – beam – column – foundation
- Slab – beam – column – foundation
Beam and Slab
Superstructure
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Beam
Beam is a horizontal structure element that is capable to
withstand load primarily by resisting bending.
The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a
result of the external loads, own weight, span and external
reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.
Beam
Beams are characterized by
profile (the shape of their cross-section),
length, and
material.
In contemporary construction, beams are
typically made of steel, reinforced concrete, or
wood.
Most common types of steel beam is the i-beam
or wide-flange beam (also known as a "universal
beam" or, for stouter sections, a "universal
column") and commonly used in steel-frame
buildings and bridges.
Other common beam profiles are the
C-channel,
the hollow structural section beam,
the pipe, and the angle.
Beam
Beams are also described by how
they are supported:
A simple beam is supported by a
pin support at one end and a roller
support at the other end.
cantilever beam - A beam with a
laterally and rotationally fixed
support at one end with no
support at the other end.
Overhanging beam - A beam
simply supported at two points
and having one end or both ends
extended beyond the supports.
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Concrete Beam
There are two type method of concrete beam in manufacture. One
of that is by commonly construction or we call in-situ method and
other once is by new technology that is pre-cast concrete beam.
Both of that is different method between in-situ and pre-cast.
In-situ concrete beam
The disadvantages of in-situ concrete are:
1. The need for formwork
2. The time taken for the concrete to cure before the
formwork can be released for the reuse and the beam
made available as a working area
3. The very small contribution by a large proportion of
the concrete to the strength of the beam
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Concrete Beam
Pre-cast concrete beam
Manufacture in the factory. Controlled quality.
Overcome some or all of disadvantages of in-situ reinforced
concrete slab.
Design consideration (full economy)-should be within the span,
width, loading, and layout limitation of units under
consideration, coupled with the advantages of repetition.
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Beams Shapes
Slab
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Suspended Slab
Suspended slab are constructed monolithically with the beam.
Starter bar installation is continue from column.
Are used where the condition of ground are;
Slopes
Has poor or uncertain bearing capacity
Is liable to volume change (swells and shrinks)
Can be constructed using;
Precast reinforced concrete planks or slab
Block and beam floor systems or
In-situ reinforced concrete slabs
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SUSPENDED SLAB (DETAIL DESIGN)
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SUSPENDED SLAB (INDUSTRIALIZED
METHOD)
SUSPENDED SLAB (INDUSTRIALIZED
METHOD)
Column
Superstructure
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Column
Definition: The vertical support which is free from all sides
taking the load of beam slab etc. and transfers the load to
the earth independently.
Column is constructed with the help of steel bars and cement
concrete.
In case of multi storey and frame structure building
constructions, the entire load is born by columns and the
floor area/ internal space of building is freely adjusted
according to the requirement.
The size, cement concrete ratio and numbers of steel bars
with their diameter are available in structural drawings which
are designed according to the load born by the column and
factor of safety.
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Column
Construction for column starts from the footings. Starter
bar for column must be laid vertically before
foundations/footings been cast.
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The process of construction is as the following:
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COLUMN
Column
column can be construct in many shapes such as square, round, diamond,
tri angle, combination of any shape as designed by the architect.
alignment and orientation of column can be either vertical or arch.
height of column depend on structure and architect drawing.
In column construction, the set numbers of formwork must be properly
plan by considering the recycle concept, save time and cost saving.
Vertical bars must be installed with sufficient number of link and check
for:
Lap length (bottom and top)
Shape of link
Spacer block
Install M&E piping or ducting before install the formwork.
Install formwork base from setting out and check verticality of the
formwork
Column Architecture Shapes
Column arch
tilted column
EXAMPLE OF RC COLUMN DESIGN
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EXAMPLE OF STEEL COLUMN DESIGN
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Wall
Superstructure
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Wall
Is a continuous, usually
vertical structure, which is
thin relatively to its length
and height.
Can be classify by location
(internal wall and external
wall)
External wall-to provide
shelter against wind, rain
and the daily and seasonal
variations of outside
temperature (indoor
comfort).
Internal wall-divide space
into smaller area, rooms and
compartments.
WALL TYPES
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Wall Types Solid.
A solid wall (sometimes called a
masonry wall) is constructed
either of brick, burnt clay or
stone blocks or concrete blocks
laid in mortar.
The blocks are laid to overlap in
some form of what is called
bonding or as a monolith, that is,
one solid uninterrupted material
such as concrete which is poured
wet and hardens into a solid
monolith (one piece of stone).
A solid wall of bricks or blocks
may be termed as a block (or
masonry) wall, and a continuous
solid wall of concrete, as a
monolithic wall.
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Wall Types
Framed
A frame wall is constructed from a
frame of small sections of timber,
concrete or metal joined together
to provide strength and rigidity,
over both faces of which, or
between the members of the
frame are fixed thin panels of
some material to fulfill the
functional requirements of the
particular wall.
Another popular construction
practice all over the world is
Frame construction i.e. beam
column construction.
The walls required to fill the space
between beam columns are termed
as infill walls. They are also
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treated as non-load bearing wall.
Strength
Wall and
stability
Fire
Aesthetics
safety
Durability
Resistance
Functional and freedom
to passage
of heat Requirements from
maintenance
Resistance Resistance
to airbone to weather
and impact and ground
sound moisture
Security
Wall
Load Bearing Wall
• Walls that must support the dead load of their own weight and the
weight of subsequent bearing structural members placed upon them.
• In addition, load bearing walls must be capable to carry the load of
"live" loads that are anticipated to be placed upon the system without
deflection that can degrade or negatively impact structural integrity.
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Staircase
Superstructure
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Staircase
A stair is a series of steps, each
elevated a measured distance,
leading from one level of a
structure to another.
