MATLAB® Basic Functions Reference

MATLAB Environment Defining and Changing Array Variables

clc Clear command window a = 5 Define variable a with value 5

help fun Display in-line help for fun A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6] Define A as a 2x3 matrix

A = [1 2 3
doc fun Open documentation for fun “space” separates columns

4 5 6] “;” or new line separates rows

load("filename","vars") Load variables from .mat file

[A,B] Concatenate arrays horizontally

uiimport("filename") Open interactive import tool

[A;B] Concatenate arrays vertically

save("filename","vars") Save variables to file

x(4) = 7 Change 4th element of x to 7

clear item Remove items from workspace

A(1,3) = 5 Change A(1,3) to 5

examplescript Run the script file named

x(5:10) Get 5th to 10th elements of x

examplescript
x(1:2:end) Get every 2nd element of x (1st to last)

format style Set output display format

ver Get list of installed toolboxes

x(x>6) List elements greater than 6

x(x==10)=1 Change elements using condition

tic, toc Start and stop timer

A(4,:) Get 4th row of A

Ctrl+C Abort the current calculation

A(:,3) Get 3rd column of A

Operators and Special Characters A(6, 2:5) Get 2nd to 5th element in 6th row of A

+, -, *, / Matrix math operations

A(:,[1 7])=A(:,[7 1]) Swap the 1st and 7th column

a:b [a, a+1, a+2, …, a+n] with a+n≤b

.*, ./ Array multiplication and division

(element-wise operations) a:ds:b Create regularly spaced vector with

^, .^ Matrix and array power spacing ds

linspace(a,b,n) Create vector of n equally spaced values

\ Left division or linear optimization

.', ' Normal and complex conjugate

logspace(a,b,n) Create vector of n logarithmically spaced

transpose values

==, ~=, <, >, <=, >= Relational operators

zeros(m,n) Create m x n matrix of zeros

ones(m,n) Create m x n matrix of ones

&&, ||, ~, xor Logical operations

(AND, NOT, OR, XOR) eye(n) Create a n x n identity matrix

; Suppress output display A=diag(x) Create diagonal matrix from vector

... Connect lines (with break) x=diag(A) Get diagonal elements of matrix

% Description Comment meshgrid(x,y) Create 2D and 3D grids

'Hello' Definition of a character vector rand(m,n), randi Create uniformly distributed random

"This is a string" numbers or integers

Definition of a string
randn(m,n) Create normally distributed random

str1 + str2 Append strings

numbers

Special Variables and Constants Complex Numbers

ans Most recent answer i, j, 1i, 1j Imaginary unit

pi π=3.141592654… real(z) Real part of complex number

i, j, 1i, 1j Imaginary unit imag(z) Imaginary part of complex number

NaN, nan Not a number (i.e., division by zero) angle(z) Phase angle in radians

Inf, inf Infinity conj(z) Element-wise complex conjugate

eps Floating-point relative accuracy isreal(z) Determine whether array is real

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Elementary Functions Plotting

sin(x), asin Sine and inverse (argument in radians) plot(x,y,LineSpec) Plot y vs. x

Line styles: (LineSpec is optional)

sind(x), asind Sine and inverse (argument in degrees)

-, --, :, -. LineSpec is a combination of

sinh(x), asinh Hyperbolic sine and inverse (arg. in Markers: linestyle, marker, and

radians) +, o, *, ., x, s, d color as a string.

Analogous for the other trigonometric functions: Colors: Example: "-r"

cos, tan, csc, sec, and cot r, g, b, c, m, y, k, w = red solid line without markers

title("Title")
abs(x) Absolute value of x, complex magnitude Add plot title

exp(x) Exponential of x legend("1st", "2nd") Add legend to axes

sqrt(x), nthroot(x,n) Square root, real nth root of real numbers x/y/zlabel("label") Add x/y/z axis label

log(x) Natural logarithm of x x/y/zticks(ticksvec) Get or set x/y/z axis ticks

log2(x), log10 Logarithm with base 2 and 10, respectively x/y/zticklabels(labels) Get or set x/y/z axis tick labels

