Laboratory Report

Simulation Laboratory (20MEMDPCSL)

Submitted to

Visvesvaraya Technological University

Jnana Sangama, Belgaum

in partial fulfillment of the requirements of

Master of Technology in Machine Design

By

Narayana.Addanki
USN : 1BM21MMD07

Post Graduate Studies and Research Centre

Department of Mechanical Engineering

B. M. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution under VTU)
PB 1908, Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru – 560 019.

August 2022

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

 Department of Mechanical Engineering

Certificate

Certified that this Laboratory Report is a bonafide work carried out by Mr.
Narayana.Addanki (1BM21MMD07), in partial fulfillment of requirements of
Second Semester Simulation Laboratory (20MEMDPCSL – Lab Component) for
the award of Master of Technology in Machine Design of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgaum, during the year 2021-22. It is certified that all
corrections / suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated
in the report deposited in the departmental library. The laboratory report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed for the said degree.

Signature of Faculty-in-charge Signature of HOD

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

 CONTENTS

Sl. Page
Name of Experiment
No. No.
Lab Experiment-3 (CFD Analysis using ANSYS)
1. 4 to 14

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

 Lab Experiment-3
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Analysis
using ANSYS

1.Introduction
Computational fluid dynamics or CFD is the analysis of systems involving
fluid flow, heat transfer and associated phenomena such as chemical
reactions by means of computer-based simulation. The technique is very
powerful and spans a wide range of industrial and non-industrial application
areas.
Some examples are:
• Aerodynamics of aircraft and vehicles: lift and drag.
• Hydrodynamics of ships.
• Power plant: combustion in internal combustion engines and gas turbines.
• Turbo machinery: flows inside rotating passages, diffusers etc.
• Electrical and electronic engineering: cooling of equipment including
microcircuits.
• Chemical process engineering: mixing and separation, polymer molding.
• External and internal environment of buildings: wind loading and
heating/ventilation.
• Marine engineering: loads on off-shore structures.
• Environmental engineering: distribution of pollutants and effluents.
• Hydrology and oceanography: flows in rivers, estuaries, oceans.
• Meteorology: weather prediction.
• Biomedical engineering: blood flows through arteries and veins.
From the 1960s onwards the aerospace industry has integrated CFD
techniques into the design, R&D and manufacture of aircraft and jet engines.
More recently the methods have been applied to the design of internal
combustion engines, combustion chambers of gas turbines and furnaces.
Furthermore, motor vehicle manufacturers now routinely predict drag forces,
under-bonnet air flows and the in-car environment with CFD. Increasingly
CFD is becoming a vital component in the design of industrial products and
processes.
The ultimate aim of developments in the CFD field is to provide a capability
comparable with other CAE (computer-aided engineering) tools such as
stress analysis codes. The main reason why CFD has lagged behind is the
tremendous complexity of the underlying behavior, which precludes a
description of fluid flows that is at the same time economical and sufficiently
complete. The availability of affordable high-performance computing

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

hardware and the introduction of user-friendly interfaces have led to a recent
upsurge of interest, and CFD has entered into the wider industrial
community since the 1990s.
2. METHODOLOGY
CFD codes are structured around the numerical algorithms that can tackle
fluid flow problems. In order to provide easy access to their solving power
all commercial CFD packages include sophisticated user interfaces to input
problem parameters and to examine the results. Hence all codes contain three
main elements: (i) a pre-processor, (ii) a solver and (iii) a post-processor. We
briefly examine the function of each of these elements within the context of
a CFD code.
Pre-processor:
Pre-processing consists of the input of a flow problem to a CFD program by
means of an operator-friendly interface and the subsequent transformation of
this input into a form suitable for use by the solver. The user activities at the
pre-processing stage involve:
• Definition of the geometry of the region of interest: the computational
domain.
•Grid generation – the sub-division of the domain into a number of smaller,
non-overlapping sub-domains: a grid (or mesh) of cells (or control volumes
or elements).
• Selection of the physical and chemical phenomena that need to be
modelled.
• Definition of fluid properties.
• Specification of appropriate boundary conditions at cells which coincide
with or touch the domain boundary.
The solution to a flow problem (velocity, pressure, temperature etc.) is
defined at nodes inside each cell. The accuracy of a CFD solution is
governed by the number of cells in the grid. In general, the larger the number
of cells, the better the solution accuracy. Both the accuracy of a solution and
its cost in terms of necessary computer hardware and calculation time are
dependent on the fineness of the grid. Optimal meshes are often non-
uniform: finer in areas where large variations occur from point to point and
coarser in regions with relatively little change. Efforts are under way to
develop CFD codes with a (self-) adaptive meshing capability. Ultimately
such programs will automatically refine the grid in areas of rapid variations.
A substantial amount of basic development work still needs to be done
before these techniques are robust enough to be incorporated into
commercial CFD codes. At present it is still up to the skills of the CFD user
to design a grid that is a suitable compromise between desired accuracy and
solution cost.