When the series is a continuous
section without breaks formed
by landings or other
constructions, the terms flight
of stairs or run of stairs are
often used.
Other terms that can be
properly used include stairway
and staircase.
Stairs can be made of concrete,
stone, wood, steel or combination
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STAIRCASE COMPONENTS
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Staircase-Primary Functions
Provide an access from one floor to another.
Provide a safe means of travel between floors.
Provide a degree of insulation where part of a
separating element between compartments in a
building.
Provide an easy mean of travel between floors.
Provide a suitable means of escape in case of fire.
Provide a mean of conveying fittings and furniture
between floor levels.
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Staircase
Terminology
Stairwell: the space in
which the stairs and
landings are housed.
Stairs: a set of steps
inside the building going
from one level to
another.
Tread: the upper surface
of a step on which the
foot is placed.
STAIRCASE
Staircase
•Purpose
•Provide access between various level with in building
•Also use for escape in case of fire (designer have to comply with
regulation or act regarding materials, position, size and safety)
• types of staircase construction
•In-situ Single straight stairway (simply support, landing to landing)
• In-situ Staircase with landing between bottom and upper floor
•Inclined slab
•String beam
•Cranked or continuous
•cantilever
•Spiral staircase (in-situ or pre-cast)
•Pre-cast concrete staircase
•Single straight
•Cranked
•Open riser
•Metal staircase
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Stairs-Functional Requirements
STRENGHT
•Able to support for movement between floors, including dead
and imposed load.
SAFETY IN USE
•Comply with the Building Regulation in determining the rise,
thread, headroom and dimensions of the handrails and
guarding.
•Should be constructed of materials that are capable of
maintaining strength and stability for a period of time
sufficient to escape to the outside.
FIRE SAFETY
•The steps and the width should be adequate for the safe
escape to the outside.
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Staircase
•Single straight flight stairway
•Simple design and construction
•simply support
•landing to landing
•Space occupies
STAIRCASE COMPONENTS
or Baluster
STAIRCASE COMPONENTS
Nosing: the exposed edge of a tread, usually projecting with a
square, rounded of splayed edge.
Riser: the vertical member between two consecutive treads.
Step: Riser plus tread.
Flight: a series of steps without a landing.
Newel: post forming the junction of flights of stairs with
landings.
Strings: the members receiving the ends of steps which are
generally housed to the string; called wall or outer strings
according to their position.
Handrail: protecting member usually parallel to the string and
spanning between newels.
Baluster: the vertical infill member between a string and
handrail.
Roof
Superstructure
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ROOF
Highest part of building structure.
Main functions:
- To protects the occupants -keep out from rain, wind, snow,
dust etc.
- To prevent excessive heat loss in winter, and to keep the
interior of the building cool in the summer.
- Provide ventilation system to the building.
- Act as moisture, heat and noise resistance.
- To accommodate all stress encountered (load bearing member)
- To accept movement due to changes in temperature and
moisture content
Types of Roof:-
Types- Flat roofs : 0 – 10o
Steep/Pitched roofs : > 10o
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ROOF
Typeof
Building
Possible
future Durability
modifications
Selection
Factors
Economic Resistance to
Heat
Light
Aesthetic
Protection
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FLAT ROOF
Flat Roof
Gradient of less than 10◦
Slopes depends on types of roof
covers
Low heat transfer and resistance
Flat Roof are usually selected for
one or more of three reasons;
aesthetic design,
provision of a promenade roof /deck
and
ease of covering for structures of
complex plan.
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FLAT ROOF
Advantages
1) Design
• the design of choice for smaller structures,such as garages and extensions.
•represent the most efficient use of urban space, offer architectural freedom,
control of the down flow of water to the drainage system and energy savings.
2) Materials
Traditionally flat roofs have been constructed from asphalt or three-ply modified
bitumen (also known as felt flat roofing) with a thin layer of gravel to protect the roof
from the harmful effects of UV sunlight.
A more recent and increasingly popular design is Ethylene Propylene Diene
Monomer (EPDM), a 3mm thick rubber membrane which can be applied seamlessly
in one piece and offers a lifespan of more than 40 years (compared to the 20 years
for felt flat roofing).
3) Cost
Flat roofing is generally considered to be a more affordable option at the point of
construction and involves considerably less materials and labour than a pitched roof.
Full replacement of the roof, when the time comes, can usually be completed in a
114single day.
FLAT ROOF
Disadvantages
Maintenance
Lifespan for a felt flat roof of only 20 years.
Regular maintenance is needed to check from cracking and
leakage to the roof.
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PITCHED ROOF
Aslope of over 10◦ of the horizontal line.
Slopes depends on types of roof cover
Roof shapes depends on loading and span
Provide space for extra services, e.g.: water tank.
Found in many forms, among which are:
Gable Roof
Mansard Roof
Hip Roof
Shed Roof
Butterfly Roof
Gambrel Roof
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TYPES OF PITCH ROOF
PITCHED ROOF
Advantages
(1) Loft Space
Pitched roofs, which have at least two slopes that rise to meet at a peak, are constructed in
such awayasto afford plenty of usable space in the loft area.
(2) Lifespan
The pitched roof, if constructed properly, is almost certain to offer a much longer
lifespan than a flat roof, with materials that are more durable and weather resistant.
(3) Natural
Installing a pitched roof also means the building can be more effectively blended in
to either the rest of the property (in the case of an extension) or to neighbouring
buildings, while also helping to retain asense of individuality and character.
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PITCHED ROOF
Disadvantages
Expensive
increased expense, as the more complex design, additional building materials
and extra man-hours cost significantly more than a flat roof.
Foundations
place a greater burden on the foundations of the building and this may
have implications for the depth of the footings.
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THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION
End of Chapter 2