08 August Teachers Corner Literacy Intro Final
08 August Teachers Corner Literacy Intro Final
08 August Teachers Corner Literacy Intro Final
The National Reading Panel in the United States identified five key components of effective literacy
instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary development, fluency, and text comprehension
(2000). Each of these areas is defined below.
Phonemic Awareness refers to the ability to understand that words are made up of sounds. More
specifically, phonemic awareness includes identifying and manipulating sounds in words. For instance,
when students hear the word bat, phonemic awareness allows them to break the word into its three
phonemes, or sounds: /b/ /a/ /t/. Phonemic awareness skills would also allow students to swap out sounds
in the word cat to form new words such as mat, cap, cut, etc.
Phonics concerns the relationship between the sounds and written letters in a word. That is, when students
hear a word, an understanding of phonics allows them to think about the letters used to spell it. Phonics
also allows students to see a word in print and decode it based on their knowledge of letter-sound
relationships.
Fluency deals with a student’s ability to read text quickly and accurately. Fluent readers recognize words
with automaticity; they do not struggle to sound out words while reading.
Vocabulary Development supports students’ ability to recognize and recall the meaning of words they hear
or see in print. Most vocabulary is learned indirectly through conversation and reading, but some words
must be explicitly taught (Armbuster et al., 2006). Therefore, teachers must provide a vocabulary-rich
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environment for students who are developing early literacy skills. While this certainly means teaching
vocabulary directly, it also means giving students opportunities to interact in the language and to hear
language through conversation or literature that is read aloud.
Text Comprehension refers to readers’ ability to understand the content of what they are reading as they
read it. Text comprehension includes skills such as setting a purpose before reading, asking oneself
questions or summarizing during reading, and reflecting and synthesizing information after reading.
Teaching students to use these reading behaviors can help students develop these skills and increase
comprehension.
To support students’ literacy development, teachers must plan thoughtful instruction that addresses each
one of the elements defined above. This month’s activities can be used to help beginner-level students
acquire the skills necessary to start reading or to continue developing their reading skills.
References
Armbuster, B., et al. (2006). Put reading first: the research building blocks for teaching children to read.
Bethesda: The National Reading Panel and The Partnership for Reading.
americanenglish.state.gov