1.

B A S I C M AT H E M AT I C S

NUMBER SYSTEM

Imaginary
Complex Number
x ! 0, y ! 0
(z = x + iy)

Pure Imaginary
x ! 0, y ! 0

Pure Real (R) Definition : The union of the

(Real Number) sets of rational numbers and
Definition : Number that can be x ! 0, y ! 0 irrational numbers
written as a ratio of two integers

The set of Rational numbers Definition : Real

includes all decimals that have number that are
either a finite number of decimal Rational irrational not rational
places or that repeat in the same Number (Q) Number (Qc)
pattern of digits. e.g. ",#2, #3
Fractions
Make up : Includes integers, e.g. 3/4, 0.2
whole number, Natural numbers
and these number are written Integers (I or Z) e.g. -1, 0, 4
as the ratio of two integers.

More eg. 3/5, -1/7 e.g. 1/2 and -3/1

Also known as
counting number

Positive Negative Whole Even Odd

I0
Integer Integer Number (W) Number Number

Natural
Number (N) Zero is a special number, it doesn’t
All the integers quite obey all the same laws as
excluding zero other numbers i.e. you cannot
divide by zero

Prime Composite
Number Number

Figure 1.1: The number system

1 . 2 | Basic Mathematics

1. NUMBER SYSTEM
(a) Natural Numbers: The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ……. are called natural numbers. The set of natural
numbers is denoted by N.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ……..} N is also denoted by I’ or Z’
(b) Whole Numbers: Natural numbers including zero are called whole numbers. The set of whole numbers is
denoted by W.
Thus W = {0, 1, 2, ……}
(c) Integers: The numbers ….. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …….. are called integers and the set of integers is denoted by I
or Z.
Thus I (or Z) = {……-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3……..}
(a) Set of negative integers is denoted by I¯ and consists of {……., -3, -2, -1}
(b) Set of non-negative integers is denoted by W.
(c) Set of non-positive integers {……., -3, -2, -1, 0}
(d) Even integers: Integers which are divisible by 2 are called even integers. e.g. 0, ±2, ± 4, ………
(e) Odd integers: Integers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd integers. e.g. ±1, ±3, ±5, ±7
(f) Prime numbers: A natural number (except unity) is said to be a prime number if it is exactly divisible by unity
and itself only. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, ……
(g) Composite numbers: Natural numbers which are not prime (except unity) are called composite numbers.
(h) Co-prime numbers: Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are said to be co-prime, if their H.C.F.
(Highest common factor) is one. e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (3, 10), (3, 8), (4, 9), (5, 6), (7, 8) etc. These numbers are
also called as relatively prime numbers.
(i) Twin prime numbers: If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the numbers are called twin
prime numbers. e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13}, {17, 19}, {29, 31}
( j) Rational numbers: All the numbers that can be represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and
1 22
, 2, 0, -5, , 2.5, 0.3333 …….. etc. Thus
2 7
p
: p,q I and q 0 . It may be noted that every integer is a rational number since it can be written as
q
p/1. The decimal part of rational numbers is either terminating or recurring.
(k) Irrational numbers: There are real numbers which cannot be expressed in p/q form. These numbers are
called irrational numbers and their set is denoted by QC or Q (i.e. complementary set of Q). The decimal part
of irrational numbers is neither terminating nor recurring e.g. 2 , 1 + 3 , etc.
(l) Real numbers: The complete set of rational and irrational numbers is the set of real numbers and is denoted
by R. Thus R = Q QC.
(m) Complex numbers: A number of the form a + ib is called a complex number, where a, b R and i = 1.A
complex number is usually denoted by ‘z’ and a set of complex numbers is denoted by C.

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

Zero is neither positive nor negative but zero is non-negative and non-positive.
‘1’ is neither prime nor composite
‘2’ is the only even prime number
‘4’ is the smallest composite number
 M a them a tics | 1.3

Two distinct prime numbers are always co-prime but the converse need not be true.
Consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime numbers.
e 2.71 is called Napier’s constant and 3.14. And both are irrational.

Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR 22)

2. RATIO AND PROPORTION

2.1 Ratio
(a) If A and B are two quantities of the same kind, then their ratio is A : B; which may be denoted by the fraction
A
(this may be an integer or fraction)
B
a ma na
(b) A ratio may be represented in a number of ways e.g. = ……… where m, n, …….. are non-zero
b mb nb
numbers.
(c) To compare two or more ratios, reduce them to their common denominator.

2.2 Proportion
a c
When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities composing them are said to be proportional. If , then it
is written as a : b = c : d or a : b :: c : d b d

(a) ‘a’ and ‘d’ are known as extremes and ‘b’ and ‘c’ are known as means.
(b) An important property of proportion; product of extremes = product of means.
(c) If a: b = c : d, then b : a = d : c (invertendo)

(d) If a: b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (alternando)

a b c d
(e) If a: b = c : d, then (componendo)
b d
a b c d
(f) If a: b = c : d, then (dividendo)
b d
a b c d
(g) If a: b = c : d, then (componendo and dividendo)
a b c d

3. DEFINITION OF INDICES
If ‘a’ is any non-zero real or imaginary number and ‘m’ is a positive integer, then am = a.a.a…...a (m times). Here ‘a’
is called the base and m is the index, power, or exponent.

Law of indices:

(a) a0 =1 , (a 0)
1
(b) a-m = , (a 0)
am
(c) am n
am .an , where m and n are real numbers
am
(d) am–n = , where m and n are real numbers
an
1 . 4 | Basic Mathematics

(v) (am)n = amn

q p
(vi) ap/q = a

4. SOME IMPORTANT IDENTITIES

(a) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab

(b) (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 - 4ab

(c) a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)

(d) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)

(e) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)

(f) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 -3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)

(g) a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b) = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)

1 1 1
(h) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc
a b c
1
(i) a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2
( j) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
1
= (a + b + c) [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2
(k) a4 – b4 = (a + b) (a – b) (a2 + b2)
(l) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 - a2 = (1 + a + a2) (1 – a + a2)

5. SURDS
3 4 3
Any root of an arithmetical number which cannot be completely found is called surd. E.g. 2, 5, 7 etc. are all
surds.

