Temperature

and
Heat
Temperature
▪ Usually perceived as the “hotness” or “coldness” of a thing

Food and Beverages

Atmosphere/Weather
Body
Thermometers
▪ An apparatus that measures temperature (in ℃)

Mercury Thermometer Digital Thermometer

Infrared Thermometer
However, there are also many properties of matter that we can measure
depending on the temperature.

▪ Length of ▪ Electrical
metal rods Conductivity

▪ Pressure of ▪ Color of hot

gases glowing
objects
Temperature
▪ Is proportional to the average kinetic energy
of the system
𝑇 ∝ 𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒
And it is related to the states of matter [Phase Transition]
(boiling point, melting point, and freezing point)

Increasing temperature
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-basics_en.html
Units of Temperature
▪ Celsius (℃) → most commonly used
▪ Fahrenheit (℉) → for high temperatures
▪ Kelvin (𝐾 or °𝐾) → standard unit / for low temperatures

Celsius to Fahrenheit Celsius to Kelvin

9
𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32 𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273.15
5
Normal Body Temperature Lowest Possible Temperature
𝑇 = 37 ℃ 𝑇 = −273.15 ℃ = 0 𝐾
Room Temperature under 1 atm
𝑇 = 25 ℃
Questions
1.) Convert the atmospheric temperature for
todays forecast (a.) in Fahrenheit, (b.) in Kelvin.

2.) You are conducting an experimental where

you need to find the freezing point of a liquid
chemical. You observed that the liquid chemical
turns into solid at 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑲. Convert the freezing
point temperature of the liquid chemical into
Fahrenheit
Mechanism of Heat Transfer
▪ If two systems with different temperatures comes into contact

𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Heat Transfer

𝑇𝐻 > 𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝐻 = 𝑇𝐶
▪ The system/region with a higher temperature will transfer some heat to the
system/region with lower temperature.

▪ Heat transfer will only decline if the systems in contact are in the same temperature
➢ Thermal Equilibrium

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Mechanism of Heat Transfer
▪ One can prevent Heat Transfer by inserting a “thermal insulator” in between
the systems

Insulator
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐶
Heat Transfer

𝑇𝐻 > 𝑇𝐶 No Heat Transfer

▪ Thermal Insulators does not permit the flow of heat

▪ Thermal Conductors permits the flow of heat

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
▪ It is responsible why …

Cups of coffee cool down Wear thick clothes/pants when

the weather is cold

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-forms-and-changes/latest/energy-forms-and-changes_en.html
Conceptual Questions

If 𝑇𝐴 > 𝑇𝐶 > 𝑇𝐵

𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐵
▪ Is heat going to transfer from
System A to System B ?
▪ Is heat going to transfer from
System A to System C ?
▪ Is heat going to transfer from
System C to System B ?

𝑇𝐶
Conceptual Questions

If 𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵 > 𝑇𝐶

𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐵
▪ Is heat going to transfer from
System A to System B ?
▪ Is heat going to transfer from
System C to System A ?
▪ Is heat going to transfer from
System C to System B ?

𝑇𝐶
Thermal Expansion
▪ Most materials expand when their temperature increases
• Metals
• Gases
Linear Thermal Expansion
Linear Thermal Expansion

𝑇0 Δ𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 Δ𝑇
𝐿0 Initial Length
Change of Length
Change of temperature
Coefficient of
𝐿0 Δ𝐿 Linear Expansion

𝑇 Δ𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇0
Change of temperature

𝐿 = 𝐿0 + 𝛥𝐿
Expanded Length
Linear Thermal Expansion
Linear Thermal Expansion

𝑇0 Δ𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 Δ𝑇
𝐿0

𝐿0 Δ𝐿

𝑇
Linear Thermal Expansion

𝑇0 Δ𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 Δ𝑇
𝐿0 Note that Δ𝐿 is directly proportional
to Δ𝑇:

𝐿0 Δ𝐿 • If temperature is increased

𝑇0 < 𝑇
𝑇
Δ𝑇 is positive
Δ𝐿 is positive
✓ which means that length of the
material increases
Linear Thermal Expansion

𝑇0 Δ𝐿 = 𝛼𝐿0 Δ𝑇
• If temperature is decreased
𝐿0
𝑇0 > 𝑇
Δ𝐿 Δ𝑇 is negative

𝑇𝑇 Δ𝐿 is negative
✓ which means that length of the
𝐿0 material decreases
Questions
3.) A blacksmith puts a steel rod of in a furnace to forge some tools. The steel rod
used has a length of 0.5 𝒎 at room temperature (25 ℃ ). The furnace
temperature is measured to be (200 ℃).
a) What is the change of length of the steel rod? Did the rod’s length increase or
decrease?
b) What is the length of the rod after placing it in the furnace?

(a.) Δ𝐿 = 0.00099 𝑚
(b.) 𝐿 = 0.50099 𝑚

4.) If an aluminum sheet with length of 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒎 at room

temperature is place on a freezer with temperature of 𝟐𝟔𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 𝑲. By
the time the aluminum sheet reaches thermal equilibrium with
respect to the freezers temperature, what it its length?
𝐿 = 0.00099916 𝑚
Linear Thermal Expansion
Application in Engineering:

Expansion gaps/joints for bridges and rail ways

Linear Thermal Expansion

Very bad engineering!

Volume Thermal Expansion
Volume Thermal Expansion

𝑉0 Δ𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉0 Δ𝑇
Initial Volume
Change in Volume
Change of temperature

Heat Transfer
Coefficient of
Volume Expansion

𝑉 𝑉 = 𝑉0 + 𝛥𝑉
Expanded Volume
Volume Thermal Expansion

Volume Thermal Expansion

Δ𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉0 Δ𝑇
Volume Thermal Expansion
Volume Thermal Expansion

𝑉0 𝑇0 Δ𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉0 Δ𝑇
Note that Δ𝑉 is directly proportional
to Δ𝑇:

• If temperature is increased

Heat Flow
𝑉 𝑇0 < 𝑇
Δ𝑇 is positive
Δ𝑉 is positive
✓ which means that volume of the
material increases
Volume Thermal Expansion
Volume Thermal Expansion

𝑉0 Δ𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉0 Δ𝑇

• If temperature is decreased

𝑇0 > 𝑇

Heat Transfer
Δ𝑇 is negative
𝑉
Δ𝑉 is negative
✓ which means that volume of the
material decreases

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gases-intro/latest/gases-intro_en.html
Volume Thermal Expansion

Hot-Air Balloon

Mercury Thermometer Opening a metal lid

with hot water
Thank you
for your
attention