f comin Of pam, PRI) ep APM “SINS uaa ei peat | pe Pamir |Feain oF lain OF | apie of ret Vie | Tan . cee ee ee Ves Renrencat |= #9 High ey Variable chovock) . Nerney y el cs] pptnde| Sam | Porton Pure — contr ! a Noide Joomsrhy Lom igo =e s. jmonizapiad NOt vec) Nok needed| ne arene ie oy) on Sinilagty OF ‘rt ( sen nd Tmplementahony ee ay oe Q oh i 7 Frarteal 8109 c ” Nemialble. jolole | Cor¥ant Power (voy toith amplhds Wey wait 7 3 { ian Poe of Pues) webby _ NGVe Ralto kad Moclevate el) Bigh q. | Tre amples | eetty| cmos} eaty leon & Detect) fee ; Prom % o eae {ilNuy fo jon | ¥en (pale ae “Halishet7™ wadulaHer Pem iA keast an digral pulse dechniue. pem 14 gute Compleu Conpowec! toy eal wmocluleticn / A pa) \ Noy pulke Techniques &pA™ Pe &P. 4 dhe Sen Be shot the ™sy Sal py Subjected great ember Of operation’ . : - The baic elements f pen stem a Be pe THI par & Recency. (a) Rrankm) Hey % Na sae froleg — ae oes Quiaoti code — oy) Fike ret pe Signy Page ati (6) Franti SSion perth pwr xed) { RB 4 on A cor egenerate Rarer 5 Po F7t Repeaten Repeater | Sign cc) fe ce wven 3 Te chreo Ho) operon? latte ox oct e ae = senpling ) quoting g encedling A the, operation VA hich as > Samplin \bvieg jn a drevete = Fime sig, Qo The Quamtiaing & encoding operortion Gre eg perfomect) 1 tre See = CRE S0H hich iA ee db ary ‘only to digital Cowerter " CAD), panhra he) * Te tKR the process of 90} 15, Confra.y ‘finite Nolueh 40% Stroller Set Of dikcre te finate vuet "Seep wacko oe ease Jeceive?” : earenial opera ten of bets ere a Hoa Of Are froiy” ‘ i ula of ieapowxe) gqmlh , & demos * of quentized sarnpler. vtheA[e aor ores i Sane CKE which Calbeoh “PAC” | Conver t at jntemediate points, fron dhe Tx to the Ry vsed 40 reconRinicy. rannission Path further ON yne Palo Yate. ws ye peater/ ave agree ee ple ae 7 ee che segereote. ) fe | yn oder bo Combat 2 oe a as of Signo! didreri om & Nothe, cS regartant PONS of area ge ee ye 170d) Tee pary a ae ees n ae ce ae Anes pam , pion PPM oe pall moduler) techric Sln5 whe anc Due ee gen Re OR EES Techinigre ” ra.> THA meanh that the PCM ofp j 1? cedeg) digital fom » Zt mae tee i _ Palle s aoe amplitude , width & posptien, ch area yy Teted Ite fom 4 code uerdA'!, A poem Sm consists Of, pom eroden CT) & & Bem decoder(Rpy > The Mental operation in the pem =, ave Sampling : Quan zing ¢, encoding mist “pit the. operation A ove axetally operadco) Tothe Same Ck Called aS ADC CAraleg to digital Conver +n.) 1 "shaded FE undenstoad that the POM Yr nor modulation ‘inthe onentional Sense. 5 Geeaule 19 odlaton, Oe of tbe chovacderlAtic. Of tre Carmien 1) varico) WW properion Olt the amplide of He pooctalorh'ng Stgno, | pointing Of SoH happen An pom. 5 pijlally odedy, Lore (Bed fig: Pecticay — pcm Generrloniy Sr eee eer eet Le H siyol Xt) 18 feet passed theup fhe Loo S mii of. tll Gey fq Ha TY? ae locks a1 8 the fey OMPrents ushich ove, Hing, obove fo HZ —) TAL meonh XE) YA bond Timited to fin H- Te gate 1 a clad or . As ee ed cian Rooak... e 3 oben olp oF _ iA Signal A s\u ckK+ 14 denoted discrete 1 Hime & by ~aWTs) ‘ Cores in omplttudle « a} q - level Quartzen compares ‘|p xo) Ty A then vaio US fined digo ValucA a ASSIA ary NE of the digilal level to WOO TS) ghich | resus MIDE diAFOYH Gr) error « ARN ONOr A called Quertrction ervey 3 te cle F Quentizer 14S Aided leve | called ag (07K) + O° the quorhzed Spal Level oom), en TY goon ee THis encod Comester ip