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Function Space

Function spaces are sets of functions between two fixed sets. The function space may inherit structures like a vector space structure from the domain and/or codomain. For example, the set of functions from a set X to a vector space V has a natural vector space structure. Function spaces appear in many areas of mathematics like set theory, functional analysis, algebraic topology, and more. In functional analysis, function spaces are studied as topological vector spaces to generalize concepts from finite-dimensional vector spaces. Norms can be defined on function spaces to endow them with topological properties.

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24 views

Function Space

Function spaces are sets of functions between two fixed sets. The function space may inherit structures like a vector space structure from the domain and/or codomain. For example, the set of functions from a set X to a vector space V has a natural vector space structure. Function spaces appear in many areas of mathematics like set theory, functional analysis, algebraic topology, and more. In functional analysis, function spaces are studied as topological vector spaces to generalize concepts from finite-dimensional vector spaces. Norms can be defined on function spaces to endow them with topological properties.

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anthony777
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Function space

In mathematics, a function space is a set of functions between two fixed sets. Often, the domain and/or
codomain will have additional structure which is inherited by the function space. For example, the set of
functions from any set X into a vector space has a natural vector space structure given by pointwise
addition and scalar multiplication. In other scenarios, the function space might inherit a topological or
metric structure, hence the name function space.

In linear algebra
Let V be a vector space over a field F and let X be any set. The functions X → F can be given the structure
of a vector space over F where the operations are defined pointwise, that is, for any f, g : X → F, any x in
X, and any c in F, define

When the domain X has additional structure, one might consider instead the subset (or subspace) of all such
functions which respect that structure. For example, if X is also a vector space over F, the set of linear maps
X → V form a vector space over F with pointwise operations (often denoted Hom(X,V)). One such space
is the dual space of V: the set of linear functionals V → F with addition and scalar multiplication defined
pointwise.

Examples
Function spaces appear in various areas of mathematics:

In set theory, the set of functions from X to Y may be denoted {X → Y} or YX.


As a special case, the power set of a set X may be identified with the set of all functions
from X to {0, 1}, denoted 2X.
The set of bijections from X to Y is denoted . The factorial notation X! may be used
for permutations of a single set X.
In functional analysis, the same is seen for continuous linear transformations, including
topologies on the vector spaces in the above, and many of the major examples are function
spaces carrying a topology; the best known examples include Hilbert spaces and Banach
spaces.
In functional analysis, the set of all functions from the natural numbers to some set X is
called a sequence space. It consists of the set of all possible sequences of elements of X.
In topology, one may attempt to put a topology on the space of continuous functions from a
topological space X to another one Y, with utility depending on the nature of the spaces. A
commonly used example is the compact-open topology, e.g. loop space. Also available is
the product topology on the space of set theoretic functions (i.e. not necessarily continuous
functions) YX. In this context, this topology is also referred to as the topology of pointwise
convergence.
In algebraic topology, the study of homotopy theory is essentially that of discrete invariants of
function spaces;
In the theory of stochastic processes, the basic technical problem is how to construct a
probability measure on a function space of paths of the process (functions of time);
In category theory, the function space is called an exponential object or map object. It
appears in one way as the representation canonical bifunctor; but as (single) functor, of type
[X, -], it appears as an adjoint functor to a functor of type (-×X) on objects;
In functional programming and lambda calculus, function types are used to express the idea
of higher-order functions.
In domain theory, the basic idea is to find constructions from partial orders that can model
lambda calculus, by creating a well-behaved Cartesian closed category.
In the representation theory of finite groups, given two finite-dimensional representations V
and W of a group G, one can form a representation of G over the vector space of linear maps
Hom(V,W) called the Hom representation.[1]

Functional analysis
Functional analysis is organized around adequate techniques to bring function spaces as topological vector
spaces within reach of the ideas that would apply to normed spaces of finite dimension. Here we use the
real line as an example domain, but the spaces below exist on suitable open subsets

continuous functions endowed with the uniform norm topology


continuous functions with compact support
bounded functions
continuous functions which vanish at infinity
continuous functions that have continuous first r derivatives.
smooth functions
smooth functions with compact support
real analytic functions
, for , is the Lp space of measurable functions whose p-norm
is finite
, the Schwartz space of rapidly decreasing smooth functions and its continuous dual,
tempered distributions
compact support in limit topology
Sobolev space of functions whose weak derivatives up to order k are in
holomorphic functions
linear functions
piecewise linear functions
continuous functions, compact open topology
all functions, space of pointwise convergence
Hardy space
Hölder space
Càdlàg functions, also known as the Skorokhod space
, the space of all Lipschitz functions on that vanish at zero.

Norm
If y is an element of the function space of all continuous functions that are defined on a closed
interval [a, b], the norm defined on is the maximum absolute value of y (x) for
a ≤ x ≤ b, [2]

is called the uniform norm or supremum norm ('sup norm').

Bibliography
Kolmogorov, A. N., & Fomin, S. V. (1967). Elements of the theory of functions and functional
analysis. Courier Dover Publications.
Stein, Elias; Shakarchi, R. (2011). Functional Analysis: An Introduction to Further Topics in
Analysis. Princeton University Press.

See also
List of mathematical functions
Clifford algebra
Tensor field
Spectral theory
Functional determinant

References
1. Fulton, William; Harris, Joe (1991). Representation Theory: A First Course (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=6GUH8ARxhp8C). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 4.
ISBN 9780387974958.
2. Gelfand, I. M.; Fomin, S. V. (2000). Silverman, Richard A. (ed.). Calculus of variations (http://s
tore.doverpublications.com/0486414485.html) (Unabridged repr. ed.). Mineola, New York:
Dover Publications. p. 6. ISBN 978-0486414485.

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