CSAT

Important Formulas

by
Manjul Kumar Tiwari Sir
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NUMBER SYSTEM Some Important Algebraic Formulae:

Classifications of Numbers 1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

Complex Number 2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

Real Numbers
Ir r
at io
3. (a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2
Rational
na
l
Integers (-ve integers) 4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)

Fr
a ct
Whole Numbers
5. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)

io
n s
Natural Numbers

6. a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)

7. a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)

HCF & LCM

Properties of numbers based on Even and Odd If the prime factorization of a number N = ax × by × cz ...
Even + Even = Even where, a, b, c ... are distinct prime numbers then total
Odd + Odd = Even number of factors/divisors of N = (x + 1)(y + 1)
Odd × Odd = Odd (z + 1)...
Odd × Even = Even
FACTORIAL
Even × Even = Even
• The factorial of a non-negative integer n, is defined
(Even)Odd = Even
as the product of all the positive intergers less than
(Odd)Even = Odd
or equal to the integer n.
(Even)Even = Even
• It is denoted as n! or n .
(Odd)Odd = Odd
• n! = 1 × 2 × 3 ... n
'VBODMAS' RULE • n! = [1 × 2 × 3 ... (n – 1)] × n = (n – 1)! × n
Counting number of zeros at the end of n!
First: Vinculum (V) or Bar ' '
n n n n
Value will be =    ...
Second: Brackets (B) 5 52 53 5 4

Order of removing brackets The integral value of this sum will be the total number of
zeros
1 Small Brackets (Circular brackets) '( )'
• The LCM of two or more numbers is the least
2. Middle brackets (Curly brackets) '{ }' number to be exactly divisible by each of them
3. Square brackets (Big Brackets) '[ ]' individually
• The HCF of two or more numbers is the greatest
Third: Operation of 'Of' (O)
number which completely divides each of them
Fourth: Operation of division — (D) individually

Fifth: Operation of multiplication — (M) • Product of two numbers = HCF of the numbers ×
LCM of the numbers
Sixth: Operation of addition — (A)
• HCF is a factor of difference of the given numbers
Seventh: Operation of subtraction — (S)
LCM of numerators
• LCM of fractions =
HFC of denominators
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Laws / Rules of Surds:
HFC of denominators
• HCF of fractions = 1. ab × ac = ab+c
LCM of numerators
a1/b × a1/c = a1/b + 1/c
Remainder Theorem
n a
n
2. =  a1/n n  an/n  a
ab c
Remainder of expression is equal to the
n 1/n
a1/n
a
an  bn  cn 3.   =
b b1/n
remainder of expression ,
n
where, an is remainder when a is divided by n 4. (a1/n)m = am/n = (am)1/n = n
am

m a   n  am 
bn is remainder when b is divided by n, and 1
1 1 1 1

1
5. n = ( a m )n  a m n
 a mn
cn is remainder when c is divided by n
1 1
INDICES = mn
a = ( a n )m  m  n a 
m power/index 1 1 1
a 6. ( ab ) m  ( a) m (b) m
base
LINEAR & QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Laws/Rules of Indices:


Powers add Linear Equations
mn
1.  a  a
m
a n
• An equation of degree 1 is called a linear equation
Base same
• A linear equation is an equation for a straight line
am
2. = am – n • It is written as ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are real
an
3. (am)n = am×n = (an)m = (am)n numbers and a and b both are non zero
4. (ab)m = am × bm
Number of solutions of Equations in 2 variables
m
a am
5.   = m If a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are two equations,
b b
then these equation will have
6. a0 = 1 (a may be any number)
a1 b
• Unique solution if = 1
1 a2 b2
7. a–m = m
a
a1 b1 c 1
• Infinite solution if  
8. am = an a 2 b2 c 2

Surds a1 b1 c 1
• No solution if = 
a 2 b2 c 2
Surds are powers in fractions (i.e., when power < 1)