seme aqusabraay “PSs (NTS) YA conerted to ‘Vi binary biks. Thid encoder sn tbo Kea oh digitzen. parallel to Seria) MEH 79 USuclll at Flee Shift Regison ee 5 Sowple & bole Cit , Quarter & ercocky com bv nel} Lorn a9 Analog to oltgita) fen Ce) ee ° Rr icBe Tewsnisiin! Paty A a Distorted Pont noise clea peme nl A © ate iy: Posy “Fein fect pom J The prth Bn the Pom Trantnitien & pun Receiy grey which he PO sigrel Fave) 1A calleol oA “per Fran gmissin pes” M5 The most imprtont feature, of Pom Sho yes in HS abi l'ry ~ to contro) dhe effects of dimeartion & noise — bshen Ga tone roves © the -araone |) POM ae 8 Capa city by mea of cha» of vepecror’ are regenerative repeater Performs three bai no HonA vamely equalization ) bring & dlech ity. waxing. Hence, te each en actual rackicek HORE free Pew Siyral b fren pom signal ome by the Charme] noite. ympreores a Pett airc of POM in preserve of none ey© Bleck diegom Ff 9 Repmnercrtie Ki epecrter, Bus the block Olagrarn Of 8 IER to. he _omplituche, eqiticasn So te PP ek go od Com per Sate the phoe giatorhow { pedoaic , Pulie inpu put bok oO. ake Cn) Rae OF ae PNS. SRY equivatned P volth refeRE ACE “Fhe dot ©— @& dec|pyan CeviIFe We pcm signa] porhaut ony Recarbyacted wave farm are Regeneoto at oe Sore ge PO 18 vedope\ the puvie & yemores role, Tris st9r0l i word don each Sa converte) to porate) algital 5 09, the digital puord) tA. Comer ihe amabg vake. denoted Ya) ith the el pc q sop & hold. CkE: Toe signal + the olp of Saenple and bold ckt iA allned te pass through lows pass YeCOMehiar filter to Jet tre 9 opuiote orfga'ng | 4 noted oA Y CE? pirat” mss Sey rr ____x = Fransmni SSION Bandwidth ina poem Sm: © ¥ a ose Ww) 4. each level, drot te Quontize digits to yepresen level & hee may be vepreserk be | 3 jet us assure aumber of broom chen, the, 0: Of boy ‘yr digit S will q: 2” second 14 enpresse) OS 7 n0- bits PO ; ‘ nS second = (No- of brs Per Sonne) No. ke . Ne ee samples per Secorel) ple xf = bias 1 Sample KA s Te Ss _ Perlsec _5, Tre. me: OF bits per Second Aidlenost oh signing fete ot poy denoted by SUES et Sic ls NS Sigcallirg Tate, PSM whee Ls Daf Algo , since Tindsiadh peededl RONP'P Te UW ainen by half off the signalling rate » ve Vhs‘ we have ‘ la “ t gardwitth in a xX Tanke 'sS1M & Bw >)? . 4 - VES y « i ee (Be 33: Ahoy) fepin , Since fs 24f10 (By 2 vLn) 3h 2 Vf jaence L tis the Be of POM cL ™ Applications of cts “da telephony Civith the advent of Libre . cpHe cables +) 2. tn Space Conmunicah'ar , Space craft Bemis Sigralg to earth, Here dhe Pete) Powey a lov (10 (on) 159) and the distances GE Ge Ca fos million ko). SHIT due to He high hoise. immunity | | Poe Slmls can be Used Ja Sach application’ , Advortages af POM very bigs porse | trmarirty. 2 Pie to digttal mahive Of the $5901 , repeaters can be ploced bln the Tx & the ee The vepeoters | Atually YeKenev ate he Rucoftpos | Signa}. Thih Is nok OAS} ble WM Gralog Shi. tev A Parte reduce the | effect of notge., ae, ett.) esibk to Stone 4 ee | ee, ee te es eee ce.