(a) Pure Surd: A surd which consists of purely an irrational number expressed as n n
(x I) is called
3 5
a pure surd. e.g. 7, 5 etc.
3 5
(b) Mixed surd: A pure surd when multiplied with a rational number becomes a mixed surd. e.g. 2 3,4 5,2
3 etc.
3 3 3
A mixed surd can be written as a pure surd. e.g. 2 × 3 = 3 8= 24 , 2 5 = 20
4 3 6
(c) Order of Surd: The order of a surd is indicated by the number denoting the roots i.e. 2, 5, 7 are surds
of the 4th, 3rd and 6th order respectively.
5 3 3
(d) Simple Surd: Surds consisting of one term only are called simple surds. E.g. 2, 3, a2bc etc. are simple
surds or Monomial surds.

(e) Compound Surd: An expression consisting of two or more simple surds connected by (+) or (-) sign is called
a compound surd. E.g. 5 2 +4 3, 3 + 2, 3 5.
 M a them a tics | 1.5

6 LOGARITHM

6.1 Introduction
2
45.5
2
0.0000165 , 2 2
3.2 6.5
digits in 312, 28. John Napier (1550-1617 AD) invented logarithm (in 1614 AD) to solve such problems. The word
“Logarithm” was formed by two Greek words, ‘logos’ which means ‘ratio’, and ‘arithmos’ meaning ‘number’. Henry
Briggs (1556-1630 AD) introduced common logarithm. He published logarithm in 1624 AD.
In its simplest form, a logarithm answers the question, “How many of one number do we multiply to get another
number?”

Illustration 1: How many 2s do we multiply to get 8? (JEE MAIN)

Sol: 2 × 2 × 2 = 8, So we needed to multiply 3 of the 2s to get 8. So the logarithm of 8 to the base 2, written as
log2 8 is 3.

6.1.1 How to Write it

We would write “the number of 2s you need to multiply to get 8 is 3” as
2 2 2 8 log2 8 = 3
3

Base

So these two things are the same.

The number we are multiplying is called the “base”, so we would say “The logarithm of 8 with the base 2 is 3”.
Or “log base 2 of 8 is 3” or “the base-2 log of 8 is 3”

6.1.2 Exponents

The exponent says the times

exponent to use the number in a
multiplication.
23
In this example : 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8

base (2 is used 3 times in a multiplication

to get 8)

Figure 1.2

So a logarithm answers a question like this: 2? = 8

In this way

?
exponent
2 = 8
3
2 = 8 log2(8) = 3
log2(8) = 3 base
(a) (b)
Figure 1.3
1 . 6 | Basic Mathematics

So the logarithm answer the question: The general case is

x
a = y

loga(y) = x
Figure 1.4

If ax = N, then x is called the logarithm of N to the base a. It is also designated as loga N.

So loga N =x; ax

Note:
(a) The logarithm of a number is unique i.e. No number can have two different log to a given base.
loga N
(b) a N,
known as the fundamental logarithmic identity.
(c) The base of log can be any positive number other than 1, but basically two bases are mostly used. They are
10 and e (= 2.718 approx.)
Logarithm of a number to the base 10 are named as common logarithm, whereas the logarithm of numbers to the
base e are called as Natural or Napierian logarithm.

6.2.1 Common Logarithm: Base 10

Many a times, the logarithm is written without a base, like this, log (100)
This usually means that the base is really 10.
It is called “common logarithm”. Engineers love to use it.

6.2.2 Natural Logarithms: Base “e”

Another base that is often used is e (Euler’s Number) which is approximately 2.71828.
This is called a “natural logarithm”. Mathematicians use this one quite often.
But There is Some Confusion …….!
Mathematicians use “log” (instead of “ l n ”) to mean the natural logarithm. This can lead to confusion:

Example Engineer Thinks Mathematician Thinks

log(50) log10(50) loge(50) Confusion

ln (50) loge(50) loge(50) No confusion

log10 (50) log10 (50 log10 (50) No confusion

So make sure that when you read “log” that you know what base they mean.
Note: Since NCERT assumed log x to be loge x, for JEE Main and Advanced this convention is to be used.

6.3 Properties of Logarithm

(a) loga (M × N) = logaM + logaN (Product rule)

Proof: Let loga M = x and loga N = y
x
and N = ay
 M a them a tics | 1.7

(M × N) = ax + y loga (M × N) = x + y
loga(M × N) = loga M + logaN

(b) loga (M/N) = logaM – logaN (Division rule)

Proof: Let loga M = x and loga N = y
M = ax and N = ay
M/N = ax – y loga (M/N) = x – y = loga M – loga N

(c) loga Mx = x loga.M (Power rule)

Proof: Let loga Mx = y … (i)
Mx = ay (Mx)1/x = (ay)1/x
M = ay/x logaM = y/x
x loga M = y … (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we can say that loga Mx = x logaM

1
(d) log x M = loga
a x
Proof: Let log x M = y … (i)
a

M = axy M1/x = ay logaM1/x = logaay

1
logaM = y … (ii)
x
1
Using (i) and (ii) log x M loga M
a x
logc a log a
(e) logb a = (Base changing theorem)
logc b log b

Proof: Let logc a = x and logc b = y

a = cx and b = cy a1/x = c and b1/y = c a1/x = b1/y (a1/x)x = (b1/y)x a = bx/y

x logc a log a
logb a
y logc b log b
This is the most important property of logarithms and applies to most of the problems. Here, the base can be taken
as any positive real number except unity.
log2 5 log10 5 log1/2 5
E.g. log3 5 =
log2 3 log10 3 log1/2 3

Note: log and log 3 are reciprocals of each other.

