Chapter-5

Headwork and Distribution system

Function and components of head works, their types

• An irrigation channel takes its supplies from its source which can be
either a river (in case of main canal) or a channel (in case of branch
canals and distributaries).
• The structures constructed across a river source at the head of an off
taking main canal are termed canal headworks or headworks.
• The headworks can be either diversion headworks or storage
headworks.
Figure: Diversion Headwork (Source: Nptel)
Figure: Layout of Diversion Headworks
Refer to link below for headworks:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTH194KMlnU&t=811s
Figure: Diversion Headwork (Kaligandaki Dam)
Figure: Headwork Plan (Source: Asawa et. al)
Types of Headworks:

The different types of headworks are as follows:

1.2.1 Diversion Headworks:
• Diverts the required supply from the source channel to the off taking channel
• Water level in the source channel raised to the reqd. Level
• Reduces the need of excavation in the head reach
• Command area is served better by flow irrigation
• Should be capable of regulating the supplies into the off taking channel; all supplies
when demand is keen & supplies are less.
• Control sediment entry.

1.2.2 Storage Headworks:

• Fulfill requirements of the diversion headworks in addition, store excess water when
available and release when demand exceeds supplies.

1.2.3 Temporary Headworks:

• Bunds constructed across the river every year after floods replaced with permanent
headworks when demand of water increases.

1.2.4 Permanent Headworks - all important headworks

Diversion Headwork Components

1. Weir (or barrage)

2. Undersluices
3. Divide Wall
4. Fish Ladder
5. Canal Head Regulator
6. Sediment/Silt Excluder and Silt Ejector
7. River Training Works
8. Approach Canal

Purpose of Diversion Head Work

1. To raise the water level in the river.
2. To regulate the flow of water into the off taking canal.
3. To control the entry of silt into the canal.
4. To reduce the fluctuations in the level of supply in river.
5. To store water for small periods of short supplies.
Figure: Weir
Figure: Section of barrage:
Weir or Barrage

Weir:
• Ungated barrier across a river Barrage:
• Raises water level in the river and diverts water • A gate-controlled weir with its crest at a lower
into an off taking canal - on one or both banks of level.
the river - just u/s of the weir • Ponding up of the river for diversion is by
• Usually aligned at right angle to the direction of means of gates.
flow - results in minimum length & normal • Offer better control on outflow and discharge
uniform flow through all weir bays which in the off taking canal.
minimizes the chances of shoal formation and • Afflux is small due to lower crest level of the
oblique flow barrage.
• Crest is raised above the river bed to raise the • Possible to provide a roadway across the river
water level at small cost.
• Shutters at the top of the crest for further raising • Better control over sediment entry into canal.
of water level and controlling pond level (difficult
when pond level is higher than 2 m above the
crest)
Figure: Weir
Figure: Weir/Barrage (Source: Garg)
Figure: Section of barrage:
Diversion Headwork: Divide Wall

Functions
• Separate the under sluice
portion from barrage (weir portion).
• Increases the effectiveness of the under
sluices.
• Prevents cross current and flow parallel to
the weir.
• Serves as one of the side walls of the fish
ladder.

Divide Wall
• Masonry or a concrete wall constructed at right angle
to the axis of the weir.
• Separates the weir proper from the under-sluices.
• Extends on the upstream side beyond the beginning of the canal head regulator.
• Extends up to the end of loose protections of the under sluices on downstream side.
• Top width 1.5 to 2.25 m
Fish Ladder:
Structure created to facilitate movement of fish from upstream to downstream and
vice versa.

Figure: Fish Ladder (Source: Asawa et. al.)

Diversion Headwork: Under Sluice

Figure: Undersluice
Undersluices (Sluice Ways or Scouring Sluices)

• Undersluices help in flushing the sediment deposited u/s of the canal head
regulator on account of ponding up of water due to construction of weir across
river.
• Gate-controlled openings in continuation of the weir with their crests at lower level.
• Located on the same side as the off taking canal.
• Useful for passing low floods after meeting the requirements of the off taking canal.
• Shutters (or gates) operated only for passing high floods during monsoon.
• Design procedure is similar to that of weir (use model analysis for major
headworks).

