Chapter Three

INSTALLATION
OF
OPERATING SYSTEMS
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Outline

 Requirements to install operating systems

 Formatting hard disk
 Hard disk Partitions
 Installing windows operating systems
 Jumper configuration for hard disk
 File Systems
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3.1 Requirements to install operating systems (1)

 This topic covers some basic operating systems recommended system

requirements to install the OS.
 System Requirements are a hardware facilities that the computer
should have to install an operating system/ application.
 There are several operating systems. And depending on their
capabilities the hardware requirements might be different.
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3.1 Requirements to install operating systems (2)

 Requirements for oldest Operating System

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3.1 Requirements to install operating systems (3)

 Requirements for modern Operating System.

For Windows 7/8/8.1/10

CPU/ Processor (X86 or X64) 1 GHZ
RAM 1 GB (32-bit), 2 GB (64-bit)
Hard Drive Space 16 GB (32-bit), 20 GB (64-bit)
Graphics DirectX 9
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3.1 Requirements to install operating systems (4)

For Ubuntu Desktop Edition

CPU/ Processor (X86 or X64) 2 GHZ
RAM 2 GB
Hard Drive Space 25 GB
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3.2 Formatting a Hard Disk

 Disk formatting is the process of preparing a disk for use.

 There are two types of disk formatting
 Low-Level Format
 Place tracks and sectors on platters
 High-Level Format
 Creates and initializes file system for each volume
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3.2.1 Low-Level Format (1)

 Also called “Physical Formatting”.

 Electronically lays down tracks and sectors on the platter surfaces
 Starting and ending points of all sectors are marked
 Identifies and marks bad sectors
 Writes physical sector addresses
 Low level formatting is performed by manufacturer
 Requires special software
 Requires many hours for gigabyte drives
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3.2.1 Low-Level Format (2)

 The purpose of low-level formatting is therefore to prepare the disk

surface to receive data (does not depend on the operating system)
and to mark "defective sectors" using tests performed by the
manufacturer.
 It also divide the disk surface into basic elements:
Tracks
Sectors
Cylinders
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3.2.1 Low-Level Format (3)

 The tracks are the concentric areas written on both sides of a platter.
 There are millions of tracks and each has around 60 to 120 sectors.
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3.2.1 Low-Level Format (4)

 Finally, these tracks are divided into pieces called sectors.

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3.2.1 Low-Level Format (5)

 A cylinder refers to all the data located on the same track of different
platters (i.e. vertically on top of each other) as this forms a "cylinder" of
data in space.
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3.2.1 Low-Level Format (6)

The internal parts of a hard disk

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3.2.2 High-Level Format (1)

 Also called “Logical Formatting”,

 Logical formatting occurs after the low-level formatting. It creates a
file system on the disks that will allow an operating system (DOS,
Windows 7/8/10, Linux, Mac OS, ...) to use the disk space to store and
access files.
 Operating systems use different file systems, so the type of logical
formatting will depend on the operating system you install. So, if you
format your disk with a single file system, this naturally limits the number
and type of operating systems that you can install (in fact, you can
only install operating systems that use the same file system).
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3.2.2 High-Level Format (2)

 Fortunately, there is a solution to this problem which is to create

partitions. Each of the partitions can effectively have its own file
system, and you can therefore install different types of operating
systems.
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3.2.2 High-Level Format (3)

 Scans the disk for tracks and sectors marked as bad during the low
level format
 Read only step
 Checks sector header
 Notes these tracks as bad
 "Quick Format" skips this step
 Prepares each volume (partition) to hold data
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3.3 Hard Disk Partition (1)

• It is the process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drives

– Windows assigns them names such as C: or D:
– A hard drive must have at least one partition
– Partitioning enables organization of a drive that suits your personal
taste.
• One physical drive
– One or more partitions
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3.3 Hard Disk Partition (2)

 Two kinds of partitions:

 Basic Disks
 Older style
 Readable by other utilities

 Dynamic Disks
 Proprietary Microsoft style
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Basic Disks

• Master boot record (MBR)

– Small amount of code that takes control of
boot process
• Partition table
– MBR looks in partition table for partition
holding valid operating system
– MBR and partition table
stored in boot sector
– Only one MBR per disk
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Basic Disks

• Support up to four partitions

– Can have four primary partitions or three primary partitions and
one extended partition
• Primary partition—can be bootable
– Stores the OS
– Uses a drive letter such as C:
• Active partition
– A partition must be made active to be bootable
• Extended partitions—non-bootable
– Can hold multiple logical drives lettered D: to Z:
– These logical drives can also be mounted as folders with names
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Basic Disks

Primary partitions: Extended partitions:

– Store bootable operating – Extended partitions are not
system(s) bootable
– Disk can have up to four – Disk can have only one
primary partitions extended partition
– Active partition is one – They can be divided into many
currently booted to logical drives
– Only one primary partition – Strength is number of drive
can be active at a time letters that can be used, D: to Z:
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Dynamic Disks

• A dynamic disk doesn’t use partitions but rather volumes as discrete units
of space. Because you are creating volumes instead of partitions, you
don’t have the four-partition limitation of basic disks.

