Part –A Solid modeling

Introduction
The two important activities in any manufacturing firm are design activities and manufacturing activity.
The design activity is carried out using computer system which is termed as CAD. The use of computer system
and its related software to plan, manage and control the operations of a manufacturing plant by interfacing with
computer either directly or indirectly is known as CAM. The use of computer system and its related software to
assist in creation analysis modification and documentation of a design is known as CAD.

Introduction to AutoCAD

It is the software package meant for Computer aided design. With the help of this package we will be
able to create 2D and 3D drawings.

In the first level of AutoCAD, we already have learned different commands related to the creation of
2D drawing.

This is the second part in which we are going to study different commands related to creation of 3D
drawing.

Introduction to 3D drawing

When thickness or elevation is given to a 2D object along Z axis, it becomes 3D objects.

AutoCAD package comprises of three types of 3D modeling namely,

 wireframe modeling
 Surface modeling
 Solid modeling

Wireframe modeling.

A wire frame model is skeletal description of 3D objects the model consists of entirely points lines and
girls it has no surface hence more Abacus

Example electrical wiring, fencing ,layout for buildings.

Surface modeling

Surface model is more sophisticated than a wireframe model. A surface model is less ambiguous.

Example: body panel of automobile, aircrafts, Marine vehicle etc.

Solid modeling

A solid model is the most sophisticated and informative to of all three types of modeling.It provides
about mass properties and gives complete information. AutoCAD package is achieved with solid modeller by
which we can create solid 3D primitives like box cylinder, cone, sphere,wedge, torous and then by combining
these primitives we can create more Complex solids by joining , subtraction etc.
 Basic commands used in AutoCAD.

AutoCAD
AutoCAD commands Description Description
commands
LINE Create a line ARC Creates an arc between two points
Trim objects to meet the
TRIM VIEW It relocates the UCS
edges of other objects
Helps to draw polygon with many
CIRCLE Create a circle POLYGON
sides.
Extend objects to meet To get sectional view of a solid in
EXTEND the edges of other SECTION different plane without affecting
objects the parent object.
Create a rectangular Creates loop by combining multi
ARRAY RECT REGION
pattern of object entity object into single entity object

Create a circular pattern To cut selected object in desired

ARRAY POLAR SLICE
of object plane
Create a copy of an Helps to calculate mass properties
COPY MASSPROP
object of region or solid.
Move an object or
MOVE relocate the origin of
current UCS
ROTATE Rotate an object
Create a mirrored copy
MIRROR
of an object
ERASE Delete an object
Breaks an object into its
EXPLODE
components object
Open the layer
LAYERS
properties windows
Bevels the edges of an
CHAMFER
object
Rounds the edges of
FILLET
objects
3D COMMANDS
Extrude Command/Shortcut: EXTRUDE / EXT
This command helps to create a 3D object by extruding a 2D face along a line or path. You could create a
cylinder, for example, by selecting a 2D circle and extruding it along a path.
 Revolve Command/Shortcut: REVOLVE / REV
The revolve command creates a 3D solid by revolving a 2D object around an axis.
Sweep Command/Shortcut: SWEEP
Unlike the extrude command, the sweep command allows you to extrude 2D objects without the 2D face
being orthogonal to the beginning of your path.
Union Command/Shortcut: UNION / UNI
This simple command lets you combine two objects to make one complete object. This is great for
combining predefined 3D objects.
Subtract Command/Shortcut: SUBTRACT / SU
This simple command lets you combine two objects to make one complete object by removing area.
Intersect Command/Shortcut: INTERSECT
This command helps to create composite object by selecting common feature at intersection of two solids.

Basic Terminology for drafting

AutoCAD has a wide selection of tools and capabilities, and with this comes a variety of terms that enables
to draft easily.

Absolute coordinates: A method of inputting points based on the origin.

 Block: A pre-drawn image that you can insert into your drawing.
 Extent: The outer boundaries of the objects you’ve drawn.
 Grid: This can be used as a guide for drawings—you can toggle on/off with F7.
 Linetype: Objects are all drawn with a linetype, e.g. solid or dashed.
 Object: Any item in the AutoCAD database, otherwise known as an entity.
 Origin: This is the (0,0) point of your coordinate system.
 Ortho Mode: A mode that only permits you to draw perpendicular lines—you can toggle on/off with F8.
 Onsnap (Object Snap): The method of ‘snapping’ to precise points on an object.
 Pan: to move around your drawing by dragging the drawing area.
 Polar coordinates: A method of inputting points based on distance and angle.
 Relative coordinates: A method of inputting points based on a start point.
 Ribbon: The ribbon runs across the top of the drawing space and contains panels.
 Snap: A drawing mode that lets you snap your cursor to precise points on a grid pattern.
 User Coordinate System (UCS): A Cartesian coordinate system that establishes the XY work plane,
horizontal and vertical directions.
 Viewport: A window that lets you view your drawing—you can have multiple viewports to see different
areas of a drawing. You will be given options on how to display your model, e.g. into three sections showing
top, front and right-side. It helps to observe your model from different aspects. If you make any modifications
to one window, it will affect the other windows simultaneously.
QUESTION:

All dimensions are in “inches”

Answer is given for your reference and view layout must be set for the given drawing.