Primary Function:
• Maintain deep channel in front of head regulator.
• Scour (dispose off) heavy silt deposited on river bed on d/s side.
• Control the silt entry into the canal.
• Help in impounding fair amount of flood to secure full storage.
Design Capacity of Under sluice:
• Two times the discharge in the off-take canal
• 20% of the maximum flood discharge
• Maximum winter discharge

River Training Work:

Structures that ensure a smooth and an axial flow of water.
River training works are of the following types:
• Guide Bank
• Marginal bank/bund
• Spur and groynes
• Revetment etc

Canal Head Regulator:

Canal head regulator is provided at the head of main off taking canal for
following purpose.
• To control the flow of supply of water into the canal.
• To control the entry of soil.
• To control the entry of flood to the canal
Approach Canal

• The portion of canal from intake to settling basin is called approach canal.
• Should be stable against higher velocity.
• Designed using Manning’s or Chezy’s relationship.

Silt Excluder

• The sediment concentration is maximum in the bottom layers of a stream.

• Tunnel-type structures to prevent entry of silt to off-taking canal.
• Minimum discharge is kept around 20% of the canal discharge.
• The self-flushing velocity in the tunnel ranges from 1.8 to 4 m/s (2 to 4.5 m/s)
depending upon the sediment size.
• Usually, 2 to 6 tunnels are provided in an excluder.
• 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 1 of tunnel generally varies from 0.5 to 0.6 m for sandy rivers, and 0.8 to 1.2 m
for boulder stage rivers.

1. Some textbooks adopt 1 to 2 m height

Figure: Silt Excluder
Figure: Silt Excluder (Source: Asawa)
Diversion Headwork: Silt Extractor/ Silt Ejectors.
Silt extractor are provided in head reaches to eject the part of the coarse sediment that enter
the canal. Water after the silted water have travelled a certain distance in the off taking
canal. These works are therefore constructed on the bed of the canal and a little distance d/s
from the head regulator. They consist of curved tunnels located across the canal which starts
along the axis of canal and turn towards the bank into the escape channel. The silted water is
discharged into the d/s side of river from weir.
Diversion Headwork: Silt Extractor/ Silt Ejectors.
 Difference between silt Excluder and Silt Ejector.
Silt Excluder Silt Ejector/silt extractor
1. The silt excluder is located upstream of The silt extractor or ejector is located in canal at
Undersluices between head regulator and divide wall some distance downstream of head regulator for
for excluding the bed load. ejecting the suspended load to river.
2. The structure is heavy as it is subjected to large The structure is relatively light.
forces.
3. Silt exclusion can be done only once before the Silt extraction can be done a number of times by
water enters the canal installing various extractors on the canal.

4. Good approach conditions are difficult to achieve. Good approach conditions can be easily achieved.

5. The capacity of head regulator and canal is not to The capacity of head regulator and canal has to be
be increased because of a silt excluder. increased to carry extra discharge for the silt
extractor
6. Working head is always available at the excluder. Working head is reduced when the canal supply is
low.
7. The tunnels are straight, quite large and are not The tunnels are curvilinear small and may be choked
liable to be clogged.. by debris
Some terminologies

Afflux:
• Increase in HFL upstream of the weir caused due to construction of structure across
the river.

Retrogression:
• Lowering of downstream bed level due to degradation due to construction of
structure.
• The degradation may be 0.3 to 0.5 m.

Pond level:
• The minimum water level required upstream of canal head regulator.
• Obtained by adding 1.0 to 1.2 m to the canal FSL.
Headwork Design/Principle of design for surface flow, (Location waterway,
shapes, crest level, length and thickness of impervious flow)

Crest Level
Crest level of undersluice is kept at river bed level as practicable.
Crest level of reamining barrage or weir is kept 1.0 to 1.5 m higher than the
crest level of undersluice.
Headwork
Design Waterway
Lacey’s regime perimeter, 𝑃 = 4.75 𝑄
Generally, obtained perimeter is increased by 20 to 40%.
The obtained waterway is divided into suitable undersluice and weir (barrage)
portion such that discharge through undersluice is
Two times the discharge in the off-take canal
20% of the maximum flood discharge
Maximum winter discharge
 Headwork
Headwork Design
Design