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

Over 50% of the time spent in industry on a CFD project is devoted to the
definition of the domain geometry and grid generation. In order to maximize
productivity of CFD personnel all the major codes now include their own
CAD-style interface and/or facilities to import data from proprietary surface
modelers and mesh generators such as PATRAN and I-DEAS. Up-to-date
pre-processors also give the user access to libraries of material properties for
common fluids and a facility to invoke special physical and chemical process
models (e.g. turbulence models, radiative heat transfer, combustion models)
alongside the main fluid flow equations.
Solver:
There are three distinct streams of numerical solution techniques: finite
difference, finite element and spectral methods. We shall be solely
concerned with the finite volume method, a special finite difference
formulation that is central to the most well-established CFD codes:
CFX/ANSYS, FLUENT, PHOENICS and STAR-CD. In outline the
numerical algorithm consists of the following steps:
• Integration of the governing equations of fluid flow over all the (finite)
control volumes of the domain.
• Discretization – conversion of the resulting integral equations into a system
of algebraic equations.
• Solution of the algebraic equations by an iterative method.
The first step, the control volume integration, distinguishes the finite volume
method from all other CFD techniques. The resulting statements express the
(exact) conservation of relevant properties for each finite size cell. This clear
relationship between the numerical algorithm and the underlying physical
conservation principle forms one of the main attractions of the finite volume
method and makes its concepts much simpler to understand by engineers
than the finite element and spectral methods. The conservation of a general
flow variable φ, e.g. a velocity component or enthalpy, within a finite control
volume can be expressed as a balance between the various processes tending
to increase or decrease it. In words we have:

CFD codes contain discretization techniques suitable for the treatment of the
key transport phenomena, convection (transport due to fluid flow) and
diffusion (transport due to variations of φ from point to point) as well as for
the source terms (associated with the creation or destruction of φ) and the
Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page
rate of change with respect to time. The underlying physical phenomena are
complex and non-linear so an iterative solution approach is required. The
most popular solution procedures are by the TDMA (tri-diagonal matrix
algorithm) line-by-line solver of the algebraic equations and the SIMPLE
algorithm to ensure correct linkage between pressure and velocity.
Commercial codes may also give the user a selection of further, more recent,
techniques such as Gauss–Seidel point iterative techniques with multigrid
accelerators and conjugate gradient methods.
Post-processor:
As in pre-processing, a huge amount of development work has recently
taken place in the post-processing field. Due to the increased popularity of
engineering workstations, many of which have outstanding graphics
capabilities, the leading CFD packages are now equipped with versatile data
visualization tools. These include:
• Domain geometry and grid display.
• Vector plots.
• Line and shaded contour plots.
• 2D and 3D surface plots.
• Particle tracking.
• View manipulation (translation, rotation, scaling etc.)
• Color PostScript output.
More recently these facilities may also include animation for dynamic result
display, and in addition to graphics all codes produce trusty alphanumeric
output and have data export facilities for further manipulation external to the
code. As in many other branches of CAE, the graphics output capabilities of
CFD codes have revolutionized the communication of ideas to the non-
specialist.

