What is Communication? * Communication is transferring data reliably from one point to another — Data could be: voice, video, codes etc... * It is important to receive the same information that was sent from the transmitter. * Communication system —A system that allows transfer of information realiablyBlock Diagram of a typical communication system* Information Source — The source of data * Data could be: human voice, data storage device CD, video etc.. — Data types: * Discrete: Finite set of outcomes “Digital” * Continuous : Infinite set of outcomes “Analog” * Transmitter — Converts the source data into a suitable form for transmission through signal processing — Data form depends on the channel* Channel: — The physical medium used to send the signal — The medium where the signal propagates till arriving to the receiver — Physical Mediums (Channels): * Wired : twisted pairs, coaxial cable, fiber optics * Wireless: Air, vacuum and water — Each physical channel has a certain limited range of frequencies ,( finin Pfmax), that is called the channel bandwidth — Physical channels have another important limitation which is the NOISE* Channel: * Noise is undesired random signal that corrupts the original signal and degrades it * Noise sources: » Electronic equipments in the communication system » Thermal noise » Atmospheric electromagnetic noise (Interference with another signals that are being transmitted at the same channel) — Another Limitation of noise is the attenuation + Weakens the signal strength as it travels over the transmission medium * Attenuation increases as frequency increases — One Last important limitation is the delay distortion * Mainly in the wired transmission * Delays the transmitted signals > Violates the reliability of the communication system¢ Receiver — Extracting the message/code in the received signal * Example — Speech signal at transmitter is converted into electromagnetic waves to travel over the channel — Once the electromagnetic waves are received properly, the receiver converts it back to a speech form — Information Sink * The final stage * The user0 86©0f)6=6 CSCC CCC 1 Effect of Noise Ona transmitted signalDigital Communication System * Data of a digital format “i.e binary numbers” bind oid (ibd ii bi* Information source — Analog Data: Microphone, speech signal, image, video etc... — Discrete (Digital) Data: keyboard, binary numbers, hex numbers, etc... * Analog to Digital Converter (A/D) — Sampling: * Converting continuous time signal to a digital signal — Quantization: * Converting the amplitude of the analog signal to a digital value — Coding: + Assigning a binary code to each finite amplitude in the* Source encoder — Represent the transmitted data more efficiently and remove redundant information * How? “write Vs. rite” * Speech signals frequency and human ear “20 kHz” — Two types of encoding: — Lossless data compression (encoding) * Data can be recovered without any missing information — Lossy data compression (encoding) * Smaller size of data * Data removed in encoding can not be recovered againChannel encoder: —To control the noise and to detect and correct the errors that can occur in the transmitted data due the noise. Modulator: — Represent the data in a form to make it compatible with the channel * Carrier signal “high frequency signal” Demodulator: — Removes the carrier signal and reverse the process of the ModulatorChannel decoder: —Detects and corrects the errors in the signal gained from the channel Source decoder: — Decompresses the data into it’s original format. Digital to Analog Converter: — Reverses the operation of the A/D — Needs techniques and knowledge about sampling, quantization, and coding methods. Information Sink — The UserWhy should we use digital communication? * Ease of regeneration — Pulses“0,1” — Easy to use repeaters * Noise immunity — Better noise handling when using repeaters that repeats the original signal — Easy to differentiate between the values “either 0 or 1” * Ease of Transmission — Less errors — Faster ! — Better productivityWhy should we use digital communication? * Ease of multiplexing — Transmitting several signals simultaneously * Use of modern technology — Less cost ! * Ease of encryption — Security and privacy guarantee — Handles most of the encryption techniquesDisadvantage ! * The major disadvantage of digital transmission is that it requires a greater transmission bandwidth or channel bandwidth to communicate the same information in digital format as compared to analog format. Another disadvantage of digital transmission is that digital detection requires system synchronization, whereas analog _ signals generally have no such requirement.