• b – square root of b Quadratic Equations

1 Quadratic equation is a polynomial of second degree in

• Similarly, b 3 – cube root of b one variable.
1 The general format of the quadratic equation is ax2 + bx +
• b or
n n
b – surd of order 'n' c = 0; a  0
• (By default '2') 
b a, b and c are the real numbers and a is not equal to zero
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Properties: • If the observations of given data are equal than the
• The quadratic equation have two solutions. The average will also be the same as observations
solution of quadratic equation is known as the roots. • All the observations of a given data are included
These roots can be found with the help of formula while calculating average, including zero (0)
• If all the observations of a given data are increased/
b  b 2  4 ac
,  = decreased by m, then their average also increases/
2a
decreases by m
where  and  are the roots of the general quadratic
• If all the observations of a given data are multiplied/
equation and the expression b  4 ac is called its
2
divided by m, then their average is also multiplied/
discriminant (D) divided by m
b • Average of consecutive numbers
• The sum of roots, ( + ) =  and the product of
a
c First number + Last number
roots,  = =
a 2
• If the roots of the quadratic equation are known then
quadratic equation can be formed as: • 2 Mean + Mode = 3 Median

x 2  (Sum of roots)x  (Product of roots)  0

RATIO & PROPORTION
PERCENTAGES • If both the terms of a ratio are multiplied or divided
by same non-zero quantity, then the value of ratio
• The term 'percent' means per hundred or out of 100
remains the same
• It is denoted by the symbol %
• Product of means = Product of extremes
x
• So x% means x per 100 or i.e., a : b :: c : d  ( b  c )  ( a  d )
100
a c
Value • If  then 'd' is called as fourth proportion of
Percent Value   100% b d
Total value
a, b & c
Percentage  New value  Original value  100%
increase Original value a b
• If three quantities a, b, c are taken then  , here c
b c
Percentage  Original value  New value  100%
decrease Original value is called as third proportion of a & b, b is called as
• If a value is changed first by x% and then second proportion or mean proportion of a & c
by y%, then effective percentage change is • The concept of partnership is based on the fact that
profits are shared in the ratio of total investments
   x   y   '+' is for increase  by each individual
=   x     y   %  
 100  '–' is for decrease  i.e., Profit  total investment

AVERAGES PROFIT & LOSS

SP  CP Profit
Sum of all items in the group Percentage profit   100%   100%
Average  CP CP
Number of items
CP  SP Loss
Properties: Percentage loss   100%   100%
CP CP
• Average of a given data is less than the greatest • Discount = Marked price (MP) – Selling price (SP)
observation and greater than the smallest
observation of the given data
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Percentage Marked price – Selling price Compounding More than Once a year
•   100%
discount Marked price If compounding is done ‘m’ times a year (i.e., once every
12/m months), at the rate of R% per annum then, in T
If two successive discount of m% and n% respectively years, the principal of P will amount to
are given then a single discount equivalent to the mT
 R 
A= P1 
 mn   m  100 
successive discount will be  m + n – %
 100  Installments at Simple Interest
The installment k for principal P, rate of interest R
MIXTURE & ALLIGATION and Time T years can be given as:
• If two solutions of concentration c1 and c2 are mixed  RT 
in the ratio m : n. Then the weightage concentration P1 
k  100 
c will be:  (T  1) R 
T 1  
 2 100 
m  c1  n  c 2
c Installments at Compound Interest
mn
The installment k for principal P, rate of interest R
or we can rearrange the formula as
and Time T years can be given as:
m c2  c k k k
 P   ... 
n c  c1  R 
T
 R 
T 1
 R 
1

1  1  1 

The is called as alligation formula  100   100   100 

SIMPLE & COMPOUND INTEREST

SEQUENCE & SERIES
Simple Interest
Arithematic Progression (AP)
Principal (P) × Annual interest rate (R) × Time (T)
SI = • Common difference, d = Tn – Tn–1
100
where, Tn and Tn–1 are the nth term and (n – 1)th term
PRT of an AP
or SI 
100 • nth term (Tn) of an AP is given by the relation
As the amount is the sum of principal and interest Tn  a  ( n  1) d
so, the total amount after 'T' years is given by
• Sum of n-terms in an AP is given by
 RT 
A = P+ SI = P  1 + 
 100  n
Sn  (2 a  ( n  1)d
2
Compound Interest
• Sum can also be written as
The amount is given by
n n
T = [First Term + Last Term] = [ a  l]
 R  2 2
A = P 1 + 
 100  Geometric Progression (GP)
and the compound interest at the end of 'T' years is

 R 
T  • The common ratio of GP is defined as the ratio of nth
CI = A– P = P  1 +  – 1
 100   term and (n – 1)th term

where A = Amount, P = Principal, R = Rate of interest Tn

Common ratio, r = T
per annum, T = Time period n 1
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• The nth term of GP is given by the relation, Relative Speed of boat = (Speed of the boat in still water
– (Speed of the stream) = B – S
Tn  ar n  1