3

The following properties can be deduced using base changing theorem.

1 loga a 1
(a) logb a = ; Proof: logb a =
loga b loga b loga b

log a log b log c log a

(b) logba . logcb . logdc = logda Proof: logba . logcb . logdc = . . logd a
log b log c log d log d

loge c loge a log c.log a loge c loge a loge a loge N

(c) a c a e alogeec = (a
Proof: ) c ( a N)
1
(i) (logba . logab = 1 logba = (ii) e xl n a ax
loga b
1 . 8 | Basic Mathematics

5
Illustration 2: What is logarithm of 32 4 to the base 2 2 (JEE MAIN)
3
5 27/5
Sol: Here we can write 32 4 as 25 41/5 2 and 2 2 as 2 2 and then by using the formulae logaMx x loga .M
1
and log x M loga M we can solve it.
a x
27/5 2 27 18
log2 325 4 log 25 41/5 log 2 log2 2 3.6
2 23/2 23/2 3 5 5

Illustration 3: Prove that, log4/3 (1.3) 1 (JEE MAIN)

4
Sol: By solving we get 1.3 , and use the formula logaa 1.
3
log4/3 1.3 = 1
Let x = 1.333 … … (i)
10x = 13.3333 … ... (ii)
From Equation (i) and (ii), we get
So 9x = 12 x = 12/9, x = 4/3;
Now log4/3 1 / 3 = log4/3 (4/3) = 1

Illustration 4: If N = n! (n lim [(log2N)–1 + (log3N)–1 + … + (logn N)–1] is (JEE ADVANCED)

N

1
Sol: Here by using logab we can write given expansion as logN2 + logN3 + …… + logNn and then by using
logb a
loga (M.N) = logaM + logaN and N = n! we can solve this.

(log2N)–1 + (log3N)–1 + …… + (lognN)–1 = logN2 + logN3 + …… + logNn = logn(2.3 …. N) = logN N = 1.

Illustration 5: If log x2 – log 2x = 3 log 3 –log 6 then x equals (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: By using loga M.N logaM logaN and logaMx x loga .M we can easily solve above problem.
Clearly x > 0. Then the given equation can be written as 2 log x – log 2 – log x = 3 log 3 – log 2 – log 3

log x = 2 log 3 x=9

Illustration 6: Prove that, log2 3

(2 3) = –1 (JEE ADVANCED)

1
Sol: By multiplying and dividing by 2 3 to 2 3 we will get 2 3 . Therefore by using log1/N N = –1
we can easily prove this. 2 3
1 1
log2 3
log 2 3
2 3 1.log2 3
2 3 1
2 3

Illustration 7: Prove that, log5 5 5 5....... =1 (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here 5 5 5....... can be represented as y = 5y where y = 5 5 5....... . Hence, by obtaining the value
of y we can prove this.

Let y = 5 5 5.......
 M a them a tics | 1.9

y= 5y y2 = 5y or y2 – 5y = 0
y(y – 5) = 0 y = 0, y = 5

5
5=1

Illustration 8: Prove that, log2.25 0.4 = –1 (JEE MAIN)

Sol: As similar to illustration 3 we can solve it by using log1/N N = –1.

x = 0.4444..... … (i)
10x = 4.4444..... … (ii)
Equ (ii) – Equ (i)
So 9x = 4 x = 4/9
225 9 4
Also, 2.25 ; log2.25 0.4 log 9
1
100 4 9
4

log6 18 log6 3
Illustration 9: Find the value of 2 .3 (JEE MAIN)
loge c loge a
Sol: We can solve above problem by using loga M.N logaM logaN and a c step by step.

log6 18 log 3 log6 (6 3) log6 3 1 log6 3 log6 3 log6 3 log6 3 loge c loge a
2 (3) 6 2 .3 2 .3 2·2 ·3 ( a c )
log6 2 log 3 log6 2 log6 3 log6 (6)
2·(3) ·(3) 6 2(3) 2(3) 2·(3) 6

Illustration 10: Find the value of, logsec cos3 where (0, /2) (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Consider logsec cos3 x . Therefore by using formula y loga x ay x we can write Cos3 = (sec )x .
Hence by solving this we will get the value of x.
Let logsec cos3 x
x
1
Cos 3
= (sec ) x
(cos ) = 3
(cos )3 = (cos )–x x = –3
cos

Illustration 11: If k N, such that log2x + log4x + log8x = logkx and x R’ (JEE ADVANCED)
If k = (a) 1/b
N, b N and b is a prime number.
logc a loga
Sol: By using logb a we can obtain the value of k and then by comparing it to k = (a)1/b we can
logc b logb
obtain value of a + b.

logx logx logx logx logx 1 1 1 logx logx 11 logx 11 1 1

Given, logx 0
log2 2log2 3log2 logk log2 1 2 3 logk log2 6 logk 6 log2 logk

11 1 1 11 log2 11
Also, 0 logk 2
6 log2 logk 6 logk 6
11 1 1
So 2 = k 6 ; 26 11 k 26 11 k 64 11 k

Comparing by k = (a)1/b a = 64 and b = 11 a + b = 64 + 11 = 75

1 . 1 0 | Basic Mathematics

6.4 Logarithmic Equation

logarithmic function, we must take care of all the terms involving logarithm.
Let a = log (x) and b = log (x + 2)
In general, a + b = log (x) + log (x + 2) = log [x (x + 2)]

as a + b = log [(–3) (–3 + 2)] = log (3)

Note: A similar situation might arise while solving logarithmic equations. To avoid or to reject extraneous roots we

Illustration 12: Solve log48 + log4 (x + 3) – log4 (x –1) = 2 (JEE MAIN)

M
Sol: As we know loga M.N logaM logaN , loga logaM – logaN and y loga x ay x . By using
N
these formulae we can solve the problem above.
log48 + log4 (x + 3) –log4(x – 1) = 2

8 x 3 8 x 3
log4 2 42 x + 3 = 2x – 2 x=5
x 1 x 1

Illustration 13: Solve log (–x) = 2 log (x + 1) (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here it’s given that log (–x) = 2 log (x + 1). Therefore by using the formula logaMx x loga .M . We can evaluate
the value of x.