Discharge formula

Q = C × (L − K · n · H )H 3/2 C = Coefficient of discharge

where, = 1.7 (broad crested weir )
Q = Discharge in m3 /s = 1.84 (sharp crested weir )
Headwork
Design
L = Clear waterway
‘q’, discharge per unit width may
K = Coefficient for end contraction
be estimated as:
= (0.01 to 0.1)
n = Number of contraction q = C × K 3/2
(Twice number of gated bays) where,
H = Head over crest K = Head over crest
including velocity head including velocity head
Headwork Design

Downstream bed level

D/s floor level = d/s TEL − Ef2
Hydraulic jump characteristic is
calculated for high flood condition Total floor length
and pond level condition Calculated from exit gradient consideration.
without flow concentration and i.e. b = α × d
no retrogression d = depth of d/s cutoff below d/s floor
with flow concentration and level
retrogression Generally, crest width = 2 m
Downstream floor length U/S glacis 2H:1V to 3H:1V
Length = 5 × (y2 − y1 ) D/S glacis 3H:1V to 5H:1V
y2 and y1 are depths
corresponding to specific energy
Ef 1 and Ef 2
 Headwork Design

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Cutoffs are provided u/s and d/s for
System
scour depth (D) below floor level Loose Protection
u/s D = (1.25 to 1.5)R - u/s flow depth inverted filter and block protection
Components d/s protection = (1.5 to 2)D
Headwork
Design d/s D = (1.5 to 2)R - d/s flow depth u/s protection = D
Sub-surface Launching apron
flow 1/3
𝑞2
Outlets 𝑅 = 1.35 Length = 1.5D
𝑓
Sediment
Control
where, Thickness = 1.5t
Measures and
Devices at f = Lacey ' s slit factor t = thickness of launched apron in
Headwork
launched position
Distribution
 Mechanism of Failure of Hydraulic Structures

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System
Piping/Undermining
Piping failure occurs when the seepage water is left with sufficient force to lift up
soil particles at the downstream end of a hydraulic structure where it emerges.
Components

Headwork
Design Uplift
Sub-surface
flow
Uplift pressure is the pressure exerted by the seeping water on a hydraulic
Outlets
structure.
Sediment If this pressure is not counterbalanced by the weight of concrete or masonry
Control
Measures and floor, the structure may fail because of rupture of the floor
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Bligh’s Theory

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Bligh’s Theory

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
Bligh’s Theory
System

Creep length, L = b1 + 2 × d1 + 2 × d2 + b2 + 2 × d3
H = Head loss
Components

Headwork
C = Head loss per unit length of creep
Design
= Percolation coefficient
Sub-surface
flow H
Outlets =
L
Sediment
Control
H
=
Measures and
Devices at b1 + 2 × d1 + 2 × d2 + b2 + 2 × d3
Headwork
H
Distribution Head at any point = H − × l
L
 Bligh’s Theory: Safety Against Piping

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Safety Against Piping
System

Table: Value of Bligh’s percolation gradient

Components
Soil Type Value of C Safe Hydraulic Gradient
Headwork
Design should be less than
Sub-surface Silt and Sandy Soil 18 1/18
flow

Outlets
Micaceous sand 15 1/15
Sediment
Coarse Grained sand 12 1/12
Control
Measures and
Sand mixed with boulder, gravel 5 to 9 1/5 to 1/9
Devices at
Headwork
with shinlge and loamy soil
Distribution Gravel 5 1/5
 Bligh’s Theory: Safety Against Uplift

5: Headworks
and
Safety Against Uplift
Distribution
System
Figure: Bligh’s Theory (Source: Jha et. al)

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Bligh’s Theory: Safety Against Uplift

5: Headworks
and
Safety Against Uplift
Distribution
System Upward force, U = γw ×h'
= γw ×(h + t) t is floor thickness
Components
Downward force, W = (G γw ) t G is specific gravity of material
Headwork For equilibrium
Design

Sub-surface U=W
flow
γw ×(h + t) = (G γw ) t
Outlets

Sediment h
Control t=
Measures and G −1
Devices at
Headwork Taking factor of safety of 4/3
Distribution 4h
t=
3(G − 1)
 Lane’s Weighted Creep Theory

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Lane’s Weighted Creep Theory

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System Lane’s Weighted Creep Theory
Weightage factor of 1/3 for horizontal creep and 1.0 for vertical creep.