• The sum of n-terms is given by the relation

TIME & WORK
a(1  r n ) a(r n  1)
Sn  ; r  1 or Sn  ;r 1
1r r 1 Total Work
Rate of work or efficiency =
• If an infinite GP is given and –1 < r < 1 Total Time

a(1  r  ) a Combined efficiency = Sum of individual

S = 
1r 1r efficiencies

Harmonic Progression (HP) Note: The general formula in concept of man-days is

A sequence of numbers is said to be in harmonic M1 e1 D1 M 2 e2 D2


W1 W2
progression when their reciprocals are in A.P
In case of wages,
Relation between AM, GM and HM
Share in Wages  Work Done
HM × AM = GM2 and AM  GM  HM

TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS

I. Addition Rule ('OR' Rule)
• Speed is defined as the distance covered per unit
time or it is the rate at which the distance is covered If we have to choose only one option at a time, then we
should add the corresponding options
Distance covered (d )
Speed(s)  II. Multiplication Rule ('AND' Rule)
Time  t 
If we have to choose multiple option at a time, then we
5 should multiply the corresponding options
1 km/hr = m/s
18
18 Combinations
or 1 m/s = km/hr
5 It is the number of ways in which certain objects can be
Total distance selected when order of selection does not matter.
Average speed 
Total time • It is denoted by C
Note: Averge speed is not the average value of different • If n and r are positive integers such that r  n then
speeds
the number of combination of n things taking r at a
time is denoted by symbol C(n, r) or nCr and C(n, r)
BOATS & STREAMS
n!
= r !(n  r )!
Downstream
• Selection of r objects out of n objects given at a time
When a boat is moving in the direction of stream, the
boat is said to be moving with the stream or current or n
n
downstream = Cr 
r nr
Relative Speed of boat = (Speed of the boat in still water )
+ (Speed of the stream) = B + S Points to Remember:

Upstream (i) n and r are positive integers such that r  n

When a boat is moving in the opposite direction of stream, (ii) nC = nCn = 1
0
it is said to be moving against the stream or current or
(iii) nC = nCn–r
upstream r
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(iv) (a + b)n = nC0a0bn + nC1a1bn–1 + ... + nCnanb0 n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(A  C)
if, a = b = 1
– n(B  C) + n(A  B  C)
2n = nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + ... + nCn
GEOMETRY & MENSURATION
Permutations
Angles: 0° < acute < 90° Right = 90°
Number of ways in which certain objects can be selected
90° > obtuse > 180° Straight = 180°
when order of selection is important
180° > Reflex < 360°
• It is denoted by P
Complementary angles : When sum of two angles = 90°
• If n and r are positive integers such that r  n then
Supplementary angles : When sum of two angles = 180°
the number of all permutations of n distinct things,
In the following figure
taken r at a time is denoted by the symbol P(n, r)
or nPr a
M N
n! b c
P(n, r) = nPr = (n  r )!

Points to Remember
nP d
(i) 0 =1 X Y

(ii) nP = nP = n
n n–1
nP = (MN and XY are two parallel lines
(iii) 1 n
a, b, c, d are various angles)

a = d and are called Corresponding angles

PROBABILITY
a = b and are called Vertically opposite angles
Number of favourable events b = d and are called Alternate angles
Probability(P) 
Total Number of events b + c = 180° (sum of all the angles on a straight line)
Note: Probability of any event E, always lies between c + d = 180° (sum of two angles between parallel lines)
0 & 1 (including 0 and 1) Points to Remember:
i.e. 0  P(E)  1 • If in a polygon, all the sides are equal it is called a
regular polygon
Odds in Favour of An Event and Odds Against An Event
• All interior angles are equal in a regular polygon
In m be the number of ways in which an event occurs n n - 3
and n be the number of ways in which it does not occur, • In an n sided polygon there are diagnols
2
then • Sum of all interior angles = (n – 2)180°
m • Interior angle (i) + Exterior angle (e) = 180°
(i) Odds in favour of an event = ( or m : n)
n
n
(ii) Odds against an event = ( or n : m) i e
m
 n–2  180 0
SET THEORY • Measure of each interior angle =
n
• Union of Sets (A B)
Triangles
All the objects of A and B are written together
All the common objects of A and B are written only
once Height

