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Nature of Gender Violence and Participatory Development

This document discusses the history and nature of gender violence. It describes gender violence as including acts like rape, sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and more. The document outlines several institutional sites where gender violence occurs, such as in the family, community, workplace, and through the state. It then provides a brief history of gender violence in the Philippines during periods of colonial rule by Spain, the United States, and Japan, noting that women faced discrimination and lack of rights in many areas of society during these times.

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Camille Tanael
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views4 pages

Nature of Gender Violence and Participatory Development

This document discusses the history and nature of gender violence. It describes gender violence as including acts like rape, sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and more. The document outlines several institutional sites where gender violence occurs, such as in the family, community, workplace, and through the state. It then provides a brief history of gender violence in the Philippines during periods of colonial rule by Spain, the United States, and Japan, noting that women faced discrimination and lack of rights in many areas of society during these times.

Uploaded by

Camille Tanael
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nature of Gender Violence existing family structure and power inequalities

Gender violence includes in family and society.


 rape - We justifiy the behavior of male abusers aimed
 sexual assault at establishing control over women in the
 intimate partner violence in heterosexual and family, and supports harmful traditional
same sex partnerships practices such as battering and corporal
 sexual harassment punishment.
 stalking 3. Workplace
 prostitution - is also a site of violence. Either in
 sex trafficking. governmental service or in private
companies, women are vulnerable to sexual
The term "gender violence" aggression (harassment, intimidation) and
- reflects the idea that violence often serves to commercialized violence (trafficking for
maintain structural gender inequalities, and sexual exploitation).
includes all types of violence against men, 4. State
women, children, adolescents, gay, transgender - legitimizes power inequalities in family and
people and gender non-conforming. society and perpetuates gender-based
- This type of violence in some way influences or violence through enactment of
is influenced by gender relations. To adequately discriminatory laws and policies or through
address this violence, we have to address the discriminatory application of the law.
cultural issues that encourage violence as part - It is responsible for tolerance of gender
of masculinity. While women are rape victims, violence on an unofficial level (i.e. in the
men are almost always the perpetrator. That is family and in the community).
not to say that all or even most men are violent, - To the extent that it is the State’s
or that women cannot perpetrate such recognized role to sanction certain norms
violence. Gender violence highlights toxic that protect individual life and dignity and
masculinity patterned violence: a prevalent maintain collective peace, it is the State’s
violence motivated by aggression, revenge, obligation to develop and implement
competition, and entitlement, and includes measures that redress gender violence.
sexual and other violence against men, women, 5. School
partners and children. - related gender-based violence is defined as acts
or threats of sexual, physical or psychological
Institutional Sites of Gender- Based Violence violence occurring in and around schools,
1. Family perpetrated as a result of gender norms and
- is one of the primary sites of gender violence. stereotypes, and enforced by unequal power
- It prepares its members for social life, forms dynamics.”
gender stereotypes and perceptions of division 6. Mass Media
of labor between the sexes. - CEDAW calls to the responsibility of the media
- It is the arena where physical abuses (spousal in the elimination of violence against women
battering, sexual assault, sexual abuse) and/or and girls.
psychological abuses occur. (Domestic violence - In 1995 the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA)
can also take such forms as confinement, called explicitly on governments to ‘take
forced marriage of woman arranged by her effective measures or institute such measures
family without her consent, threats, insults and (emphasis mine), including appropriate
neglect; overt control of a woman’s sexuality legislation against pornography and the project
through either forced pregnancy or forced of violence against women and children in the
abortion.) because violence within the family media’ (UN, 1995, p.102).
and household takes place in the home, it is 7. Church
often seen as a ‘private’ issue and information - The Church has a critical role in prevention,
about it is lacking. intervention, and healing gender-based
2. Community/Society violence.
- as a group sharing common social, cultural, - It happens in church families as well.