Components Creep length L = b1 /3 + 2 × d1 + 2 × d2 + b2 /3 + 2 × d3

Headwork
Design H = Head loss
Sub-surface C = Head loss per unit length of creep
flow

Outlets H
=
Sediment L
Control
Measures and H
Devices at =
Headwork b1 /3 + 2 × d1 + 2 × d2 + b2 /3 + 2 × d3
Distribution
 Lane’s Weighted Creep Theory: Safety Against Piping

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Safety Against Piping
System

Table: Value of Lane’s hydraulic gradient

Components
Soil Type Value of C Safe Hydraulic Gradient
Headwork
Design should be less than
Sub-surface Very fine sand or silt 8.5 1/8.5
flow

Outlets
Fine sand 7 1/7
Sediment
Coarse sand 5 1/5
Control
Measures and
Gravel and sand 3.5 to 3.0 1/3.5 to 1/3.0
Devices at
Headwork
Boulders, gravel and sand 2.5 to 3.0 1/2.5 to 1/3.0
Distribution Clayey soil 3 to 1.6 1/3 to 1/1.6
 Bligh, Lane: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
Figure shows a hydraulic structure built on fine sand. Determine whether the
System percolation gradient is safe? Also determine uplift pressure and floor thickness
using G = 2.24 at point A, B and C. Assume Bligh’s CB = 15 and Lane’s CL = 8.5.

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Bligh, Lane: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Solution:
Distribution Bligh’s
System

Creep Length, L = 2 ×6 + 35 + 2 ×8 = 63
H 4 1 1
Components Hydraulic gradient, = = = < safe
L 63 15·75 15
Headwork
Design H
We know , h = H − ×l
Sub-surface L
flow

Outlets
Uplift Pressure head at
4
Sediment
Control A =4− × (2 ×6 + 15) = 2·29m
Measures and 63
Devices at 4
Headwork B =4− × (2 ×6 + 25) = 1·65m
Distribution 63
4
C =4− × (2 × 6 + 35) = 1·02m
63
 Bligh, Lane: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System Bligh’s continued
Thickness of floor
4h
Components We have, t =
Headwork
3(G − 1)
Design
4×2·29
At A, t = = 2·46m
Sub-surface
flow 3(2·24 − 1)
Outlets 4×1·65
At B, t = = 1·776m
Sediment
Control
3(2·24 − 1)
Measures and 4×1·02
Devices at At C , t = = 1·10m
Headwork 3(2·24 − 1)
Distribution
 Bligh, Lane: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Lane’s
Distribution
System
Creep Length, L = 2 ×6 + 35/3 + 2 ×8 = 39·67
H 4 1 1
Hydraulic gradient, = = = < safe
Components L 39·67 9·92 8·5
Headwork H
Design We know , h = H − ×l
L
Sub-surface
flow Uplift Pressure head at
Outlets
4 15
Sediment A =4− × (2 × 6 + ) = 2·29m
Control 39·67 3
Measures and 4 25
Devices at B =4− ×(2 ×6 + ) = 1·95m
Headwork
39·67 3
Distribution 4 35
C =4− × (2 × 6 + ) = 1·61m
39·67 3
 Bligh, Lane: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System Lane’s continued
Thickness of floor
4h
Components We have, t =
Headwork
3(G − 1)
Design
4×2·29
At A, t = = 2·46m
Sub-surface
flow 3(2·24 − 1)
Outlets 4×1·95
At B, t = = 2·10m
Sediment
Control
3(2·24 − 1)
Measures and 4×1·61
Devices at At C , t = = 1·73m
Headwork 3(2·24 − 1)
Distribution
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and
Khosla’s theory
Distribution
System
The water does not creep along the bottom contour as stated by Bligh and Lane, it
moves along a set of streamlines as shown in figure.