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW SECTIONAL VIEW

Ex.No:1
Date: GENEVA WHEEL

AIM
To draw geneva wheel using 3D solid modeling using Auto CAD and to take printout of the
orthographic and sectional view.

Requirement:
 Computer system with 2GB Ram
 Auto cad software
 Printer

Procedure:
1.Open the Auto cad Software by double clicking the Autocad icon available in desktop.
2.Change the workspace from Autocad classic to 3D modeling.
3.Set the “units” based on the drawing that is given in “inch” or “mm”.
4.Set the view style as “2D wire frame” and viewport as “front view”.
5.Then draw the Geneva wheel by using “LINE”,”ARC”,”CIRCLE” commands and edit with “TRIM”
option to remove unwanted lines and arcs.
6. Once the single slot of Geneva wheel is drawn, it can be generated as full wheel by using
“ARRAY” command of polar type.
7.A circle is drawn at centre according to dimensions.
8. Then the whole part is made as a region by using “REGION” command.
9. Then the regioned part is extrude by using “EXTRUDE” command and its thickness is specified.
10. The centre hollow shaft is modeled by using 3D primitives or extruding the circle drawn according
to dimension.
11. Then hollow shaft and wheel are aligned using “ALIGN” command and made its as single part
using “UNION” command.

12.Then fillet is applied between hollow shaft and wheel.

13.The layout is set and multiple view ports are opened to set orthographic and sectional view.
14.Thus Geneva wheel is created using AutoCAD and the print out is taken using printer.

Result
Thus the orthographic and sectional view of Geneva wheel from the assembly drawing is drawn and
the printout is taken.
 All dimensions are in “mm”

Answer is given for your reference and view layout must be set for the given drawing.

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW SECTIONAL VIEW

Ex.No:2
Bearing block
Date:

Aim
To draw the bearing block using 3d modeling in Autocad and to take printout of the
orthographic and sectional views.

Requirement
 Computer system with 2GB ram
 software
 Printer

Procedure
1. Open the AutoCAD software by double clicking the AutoCAD icon available in desktop
2. Change the workspace from AutoCAD classic to 3D modeling.
3. Set the “units” based on drawing that is given in “inch” or “mm”.
4. Set view style as 2D wire frame and view port as “front view”.
5. First draw the base part of bearing block using “LINE”, “ARC”, “CIRCLE” etc., and
unnecessary portions are removed using “TRIM” command
6. The drawing is regioned using “REGION” command and extruded using “EXTRUDE”
command according to mentioned thickness.
7. The above steps (5) and (6) are repeated to create the middle part.
8. The hollow shaft is modeled by extruding circle drawn according to given dimension.
9. The hollow shaft and part are aligned using “ALIGN” command and view style is changed to
conceptual view for aligning the part easily and parts are added using “UNION” command.
10. Multiple view ports are created by selecting view port layout and orthographic and sectional
view are created in single window.

Result
Thus the orthographic and sectional views of bearing block from the assembled
drawing is drawn and the printout is taken.
Answer is given for your reference and view layout must be set for the given drawing.

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW SECTIONAL VIEW

Ex.No:3
Date: BUSHED BEARING

AIM:

To draw the bushed bearing using 3D solid modeling (Auto cad) and to take printout of
orthographic and sectional views.

Requirement
 Computer system with 2 GB ram
 Auto cad software
 Printer
Procedure
 Open the AutoCAD software by double clicking the AutoCAD icon available in desktop.
 Change the workspace from AutoCAD classic to 3D modeling
 Set the “units” based on drawing that is given in inches or mm
 Set the view style as “2D wireframe” and view port as “front view”
 Then the block is drawn in 2D based on given dimension using commands like “LINE”,
“ARC”, “CIRCLE”.
 The drawing is made into a surface using “REGION” command and then extrude using
“EXTRUDE” command.
 The hollow shaft is modeled by extruding circle of required dimensions and oil hole at centre is
produced by revolving the line at centre through “REVOLVE” command.
 The shaft is drawn by extruding circle of 50mm diameter and 100mm length.
 The above modeled parts are aligned using “ALIGN” command and conceptual
view is chosen.
 The parts are combined as a single part by using “UNION” command.
 The orthographic and sectional views of drawing are created using multiple view port layout.

