Applied Mechanics BCE I/II Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal: 6.9.6 Relation among load, shear and bending moment. Consider a simply supported beam AB carrying distributed W per unit length. Let C and C’ be the two points on the beam at a distance of Ax from each other. The shear and BM at C will be denoted by V and M and is assumed positive. Therefore, the shear and BM at C will be denoted by v + Av and M + AM respectively. __ Let us detach the portion of beam CC and redraw the free body diagram FBD. and j The force exerted on the free body include a load of magnitude WAx 'nternal forces,a) Relation among load and shear: EF,=0 Tve all: rennin ital CI V-(V+AV)—- Wax =0 ("1 | ) veav AV =-WaAx I 2 ing both side by Ax and let Ax > 0: lim Av_ Ax0 Ax dv ax indicates for a beam loaded as shown. Slope of shear curve is negative and absolute value of slope at any point equals to load per unit length at that point. Integrating B x f dv=-J wax A i Va-V,=—(Area under load curve)b) Relation among shear and BM EM, =0+ve M+AM-—M-—Vax + WAx>-=0 AM = VAx -4 W(Ax)? Dividing the equation by Ax and Ax > 0 lim aM 4x30 ax ~¥ aM dx = V a= f This indicates that slope of bendin; als to value ° g Moment curve eq é shear. The equation shows that BM is maximum when shear force is 2" This property tells where the beam is ikely to fall under bending. Integrating, B XB Jf dM=J Vdx a A Mg—M, = area under shear curve+ 7.1 Introduction: + A framed structure is an assemblage of a number of bars or rods joined together in such a way to form a rigid framework, this structure is designed to resist geometrical distortion under any applied system of loading. + The ends are joined by riveting, welding or by nuts and bolts to form a series of triangles. + The bars used in the framed structure are slender (cross — sectional dimensions quite small compared to length) and are usually of angle section, T— section, I - section etc. + The bars are called two — force members because they are either in tension or in compression. + The internal forces are the effects due to external forces since there is no shear and bending moments in the member of the truss. + All loads must be applied to the various joints and not to the members themselves. + When a concentrated load is to be applied between two joints or when a distributed load is to be supported by the truss, as in the case of a bridge truss, a floor system must be provided which, through the use of stringers and floor beams, transmits the load to the joints. + The framed structure finds application in the roofs of sheds at railway platforms, workshops and industrial buildings and bridge trusses etc.Use of truss: + It is used to supporting sloping roofs, ; overhead water tanks i + Itis cheaper and lighter then R.C.C, structures so that it is used in and roofs by using steel sections such as angles, channels and T — sections. As ridge in Denmark7.2 Degree of Static indeterminacy: The force analysis of the members of a statically determinate truss can be made by applying the equations of statics only. Equations of static equilibrium are not sufficient to determine the forces in statically indeterminate true, there is need of considering their deformation also. (i) Total degree of external indeterminacy (ng) =~ 3 (ii) Total degree of internal indeterminacy (n,) =m + 3-2) (iii) Total Degree of indeterminacy (n) = ng +n, =m +r—2j Where m = Total number of members. r =Total number of unknown reactions. j =Total number of joints. Case (1): If (m+r) = 2j, then the truss is sfarically determinate structure. (n, = 0) Case (II): If (m+r) > 2j, then the truss is statically indeterminate structure. (n; = positive) Case (IID): If (m+r) < 2), then the truss is statically determinate but unstable structure. (n; = negative)Classification of Truss: (i According to analysis, (a) Plane Truss (b) Space Truss According to support condition (a) Simply supported Truss (b) Cantilever Truss Gii) According to purpose of utilization (a) Roof Truss, (b) Bridge Truss (©) Tower Truss (a) Bridge Truss: Bridge truss consists of two trusses connected by cross girders at every panel points. In case of through type bridge truss, girders are at the lower joints and roads or rail tracks are laid over the cross girders and allows the vehicles to move through the bridge. In case of deck type bridge truss, cross girders connects top chord panel points and road or rails are laid over these cross girders. In both types of trusses end portals are provided. owe ra pratt Fak nas Fire: Tie oo Ts / Fine: Ati thoahtpe Brice TssClassification of Truss: Figure : Stadium Truss Figure : A typical deck type Bridge Truss (iv) According to degree of complexity (a) Simple Truss (b) Compound Truss (©) Complex Truss (v) According to Stability point of view a) Perfect ‘Iruss: The truss structure is said to be perfect, if the number of members is just sufficient to prevent its distortion of shape when subjected to external loads. For perfect truss, the following between the number of joints (j) and the number of members(m), correlation exis m=2j-3. F Here number of members(m) = 9 Number of joints @) = 6 9= (2x6) -3=9 A D .e. the given truss is perfect truss.Classification of Truss... (v) According to Stability point of view... b) Imperfect Truss: A structure is termed as imperfect or deficient truss, if the number of members in it is less than that required for a perfect truss. For imperfect truss, the following correlation exists between the number of joints (j)and the number of members(m), F m<2j-3 Here number of members(m) = 8 Number of joints (j) = 6 8<(2x6)-3 <9 A D i.e. the given truss is imperfect truss. ©) Redundant Truss: A structure is termed as redundant truss, if the number of members in it is more than that required for a perfect truss. For redundant truss, the following correlation exists between the number of joints (j) and the number of members(m), m>2j-3 Here number of members(m) = 10 Number of joints @j) = 6 10> Q2x6)-3 >9 i.e. the given truss is redundant truss.7.4 Analysis of Plane Truss: The analysis of a truss involves the determination of (i The reaction at the supports. (ii) The internal stresses induced in the members due to the external loads. That helps to work out the size and shape of the structural members forming the truss. Before the analysis of tru: the following assumptions are made (j) The truss is perfect one and statically determinate structure. (ii) All the members comprising the truss are rigid and lie in the same plane. ii) The members are slender and of uniform cross — section. (ivyThe external loads and reactions act at the joints only. (v) The self-weight of the members is neglected because the self-weight is small compared to the loads they carry. (vi)The forces are transmitted from one member to another through smooth (no friction) fitting perfectly in the members. Generally to analytical methods are used to calculate the force in the members of the truss. They are joint method and section methods. a) Method of joints b) Method of Section7.4 Analysis of Plane Truss... (a) Method of joints: + Every joint is treated separately as a free body in equilibrium, i.e. the sum of all the vertical forces as well as the horizontal forces acting on the joint is equates to zero. + This methods consists of applying of two equilibrium equations to each joint, taking one joint at a time and proceeding around the structure until all member forces have been determined. + Before the taking the joint, support reactions must be calculated by considering equilibrium of whole structure (i.e. YFy=0, YFy=0, YM=0). + This method is more tedious and time consuming as comparison to the section method but when it is required to find the all member forces of the truss this method is applicable. + The forces which are away from the joint are tension (+ve) in nature and towards the joints are compressive (-ve) in nature. + Nature of Forces: + A tensile force in the member is indicated by arrows pointing away from the joints while a compressive force is towards the joints as shown. + During analysis, starts by assuming either tensile (T) or compressive (C). + After solving for a forces at a joint, a positive forces indicate correct assumption of the direction of forces. A negative forces means that the actual direction of force is positive to the assumed. om ee tee ee Tensile (+Ve) Compressive (- Ve)7.4 Analysis of Plane Truss... (a) Method of joint The steps involved are: (i) Determine the degree of indeterminacy of the given truss. i) If determinate, calculate the support reaction by using equation of static equilibrium ii) Al the pin joints are labelled. (iv) A free body diagram of the entire frame is drawn and the reaction at the supports is determined using the conditions of equilibrium, (v) Each joint is treated separately as a free body. A certain direction of forces acting on the joint is assumed and the magnitude of forces is worked out by applying he conditions of equilibrium, If the magnitude of a particular force comes out positive, the assumpt respect of its direction is correct. However if the magnitude of the force comes out negative, the actual direction of force is reversed, i.e. opposite to what has been assumed. (vi) Calculation of member forces from a joint where there are not more than two members in which the forces are unknown and the process is repeated from