Components
Figure: Khosla’s flow net (Source: Asawa et. al.)
Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Laplace equation

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System
Laplace equation governs the flow of liquid through porous medium.

δ2 φ δ2 φ
Components
+ =0 for 2D flow
Headwork δx 2 δy 2
Design
where,
Sub-surface
flow φ = flow potential = Kh
Outlets
K = permeability coefficient
Sediment
Control
Measures and
h = residual head at any point in soil
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Laplace equation

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Assumptions of Laplace equation Solution to Laplace equation

Components Homogeneous and isotropic soil,
Headwork Voids are completely filled with water, Graphical,
Design

Sub-surface No consolidation and expansion of soil, Analytical,

flow
Soil and water are incompressible, and Numerical,
Outlets

Sediment Flow obeys 0arcy’s law and is steady Khosla’s method,

Control
Measures and etc.
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and
Exit Gradient
Distribution The gradient of pressure of water Submerged Weight of particle
System
at exit
Ws = γw (1 − n) (G − 1)
Components
Critical Exit Gradient where,
Gradient when the upward
Headwork
Design γ w = unit weight of water
distrubing force on particle is
Sub-surface
flow
equal to submerged weight of n = porosity of soil
Outlets particle. G = specific gravity of soil particles
Sediment
Control
Measures and Safe Exit Gradient Critical Exit Gradient
Devices at
Headwork When factor of safety of 4 to 5 dh
Distribution is used, then exit gradient can = (1 − n) (G − 1)
dl
be taken as safe exit gradient.
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Khosla obtained the solutions of Laplace equation for a number of simple profiles.
The proflies are:
Components
1 A straight horizontal floor of negligible thickness with a sheet pile at either
Headwork
Design end (Figure: 24 i and ii).
Sub-surface
flow
2 A straight horizontal floor of negligible thickness with an intermediate sheet
Outlets pile (Figure: 24 iii).
Sediment 3 A straight horizontal floor depressed below the bed but with no vertical cutoff
Control
Measures and (Figure: 24 iv)
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Figure: Simple Standard Profile (Source: Asawa et. al.)
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
Down stream Pile Upstream Pile
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and
Intermediate Pile
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and Depressed Floor;
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and Correction for mutual interference of pile
Distribution
System

(1)
Components

Headwork I
Design b = Distance between pile lines
Sub-surface
flow D = depth of pile line interference of which is to be determined on
Outlets neighboring pile of depth d. D is to be measured below the level at which
Sediment interference is desired.
Control
Measures and
Devices at
d = depth of pile line on which the effect is considered.
Headwork
b = total floor length.
Distribution
C is additive for upstream relative to interfering pile. C is not applicable for effect
of end pile on intermediate pile when D < d and 𝑏 𝐼 ≥ 2d
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and Correction on floor thickness
Distribution
System

∅𝐸 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅′𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment Formula for thickness correction

Control
Measures and 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐸
Devices at ∅𝐸 − ∅𝐷
Headwork = 𝑥 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡𝐸
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 + 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝐸
Distribution

Thickness Correction is -ve for left side of pile and +ve for right side of pile.
 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
Slope Correction
System Slope Correction is -ve for upward slope and +ve for downward slope.

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow
𝑏𝑠
Outlets 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑠 ×
Sediment
𝑏1
Control 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Measures and
Devices at 𝑏𝑠 = ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑠
Headwork
𝑏1 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
Distribution

In previous figure slope correction is applicable at E of intermediate pile and is +ve.

 Khosla’s theory

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System
Exit Gradient

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution

downstream pile is considered.

 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and Using Khosla’s method, obtain the residual seepage pressures at the ‘key’ points for
Distribution
System
the weir profile shown in figure. Also calculate the value of the exit gradient.
Consider the case of no flow at pond level.

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and Compute pressure at key points for the weir profile, shown in figure, considering the
Distribution
System case of no flow at pond level. Slope correction for the slope (4 : 1) is 3.3 per cent.
Also compute the value of the exit gradient.

