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Week 2 - Data Communication (Cont.)

This document discusses data representation in computers. It explains that analog data like text, images, audio and video needs to be converted to digital form before computers can process it. This is done by representing the data as binary digits or bits. The document provides examples of how numbers, text characters and pixels in images and sound waves are represented digitally. It also discusses common file formats for images, audio and video.

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Chan Teveak
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Week 2 - Data Communication (Cont.)

This document discusses data representation in computers. It explains that analog data like text, images, audio and video needs to be converted to digital form before computers can process it. This is done by representing the data as binary digits or bits. The document provides examples of how numbers, text characters and pixels in images and sound waves are represented digitally. It also discusses common file formats for images, audio and video.

Uploaded by

Chan Teveak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2:

Data Communication (Cont.)

Lecturer: Mr. HUN Ravy Mobile: 093 58 58 87 E-mail: [email protected]


Outline
 Overview of Data Communication

 Data Representation

2
Motivations
 Efficient way to share resources
 Cost – less expensive
 Accessibility – easier
 Efficient way to exchange information
 Time – faster
 Size – bigger
 Correctness – more accurate

3
Data Communication: Definition

 Data Communication:
Transfer of data from one device to another via
some form of transmission medium.

4
Data Communication
Hi, Hi,
how how
are are
you? you?

Hi, how are you? Hi, how are you?

Computer User

01010001 01010001

5
Components in Communication
1 Message
Hi, how are you?

5 Protocol
2 Sender 3 Receiver

4 Medium

6
Data Representation
 Numbers
 8/16/32 bit integers
 floating point 150
2

 Text
 ASCII, Unicode
 Images 255

 Bit patterns, Graphics formats JPG/GIF/etc


 Audio  Samples of continuous signal
 Video  Sequence of bitmap images
7
Data Representation
In our everyday lives, we communicate with each
other using analogue data.

This data takes the form of:

• Number
• Text
• Image
• Audio
• Video

This type of data can vary and because of this, it


cannot be easily represented in a computer.
Data Representation

Computer - electronic device - handles binary data


Transistors represent the binary data.
• Transistor is on - binary 1
• Transistor off - binary 0.
Using transistors, binary codes are devised to
represent numbers, letters, colours, sounds etc.
In this binary system, each 0 or 1 is called a binary
digit (Bit). By placing them side by side, we can
create binary codes
0 1 Bit
10 2 Bit
1011 4 Bit
10010011 8 Bit
Data Representation

If we extend this system, we could use it to represent


numbers. From the right-hand side, the binary digits
could represent the numbers 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4,
2, 1 etc.
Data Representation

From the numbers example, we can see that the


computer can handle data as long as it is presented in
binary form.
The analogue numbers have become digital data. If it
was possible to create codes to represent all our
analogue data, it would appear as groups of 0’s and 1’s
and could be converted to digital data. The computer
could then handle this data.
This conversion process is called digitising data:

101101001001000010010001000
RED
100001011010101010101111000
101010101010001010011111001
Is there anybody
there, said the
010100101010101010101010011
traveller, 100110010101111010100101010
knocking on the 001010101001010010100101000
100011
Data Representation

Word-procressing is the most basic type of data


processing. In Wordprocessing, the keyboard holds
the character set which includes:

• The alphabet in upper and lower case


• The numbers from 0 to 9
• Misc. characters - space, &, %, £, €, ½, ? Etc.

To digitise these characters, a sequence of 8-Bits (0’s


and 1’s) is allocated to each character. This sequence
of 8-Bits is called a Byte.
A Byte is the amount of storage required to store one
character from the character set.
Data Representation

It is possible to represent 256 characters using this system.


A Byte sequence is assigned to each character on the keyboard
and there are lots to spare for special characters etc.
These Byte codes can be set in a table to produce the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).
If a character from the table is typed into the computer, it will
occupy 1 Byte of the computers main memory (RAM) and if it is
saved to a disk drive, it will occupy 1 Byte of storage space.

Therefore:

• T4 is 2 Bytes long
• Technology is 10 Bytes long
• Design and Communications Graphics is 34 Bytes
long (the 3 spaces count)
Data Representation
In the ASCII table, the bit sequences (codes) are listed in
Binary and each code is named according to its Decimal value:

The 256 codes are divided into sections:

• 0 to 31 - System codes - Esc (27), Backspace (8)


• 32 to 127 - Lower ACSII - common keyboard
characters.
• 128 to 254 - Higher ASCII - Newer codes like the
€ and language symbols
Data Representation

When the computer keyboard is being used, the


ASCII codes are sent to the computer as the
characters are typed:

0101010000110100

The computer combines the stream of Bits into


Bytes:

01010100 and 00110100

These are then converted to ASCII numbers (84 and


52) and displayed on screen:

T4
Data Representation

Not all data can be represented as characters


To process images and sound in a computer, they must be represented as
binary codes.
Data Representation

Image file extensions: .jpg, jpeg, .png, etc.

An image can be represented as a map of binary codes

If the image is zoomed, the individual pixels can be seen as either


black or white.

In a black and white image, only 1 Bit is needed to represent


each pixel as the pixel can only be black or white.
Data Representation
This is called a Bitmapped image as the bits used to
represent the image are arranged into a grid of Bits

A more complex image is shown below and the grid and map of
Bits is clearly visible:

The only difference between this and a colour image is the


number of Bits needed to represent each pixel

In 24-bit colour, 24 Bits are needed for each pixel etc


Data Representation
File extensions:.mp3, .m4a, .WAV, .AAC, etc

Sound can also be stored in a computer as binary codes

Analogue sound is represented as a wave.

To represent the varying values of a soundwave, it’s height must


be measured at regular intervals and the measurements given
binary codes.

This process is called Sampling and the number of samples


taken in a second is called the sampling rate

The sampled measurements make up the digital sound file


Amplitude

Analogue signal

Time

Sampling rate
Data Representation
A video is a collection of frames; each frame is a picture with the same or
different dimensions. All the frames/ images are displayed continuously, one after the
other, to show a video in movement. To represent a video, The computer will analyze
data about the video like:
• FPS (Frames per second)
• Duration of the video
• Image resolution (Number of pixels Horizontally X Vertically)
• Bit depth (Number of bits required to represent a pixel -> number of colors)
A video is mostly combined with an audio component, like a film or a video game.
File extensions: .mp4, .MOV, .AVI, etc.

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