one joint to another until all the unknowns have been determined. (vii) Assumption is made about the nature of forces in a member and the force is determined. If the answer is positive, the assumption is correct. A negative answer would imply that the nature of force is ‘opposite to that assumed. Finally, the force in the member will be tensile if the member pulls the joint to which it is connected (force is directed away from the pin) whereas the force in the member will be compressive if the member pushes the joint to which it is connected (force is towards the pin). A member under tension is, called a tie, and a member under compression is called a strut.1. Determine the reactions and the forces in each member of a truss supporting two loads as shown in figure below. F E Solution Calculation of Degree of indeterminacy: Number of member (m) = 9, ‘Number of unknown reaction (r) = 3 Number of joint () = 6 Total degree of indeterminacy of truss (ni) = (m+1) — 2j = (943) — (2x6) = 0, the given truss structure is statically determinate structure. Calculation of support reaction by using equation of equilibrium (i)Algebraic sum of horizontal forces is Zero (—>+) SF =0 Ray =0 (ii) Taking moment about joint A (+U YMa) = 0. (5002) + (5004) ~ (Rpy*6) = 0 Or, Ry = 500 N (iii) Taking moment about joint D (+0 YMp) = 0 (- 5002) - (S00x4) + (Rayx6) = 0 Or, Ray = 500 NCalculation of internal member forces by method of joint At Joint A: Applying equation of equilibrium for the joint B can be written as. (i) Algebraic sum of vertical force: ie(t+) YFy =0 Fay sin 45° + 500 = 0. Fyp = - 707.11N = 707.11N (compressive) (ii) Algebraic sum of Horizontal forces is equal to zero. (SH) 2Fu=0 Fae Fyp cos 45° + Fag Fg = - C707.11 cos 45°) = SOON (T) is equal to zero. 8=45 Fas Ray = 500 The — ve sign with the magnitude of forces F,-shows that a wrong choice has been made while assuming their directions. Obviously the assumed direction of the forces in members Fay need to reversedAt joint F: Applying equation of equilibrium for the joint F can be written as (i Algebraic sum of Horizontal forces is equal to zero. (OH) DE y =0 707.11 cos 45° + Fee = 0 Fez = -SO0N = SOON ( compressive) The — ve sign with the magnitude of forces Fy shows that a wrong choice has been made while assuming their directions. Obviously the assumed direction of the forces in members Fr, need to reversed. F (ii) Algebraic sum of vertical forces is equal to zero. (14) SFy =0 e=45 Fer 707.11 sin 45° - Fry FE, Fea = 500N (T) nal rae polar i? =70711 Fre Applying equation of equilibrium for the joint B can be written as (i) Algebraic sum of vertical forces is equal to zero. (t+) SFy =0 500 Fee Fppsin 45° +500 — 500 =0 Fyp=0 B 0 = 45 Gi) Algebraic sum of Horizontal forces is equal to zero. 500 F (3+) DF =0 BC Fygcos 45° — 500 + Fye = 0 Fyc = S00N = SOON (T) 500+ The given truss structure is symmetrical in both loading and structural condition. So that the * member forces in member in AB = member forces in member in CD = S00N(Tension) * member forces in member in AF = member forces in member in DE = 17.11N (Compression) + member forces in member in BF = member forces + nmember in CE = 500N(Tension) Magnitude of force (N) U)} 707.11 500 500 0 500HW. Determine the reactions and the forces in each member of a truss supporting two loads as shown in figure below.* (b) Section metho + The method of joints is most effective when the force in all the members of a truss are to be determined. * If, however, the force in only one member or the forces in a very few members are desired, the method of section is more efficient. + Ifa truss is in equilibrium, then whichever section of the truss being considered must also be in equilibrium, + The various steps involved are: + (i) Determine the degree of indeterminacy of the given truss. + Gi) If determinate, calculate the support reaction by using equation of static equilibrium, + ii) The truss is split into two parts by passing an imaginary section. + (iv) The imaginary section has to be such that it does not cut more than three members in which the forces are to be determined, + (v)The conditions of equilibrium are SFx= 0, YFy= 0, YM = 0 are applied for the one part of the truss and the unknown force in the member is determined. + (vi)While considering equilibrium, the nature of force in any member is chosen arbitrarily to be tensile or compressive. + If the magnitude of a particular force cones out positive, the assumption in respect of its direction is, correct. However, if the magnitude of the forces cones out negative, the actual direction of the force is opposite to that what has been assumed,1, Determine the member forces in BC, BE, EF, EC and FB for