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Khosla’s theory: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System
Figure: Canal Structures for flow distribution and measurement (Source: Nptel)

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Figure: Open flume outlet (Source: FAO)

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets

5: Headworks
and A canal outlet or module is structure
Distribution
System through which water is admitted from
Figure: Open flume outlet (Source: FAO) the distributary into a watercourse.
Functions of outlet
Components
Take water from major/minor
Headwork
Design distributary.
Sub-surface
flow
Distribute water in required
Outlets
proportion in fields.
Sediment May be used as measuring device.
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Requirements

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Requirements of a good outlet or module

Components
Should fit well to the decided principles of water distributions.
Headwork Should be simple in construction and use local materials.
Design

Sub-surface
Should work efficiently with a small working head.
flow
Should be cheaper, since they are required in large numbers.
Outlets

Sediment Should be sufficiently strong with no moving parts.

Control
Measures and Should draw its fair share of silt.
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Choices

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System
Choice of type of an outlet and design
Water distribution policy:
Components Area irrigated in previous year or actual commanded area.
Headwork
Design
Water distribution method;
Sub-surface
Duration proportional to area or shared outlet discharge
flow
Method of water assessment:
Outlets
By volume or by area
Sediment
Control
Measures and
Sources of supply
Devices at
Headwork Working of the distributary channel
Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Types

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Types of canal outlet
System
Non-modular outlet: Discharge capacity depends on the difference of levels in the
distributary and the watercourse.
Components Examples: open sluice, drowned pipe outlet
Headwork
Design
Semi-modular outlet: Discharge capacity of semi-module or flexible outlet
Sub-surface
depends on the water level in the distributary but not in water course
flow provided minimum working head is available.
Outlets Examples: pipe outlet, venturi flume, open flume and orifice semi
Sediment
Control
module
Measures and
Devices at Modular outlet: Discharge is independent of the water levels in the distributary and
Headwork
watercourse, within reasonable working limits.
Distribution
Examples: Gibb’s rigid module, and Khanna’s rigid module
 Canal Outlets: Types

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Types

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Some parameters

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System Flexibility
The ratio of rate of change of discharge of an outlet to rate of change of
discharge of the distributary (on the account of change in water level).
Components
Designated as F .
Headwork
Design

Sub-surface dq/q
flow F=
dQ/Q
Outlets

Sediment where,
Control
Measures and q = discharge passing through the outlet
Devices at
Headwork Q = discharge passing through the distributary
Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Some parameters

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Flexibility
System
depending on the value of F, the outlets can be classified as:
Proportional outlets (F = 1)
Components Hyper-proportional outlets (F > 1)
Headwork
Design Sub-proportional outlets (F < 1)
Sub-surface For modular outlet, flexibility is zero.
flow
For proportional outlets
Outlets

Sediment m y
Control F= x = 1
Measures and
Devices at
n H
Headwork H m outlet index
or , = =
Distribution y n channel index
 Canal Outlets: Some parameters

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Setting:
System
The ratio (H/y ) is termed as setting.
Sensitivity:
Components
The ratio of the rate of change of discharge of an outlet to the rate of change in
Headwork
the water surface level of the distributary channel with respect to the depth of flow
Design
in the channel is called the ‘sensitivity’ of the outlet.
Sub-surface
flow
dq/q
Outlets S =
Sediment
dG/y
Control
Measures and G = gauge reading
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
Relation between sensitivity and flexibility
S = nF
 Canal Outlets: Submerged Pipe Outlet

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
Submerged Pipe Outlet (Non-Modular Outlets):
System
Generally, 10-30 cm diameter pipes
Generally, pipes are laid horizontally at right angles
Components Inlet is usually 22 cm below the water level of distributary.
Headwork
Design

Sub-surface Figure: Submerged Pipe Outlet (Non-Modular Outlets)

flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Submerged Pipe Outlet

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
Submerged Pipe Outlet (Non-Modular Outlets):
System
Generally, 10-30 cm diameter pipes
Generally, pipes are laid horizontally at right angles
Components Inlet is usually 22 cm below the water level of distributary.
Headwork
Design