3. Problem Statements
Performing the CFD analysis by considering the example using ANSYS.
AEROFOIL was considered for the performing CFD analysis.

4. Aim of Experiment
To be Finding the Fluid flow over domain, pressure and Velocity contours
using ANSYS.

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

5. Geometric Model Details is shown in fig.1
Using NASA Aero foil Coordinates Profile Created in Solid
works software

Fig.1 Geometry details of Aero foil

7. Finite Element Modelling

The modelling of any finite element problem includes generally five steps;
a) Defining the material properties of the model,
b) Creating the geometry of the model.
c) Discretizing the model into number of finite elements (i.e., meshing of the
geometry).
d) Applying boundary and loading conditions.
e) Solving the problem for its subsequent results.

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

8. Ansys Fluent Simulation Report
Geometry and Mesh
Mesh Size
Cells Faces Nodes
121195 249086 23672

Mesh Quality

Name Type Min Orthogonal Quality Max Aspect Ratio

outer enclosure Tet 0.030594338 62.744888
Cell

Orthogonal Quality

Simulation Setup

Model Settings
Space 3D
Time Steady
Viscous Realizable k-epsilon turbulence model
Wall Treatment Standard Wall Functions

Material Properties Cell Zone Conditions

Fluid Fluid
outerenclosure
Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page
air
Density 1.225 kg/m^3
Cp (Specific Heat) 1006.43 J/(kg K)
Thermal Conductivity 0.0242 W/(m K)
Viscosity 1.7894e-05 kg/(m
s)
Molecular Weight 28.966 kg/kmol
Thermal Expansion 0
Coefficient
Speed of Sound none

Boundary Conditions
Inlet
inlet-velocity
Velocity Magnitude [m/s] 133
Outlet
outlet-pressure pressure outlet
Wall
wall-outerenclosure
Wall Motion Stationary Wall
Shear Boundary Condition No Slip

Reference Values

Area 1 m^2
Density 1.225 kg/m^3
Enthalpy 0 J/kg
Length 1m
Pressure 0 Pa
Temperature 288.16 K
Velocity 1 m/s
Viscosity 1.7894e-05 kg/(m s)
Ratio of Specific Heats 1.4
Yplus for Heat Tran. Coef. 300
Reference Zone outerenclosure

Solver Settings
Equations
Flow True
Turbulence True
Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page
Numerics
Absolute Velocity Formulation True
Pseudo Transient Explicit Relaxation Factors
Density 1
Body Forces 1
Turbulent Kinetic Energy 0.75
Turbulent Dissipation Rate 0.75
Turbulent Viscosity 1
Explicit Momentum 0.5
Explicit Pressure 0.5
Pressure-Velocity Coupling
Type Coupled
Pseudo Transient True
Discretization Scheme
Pressure Second Order
Momentum Second Order Upwind
Turbulent Kinetic Energy Second Order Upwind
Turbulent Dissipation Rate Second Order Upwind
Solution Limits
Minimum Absolute Pressure [Pa] 1
Maximum Absolute Pressure [Pa] 5e+10
Minimum Temperature [K] 1
Maximum Temperature [K] 5000
Minimum Turb. Kinetic Energy [m^2/s^2] 1e-14
Minimum Turb. Dissipation Rate [m^2/s^3] 1e-20
Maximum Turb. Viscosity Ratio 100000

Solution Status
Iterations: 128

Value Absolute Criteria Convergence Status

continuity 0.0009858921 0.001 Converged
epsilon 5.382247e-05 0.001 Converged
k 0.0004218082 0.001 Converged
x-velocity 1.0967e-06 0.001 Converged
y-velocity 3.928675e-07 0.001 Converged
z-velocity 3.761057e-07 0.001 Converged

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

Plots
Residuals

Mesh

Contours
Pressure

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

Velocity

Vectors
Velocity

Pressure

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page

Pathlines

XY Plots

9. Conclusions
The results are used to understating the CFD analysis for Fluid flow over
domain, pressure and Velocity contours using ANSYS for given Inlet
velocity 133 m/s.

Dept. of Mech. Engg., BMSCE, Bengaluru. Page