the given truss. F E Solution Calculation of Degree of indeterminacy: Number of member (m) = 9, ‘Number of unknown reaction (1) = 3 Number of joint (j) = 6 Total degree of indeterminacy of truss (ni) = (m+r) — 2j = (943) ~ (2x6) = 0, the given truss structure is statically determinate structure. Calculation of support reaction by using equation of equilibrium (Algebraic sum of horizontal forces is Zero (++) YF =0 Rax =0 (i) Taking moment about joint A (+0 YM,) = 0 (500*2) + (500%4) ~ (RpyX6) = 0 Or, Rpy = 500 N (ii) Taking moment about joint D (+0 Mp) = 0 (- 500*2) - (5004) + Ray*6) = 0 Or, Ray = 500 NDetermine the member forces in BC, BE, EF, EC and FB for the given truss. For Member EF ‘At section (1) — (1) Right — hand portion on the truss should be chosen as a free body diagram. Taking moment about joint B (+ SM) = 0 (500 #2) — (500%4) ~ (Fgp*2) = 0 Or, Fr = 500 N (Compressive) For Member BC At section (1) — (1) Right ~ hand portion on the truss should be chosen as a free body diagram, Taking moment about joint E (+U YM,) = 0 (yc *2) ~ (500%2) = 0 Or, Fy¢ = 500 N (Tensile) For Member BE At section (1) ~ (1) Right ~ hand portion on the truss should be chosen as a free body diagram. Taking algebraic sum of vertical forces in Right part (+ T YF,) = 0 500 ~ 500 — Fyp sin 45° = 0 Fyp= 0Determine the member forces in 2) Epp E BC, BE, EF, EC and FB for the given truss. +500 For Member FB 3@2=6m At section (2) — (2) Right ~ hand portion on the truss should be chosen as a free body diagram, Taking algebraic sum of vertical forces in Right part (+ 1 SF,) = 0 500 — 500 — 500 — Fg, Fyp= 500 (Tensile) For Member EC At section (3) ~ (3) Right ~ hand portion on the truss should be chosen as a free body diagram. ‘Taking moment about joint D (+0 YM,) =0 Ay“ (Fx x2) ~ (5002) = 0 Or, Fey = 500 N (Tensile) fir2. Determine the member forces in BD, BE, CE, DE and DF for the given truss. Solution Calculation of Degree of indeterminacy: Number of member (m) = 13, ‘Number of unknown reaction (1) = 3 Number of joint () = 8 Total degree of indeterminacy of truss (ni) = (m+r) — 2} = (13+3) ~ (28) = 0, the given truss structure is, statically determinate structure, Calculation of support reaction by using equation of equilibrium (Algebraic sum of horizontal forces is Zero (++) YF =0 =Rax +5 Cos 30=0 Ryy = 4.33 KN (©) Gi) Taking moment about joint A (+0 YM,) =0 (SSin 3010) + (SCos 30%5) + (10*10) + (15*15) ~ (Ryy*20) = 0 Or, Ryy = 18.58 KN (1) (ii) Taking moment about joint D (+0 Mp) = 0 (Ray*20) — (SSin 30*10) + (SCos 30*5) — (10*10) — (15*5) =0 Or, Ray = 8.92 KN (1)Here 0 = tan~? (2) = 21.80 i 61 =tan~? (2) = 59.04 8.92 KN 4@5m=20m At section (1) ~ (1) Left — hand portion on the truss should be chosen as a free body diagram. For Member BD Taking moment about joint E (+0 YM,) = 0 (8.92 *10) + (Fyp Cos 21.80*3) + (Fp Sin 21.80*5) Or, Fyp = 19.215 KN (Compressive) For Member CE Taking moment about joint B (+0 YM,) =0 (8.92 #5) + (4.33*3) — (Fe, * 3) = 0 Or, Fey = 19.196 KN (Tensile) For Member BE Taking algebraic sum of vertical forces in Left part (+ T DF,) = 0 8.92 + Fyp Sin 21.80 — Fy, Cos 59.04 = 0 Fyp= 31.21 KN (Tensile)Here 0 = tan~? (2) = 21.80 61 =tan~? (2) = 59.04 8.92 KN 4@5m=20m 18.58KN At section (2) — (2) down ward portion on the truss should be chosen as a free body diagram. For Member DE Taking moment about joint F (+0 YM,) =0 (8.92 *15) + (4,33*3) + (Fpp Sin 21.80*10) + (Fey *5) — (105) — (18.58*5) = 0 Or, Fgp = 15.04 KN (Compressive) For Member BE Taking algebraic sum of vertical forces in Right part (+ >YF,) = 0 Fyp Cos 21.80 — 4.33 — Fy Cos 21.80 = Fpp= 14.55 KN (Tensile) Ca Member Force (KN) 19.215(C) 31.21 (T) 19.196(T) 15.04(c) 14.55 (T)3. Determine the member forces in BD, DC and CE for the given cantilever truss. Solution { Note: For cantilever truss, in case of method of joint and Method section calculations should be consideyed from Free end } Fe: S 20KN 10KN SKN At section (1) ~ (1) Left ~ hand portion (Free End) on the truss should be chosen as a free body diagram, For Member BD x ‘Taking moment about joint C (+0 YM.) = 0 6 = tan" (3) =45 = (20 *2) + (Fyp Cos 45 *2) = 0 a=tan~ (4) = 63.43, Or, Fyp = 28.28 KN (Tensile) 2 For Member CD Taking moment about joint A (+0 YM,) =0 For Member CE (15*2) + (10*2) ~ (Fop Sin 63.43 *2) = 0 Taking moment about joint D (+ SMp) = 0 Or, Fp = 27.95 KN (Tensile) — (20*4) — (15*2) — (10*2) — (Fe, *4) = 0 Or, Fyp = 32.5 KN (Compressive)Cantilever Truss 15KN D 9mDetermine the force in the member IK for the truss shown. Here GI = 2.7 +2*( For Member IK (Consider upward part) Taking moment about joint G (+U Mg) = 0 (40#2.7) + @O*S4) + (Fy *Sin 73.50*5.9) = 0 Or, Fp = 57.27 KN (Compressive) member HI and FI