Sub-surface Figure: Submerged Pipe Outlet (Non-Modular Outlets)

flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Submerged Pipe Outlet

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Submerged Pipe Outlet
Design of pipe outlet
5: Headworks As discussed earlier pipe outlet may be of two types:
and
Distribution a) Free pipe outlet (Semi-modular type)
System
The discharge through free pipe outlet is given by:
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴 2𝑔𝐻0
Components
where, Cd=coefficient of discharge
Headwork
Design 𝐻0 =level difference between FSL of distributary and center line of pipe
Sub-surface
A= cross sectional area of the pipe
flow

Outlets
b) Submerged outlet (Non-modular type)
Sediment
The discharge through free pipe outlet is given by:
Control
Measures and
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴 2𝑔𝐻𝐿
Devices at
Headwork
where,Cd=coefficient of discharge
Distribution
H0=level difference between FSL of distributary and water level of water
course
A= cross sectional area of the pipe
 Canal Outlets: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System
A submerged pipe outlet has the following data:

Components F ·S·L· of distributary = 200·00 m

Headwork F ·S·L· of water = 199·90 m
Design

Sub-surface course Length of pipe =9 m

flow

Outlets
Diameter of pipe = 20 cm
Sediment Coefficient of friction = 0·02
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork
Find the discharge through the outlet.
Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Design an irrigation outlet for the following data

Components

Headwork
F ·S·L· of distributary = 200·00 m
Design
F ·S·L· of water course = 199·90 m
Sub-surface
flow Full supply depth of distributary = 1·1 m
Outlets
Discharge of outlet = 45 lps
Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Free Pipe Outlet

5: Headworks
and
Free Pipe Outlet (Semi-module or Flexible Outlet)
Distribution
System
Figure: Free Pipe Outlet (Semi-Modular Outlets)

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at Head acting on outlet is measured from the water level in distributary to the
Headwork
center of outlet pipe.
Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Numerical
Design a semi-modular pipe outlet for a discharge of 90 lps on a distributary with a
5: Headworks full supply depth of 1.1 m if working head available is 0.72 m. Take Cd as 0.62.
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Numerical
Design a pipe outlet for following data:
5: Headworks Full supply discharge at the head of the watercourse = 100 lps
and
Distribution Full supply level in distributary = 103 m
System
Full supply level in water course = 101.9 m

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Non-modular

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Figure: Open Masonry Sluice (Non-modular) (Source: Garg)

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Semi-modular

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Figure: Open Flume Outlet (Semi-modular) (Source: Asawa et. al.)
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Semi-modular

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Figure: Kennedy’s Gauge Outlet (Semi-modular) (Source: Asawa et. al.)
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Rigid

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System
Figure: Khanna’s rigid module (Rigid) (Source: Asawa et. al.)

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Canal Outlets: Rigid

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System Figure: Gibb’s rigid module (Rigid) (Source: Asawa et. al.)

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Sediment Exclusion Devices: Silt Excluder Design

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System Design consideration of silt excluder
Design 0ischarge, Q = 15 to 20% of the canal discharge
Minimum velocity, V = 2 - 3 m/s (river with sand); 4.5 m/s (river with
Components
boulder)
Headwork
Design
Area of flow, A = 0ischarge / Velocity
Sub-surface
flow height of tunnel
Outlets
h = crest level of head regulator - u/s floor level for under sluice - roof slab
Sediment
Control thickness
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork
Clear width, B = Area / height
Distribution Divide clear width B into suitable number of tunnels
 Sediment Exclusion Devices: Silt Excluder Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Numerical Design a silt excluder for a diversion headwork for the following data
Components

Headwork Full supply discharge of canal = 220 m3 /s

Design
Crest level of under sluice = 150.00 m
Sub-surface
flow Crest level of head regulator = 152.00 m
Outlets Bay width of under sluice = 16 m
Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Sediment Exclusion Devices: Silt Excluder Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Solution:
Distribution
System Let us take the design discharge as 20% of canal discharge.