Now log (–x) = 2 log (x + 1) –x = (x + 1)2 x2 + 3x + 1 = 0

3 5 3 5 3 5
x= , (rejected). Hence, x = is the only solution.
2 2 2

Illustration 14: Find the number of solutions to the equation log2 (x + 5) = 6–x. (JEE MAIN)

ay x , we can write given the equation as

y = 2c
Sol: By using the formula y loga x y=x+5
x + 5 = 2 . Hence, by checking the number of intersections made by the graph of
6–x 10
y = x + 5 and y = 26 –x we will obtain the number of solutions. 5
Here, x + 5 = 2 6–x

-5 5
Now graph of y = x + 5 and y = 26 –x intersects only once. Hence, there is only one
solution.

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

Always check your answer by putting it back in the equation; sometimes answer might not be in the
domain of logarithm.
Shrikant Nagori (JEE 2009, AIR 7)
 M a them a ti cs | 1.11

6.5 Graph of Logarithmic Function

y y

(i) x (ii) x
(0, 0) (1, 0) (0, 0) (1, 0)

y = loga x ! a > 1 y = loga x ! 0 < a < 1

Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7

If the number and the base are on the same side of unity, then the logarithm is positive, and if the number and the
base are on different side of unity then the logarithm is negative.

Illustration 15: Which of the following numbers are positive/negative? (JEE MAIN)
(i) log27 (ii) log1/23 (iii) log1/3 (1/5) (iv) log4 3 (v) log2 9

Sol: By observing whether the Number and Base are on the same side of unity or not we can say whether the
numbers are positive or negative.
(i) Let log27 = x (number and base are on the same side of unity) x>0
(ii) Let log1/23 = x (number and base are on the same side of unity)
(iii) Let log1/3(1/5) = x (number and base are on the same side of unity) x>0
(iv) Let log43 = x (number and base are on the same side of unity) x>0
(v) Let (log29) = x (number and base are on the same side of unity) x>0

6.6 Characteristic and Mantissa

(a) 1 Given a number N, Logarithm can be log10N

Characterstic Mantissa

(b) The mantissa part of the log of a number is always kept non-negative, it ranges from [0, 1]
(c) If the characteristic of log10N is C then the number of digits in N is (C + 1)
(d) If the characteristic of log10N is (–C) then there exist (C – 1) number of zeros after decimal point of N.

Illustration 16: Let x = (0.15)20. Find the characteristic and mantissa of the logarithm of x to the base 10. Assume
log10 2 = 0.301 and log10 3 = 0.477. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Simply by applying log on both sides and using various logarithm formulas we can solve the above illustration.
15 10
logx = log(0.15)20 = 20 log = 20[log 15 – 2] = 20[log3 + log5 – 2] = 20[log3 + 1 – log 2 – 2] log10 5 log10
100 2
= 20 [–1 + log3 – log2] = – 20 × 0.824 = – 16.48 = 17.52
Hence, characteristic = – 17 and mantissa = 0.52

Illustration 17: Find the number of digits in the following: (i) 2100 (ii) 310 (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: By considering x = 2100 and 310 respectively and applying log on both sides we can solve the problems given above.
(i) Let, x = 2100
log10X = log102100 = 100 log10 2 = 100 × 0.3010 = 30.10
1 . 1 2 | Basic Mathematics

Characteristic = 30, Mantissa = 0.10

Number of digits before decimal = C + 1 = 30 + 1 = 31
(ii) Let, X = 310
log10x = 10 log 3 = 10 × 0.4771 = 4.771
C = 4, M = 0.771
Number of digits before decimal = C + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
Note:
If N lies between 0 and 1, then the characteristic is negative
N = 1/10, log10N = log10 (1/10) = –1, C = –1, M = 0
N = 0.01, log11N = log10(10)–2 = – 2, C = –2, M = 0
N = 0.001, log10N = log10 10–3 = –3, C = –3, M = 0
No. of zeros after decimal = |–3| –1 = 2
N = 0.002, log10N = log (2 × 10–3) = log2 + log10–3 = 0.03010 + (–3) = – 0.3010 = – 2.699
C = – 3, M = 0.3010
Number of zeros after decimal = magnitude of the characteristic –1 = |C| –1 = |–3| –1 = 2

Illustration 18:
(i) 3–50 (ii) 2–100 (iii) 7–100 (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: Similar to the illustration above, we can solve these too.