• Intersection of sets (A  B)
Base
Only the common objects of A and B are written • Perimeter = Sum of sides = a + b + c
together
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1 Total Surface Area (TSA)
• Area =  Base Height
2 Total area covered by the surface of an object including
3 the area of bases and Curved Surface Area
• For an equilateral triangle, area =  (side)2
4
Heron's Formula to calculate area of a triangle COORDINATE GEOMETRY &
Area = s(s a)(s  b)(s c) TRIGONOMETRY
Y
a b c
where, a, b, c are sides of the triangle and s = Quadrant X Y
2 II(–, +) I(+, +)
I + +
Name Properties Perimeter Area O
X’
(0, 0)
X II - +
All 4 sides equal 2
Square Each angle = 90° 4a a
III(–, –) IV(+, –) III - -
a Diagnols perpendicularly
bisect each other IV + -
Opposite sides equal Y’
Rectangle b Each angle = 90° 2( a+ b) a ×b
a Diagnols bisect each other
• Distance between two points
All sides equal If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) be two points, then
Opposite sides parallel 1
Rhombus 4a d1  d2
a Diagnols perpendicularly 2
bisect each other AB = ( x 2  x 1 )2  ( y 2  y 1 ) 2

b
Opposite sides equal
and parallel 2( a+ b) a ×h • Area of a triangle
Parallelogram h
Opposite angles equal
a If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C = (x3, y3) be three vertices
Trapezium
b 1 of a ABC, then its area is given by:
h One pair of sides parallel. Sum of ( a  b) h
(Trapezoid) 4 sides 2
a
1
= x1 ( y 2  y3 )  x2 ( y 3  y1 )  x3 ( y1  y2 )
Curved 2
Total Surface Area
Name Volume Surface Area (CSA) / Lateral • Condition of co linearity of three points
(TSA) Surface Area Three points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C = (x3, y3) are
(LSA)
collinear if and only if area (ABC) = 0.
a
• Division of a line segment by a point
3 2
Cube a 6a
If a point P(x, y) divides the join of A(x1, y1) and
B(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n, then
Cuboid h lbh 2( lb + bh + lh) m n
b A B
l (x1, y1) P(x, y) (x2, y2)


Cylinder h r h 2 r (r+h) 2rh ( mx 2  nx1 ) ( my 2  ny 1 )
x= and y =
r mn mn
4 3 If A(x, y1) and B(x2, y2) be the end points of a line
Sphere r
r 4r
2
4r
2

3
segment AB, then the co-ordinates of midpoint of
2 3 2 2 AB are
Hemisphere r 3r 2r
r 3
 ( x1  x2 ) ( y 1  y 2 ) 
 , 
Right
1 2 2 2
l
circular h r h r( l + r) rl
cone 3 Equations of lines
r
• The equation of x-axis is y = 0
Curved Surface Area (CSA) • The equation of y-axis is x = 0
Area of only curved surface of an object. It does not • The equation of a line parallel to y-axis at a distance
include the area of flat surface of the object a from it, is x = a
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• The equation of a line parallel to x-axis at a distance Important Trigonometric values
b from it, is y = b
Angles 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
• The equation of a line passing through the points
1 1 3
sin  0 1
y  y1 y  y1 2 2 2
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is = 2 . Slope of
x  x1 x 2  x1 3 1 1
cos  1 0
2 2 2
y 2  y1 1
such a line is x  x tan  0 1 3 
2 1 3
2
• The equation of a line in slope intercept form is cosec   2 2 1
y = mx + c, where m is its slope 3
2
sec  1 2 2 
Trigonometric Ratios/Functions 3
1
Hypotenuse cot   3 1 0
Perpendicular (h ) 3
(p )
 Important Trigonometric formulas
Base (b)
sin2 + cos2 = 1
Functions Relationship
tan2 + 1 = sec2
p
sine  (sin) cot2 + 1 = cosec2
h
b sin2 = 2 sincos
cosine  (cos)
h
p cos2 = cos2 – sin2
tangent  (tan)
b 2 tan 
h tan2 = (1  tan 2 )
secant  (sec)
b
(cot 2   1)
h cos2 =
cosectsant  (cosec) 2 cot 
p
b
cotangent  (cot)
p