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Lab Report Robotics

The document provides an introduction to robotics, including defining robots and the field of robotics. It discusses Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics and different classifications of robots. The document also covers the key components of robots, including actuators, sensors, controllers, processors, and software. It discusses advantages such as increased productivity and safety, as well as disadvantages including lack of decision making and costs.

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Taufique alahi Pranto
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© © All Rights Reserved
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224 views

Lab Report Robotics

The document provides an introduction to robotics, including defining robots and the field of robotics. It discusses Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics and different classifications of robots. The document also covers the key components of robots, including actuators, sensors, controllers, processors, and software. It discusses advantages such as increased productivity and safety, as well as disadvantages including lack of decision making and costs.

Uploaded by

Taufique alahi Pranto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No: 01

Experiment Name: Introduction to robotics.

Objective:

1. Introduction to Robotics including robot classification and design.

2. Familiarization with key components used in Robotics.

Introduction:

What is Robot & Robotics?

Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design,


manufacture and operation of robots. The objective of the robotics field is to
create intelligent machines that can assist humans in a variety of ways. A robot
is a mechanical or virtual agent that can be programmed to perform tasks
autonomously or under human control. Robotics combines various disciplines
such as computer science, engineering, mechanics, electronics, and artificial
intelligence (AI) to create machines that can interact with and manipulate their
environment.

Isaac Asimov’s Laws of Robotics

First Law: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a
human being to come to harm.

Second Law: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except
where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection
does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

Classification of Robots:

The following is the classification of robots according to the Japanese


Industrial Robot Association (JIRA):

Class 1: Manual Handling Device: A device with multiple degrees of freedom,


actuated by an operator.
Class 2: Fixed Sequence Robot: A fixed-sequence robot is a robot that
performs a single, preprogrammed task or set of tasks, making exactly the same
movements each time.

Class 3: Variable Sequence Robot: Same as in class 2, but easy to modify.

Class 4: Playback Robot: A human operator performs the task manually by


leading the robot, which records the motions for later playback; the robot
repeats the same motions according to the recorded information.

Class 5: Numerical Control Robot: The operator supplies the robot with a
movement program rather than teaching it the task manually.

Class 6: Intelligent Robot: A robot with the means to understand its


environment and the ability to successfully complete a task despite changes in
the surrounding conditions under which it is to be performed

The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) only considers classes 3–6 of the
above as robots.

The Association Francaise de Robotique (AFR) has the following classification

Type A: Handling devices with manual control to tele-robotics.

Type B: Automatic handling devices with predetermined cycles.

Type C: Programmable, servo controlled robots with continuous or point-to-


point trajectories .

Type D: Same as C but with capability to acquire information from its


environment.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Robots

● Robotics and automation can, in many situations, increase productivity,


safety, efficiency, quality, and consistency of products.

● Robots can work in hazardous environments such as radiation, darkness, hot


and cold, ocean bottoms, space, and so on without the need for life support,
comfort, or concern for safety.

● Robots need no environmental comfort like lighting, air conditioning,


ventilation, and noise protection.
● Robots can be much more accurate than humans. Typical linear accuracies are
a few ten thousandths of an inch. New wafer-handling robots have micro-inch
accuracies.

● Robots can process multiple stimuli or tasks simultaneously. Humans can


only process one active stimulus.

Robots lack capability to respond in emergencies, unless the situation is


predicted and the response is included in the system. Safety measures are
needed to ensure that they do not injure operators and other machines that are
working with them. This includes:

● Inappropriate or wrong responses

● Lack of decision-making power

● Loss of power

● Damage to the robot and other devices

● Injuries to humans

● Robots, although superior in certain senses, have limited capabilities in:

● Cognition, creativity, decision-making, and understanding

● Degrees of freedom and dexterity

● Sensors and vision systems

● Robots are costly due to:

● Initial cost of equipment and installation

● Need for peripherals

● Need for training

● Need for programming

Robot Components

Actuators: Actuators are the ‘‘muscles’’ of the manipulators. The controller


sends signals to the actuators, which, in turn, move the robot joints and links.
Common types are servo motors, stepper motors, pneumatic actuators, and
hydraulic actuators.
Sensors: Sensors are used to collect information about the internal state of the
robot or to communicate with the outside environment. similar to our major
senses of sight, touch, hearing, taste, and speech, robots are equipped with
external sensory devices such as a vision system, touch and tactile sensors,
speech synthesizer, and the like that enable the robot to communicate with the
outside world.( Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS))

Controller: The controller is rather similar to our cerebellum although it does


not have the power of the brain, it still controls your motions. The controller
receives its data from the computer (the brain of the system), controls the
motions of the actuators, and coordinates the motions with the sensory feedback
information.

Processor: The processor is the brain of the robot. It calculates the motions of
the robot’s joints, determines how much and how fast each joint must move to
achieve the desired location and speeds, and oversees the coordinated actions of
the controller and the sensors.

Software: Three groups of software programs are used in a robot. One is the
operating system that operates the processor. The second is the robotic software
that calculates the necessary motions of each joint based on the kinematic
equations of the robot. This information is sent to the controller. The third group
is the collection of application-oriented routines and programs developed to use
the robot or its peripherals for specific tasks such as assembly, machine loading,
material handling, and vision routines.

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