Q = 0·2 x220 = 44 m3 /s
Components

Headwork
Let us assume velocity V of 2 m/s
Design

Sub-surface Q 44 2
flow Area, A = = = 22 m
Outlets
V 2
Sediment
Control
Let us assume the thickness of roof slab as 0.2 m
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork Height of tunnel , h = 152·00 − 150·00 − 0·2 = 1·8 m
Distribution A 22
Clear width, B = = = 12·22 m
h 1·8
 Sediment Exclusion Devices: Silt Excluder Numerical

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System

Provide 5 number of tunnels, width of each tunnel

Components 12·22
= = 2·444 m
Headwork 5
Design

Sub-surface Adopt 2.5 m width

flow

Outlets
Let thickness of dividing wall = 0.8 m
Sediment Overall width = 5 x 2.5 + 4 x 0.8 = 15.7 m
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Say 16.0 m
Headwork

Distribution
 Sediment Exclusion Devices: Silt extractor

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System Figure: Silt Extractor/Ejector

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Sediment Exclusion Devices: Silt extractor

5: Headworks
and
Distribution Figure: Silt Extractor/Ejector (Source: Asawa)
System

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Sediment Exclusion Devices: Silt extractor

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System Silt extractor/ejector
The main canal is widened after head regulator to decrease velocity which
helps in increasing silt concentration.
Components

Headwork
The approach channel upstream of ejector should, preferably, be straight.
Design
The approach canal is designed such that the suspended particles may move
Sub-surface
flow to lower layers.
Outlets The ejector should neither be too far nor too near from head regulator.
Sediment
Control The tunnel entrance should be designed such that there is least disturbance
Measures and
Devices at to the flow at entry.
Headwork

Distribution
The tunnels are of streamlined vanes with gradually converging section.
 Sediment Exclusion Devices: Silt extractor

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
Design criteria of Silt extractor/ejector
System
The design discharge is, generally, 20% (10 to 20%) of full supply discharge
of canal.
Components
The bed of canal is depressed below the ejector to facilitate ejection of
Headwork sediment.
Design

Sub-surface
The height of tunnel should be kept about 1.8 to 2.2 m to facilitate
flow inspection.
Outlets
The height of tunnel is sometimes kept 20 to 25% of depth of flow.
Sediment
Control
Measures and
The tunnels are contracted to increase exit velocity by 10 to 15%.
Devices at
Headwork The velocity should be kept in range of 2.5 to 6 m/s.
Distribution The exit velocity should be greater than critical velocity to ensure super
critical flow
 Sediment Exclusion Devices: Settling Basin

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System Figure: Settling Basin (Source: Asawa)

Components

Headwork
Design

Sub-surface
flow

Outlets

Sediment
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork

Distribution
 Types of distribution system

5: Headworks Types of distribution system

and
Distribution
System
• On-demand
• Continuous flow
• Scheduled
Components

Headwork
Design On-demand distribution system
Sub-surface Advantages
flow

Outlets
Farmers can take the water when they want it.
Sediment Disadvantages
Control
Measures and
Devices at
Storage, high peak canal capacities and sophisticated structures are necessary.
Headwork
These structures, generally, imply high cost.
Distribution
Water is often wasted.
 Types of distribution system: Continuous

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System
Continuous flow
Advantages
Components Simple to operate.
Headwork Minimum number of control structures needed.
Design

Sub-surface Well suited to some crops, especially rice which grows in puddled conditions.
flow

Outlets
Disadvantages
Sediment Farmers get the same flow regardless of what crop they are growing or the
Control
Measures and crop needs at the time.
Devices at
Headwork Flows are often small, so losses are unacceptably high.
Distribution
 Types of distribution system: Scheduled

5: Headworks
and
Scheduled
Distribution The principal variables are:
System
the discharge supplied to the farmers;
the duration of the discharge;
Components the period between supplies
Headwork
Design Advantages
Sub-surface Farmers receive water according to a schedule which takes account of crop
flow

Outlets
type and growth stage and this meets (theoretical) crop needs.
Sediment Disadvantages
Control
Measures and Difficult to manage
Devices at
Headwork
requires a lot of calculation,
Distribution
requires canal operations and cooperation between farmers.
Farmers’ perceived needs are often different from calculated/delivered needs,
creating conflict.
 Factors affecting distribution system

5: Headworks
and
Distribution
System
Factors affecting distribution system
Scheme size
Components
Source of water
Headwork
Design Topography
Sub-surface
flow Demand / supply driven
Outlets Flow variation
Sediment
Control Management
Measures and
Devices at
Headwork
Charging
Distribution