(i) N = 3–50
log10 N = log10 3–50 = - 50 log103 = – 50 × (0.4771) log10 N = – 23.855

mantissa is always non-negative.

log10N = – 23.855 = –23 –1 + 1 – 0.855 = – 24 + 0.145
C = –24, M = 0.145. Number of zeroes after decimal = |–24| –1 = 23 or |–24 + 1| = 23

(ii) N = 2–100
log10 N = – 100 log2 = –30.10 = –30 –0.10 = –31 + 0.90. Number of zeroes after decimal = |–31| –1 = 30 or |–31 + C| = 30

(iii) N = 7–100
log10N = –100 log 7 = –100 × 0.8451 = –84.51 = – 84–1 + 0.49 = – 85 + 0.49
C = –85, M = 0.49. Number of zeroes after decimal = |–85| –1 = 84 or |–85 + 1| = 84

Illustration 19: Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 2, when base of log is 6.
(JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: If any number x has the characteristic a, when base of log is b then x = b . By using the given condition we can
a

solve the problem above.

x = 62 = 36 ; log6x = log662 = 2 log66 = 2
The smallest natural number which has characteristic 3 with base 6 is 63
x = 63 = 216 ; log6x = log663 = 3
Hence x = 215 will give characteristic 2.
 M a them a ti cs | 1.13

Natural numbers ranging from 36 to 215 will give characteristic 2, when taken log with base 6.
Number of positive integers = 215 – 35 = 180

6.7 Algebraic Inequalities

(a)
a c
(b) If ad > bc if b and d are of opposite sign.
b d
(c) If a > b then, a > b if > 0; a if

6.8 Logarithmic Inequalities

If the base is less than one, then the inequality will change. If base is greater than one, then inequality will remain
the same.
loga x 0 x a
if a > 1
loga x loga y 0 x y

loga x x a
loga x loga y x y 0

x2 2x
Illustration 20: Solve 1 / 2 1/4 (JEE MAIN)
x2 2x 2
Sol: Here we can write the given equation as 1 / 2 1 / 2 and then by comparing powers on both side we
can solve this.
x2 2x 2
We have 1 / 2 1 / 2 . It means x2 –2x > 2

x 1 3 x 1 3 0 x>1+ 3 3 x 3) (1+ 3

1 5x
Illustration 21: Solve 0. (JEE MAIN)
x
7 97

x
Sol: Simply by multiplying 7 72 on both sides and solving we will get the result. - + -
x
1 5 -1 0
g(x) = 0 . Now 1 5x 7 x
7 0 ; 5x – 1 = 0 x = 0; 7–x –7 = 0 x = –1
x
7 7
Figure 1.8
g(x) behavior on the number line. Hence, from above, x

6.9 Modulus Function

Modulus of a number. The modulus of a number is denoted by |a|
y
a, if a 0 2
|a| = Also, a =|a|; Eg: y = |x|
a, if a 0
x-

x
Basic properties of modulus O
Figure 1.9
(A) |ab| = |a| |b|

a |a|
(B)
b |b|
1 . 1 4 | Basic Mathematics

Using triangle inequality

If a > 0
(i) |x| = a x=±a
(ii) |x| = –a No solution
(iii) |x| > a

(v) |x| > –a x R

No solution
x (–b, –a) (a, b) where a, b R

Illustration 22: Solve for x, |x –2| = 3 (JEE MAIN)

Sol:
second one is by taking x - 2.
Case-I:
Since x – 2 is non negative, the modulus can simply be removed. x – 2 = 3; x=5
x=5

Case-II:
(x – 2) = 3; x + 2 = 3

Illustration 23: Solve for x, |x + 3| + |x –2| = 11 (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As x + 3 = 0 x = –3 and x – 2 = 0 x = 2. Therefore III II I

we can solve it by using the modulus inequality. -3 2
Case-I: x=5 Figure 1.10

Case-II:
x + 3 – x + 2 = 11 5 = 11 is impossible Hence, No value of x

Case-III:
– (x + 3) – (x –2) = 11
-x – 3 – x + 2 = 11 – 2x = 12
Hence, to satisfy the initial condition, combining all we get x = –6, 5

Illustration 24: Solve for x, x |x| = 4 (JEE MAIN)

Sol:
Case-I: For x > 0 ; x.x = 4
x2 = 4 x = ± 2 but x > 0, hence x = 2 (–2 rejected)
Case-II
x2 = – 4 no solution ; Hence, the only solution is x = 2
 M a them a ti cs | 1.15

Illustration 25: Solve for x, |x –3| + 2 |x + 1| = 4 (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: As x –3 = 0 x = 3 ; and x + 1 = 0 x = –1.

III II I

Mark the points on number line -1 3

Case-I: Figure 1.11

(x – 3) is non-negative (x + 1) is also positive

(x – 3) + 2 (x + 1) = 4 3x = 5 x = 5/3 x = 5/3 is discarded, since x should be > 3
Case-II: For –1
-(x – 3) + 2 (x + 1) = 4 –x + 3 + 2x + 2 = 4
Case-III:
–(x – 3) –2(x + 1) = 4 ; –3x = 3 x = –1

6.10 Exponential and Logarithm Series

6.10.1 The Number ‘e’

1 1 1
The sum of the series 1 + + +
1! 2! 3!
n
1
i.e. e = lim 1
n n

(i) The number e lies between 2 and 3. Approximate value of e = 2.718281828.

(ii) e is an irrational number.

6.10.2 Some Standard Deduction from Exponential Series

x x2 x3 xn
i ex
(i) 1 ....... .......
1! 2! 3! n!
n
x x2 x3 1
(ii) e = 1 –
–x
....... xn ....... (Replace x by –x)
1! 2! 3! n!

1 1 1
(iii) e = 1 + ....... (Substituting x = 1 in (i))
1! 2! 3!