“ tat a «| pone to ose Varia 8 as. f , thot 4 dhe desived perkon garg dean \ code the re | Ryed alga |. Sadvantages of pens ee The masing,, dese & ono cKtary of ey YR cermmplen ° pen srequives lage Be Compared to Other syMems md L a nates Lone of lets Aikerete HO ves the ile aon Ts) Wa iis Pnect digital levelA . TE then san OST an ee digita) level to - frum distention er) aA ‘level quartizer ) which resules in_mid nis error tA Catted Quantization ertoy OTN « Thus the olp of Quanhi2er ja digital love) ca\led as ed pprasvea He of the orginal a op Corte: * Qipatina He: 4 safe bated oS sep Size . “clos Gant Sie ponodfonon QuorrZoNN Quon 10409 . wees Ny : maid tread wmidaife. qupe Ln eomie* & nifonn Quantizen yA tbat ype vohich the \ slep Size ') remand ft qontzen | Sate Soa @p at the input “eNge.. | Non ARGC Gunter vs Ga oe RE “periner in Heat type Yous | W step Size"! vari@f according to in which the inpot Signe valued . voiforn Quantzer types olpleve! TOO) aces jin (4 mid tread aoe ®) midriAe . Effet _ of of Nolke an the pom SyAter my pee Lip?” = ue x ) \ 4 ce ° ot | wl pases in : \ . (a) Sect ob vey pidkh GH Hoy NOE Wy ' (pes neeMN wy 9 Ta PCM Ahab Me traakenit.s all the \ beLS by! \ thy ae Used fo Code a Sample. Hence sfanaliing gisp. && TWriod chante] BAY ave quite large’ in pom, “TO ovexcane AIA Problem — delto modulation fs ose. Delta Modubtticn — “Rojiaa iter UNS) Yat] Acctyauleton A Delta Modulation Receiver oe ae ee A Topa 1% a j IP Coherachulactedd \ Sigral ) : a — Fecrimulaton BS A that ib hanimits all Abe Bits ahichare Aug i Coke a Sample vhence — Sgpalling ate é Qa ae TE lage bh pom. TO Trin ~ Choone| Oey Cane as Peeler . ae‘“ Chonge ‘in eae, in & PORN) leone FIO? ine Soper imposed nthe pulAe , cxf ae PA S{Atern shat be affected. ee the Pom, PPM & funn Shals will vemain eneffectec te wegeneration Of pulies is achiveo! by asi a alippey Ck HD reference level Ag B. le, 08 obfhene () y»+he Side of the Fuad Mlle aves cok penfectly verHical. In practice , he teed pulhes usally have sides Cec » As the No 0 slopmg Sides CEOIES the Melk. ‘ Pe poe d A shem ; dhe widtn & ts SUPE regenercel pubed IR chadgech, 4 veto OF dhe : a win 90N9 ton dittort athe tfomadian Copents she PWM & pes Signals. = THow), Gey the tpen |S Ships Oneffectey \ 4 . oe ah it dow_ngt _catotn SOY Inforne109_1 the wid _Conn_Pasrkion the Pures Hence, Bern compare Paw, rch bette» \enmanthy uch _betten rolhe _romantty ‘pphae, prob.ma - _ ertoy. Hin the = Gm 7 Sample R_given ae Mo oo ae opproine +8) CMT.) = ANTS) -KCnt) where eCATs) = enor at — present semple UNG) = geenped Signal of HUE) Rog) = MAL Semple appradvorin af, $0 | wave af we assinne CRTs) 2A! tbe PRsAE SmP\e Cppraving Of Storroke 0 thea) a a a-t) Tg) = KCoTS) 2 last Samp apprommahon af Sian Cake varcforn . let us define 9 guentity boats) in Such o wey thet boots). = sg Ceents) (nts) = j ya if x00Ts) > RT) -A i ants? < AOmG) a\lo UP btnts). = ra thea a bine ‘a Beeos ord if “lene = -A then. 9 bitany'O! Feed Ts Sompligy ntena} 39 The Surrey in Ahe aiccarsulerton ee Caiad fo (FA) sah the Pree a: Seva BA guar present ole ae OTs? = OCNTs= T3404 AD oOtNts) = Go 1) Tr bots) “The previo Semple appoana ome 0.Ce 4 vestored by delaying oe sample gous is seed Sie pat aGrn Han ee approrivated shal Rts) one to gee ee signal cate eae eee ee” le \ @)| 3 deta meculation Forkenit:s oly oe bit per Kample | feet ae ene pd with the Nolue + ui \ : a ect 18 Tanaritteol, Me ate sip Sgral XH) 1A Oppronimatea) to by the dklta madulabon , Te Sep Size 15 he 3 The AEE bin the IP Sora] ach) & apposnied Sal VS confiren! toy too (eve | : +A and -A- t. otf edit’ ix ve, the, then the 9FPIOW Syra) by A then Steph reduced) Oia Trortroittedl. when Step WA owaeg) 1174 ranytmi te Della modultien Wevefam = bit Seannce erehas depending on the Sin af ecn : 4 ried Foevates a9 