religious or ethnic belonging, it perpetuates
- There are stories and news on violence • to be treated as an equal by her husband and to
committed in the church hierarchy but share his honors
these are hardly talked about- sexual • to retain her maiden name
assault, sexual harassment, and even raped • to freely dispose of the property she had
committed by a clergy. brought into the marriage
• to be consulted or informed by her husband
VAWC RA 9262 about his business affairs and contracts
AN ACT DEFINING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND • to divorce her husband in case of non-support
THEIR CHILDREN, PROVIDING FOR PROTECTIVE or maltreatment
MEASURES FOR VICTIMS PRESCRIBING PENALTIES • to assume the headship in the barangay
THEREFORE, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES • to have a baby or not, whether she is married or
1. Physical violence is any act which causes physical not
harm as a result of unlawful physical force. Physical • to name her children
violence can take the form of, among others, serious
and minor assault, deprivation of liberty and 2. Spanish occupation
manslaughter. - In general, women were unable to execute their
2. Sexual violence is any sexual act performed on an rights and were restricted by certain norms and
individual without their consent. Sexual violence can expectations in society.
take the form of rape or sexual assault. - Filipino women were not allowed to share their
3. Psychological violence is an act which causes ideas nor participate in the decision-making
psychological harm to an individual. Psychological process.
violence can take the form of, for example, coercion, - They tilled the land with their husbands as
defamation, verbal insult or harassment. peasants for pittance.
4. Economic violence is any act or behaviour which - Women stayed as inferior to men and were
causes economic harm to an individual. Economic discriminated against not only by men, but by
violence can take the form of, for example, property the very institutions they belonged to in society
damage, restricting access to financial resources, (i.e. family, Church, community, etc.) (Rafal,
education or 2011). 
3. United States
History of Gendered Violence in the Philippine - Seized control over the Philippines shortly after
defeating the remaining Spanish forces in the
1. Colonial Period country.
- The pre-colonial society offered women the - Besides the bloodshed, women in the
greatest opportunities in relation to their social Philippines were still discriminated against.
positions. - An instance of such discrimination was evident
- Filipino women could hold high positions in in public schools as the teachers did not care
their communities (as healers and priestesses). nor support the idea of gender equality.
- It was also common for women to take -  Even though women were allowed to vote, the
leadership roles in the barangays and to fight as society still preferred male candidates and did
warriors. not allow women to run for public office. 
- During the pre-colonial period, one of the first 4. Japanese occupation
things that a man learned was that he had to - Filipino women were greatly abused and
respect women. violated.
- At this point in history, disrespecting women - At this particular time in history, Filipino
was unthinkable. women were threatened and forced to labor as
- If a man was caught disrespecting women, he "comfort women."
was labeled negatively by the rest of society - Upon their arrival in the country, the Japanese
(Hunt & Sta. Ana-Gatbonton, 2000. Ret., 2015). built "houses of relaxation" or comfort stations
While the heads of the barangays (in terms of both where Korean, Filipino, and Chinese women
the economic and political matters) were often men, were brought and forced into service.  
women at that time already had rights. Some rights of - From 1941-1942 - when the Japanese soldiers
women during the pre-colonial period are as follows: were just starting to invade the Philippines -
thousands of Filipino women were taken from
their homes and forced to provide the Imperial - Lessons learned are extremely helpful in
Japanese Army all kinds of sexual services (Phil. facilitating the successful implementation of new
Comfort Women, Retrieved 2015). policies and business processes.
5. World War II - These experiences have demonstrated that
- (Post colonial), more and more women had policies tend to be more effective when there is
become politicized. In the beginning, not stakeholder ownership of initiatives and new
too many women were present in programs and projects that reflect their needs
mainstream politics.  and views.
- Eventually, many Filipino women "joined - In 2003, ADB issued its policy on Promotion of
ideological groups, while others became Cooperation with Non-Government
combatants of the rebel movements. “ Organizations, recognizing the major role that
- Various pro-women groups flourished such NGO’s can play in pursuing ADB’s overarching goal
as MAKABAKA (Malayang Kilusan ng of poverty reduction and their ability to mobilize
Bagong Kababaihan), KABAPA (Katipunan participation among stakeholders and affected
ng Bagong Pilipinas), groups.
and GABRIELA (General Assembly Binding - In 2003, ADB issued its policy on Promotion of
Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Cooperation with Non-Government
Leadership, and Action) (Retrieved 2015- Organizations, recognizing the major role that
11-09).  NGO’s can play in pursuing ADB’s overarching goal
- Not a lot of these movements, however, of poverty reduction and their ability to mobilize
survived throughout the years. Most - if not participation among stakeholders and affected
all - groups disbanded, mostly dying out groups.
during the Marcos regime (See History of - Participating in formulating the fundamental goals
the Philippines (1965–86)). as well as in planning and carrying out an activity
- The disbanded feminist group members empowers stakeholders and fosters a sense of
scattered across different political parties, ownership.
while others joined forces with GABRIELA. - These facilitate effective project implementation,
6. Today conscientious monitoring of activities, and
- Violence against women remains to be one sustainable outcomes.
of the most persistent and alarming issues - Can significantly enhance the effectiveness of ADB
that the Philippines has faced. efforts to reduce poverty in Asia and the pacific.
- Participation works at the project, program and
strategic level. An inclusive and participatory
planning process will produce a national plan that
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT addresses the perceived needs of the citizenry
and have strong ownership by all stakeholders in
- a process through which stakeholders can the country.
influence and share control over development - Plans developed through these approaches will
initiatives, and over the decisions and resources have resilience and integrity over the medium
that affect themselves (Framework for term. A widely accepted national plan will help
Mainstreaming Participatory Development mobilize foreign and domestic resources, both
Processes into Bank Operations, ADB. 1996) human and material, from the private sector,
- The framework for mainstreaming participatory NGO’s local governments and communities.
development processes in ADB was introduced in - The integrity of the planning process will allow
1996 to enhance the sense of ownership among development partners to “ buy in” to the national
beneficiaries and DMC governments for projects plans, thus reducing the transaction costs of
supported by ADB, and for greater beneficiary development assistance without the need for
participation in all aspects of the project cycle. donors to develop their own plans and strategies
- Broader participation and engagement of key for the country.
stakeholders, public transparency, and
institutional accountability have gained greater
importance in the ADB. STAKEHOLDER GROUPS
• General Public
• Government can there be a “helping relationship” without
• Representative Assemblies the client’s participation?
• Civil Society Organizations • Just the same, there is need to stress the point
• Private Sector that the worker does not take over in a helping
• Donor and international financial institutions relationship.
• The client is there and has a part in the entire
EMPOWERING POOR URBAN COMMUNITIES AND problem- solving process. From the time that
STRENGTHENING LOCAL INSTITUTIONS the worker begins to gather information, the
( Philippines) client is asked to provide pertinent facts, to
present his own perceptions of the situation,
FOUR STAGES and involved in defining the nature of the
problem, and if there are many problems, he is
1. Communities engage in action planning and
involved in prioritizing these problems.
form teams to address the four components of
• He participates in planning ways of resolving the
the project: livelihood, land security, problem, in thinking of possible alternatives. He
infrastructure, and social services. is asked to investigate his own resources and
2. Community organizations ( for each group of which of these can be applied to problem
solving.
households ) become more structured and
• Lessen client passivity and dependence upon
legitimized.
others.
3. 3. Community organizations in a contiguous • The worker builds upon and utilizes the client’s
area are then organized into clusters, forming a strengths. A wise move would be to have the
coalition or federation headed by a cluster client understand from the beginning that his
participation is expected.
council. The cluster council advocates on behalf

of the members of its cluster to the village
development council, based on each
community’s development plans.

4. 4. Cluster councils further coalesce into a


municipal or city-wide organization in order to
represent the community organizations before
the local government decision-making bodies.

THREE (3) “ACTION” WORDS AS YOU INTEGRATE


PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES INTO
NATIONAL PLANNING

• LISTEN to what the stakeholders have to say;


• ENGAGE them in planning in planning their
future, including shared responsibilities;
• RESPOND appropriately; for as citizens they
deserve a response, even if the answer is no
(often case when Government officials must
balance the greater public good against
parochial interests).

SOCIAL WORK PERSPECTIVE


• One can almost say that the principle of
participation is already a gives, for indeed, how

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