1 1 1
(iv) e–1 = 1 – ....... (Substituting x = – 1 in (i))
1! 2! 3!

ex e x
x2 x4 x6
(v) 1 .......
2 2! 4! 6!

ex e x
x3 x5
(vi) x .......
2 3! 5!

x2 x3
(vii) ax = 1+ x (ln a) + (ln a)2 + (ln a)3 + ………………; (a > 0) , where ln a = loge(a)
2! 3!
1 . 1 6 | Basic Mathematics

6.10.3 Logarithmic Series

x2 x3 x4
(i) ln (1 + x) = x – ......
2 3 4

x2 x3 x4
(ii) ln (1 – x) = – x – ......
2 3 4

1 x x3 x5
(iii) ln (x + 1) – ln (1 – x) = ln = 2 x .....
1 x 3 5

x2 x4 x6
(iv) ln (1 + x) + ln (1 – x) = ln (1 – x2) = – 2 ......
2 4 6

6.11 Antilogarithm
The positive number n is called the antilogarithm of a number m if m = log n. If n is the antilogarithm of m, we
write n = antilog m. For example

1.0993 antilog ( 1.0993

Step I: Determine whether the decimal part of the given number is positive or negative. If it is negative make it
positive by adding 1 to the decimal part and by subtracting 1 from the integral part. For, example, in – 2.5983
-2.5983 = – 2 – 0.5983 = – 2 – 1 + 1 – 0.5983 = – 3 + 0.4017 = 3.4017
Step II:
number.
Step III: In the row obtained in step II, look at the number in the column headed by the third digit in the decimal
part.
Step IV: In the row chosen in step III, move in the column of mean differences and look at the number in the
column headed by the fourth digit in the decimal part. Add this number obtained in step III.
Step V: Obtain the integral part (characteristic) of the given number.
If the characteristic is positive and is equal to n, then insert decimal point after (n + 1) digits in the number obtained
in step IV.

Illustration 26: Find the antilogarithm of each of the following: (JEE MAIN)
(i) 2.7523 (ii) 0.7523 (iii) 2.7523 (iv) 3.7523

Sol:
(i) The mantissa of 2.7523 is positive and is equal to 0.7523.
Now, look into the row starting 0.75. In this row, look at the number in the column headed by 2. The number
is 5649. Now in the same row move in the column of mean differences and look at the number in the column
headed by 3. The number there is 4. Add this number to 5649 to get 5653. The characteristic is 2. So, the
decimal point is put after 3 digits to get 565.3
(ii) Proceeding as above, we have antilog (0.7523) = 5.653.
 M a them a ti cs | 1.17

(iii) In this case, the characteristic is 2 , i.e., – 2. So, we write one zero on the digit side of the decimal point. Hence,
antilog ( 2 .7523) = 0.05653
(iv) Proceeding as above, antilog ( 3 .7523) = 0.005653

PROBLEM-SOLVING TACTICS
(a) The main thing to remember about surds and working them out is that it is about manipulation. Changing
and manipulating the equation so that you get the desired result. Rationalizing the denominator is all about
manipulating the algebra expression.
(b) Strategy for Solving Equations containing Logarithmic and Non-Logarithmic Expressions:
(i) Collect all logarithmic expressions on one side of the equation and all constants on the other side.
(ii) Use the Rules of Logarithms to rewrite the logarithmic expressions as the logarithm of a single quantity

(iii) Rewrite the logarithmic equation as an equivalent exponential equation.

(iv) Solve for the variable.
(v) Check each solution in the original equation, rejecting apparent solutions that produce any logarithm of

Note:

(c) Logarithmic series

x2 x3 x4
(i) ln (1 + x) = x – ......
2 3 4

x2 x3 x4
(ii) ln (1 – x) = – x – ......
2 3 4

1 x x3 x5
(iii) ln (x + 1) – ln (1 – x) = ln = 2 x ......
1 x 3 5

x2 x4 x6
(iv) ln (1 + x) + ln (1 – x) = ln (1 – x2) = – 2 ......
2 4 6

FORMULAE SHEET
(a) Laws of indices

1
(i) a0 =1 , (a 0) (ii) a-m = , (a 0)
am

(iii) a
m n
am .an , where m and n are real numbers am
(iv) am–n =
an
1 . 1 8 | Basic Mathematics

p
n q p
m
(v) a amn (vi) a q
a

n
n a an
(vii) ab anbn (viii)
b bn

(b) Some Important Identities

(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab

(ii) (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 - 4ab

(iii) a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)

(iv) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)

(v) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)

(vi) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 -3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)

(vii) a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b) = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)

1 1 1
(viii) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc
a b c

1
(ix) a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2

(x) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

(xi) a4 – b4 = (a + b) (a – b) (a2 + b2)

(xii) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 - a2 = (1 + a + a2) (1 – a + a2)

(c) Laws of Surds

1
n
(i) a an (ii) n
ab n
a n
b

n
n
a a n
n
(iii) (iv) a a
b n
b

m
n n m
(v)
mn
a mn
a (vi) a a

(d) Logarithm formulas

M
(i) loga M.N logaM logaN (ii) loga logaM – logaN
N

(iii) y loga x ay x a, x 0,a 1 (iv) logaMx x loga .M

 M a them a ti cs | 1.19

1 logc a loga
(v) log M loga M x 0 (vi) logb a c 0, c 1
ax x logc b logb

1 (viii) logb a . logcb . logdc logda

(vii) logab
logb a

loge c loge a
(ix) a c (x) logb a . logab 1

(xi) exln a = ax (xii) loga1 = 0 and logaa = 1

(e) Exponential series

n
x x x2 x3 xn x x2 x3 1
(i) e
(i) 1 ...... ...... (ii) e
(ii)
x
1 ...... xn ......
1! 2! 3! n! 1! 2! 3! n!
1 1 1 1 1 1
(iii) e = 1 + ....... (iv) e–1 = 1 – .......
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!

ex e x
x2 x4 x6 ex e x
x3 x5
(v) 1 ....... (vi) x .......
2 2! 4! 6! 2 3! 5!

x2
(vii) ax =1+x (ln a)+ (ln a)2 +.. (a > 0)
2!

