4/12/2022

eLectro Magnetic WaVeS and

tranSMiSSion LineS (8c408)

Lecture-1 unit-ia

reVieW of Vector anaLySiS and orthogonaL

coordinate SySteMS
K.VenKat reddy
Professor in ECE,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology

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LIST OF TOPICS TO BE COVERED IN THIS UNIT

 Introduction to Vector Analysis
 Vector Algebra
 Coordinate systems and transformation
 Vector Calculus
 Line, Surface and Volume Integral,
 Curl of fields
 Divergence of fields and
 Gradient of fields
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TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED IN THIS LECTURE

• Vector Algebra
 Scalars and Vectors
 Vector addition and subtraction
 Position and distance vectors
 Vector multiplication
 Dot product, Cross product
 Scalar Triple product, Vector triple product
 Components of a vector

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INTRODUCTION

• Electromagnetics (EM) is a branch

of Physics or Electrical Engineering
in which Electric and Magnetic
phenomena are studied.

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INTRODUCTION
• The subject of electromagnetic phenomena can be
summarized in Maxwell's equations:
 . D   v  (1)

 . B  0  ( 2)
B
xE    (3)
t
D
xH  J  ( 4)
t
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INTRODUCTION
• Where ▼ = The vector differential operator
D = The electric flux density
B = The magnetic flux density
E = The electric field intensity
H = The magnetic field intensity
ρv= The volume chare density and
J = The current density
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INTRODUCTION

• Maxwell based these equations on

previously known results, both
experimental and theoretical.
• A quick look at these equations shows
that we shall be dealing with vector
quantities.
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SCALARS AND VECTORS

• Vector analysis is a mathematical tool with which
electromagnetic (EM) concepts are most
conveniently expressed and best comprehended.
• We must first learn its rules and techniques before
we can confidently apply it.
• First we introduces the basic concepts of vector
algebra in Cartesian coordinates only, then extends
to other coordinate systems.
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SCALARS AND VECTORS

• A quantity can be either a scalar or a vector.
• A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.
magnitude
– Quantities such as time, mass, distance, temperature, entropy, electric
potential and population are scalars.
• A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and
direction.
direction
– Vector quantities include velocity, force, displacement and electric field
intensity.

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SCALARS AND VECTORS

• To distinguish between a scalar and a vector it is
customary to represent a vector by a letter with an
arrow on top of it, such as A and B , or by a letter in
boldface type such as A and B.
• A scalar is represented simply by a letter—e.g., A, B,
U and V.
• EM theory is essentially a study of some particular
fields.
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SCALARS AND VECTORS

• A field is a function that specifies a particular
quantity everywhere in a region.
• If the quantity is scalar (or vector), the field is said to be a
scalar (or vector) field.
– Examples of scalar fields: temperature distribution in a building, sound
intensity in a theater, electric potential in a region and refractive index of
a stratified medium.
– Examples of vector fields: gravitational force on a body in space and the
velocity of raindrops in the atmosphere.
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SCALARS AND VECTORS

• A vector A has both magnitude and direction. The
magnitude of A is a scalar written as A or |A|. A unit
vector aA along A is defined as a vector whose
magnitude is unity (i.e., 1) and its direction is along
A, that is, A A
aA    (5)
A A
• Note: |aA|=1. Thus we may write A as A=AaA(6)
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SCALARS AND VECTORS

• A vector A in Cartesian (or rectangular) coordinates
may be represented as

( Ax , Ay , Az ) or
Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z  (7)

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SCALARS AND VECTORS

• where Ax, Ay and Az are called the components of A in
the x, y and z directions respectively; ax, ay and az are
unit vectors in the x, y and z directions, respectively.
• The magnitude of vector A is given by
A Ax2  Ay2  Az2  (8)
and the unit vector along A is given by
Ax a x  Ay a y  Az a z
aA   ( 9)
A A A
2
x
2
y
2
z
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VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

• Two vectors A and B can be added together to give
another vector C; that is, C = A + B
• The vector addition is carried out component by
component. Thus, if A = (Ax , Ay , Az) & B = (Bx ,By ,Bz).
C = (Ax + Bx)ax + (Ay + By)ay + (Az + Bz)az
• Vector subtraction is similarly carried out as D = A - B
D = A + (-B)= (Ax - Bx)ax + (Ay - By)ay + (Az - Bz)az
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VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

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POSITION VECTOR AND DISTANCE VECTOR

• A point P in Cartesian coordinates may be
represented by (x, y, z).
• The position vector rP (or radius vector) of point P is
as the directed distance from the origin O to P, .i.e.
rP = OP = xax + yay + zaz
• The position vector of point P is useful in
defining its position in space.
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POSITION VECTOR AND DISTANCE VECTOR

• Point P(3, 4, 5), for
example, and its
position vector
rp=3ax + 4ay + 5az
are shown in
Figure 1.4.