• Introduced with Windows 2000 (Server and Workstation)

• Added capabilities
– Spanned volumes
– RAID 0, 1, 5 on Windows Server products
– RAID 0 on Windows desktop products
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Dynamic Disks

Common types of volume

• Simple volume: is just a block of space that is similar in concept to a

partition.

• Spanned volume: is a volume that is made up of unequal amounts of

space that span multiple disks. The benefit of this is that multiple areas of
free spaces can joined to create a single volume that users can access
through a single drive letter.
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Dynamic Disks

• Striped volume: is a volume that is made up of equal space across

multiple hard disks. With striped volumes, when a file is saved to the
volume, the file is saved across both disks at the same time.

• Mirrored volume: is a volume that is made up of two disks. Data that is

written to the volume is stored on both disks, each with a full copy of the
data. Mirrored volumes are only supported on the server versions of the
Windows operating systems.
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Partitions and Blocks

• One hard drive can be logically divided into more than one partition
e.g., one partition has Windows 2000, one partition has data, one
partition has Linux .
• Every disk must be partitioned. Partitions divide up the disk, and each
segment acts as a complete disk by itself.
• Every partition has an associated file system.
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Partitions and Blocks

– The smallest unit of information that can be read from or written to a

disk is a block.

– When partitions are created, the first block of every partition is

reserved as the boot block. However, only one partition may act as a
boot partition. BIOS checks the partition table of the first hard disk at
boot time to determine which is the boot partition. In the boot block
of the boot partition there exists a small program called the
bootstrap loader. On Linux, this is called the lilo.
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Partitions and Blocks

• The second block on the partition is called the superblock. It contains all
the information about the partition, including
• Size of the partition
• Physical address of the first data block
• Number and list of free blocks
• Info about the file system
• When the partition was last modified.
• The remaining blocks are data blocks.
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3.4 Installing Windows Operating System

Operating system boot by

1.Flash Drive (Bootable Pen Drive)
2. Bootable CD/DVD
3.Hard Disk
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3.4 Installing Windows Operating System

• There is a lot of windows operating system starting from DOS up to

windows 10. But, the oldest version of windows are out of market
and the most common used windows version is Windows 7/8/10.

• We’ll see it full procedure of windows 7 installation.

Turn your computer on and then press Del or F2 (depends on your computer’s
mainboard) to enter the system BIOS
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Go to Boot menu and choose Boot From CD/DVD. 31
Load your Windows 7 DVD and boot it. It will now load the setup files. 32
Loading process
33
Booting process is in progress
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Select your language, time & currency format, keyboard or input method and click Next. 35
Click Install now.
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Check I accept the license terms and click Next. 38
Click Upgrade if you already have a previous Windows version or Custom (advanced) if
you don’t have a previous Windows version or want to install a fresh copy of Windows 7.
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Select the drive where you want to install Windows 7 and click Next. If you want to make
any partitions, click Drive options (advanced), make the partitions and then click Next.
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Drive Options Menu: Windows warns that it may need to create a few partitions for 43
the system, Click "OK" to continue.
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It will now start installing Windows 7. The first step, (i.e. Copying Windows files) was already
done when you booted the Windows 7 DVD so it will complete instantly.
After completing the first step, it will expand (decompress) the files that it had copied. 46
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After that it will automatically restart after 15 seconds and continue the setup. You can 49
also click Restart now to restart without any delays.
After installation, Please do not press key this time 50
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After restarting for the first time, it will continue the setup. This is the last step so it will54
take the most time than the previous steps.
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Type your desired user name in the text-box and click Next. It will automatically fill up56
the computer name.
If you want to set a password, type it in the text-boxes and click Next. 57
Type your product key in the text-box and click Next. You can also skip this step and
simply click Next if you want to type the product key later. Windows will run only for58
30 days if you do that.
Select your desired option for Windows Updates. 59
Select your time and click Next. 60
If you are connected to any network, it will ask you to set the network’s location. 61
Window is finalizing your settings 62
Welcome Screen 63
Preparing your desktop 64
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And there you have a fresh copy of Windows 7 installed!
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3.5 Jumper configuration for Hard Disk