factorial(n) Factorial of n x/y/ztickangle(angle) Rotate x/y/z axis tick labels

sign(x) Sign of x x/y/zlim Get or set x/y/z axis range

mod(x,d) Remainder after division (modulo) axis(lim), axis style Set axis limits and style

ceil(x), fix, floor Round toward +inf, 0, -inf text(x,y,"txt") Add text

round(x) Round to nearest decimal or integer grid on/off Show axis grid

hold on/off Retain the current plot when

adding new plots

Tables subplot(m,n,p), Create axes in tiled positions

table(var1,...,varN) Create table from data in variables tiledlayout(m,n)

var1, ..., varN yyaxis left/right Create second y-axis

readtable("file") Create table from file figure Create figure window

array2table(A) Convert numeric array to table gcf, gca Get current figure, get current axis

T.var Extract data from variable var clf Clear current figure

T(rows,columns), Create a new table with specified close all Close open figures

T(rows,["col1","coln"]) rows and columns from T

T.varname=data Assign data to (new) column in T Common Plot Types

T.Properties Access properties of T

categorical(A) Create a categorical array

summary(T), groupsummary Print summary of table

join(T1, T2) Join tables with common variables

Tasks (Live Editor)

Live Editor tasks are apps that can be added to a live script to interactively

perform a specific set of operations. Tasks represent a series of MATLAB

commands. To see the commands that the task runs, show the generated
code.

Common tasks available from the Live Editor tab on the

desktop toolstrip:

• Clean Missing Data • Clean Outlier

• Find Change Points • Find Local Extrema

Plot Gallery: mathworks.com/products/matlab/plot-gallery

• Remove Trends • Smooth Data

mathworks.com/help/matlab

Programming Methods Numerical Methods

Functions fzero(fun,x0) Root of nonlinear function

% Save your function in a function file or at the end fminsearch(fun,x0) Find minimum of function

% of a script file. Function files must have the

fminbnd(fun,x1,x2) Find minimum of fun in [x1, x2]

% same name as the 1st function

function cavg = cumavg(x) %multiple args. possible fft(x), ifft(x) Fast Fourier transform and its inverse

cavg=cumsum(vec)./(1:length(vec));

end
Integration and Differentiation

Anonymous Functions

% defined via function handles integral(f,a,b) Numerical integration

fun = @(x) cos(x.^2)./abs(3*x); (analogous functions for 2D and 3D)

trapz(x,y) Trapezoidal numerical integration

Control Structures diff(X) Differences and approximate derivatives

if, elseif Conditions

gradient(X) Numerical gradient

curl(X,Y,Z,U,V,W) Curl and angular velocity

if n<10

disp("n smaller 10") divergence(X,..,W) Compute divergence of

elseif n<=20 vector field

disp("n between 10 and 20")

ode45(ode,tspan,y0) Solve system of nonstiff ODEs

else

disp("n larger than 20") ode15s(ode,tspan,y0) Solve system of stiff ODEs

Switch Case deval(sol,x) Evaluate solution of differential equation

n = input("Enter an integer: "); pdepe(m,pde,ic,... Solve 1D partial differential equation

switch n bc,xm,ts)

case -1 pdeval(m,xmesh,... Interpolate numeric PDE solution

disp("negative one") usol,xq)

case {0,1,2,3} % check four cases together

disp("integer between 0 and 3")

otherwise Interpolation and Polynomials

disp("integer value outside interval [-1,3]")

interp1(x,v,xq) 1D interpolation
end % control structures terminate with end

(analogous for 2D and 3D)