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POSITION VECTOR AND DISTANCE VECTOR

• The distance vector is the displacement from one
point to another.
• If two points P and Q are given by (xP , yP , zP) and
(xQ , yQ , zQ), the distance vector (or separation vector)
is the displacement from P to Q as shown in Figure
1.5; that is,
rPQ = rQ – rP = (xQ - xP)ax + (yQ - yP)ay + (zQ - zP)az
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
• When two vectors A and B are multiplied, the result
is either a scalar or a vector depending on how they
are multiplied.
• Thus there are two types of vector multiplication:
1. Scalar (or dot) product: A • B
2. Vector (or cross) product: A x B

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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
• Multiplication of three vectors A, B and C can result
in either:
3. Scalar triple product: A • (B x C) or
4. Vector triple product: A x (B x C)

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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION - DOT PRODUCT

• The dot product of two vectors A and B, written as
A • B, is defined geometrically as the product of the
magnitudes of A and B and the cosine of the angle
between them.
• Thus:
A • B = AB cosθAB
where θAB is the angle between A and B.
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION - DOT PRODUCT

• The result of A • B is called either the scalar product
because it is scalar, or the dot product due to the dot
sign. If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then
A • B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
which is obtained by multiplying A and B component
by component.
• Two vectors A and B are said to be orthogonal (or
perpendicular) with each other if A • B = 0.
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION - CROSS PRODUCT

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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION - CROSS PRODUCT

• The cross product of two vectors A and B written as
A x B, is a vector quantity whose magnitude is the
area of the parallelopiped formed by A and B (see
Figure 1.7) and is in the direction of advance of a
right-handed screw as A is turned into B.
• Thus A x B = AB sinθAB an
where an is a unit vector normal to the plane
containing A and B.
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION - CROSS PRODUCT

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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION - CROSS PRODUCT

• The direction of an is taken as the direction of the
right thumb when the fingers of the right hand
rotate from A to B as shown in Figure 1.8(a).
• Alternatively, the direction of an is taken as that of
the advance of a right-handed screw as A is turned
into B as shown in Figure 1.8(b).
• The vector multiplication of above equation is called
cross product due to the cross sign.
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION - CROSS PRODUCT

• It is also called vector product because the result is a
vector. If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz) then
ax ay az
A x B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
• A x B =(AyBz- AzBy)ax + (AzBx - AxBz)ay + (AxBy - AyBx)az
which is obtained by "crossing" terms in cyclic
permutation, hence the name cross product.
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION - CROSS PRODUCT

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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION – SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT

• Given three vectors A, B and C, we define the scalar
triple product as
A • (B x C) = B • (C x A) = C • (A x B)
obtained in cyclic permutation.
• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az), B = (Bx, By, Bz) and C = (Cx, Cy, Cz)
then A • (B x C) is the volume of a parallelepiped
having A, B and C as edges.
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION – SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT

• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az), B = (Bx, By, Bz) and C = (Cx, Cy, Cz),
then A • (B x C) is easily obtained by finding the
determinant of the 3 x 3 matrix formed by A, B and
C; that is, Ax Ay Az
A . (B x C)  Bx By Bz
Cx Cy Cz
• Since the result of this vector multiplication is scalar,
It is called the scalar triple product.
product
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VECTOR MULTIPLICATION – VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT

• For vectors A, B and C, we define the vector triple
product as
A x (B x C) = B (A . C) - C (A . B)
obtained using the "bac-cab" rule. It should be noted
that (A • B)C ≠ A(B • C)
• But (A • B)C = C(A • B).

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COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
• A direct application of vector product is its use in
determining the projection (or component) of a
vector in a given direction. The projection can be
scalar or vector. Given a vector A, we define the
scalar component AB of A along vector B as per
Figure 1.10(a).
• AB = A cosθAB = |A| |aB| cosθAB or AB = A • aB
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COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
• The vector component AB of A along B is simply the
scalar component in above equ multiplied by a unit
vector along B; that is,
AB = ABaB = (A • aB) aB
• Both the scalar and vector components of A are
illustrated in Figure 1.10. Notice from Figure 1.10(b)
that the vector can be resolved into two orthogonal
components:
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COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR
• one component AB parallel to B, another (A-AB)
perpendicular to B. In fact, our Cartesian
representation of a vector is essentially resolving the
vector into three mutually orthogonal components
as in Figure 1.1(b).

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SUMMARY OF THE IMPORTANT POINTS

 Introduction
 Scalars and Vectors
 Vector addition and subtraction
 Position and distance vectors
 Vector multiplication
 Dot product
 Cross product
 Scalar Triple product
 Vector triple product
 Component of a vector
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