Ofp Ps a we i oa 1 eee Sree W840 then eu Wk Reed et | WIA —A, then Bonar So ve Tyled pa abe & ted , the accumuletos, and LPF re Used) » “ie eccutnton Generates the Apeiny ake. apposoated signa) olp & delayed bY one Seen ping Pefiod Ts. TH A then added to i]psgl> Ey =f ‘ip ike baer) SA then +a step tothe pei dp. Lup 1 pinay ©” then slep ‘a’ VA. subhetted for “Ne kbyed spral f : AMO, the LPF hol the tur aft frequency ec) to higher fg xt) The Lp Smoothen& the. aie signal +o ye CMe onigro) msg Signa) pattce of be Delta Modulation + 3 nae pe aoe ate oe oly one bit fr |. pelto yee . \ po aoe 0 siges\ ing me & “Belen chanel Bw He ” Seal for deta vaady HD compared jo pem- gsi whe ERY (eeveaplementicr | LA very much Sefle fon dela radulere = There) 1X 70 ae Neg 40, St) \gita\ conver te9)) yequived! adele rrodlule ho Divpchenteges_ off Bela MeduleHen are ea as load “aiMocticn a) slo Peer | can yanulesy (on) \dle noite,eae eee ieee eer errr eee reer eee Slope over oad) chyStorion: lis uA TRA ditterHon artes becawe Of large al srange of dhe lp SIAN Granular cide he je Hraon erovA \%) fy ot def te meats Se e dhe 18 are f vine of ile 2 whe sor cake. 39 | In ik levge et a lag i ay ay Sirol ~ On na] “oir a f o load dittertic RS CHOY 1A call led A _5 To veduce thiA enon G7) noite | the step Size ue be woeaearic REA Slope of Siro «CED ya high - va! Lincon del t+a —modulerHion (Lam) + Since the SP Sze y ‘hs moxiwom (67) rommeter ap So lanl ls Sala delta modulaton iA firecl , Sloped cw clone shosht a 1A ate 1A allo KO29 a Lineooy Dello ra y) Groeulan Or} tolle Nelhe + Grenubsr @) Tdle rolfe 5 THOMA (OP) Amat Oceearh tohen Ap. prey te eo dag Small vorations om the Jip Siro), iy mean§ Bey Smal} veviehau tn te = /p Stra), Te Jlaly Cale , ) ———————Spa) cheagad b lax , bx skp Sve PON aie on eee g Lie 3 Sig Shook Mal the ips s} rere Pp SKre\ IA aleno3+ the ston Cobe signa] ctl” Keep ge tA aeund dhe Spfal.« The evton bln the o d Qyoproni mated) Sigra| if called’ granular Nol ke i The Solution +0 AAA problewn ite woke 2p Sve Smal \-? { ; a loge size 14 vequved to accoradok tide. dynamite” of inpat S197) Cte yeduce_ Slope or load PT outer ; Small MED? oa crequred) to veduce- granulo nothe. Adaphve dee crodubHa i age OR fico" toover delta bed. error’ : in CA : pope Dee Lg aercone othe, quan trieion” eworh de to ‘slope der aa nl vse, ake MP She), 14 enocke hae eixenite, 05 ilp signa HCE)" pornculnly ins Ae sep ot f sara 1G) Ake step site iA Increased, ayo if are tp 1 vary in9) sloaly , *€ sep Aire iA makita (He AIK metro) a pron ay Adaphye Delia qoedulatt oy ee : zi Lee aa ihe apmedulatons on take. cofinkys chaage® in step gre (on) dicrete Choaged I. skp Se. . a Gq ere Sheek why Franden Ate? HE AGTS for step gee conkol 118 Gag an te Beemer step gee ices @r) Keveokes accortiry do Bre 9 SPeifice wile * depen on a aaa op - are ths. O80. _ example 1 me + 5 Se ad een NE se Oh ee aSve et oc be pees op BS hn ie . veduced) by soviet a je Mep Sie > fl fhosd the Aotrante umeforn A af ookplve modulaton Ete SEquence of brs +o be — Txtedl. . (A) Trandeirter (by Recenex L ) - ta the Recénch f acophve, della Cosubstont ther are tO portions a fe : 3 ree GU powien produceA dhe Step SIE iow each Comnitty RE Exnetly He, Sane process. is folloreed a are in Baninithes - dt ; Re previa, ‘ip & Peseat fp Secides the’ step gue sth VA then’ applied to AN ACcurmulele, on bald, ee werefona. The LPT then’ SmroothenA