Result
Thus the orthographic and sectional views of bushed bearing from the assembled drawing is
drawn and printout is taken.
 All dimensions are in “mm”

Answer is given for your reference and view layout must be set for the given drawing.

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW SECTIONAL VIEW

Ex.No:4
GIB AND COTTER JOINT
Date:

AIM

To draw the gib and cotter joint using 3D solid modeling using Auto cad and to take printout of the
orthographic and sectional views.
Requirements
 Computer system with 2GB Ram
 Auto cad software
 Printer
Procedure
 Open the Auto cad software by double clicking the Auto cad icon available in desktop.
 Change the workspace from AutoCAD classic to 3D modeling
 Set the “units” based on drawing that is given “inches” or “mm”.
 Set the view style as “2D wire frame” and view port as “front view”.
 The line drawing of fork is drawn according to dimensions the drawing regioned using
“REGION” command and extruded using “EXTRUDE” command.
 The cotter is modeled by extruding the line diagram of cotter drawn in 2D for given dimensions.
 The rod is drawn by using line command, regioned by using “REGION” command and extruded
using “EXTRUDE” command.
 The rod and fork are aligned using “ALIGN” command and rectangular hole is produced by
using “SUBTRACT” command performed over rectangular block.
 The gib is designed by extruding the line diagram drawn to given specification. Fillet is provided
at edges by using “FILLET” command.
 All the modeled parts are aligned together using “ALIGN” command and added using “UNION”
command.
 The orthographic and sectional views of gib and cotter joint generated in multiple window
layout.

Result.

Thus the orthographic and sectional views of the gib and cotter joint is created from the
assembled drawing and printout is taken.
 All dimensions are in “mm”

Answer is given for your reference and view layout must be set for the given drawing.

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW SECTIONAL VIEW

Ex.No:5
SCREW JACK
Date:

AIM:
To draw a screw jack using 3D solid modeling (Auto Cad) and to take printout of the
orthographic and sectional views.

Requirements:
 Computer system with 2GB ram, Software, Printer

Procedure:

 Open the AutoCAD software by double clicking the AutoCAD icon available in desktop.
 Change the work space from AutoCAD classic to 3D solid modeling.
 Set the “units” based on drawing that is given inches or mm.
 Set the view style as “2D wire frame” and view port as “front view”.
 The parts of screw jack are collar,washer,rod,base,bush and screw.
 The line drawing of base is drawn according to specifications and the base is produced by revolving
the line diagram about one fixed axis using “REVOLVE” command.
 Similarly, the above procedure is repeated to model the other parts of screw jack.
 The modeled parts are aligned individually using “ALIGN” command and parts are assembled to
form assembled screw jack.
 The view style can be changed to conceptual view.
 The orthographic and sectional views are generated in multiple window layout.

Result:
Thus the orthographic and sectional views of screw jack from the assembled drawing are
drawn and printout is taken.
 All dimensions are in “mm”
Answer is given for your reference and view layout must be set for the given drawing.

ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW SECTIONAL VIEW.

Ex.No:6
UNIVERSAL COUPLING
Date:

AIM:

To draw universal coupling using 3D solid modeling using AutoCAD software and to take
printout of the orthographic view and sectional view.

Requirements

Computer system with 2GB ram , software ,Printer.

Procedure

 Open the AutoCAD software by double clicking the AutoCAD icon available in desktop
 Change the work space from AutoCAD classic to 3D solid modeling
 Set the “units” based on drawing that is given inches or mm
 Set the view style as “2D wire frame” and view port as “front view”
 The parts of the given drawing are fork,centre block,taper pin,collar and pin.
 The part drawing for universal coupling is created in 2D by using “CIRCLE”, “LINE”, “ARC”
commands. The lines can also be mirrored using “MIRROR” command then the part drawing is
extruded using “EXTRUDE” command to required dimensions.
 The taper pin is created by using “REVOLVE” command.
 The other parts are created by repeating the above procedure at respective places.
 The modeled parts are assembled for universal coupling using “MOVE” and “ALIGN” command.
 By creating multiple window layout, the different views such as orthographic and sectional views
are created.

Result.

Thus the orthographic and sectional views of connecting rod from the assembled drawing is
drawn and printout is taken.