 A jumper pin is a rectangular connector that creates a circuit between two pins.
 Because each drive has a built-in controller that makes it act like its own boss,
the purpose of designating a master is to specify who the boss of that chain is —
the controller that will be responsible for communicating with the processor.
 When setting up a multi-drive system, you have two drives, each with a controller
that can potentially send and receive signals to and from the processor.
 To be clear, one of the drives is designated as the master. The master drive
receives all signals from the processor and sends back any data on behalf of
both drives. The other drive is designated as the slave. The slave drive passes any
information it wants to send to the processor up to the master, which then
forwards that information to the processor.
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3.6 File Systems (1)

 The file system dictates how information is organized on the disk. For
example, the file system determines how large the allocation unit, or
storage unit, of a file is. If you create a 12K file, how much space is that file
really using — 12K, 16K, or 32K? Such organizational issues are what the file
system deals with.
 There are several types of file systems:
 FAT
 FAT 32
 NTFS
 NTFS 5.0
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3.6 File Systems (2)

The FAT file system

 The File Allocation Table (FAT) file system has been the most popular file
system up until the last few years. The FAT file system was the most
common types of file system, but it is losing the popularity contest to its
successor — FAT32 — due to its age and limitations.
 The FAT file system was used by DOS, Windows 3.1, and Windows 95, and is
supported in Windows NT, Windows 98/Me, and Windows 2000/XP/2003.
 FAT’s biggest strength is that it’s the file system most widely understood by
different operating systems.
 Cannot create a partition larger than 2GB.
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3.6 File Systems (3)

FAT32
 A benefit of FAT32 over FAT system was that the maximum partition size
was increased from 2GB to 2 terabytes (TB).
 Although FAT32 has the capability to have partitions of 2 TB in size,
Microsoft has limited the size of FAT32 partitions in Windows 2000/XP
operating systems to 32GB.
 The other major benefit to FAT32 is that it dramatically decreases the
cluster size to make better use of disk space.
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3.6 File Systems (4)

FAT32
 One of the shortfalls of FAT32 is that MS-DOS, Windows 3.1, the original
release of Windows 95, and Windows NT 4.0 do not support it. This means
that only Windows 95 OSR2, Windows 98, Windows ME, and Windows
2000/XP/2003 can access data on a FAT32 partition, which is great
considering these are the popular operating systems today.

 It doesn’t support partitions smaller than 512MB.

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3.6 File Systems (5)

NTFS
 Starting with Windows NT, Microsoft implemented a new file system called
New Technology File System (NTFS). NTFS makes better use of the space
available on a particular disk by using 512 bytes as the cluster size, which is
the same size as a sector! This means that you are wasting even less space
on NTFS file system than on a FAT32 file system.

 The original version of NTFS supported a number of features that made it

more attractive than the FAT versions of the file systems.
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3.6 File Systems (6)

NTFS
 You could configure permissions that controlled who could access what
files.
 You could also take advantage of features such as compression and
auditing.
 One of the biggest complaints with the original version of NTFS is that it had
no way to limit how much disk space a user could use. As a result, users
could waste gigabytes of hard disk space on the server, and the
administrator could not stop the user unless a third-party program was
purchased.
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3.6 File Systems (7)

NTFS 5.0
 This newer version of NTFS has a few extra features over original
implementations of NTFS, one of which has been long overdue disk
allocations. Disk allocations allow the system’s administrator to choose the
amount of disk space that each user is allowed to use by placing a limit on
the disk. For example, when managing the home directories, you can
ensure that Bob is not allowed to use more than 500MB of disk space.
 Another feature of NTFS 5.0 is the Encrypting File System (EFS). EFS uses
public key/private key technology to encrypt a file stored on the hard
drive.
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3.6 File Systems (7)

NTFS 5.0
 When a file or folder is encrypted with EFS, only the person who created
the file or the recovery agent can open the file. When using EFS, even if
another user has permission to view the file, he or she will be unable to do
so because the file is encrypted.
 To summarize, the NTFS file system offers the following features over FAT and
FAT32:
 The capability to secure the resource through permissions
 The capability to secure files through encryption
 The capability to enable auditing to monitor who accesses the files and folders
 The ability to compress the contents of a file or folder
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3.6 File Systems (8)

File System Comparisons

File System Cluster Size Partition Size

FAT 32K <2 GB
FAT 32 4K <2 TB
NTFS 512 Bytes >2 TB
NTFS 5.0 512 Bytes >2 TB
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End of Chapter 3