For-Loop
pchip(x,v,xq) Piecewise cubic Hermite polynomial

% loop a specific number of times, and keep

interpolation

% track of each iteration with an incrementing

% index variable spline(x,v,xq) Cubic spline data interpolation

for i = 1:3 ppval(pp,xq) Evaluate piecewise polynomial

disp("cool");

end % control structures terminate with end

mkpp(breaks,coeffs) Make piecewise polynomial

unmkpp(pp) Extract piecewise polynomial details

While-Loop

poly(x)
% loops as long as a condition remains true Polynomial with specified roots x

n = 1; polyeig(A0,A1,...,Ap) Eigenvalues for polynomial eigenvalue

nFactorial = 1; problem

while nFactorial < 1e100

n = n + 1;
polyfit(x,y,d) Polynomial curve fitting

nFactorial = nFactorial * n; residue(b,a) Partial fraction expansion/decomposition

end % control structures terminate with end roots(p) Polynomial roots

polyval(p,x) Evaluate poly p at points x

Further programming/control commands

break polyint(p,k) Polynomial integration

Terminate execution of for- or while-loop

continue Pass control to the next iteration of a loop

polyder(p) Polynomial differentiation

try, catch Execute statements and catch errors

mathworks.com/help/matlab

Matrices and Arrays Descriptive Statistics

length(A) Length of largest array dimension sum(A), prod Sum or product (along columns)

size(A) Array dimensions max(A), min, bounds Largest and smallest element

numel(A) Number of elements in array mean(A), median, mode Statistical operations

sort(A) std(A), var

Sort array elements Standard deviation and variance

sortrows(A) Sort rows of array or table movsum(A,n), movprod, Moving statistical functions

movmax, movmin, n = length of moving window

flip(A) Flip order of elements in array

movmean, movmedian,

squeeze(A) Remove dimensions of length 1 movstd, movvar

reshape(A,sz) Reshape array cumsum(A), cumprod, Cumulative statistical functions

cummax, cummin
repmat(A,n) Repeat copies of array

smoothdata(A) Smooth noisy data

any(A), all Check if any/all elements are nonzero

nnz(A) histcounts(X) Calculate histogram bin counts

Number of nonzero array elements

find(A) Indices and values of nonzero elements

corrcoef(A), cov Correlation coefficients, covariance

xcorr(x,y), xcov Cross-correlation, cross-covariance

normalize(A) Normalize data

Linear Algebra
detrend(x) Remove polynomial trend

rank(A) Rank of matrix

isoutlier(A) Find outliers in data

trace(A) Sum of diagonal elements of matrix

det(A) Determinant of matrix

poly(A) Characteristic polynomial of matrix

Symbolic Math*

eig(A), eigs sym x, syms x y z Declare symbolic variable

Eigenvalues and vectors of matrix (subset)

eqn = y == 2*a + b
inv(A), pinv Inverse and pseudo inverse of matrix Define a symbolic equation

solve(eqns,vars) Solve symbolic expression

norm(x) Norm of vector or matrix

for variable

expm(A), logm Matrix exponential and logarithm

subs(expr,var,val) Substitute variable in expression

cross(A,B) Cross product

expand(expr) Expand symbolic expression

dot(A,B) Dot product

factor(expr) Factorize symbolic expression

kron(A,B) Kronecker tensor product

simplify(expr) Simplify symbolic expression

null(A) Null space of matrix

assume(var,assumption) Make assumption for variable

orth(A) Orthonormal basis for matrix range

assumptions(z) Show assumptions for

tril(A), triu Lower and upper triangular part of matrix

symbolic object
linsolve(A,B) Solve linear system of the form AX=B

fplot(expr), fcontour, Plotting functions for

lsqminnorm(A,B) Least-squares solution to linear equation fsurf, fmesh, fimplicit symbolic expressions

qr(A), lu, chol Matrix decompositions diff(expr,var,n) Differentiate symbolic expression

svd(A) Singular value decomposition dsolve(deqn,cond) Solve differential

gsvd(A,B) Generalized SVD equation symbolically

int(expr,var,[a, b]) Integrate symbolic expression

rref(A) Reduced row echelon form of matrix

taylor(fun,var,z0) Taylor expansion of function

*requires Symbolic Math Toolbox

mathworks.com/help/matlab

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Ausgaben am einfachsten mit

disp('Name');

disp(num2str(Parameter,pr));

Statt pr bei LGS pr_a, Pr_b etc.