Bonding and Structure Chemistry - 5070

Bonding and Structure

In this topic, you will learn:
 Ionic Bonding
 Covalent Bonding
 Metallic Bonding
 Macromolecules
 Properties of Ionic Bonding
 Properties of Covalent Bonding
 Properties of Metallic Bonding
Bonding
 Bonding is the way in which atoms join together and combine with one another.
 The arrangement of resulting particle is called structure.
 It is only the valency electrons in the outermost shell which become involved in bonding.
 It is aim of every atom to achieve a noble gas structure (i.e. 8 electrons in outermost shell). It
makes it stable.
 Noble gas do not take part in chemical reactions as they have 8 electrons in their outermost
shells.

Structure of noble Gases

Metallic Bonding
 This type of bonding is only possible in metals.
 Metals have free electrons in their outermost shell.
 When they pack together they loose their electrons into the sea
of electrons. These electrons are free to move. It is because of
these electrons that metals conduct electricity.

Properties of metals Reasons for these properties

They have high densities. Due to close packing of atoms on metals.
They have high melting and boiling points. Strong forces of attraction between atoms cause high
melting point of metals.
They are malleable and ductile. When force is applied to a metal, the atoms can slip over
one another. This allows the metal to be malleable and
ductile.
They are good thermal conductors. Vibration of atoms and outermost electrons helps
transfer of heat energy.
They are good electrical conductors. Free outermost electron cause metal to conduct
electricity. When a metal is connected into a circuit the
electrons move towards the positive terminal, and
electrons form the negative terminal flow to the metals
to replace them.
Ionic bonding
 Ionic bonding only occur between a metal and a non-metal.
 Ionic bonds are formed when metallic atoms give away valence electrons to non-metallic atoms.
 By giving electrons metal becomes positively charged and on other hand by gaining electron non
metal becomes negatively charged.
 These oppositely charged attracts each other through strong electrostatic force of attraction,
forming the ionic bond.

Loosing electron Gaining Electron

Diagram for Reaction of Sodium with Chlorine to Form Sodium Chloride

Properties of typical ionic compounds Reasons for these properties

They are crystalline solids at room temperature. There is regular arrangement of the ions in a lattice.
Ions with opposite charge are next to each other.
They have high melting and boiling points. Ions are attracted by strong electrostatic forces
which are not easy to break.
They are often soluble in water. Water is a polar solvent. Charged ions can move
about in it.
They conduct electricity when molten or In liquid form or solution, the ions are free to move.
dissolved in water.
They do not conduct electricity when solid. The charged ions are bonded together.
Covalent bonding
 Covalent bonding occurs between non-metals.
 Electrons are not transferred but shared in order to attain stability in the atoms that are used in
bonding.
 If one electron is shared between each atom then single covalent bond is formed.
 If two electrons are shared between each atom then double covalent bond is formed.
 If three electrons are shared between each atom then triple covalent bond is formed.

Hydrogen

Chlorine

Oxygen

Water
Ammonia

Methane

Properties of simple covalent compounds Reasons for these properties

They are often liquids or gases at room These substances are made of simple molecules. They
temperature. are joined by covalent bonds.
They have low melting and boiling points. Inter-molecular forces of attraction between are very
weak.
They are soluble in organic solvents such as Covalent molecular substances dissolve in non-polar
ethanol or methylbenzene. (covalent) solvents.
They do not conduct electricity at all. There are no ions present to carry the charge.
 Chemical Formulae and
Equations
In this topic, you will learn:
 Chemical Symbols
 Chemical Formulae
 Valency
 Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)
 The Percentage composition of Elements in a Molecule
 Empirical Formula
 Chemical Equations
 Ionic Equations
Chemical Reaction
 Chemical reaction is when two or more elements, compounds or molecules react together to
form something new.
 Reactants are what start a chemical reaction.
 Products are what are formed at the end of chemical reaction.

Types of reaction
 In decomposition reaction a compound breaks down to form two or more substances.
 In synthesis reaction a substance is formed by the combination of two or more substances.
 In neutralization reaction acid reacts with a base to form salt and water.
 In displacement reaction ion of less reactive element is displaced by the ion of more reactive
element (of same type).
 Precipitation reaction involves the formation of insoluble product.
 Combustion reaction of a substance involves its reaction with oxygen.
 Redox reaction involves oxidation and reduction of substances (discussed latter).

Chemical Symbols
 Each element is represented by its own symbol.
 Symbol may me of one or two letters.
 The first letter is capital is second letter is a small letter.

Name of some elements Symbol Name of some elements Symbol

Aluminum Al Copper Cu
Barium Ba Mercury Hg
Boron B Silver Ag
Lead Pb Gold Au
Zinc Zn Helium He
Oxygen O Neon Ne
Hydrogen H Potassium K
Nitrogen N Tin Sn
Iodine I Sodium Na
Iron Fe Chlorine Cl

Chemical Formulae
  Chemical formula is the way of expressing ratio of combining numbers of atoms or ions.
 Valency is the combining power of an atom or ion.
 The valency of first element becomes the base of second element and the valency of second
element becomes the base of first element.

X Y → X Y
 The bases are then further simplified if required.

X Y → X Y → XY
Some common ions
Valency Positively charger ions Negatively charged ions
1 Sodium Chloride
Potassium Bromide
Silver Iodide
Copper(I) Hydroxide
Hydrogen Nitrate
Ammonium Hydrogen carbonate
Hydrogen sulphate
2 Lead(II) Sulphate
Copper(II) Sulphtite
Magnesium Carbonate
Calcium Oxide
Zinc Sulphide
Barium Ba
Iron(II)
Mercury (II)
3 Iron(III) Phosphate
Aluminum

Relative Molecular Mass

 Relative molecular mass (Mr) of a substance is the sum of relative atomic mass (Ar) of every
element in that substance.

Example: Relative Molecular Mass of Sulphuric Acid ( )

Relative molecular mass of = (2 x 1) + 32 + (4 x 16)