uh the ‘Stain Cok > ; sng Staingate me for us Signa = =ee oF Te? est 4 beh we fal ts eg 1g | olo! olor) 1 o) elite Ga coed! | aay ole ( it aye) ° Sq ce): ne i Modu pve delta adulation Ape ce of Adbof > \ he Sigeal * to No see delta seodulah’an | Slope ove load & \ M 4 =) 9, Recawe’ F weritile Mu dlep Se re yramie wage af ADM a wider “roo Siaple pm. | ohlvatied of BY’ \A better Ahan < aho “econek betley than becaule of veduchen in p33: modula oO : i | ayes Blotter vode2ae op Deva” wedulotin ore, | oly ame brt | soople iA wequcd) S.. Aiesplich ich reppenention oT & Ry vs pew (diffeestial - “pave. Cate Meck later Lyte ey be seve Hat the SompleA mt) highly conmlated wih each Other Tih 7s ! pe Ret Wut he any Sgro) oles \ Chonge § fakt + Thik Oot ho one due. topreent Somple to ert somple dock ngt differ by | oman “The adjpcent Seles! he Signa] Camy 4 same infowrerten wha GH defferenas. ther She | gunflA are encaded) bY ot slanchro! Pom dy the | vesiliant A Cocke} Syrah aentos “parent Nf :) hen oot aut) oS ‘ quo WANE) 6 (o1) (io? : \o\ (oy iit Ty “Mg STS HTS: Sp EGE VTS ST ID 8 cre) Tlybhaton of redundant infSmrahan 9 Pen. A abo, 9 slosS certnead Hme signal GL) by dotted fine. A Stal iA Sompled by flat top-satpliy at Weal Ts 27, ---- MTS : a7 Tre sampling fre, 1X Selected to’ be Qrradey than TYME cere, Te Saaplel Gre Cncodted by as a bik(tiee) pom The sample 14 quetthed to néoreiz aiailta) whe % Soon bY chele “tn Hy above fio. ae con see ret Bethe Samples taken at AIS 5 T5 & 6Ts we encatkd by bam Nahe of C0)! this ‘afoeratin 9 be covvieal Y oe Sample sau | tree pemoped ave ong pas Dfermatin Meany Ahak “Vk eduadok The aff Hn! hese Sompshs . \ to laAt bit é meee KO be to Tate Ble g finde tee fs ore | eS 8 i all =e tey do MOL Change. a) ech aM redundancy \Rreduced y thea over all ‘sit te Lal decreale and Ire M0- of bits veqiredd to de ne SHeeple Lalla be weduced «Td type of aileven Xheme Woollead DpeM C pitferenhal - nie code Malet), 6 fig. A pen Frankmttten he principle ORRet cee peek Spe Th pected » The NcHay MY nok be ) ppem kd) predict) « -y The whee Of “the she SenpeA es si ti Close. to the OCtual ple \nlue- : Sample sipal = XC9TS ) ; icted Spal = X ; : predic MT) aft bin tell 2, ke vaton findh ont TCL sample, acka\ aan aalue X(T) Pies TRY Kno oh pedicten eo CCS) a [ert = acon) — XCr)] 9 O huh eron ik dhe AEE” bin unpentned 4 Seple «OTs ) & Predicrten af 4 Rate) - predicted value 18 prcduced » fing a \ Alien Tod quantizer OP, Si5901 apo gw \ & pevious Prediichor 1 acbe es & 4Ip fo the pediche an 4 XM fee filter. This signa) 1A calle grt), TiN rmakeA the: prdichan Pre & rn Clase +0 the actual Soenpled *si9nq | = cbicrve, ‘het the ened coer sigeal e¢ crits) voy Amal) | & Cad be » encode of by using, Smal f tA. Te ma. af bits per ample ave reduce so ppc: re quantieert | con be written aA ‘egCaTs) = e(Ts2+9 (NTS) 328 quarrucrte, ern * tere acnts) re jovi per IP Xa (MT: fron above Li Hoe. predict £ " A eed ie sum’ (nts) © quantizer 0] p Retiro wee wee 76 sapirta te?) pe Me, of et Cats? fren cand tq rabee, 0 e, we gee Nig acta = AGntep + COT ants) a a ok O, > saute 4 ecnts) = *ONTS? =hton) e (nts) aac NTs) 2 u(OTS) 1 quan into. ; &? ) i acon Scam etorm)) 7% © eotize) seri Of the dignal re(nB_ pence the TOE Fmaple vabe, 2 uatiza HOO, in Son Of onigira) aati OPT COP be poditive 6 ‘anh pal 09 the legvor,.20NTS i a : ee Not, OP Eisgprve: te! em© I eicition Filter chore siy 4