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards Example 2:

6.45 × 981.4
3
Example 1: Evaluate 72.3 , if log10 72.3 = 1.8591 Sol: Consider x = 6.45 × 981.4 and then apply log on both
sides and solve by using loga M.N logaM logaN
Sol: Here consider x = 3 72.3 . Now by applying log on and log table.
both sides and solving using logarithm formula we will Then, log10 x = log10 (6.45 × 981.4)
3
get value of 72.3 . = log10 6.45 + log10 981.4

Let x = 3
72.3 , Then, log x = log (72.3)1/3 = 0.8096 + 2.9919 (using log table)

1 x = antilog (3.8015) = 6331 (using antilog table)

log10 x = log10 72.3 ... (i)
3
Example 3: Find minimum value of x satisfying
log 72.3 log 0.723 102
|x –3| + 2 |x + 1| = 4
log 0.723 log 102 1.8591 2 1.8591 ... (ii)
1 Sol: Similar to illustration 25.
log10 x = × 1.8591
3 Case-I:
log10 x = 0.6197 ; x=antilog (0.6197)
–1 (x –3) –2 (x + 1) = 4
x = 4.166 (using antilog table)
– x + 3 – 2x – 2 = 4 ; –3x + 1 = 4
3x = –3 ; x=–1
1 . 2 0 | Basic Mathematics

log10 x 12log35 log10 100 12

log10 7 log10 5 2 12
Case-II: When –1
log10 7 log10 10 log10 2 2
– (x – 3) + 2 (x + 1) = 4 – x + 3 + 2x + 2 = 4

x 5 4 x 1 ; So, x = - 1 is a solution. = 12[.8451 + 1 – .3010 –2] = 12 [.5441 –1]

Case-III: log10x = – 12 + 6.5292

3x –1 = 4 x = 5/3 Therefore, no solution log10 x 12 6 0.5292 6 0.5292 6.5292

Result x = –1 is the only solution. So x 10 6.10 5212

Hence the number of zeros after the decimal = 5

Example 4: Let
log3 N 1 1 ,log5 N 2 2 ,log7 N 3 3 Example 6: Find the number of zeros in, 2 40

where 1, 2, 3 I and 1, 2, 3 [0,1) then

40
Sol: Consider 2 = x and solve as in illustration 5.
(i) Find number of integral values of N if 1
= 4 and 1
=2
1 40
(ii) Find the largest integral value of N if = 5, = 3, x= 2
1 2
240
=2
3
log10 x 40log10 2 40 .3010 12.0400
(iii) Difference of largest and smallest integral values
log10 x 12 0.04 1 1 log10 x 13 0.96
Sol: Here by using y loga x a x we can obtain y
x 10 13
.100.96
values of N. After that by drawing a number line we will
get the required answer. Number of zeros = 12
25 81 125 243
4 2
(i) N 3 1 and N 5 2
Example 7: Find the number of digits for x 312 28
N [34 ,35 ) and N [52 ,53 ]
Sol: By applying log10 on both sides and then using a
N = [81, 243) and N = [25, 125)
log table we can solve the problem above.
So [81, 125] is the common part hence the no. of integral
values of N are 125 – 81 = 44 log10 x 12log10 3 8log10 2
5
(i) N 3 1 ,N 35 ,36 ,N 243,729 0.4771 8 0.3010 5.7252 2.4080

N 5
3 2 ,N 53 ,54 ,N 125,625 log10 x 8.1332 x 108 100.1332

N 7
2 3 ,N [72 ,73 ],N 49,343 No. of digits = 8 + 1 = 9

log x 2
49 125 243 343 625 729 Example 8: Solve x x 9
1
Sol: Here, by using log x M loga M we can solve the
problem above.
a x

log x 2
x x 9 x2logx (x-2) = 9
Common part is [243, 343]. So largest integral value = 342
2
logx x 2
(b) Difference of largest and smallest values x 9 where x > 0, x 1
= 342 – 243 = 99 2
x 2 9; x 2 3
x = – 1, x = 5
Example 5: Find the number of zeros in, x = (0.35)12,
Given log10(7) = 0.8451, log10(2) = 0.3010 But x = –1 is rejected as x should be greater than 0.

Sol: By applying log10 on both sides and using logarithm 2

Example 9: log3 log1/2 x 3 log1/2 x 5 2
formulae we will get the result.
35 2
log10 x 12log10 Sol: log3 log1/2 x 3 log1/2 x 5 2
100
 M a them a ti cs | 1.21

2
log1/2 x 3log1/2 x 5 9; Hence substitute it in the above equation and solve
using the logarithm formula.
Let log1/2 x t t2 3t 4 0
Given that
(t – 4) (t + 1) = 0 t = 4, t = –1 log3x 9 12x 3x2 log2x 6x2 23x 21 4
7 3

log1/2 x 4,log1/2 x 1 2
log3x 7 2x 3 log2x 3 2x 3 3x 7 4 Let
x= 1/16, x = 2
1
2 log3x 7 2x 3 A ; 2A 1 4
1 2 log10 x 2 A
Example 10: Solve 1
2 2A2 3A 1 0 ; 2A2 –2A –A +1 = 0
log10 x 2 log10 x
2A (A –1) –1 (A –1) = 0; A = 1/2, A = 1
Sol: Simply by putting log10 x = t we can solve the
problem above. log3x 7 2x 3 1/2
2
1 2 log10 x2 1
For A ,2x 3 3x 7
1 , Let log10 x = t 2
2
log10 x 2 log10 x
4x2 9 12x 3x 7 ; 4x2 9x 2 0
2
1 2 2t
1 1 8t2 t 2t2 4x2 8x x 2 0 4x x 2 1 x 2 0
2
t 2t
1
6t2 3t 2t 1 0 3t 2t 1 1 2t 1 0 x ,x 2 ; For A 1,log3x 7 2x 3 1
4
1 2x + 3 = 3x + 7
t = 1/3, t = –1/2 log x = 1/3, log x = –
2 x = –4 also 2x + 3 > 0, 3x + 7 > 0
1/3 1/2
x 10 ,x 10 x > –3/2, x > – 7/3
1
log2 x log10 x x ( 4 and 2 will be rejected)
1 10 1 log10 x 1 4
Example 11 .5
5 125
3 2 5
log2 x log2 x
am Example 2: Solve, x 4 4 2
Sol: By using am–n = we can evaluate the problem
above. an
Sol: By taking logx on both sides and solving we will
log2 x log10 x
1 10 log10 x 1 3 log2 x
get the result.
5 5log x 5log x 4
5 Taking log on both sides to the base x
2 2
logx log x logx 4 log x 4 3
log2 x
2
log2 x
5
logx x 4 4 logx 2
x = 102, x = 10–2
3 2 5 1
log2 x log2 x logx 2
4 4 2
JEE Advanced/Boards 3 2 5 1
Let log2 x t; t t
4 4 2t
Example 1: Solve,
3t3 4t2 5t 2 3t3 4t2 5t 2 0
2 2
log3x 7 9 12x 4x log2x 3 6x 23x 21 4
3t3 3t2 6t t2 t 2 0 3t 1 t2 t 2 0
Sol: Here 6x2 23x 21 1
3t 1 t 2 t 1 0; t 1, 2,
2 3
2x 3 3x 7 and 9 12x 4x2 = 2x 3 .
Putting t = log2 x
1 . 2 2 | Basic Mathematics

1 4 16 20
log2 x 1 x 2 ; log2 x 2 x x ,x R
4 2
1/3
log2 x 1/3 x 1/ 2 which is not possible

log3 x2 2logx 9 6
Case-II:
Example 3: Solve x 1 x 1
x 1 x2 5x 4 x2 6x 3 0
Sol: As ax
taking log on both side we can solve it. 6 24
x2 6x 3 0 x
Now taking log on both sides 2
6 2 6
log3 x2 2logx 9 log x 1 log x 1 x x 3 6
2
x 4 is taken, hence x = 3 + 6
2
2log2 x 1 log x 1 0
log 2 x
3
Example 5: If the sum of all solutions of the equation
Either log (x – 1) = 0 x=2 2 log b
log10 3 log12 x
x 3 2 0 is a where b and c
Let log3x = t
(2t – 4/t – 7) = 0 2t2 – 4 – 7t = 0 arerelatively prime and a, b c N then (a + b + c) = ?

2t2 – 8t + t – 4 = 0 2t(t – 4) + 1 (t – 4) = 0 log10 x

Sol: Here by putting 3 = t and solving we will get
t = 4, t = –1/2 the result.
2
log3 x 4 or log3 x 1/2 log10 x log10 x
3 m 2 0
4 1/2
x 3 or x 3
log10 x
Let e 3 = t then
x = 81, x = 1/ 3 2
t t 2 0; t2 2t t 2 0
1
For x =
3 t t 2 1 t 2 0 t 1 t 2 0
;
log10 x
Example 4: Solve, Case I:t
Case-I: 1; t 1& t 2 3 1

2 2 Exponential value cannot be negative

log4 x2 1 log4 x 1 log4 4 x
log10 x
Case-II: t = 2; 3 2
M Taking log3 both side
Sol: By using formula loga logaM – logaN and
N log10 x log3 2
using modulus inequalities we can solve the problem log3 3 log3 2 log10 x log3 2 x 10
above. logb c
2
Comparing by a we get
x 1
log4 log4 4 x x2 x a = 10 , b = 3, c = 2
2
x 1

x 1 x 1
log4 log4 4 x
2
x 1 Example 6: Find the number of zeros after decimal
100
9/8 .
x 1
So we have 4 x 100
x 1 9
Sol: By putting x = and applying log10 on both
8
or (x + 1) = (x – 1) |4 – x| side we will get the result.
100
Case-I: 9
Let x =
x 1 4x x2 4 x x2 4x 5 0 8
 M a them a ti cs | 1.23

log10 x 100 log10 9 log10 8 Example 9: Solve, log x / 4 15

2
x
log2 1
log10 x 100 2log30 3 3log10 2 8

log10 x 100 2 0.4771 3 0.3010 Sol: Simply by putting log2 (x) = t and using basic
logarithmic formula we can solve the problem above.
100 0.9542 0.9030 100 0.0512 5.12
15 15
log30 x 5 0.12 1 1 log2 x / 4 log2 x 2
x log2 x 3 1
log2 1
log10 x 6.88 x = 10-6 8
Let log2 (x) = t

15
t 2 t2 6t +8 = 15
Example 7: Solve log4 2log3 1 log2 1 3log2 x 1/2 t 4
t2 6t 7 0 (t –7) (t + 1) = 0
Sol: Here by using y loga x ay x we can solve it.
t = 7, t = – 1 log2x = 7 and log2x = 1
log4 2log3 1 log3 3log3 x 1/2
x = 27 and x = 2–1
2log3 1 log2 1 3log3 x 2

log3 1 log2 1 3log3 x 1 Example 10: Solve, log2 2x2 log4 16x log4 x3

1 log2 1 3log3 x 3 log2 1 3log 3 x 2

Sol: By using loga M.N logaM logaN we can
1 3log3 x 4 3log3 x 3 log3 x 1 x 3 reduce the given

1 3
equation to 1 2log2 x 2 log2 x log2 x .
Example 8: Solve log0.5x x 7log16x x3 40log4x 4 x 0 2 2

loga After that putting log2 x = t we will get the result.

Sol: By using logb a we can reduce the given
logb
log2 x 7log2 x3 40log2 4 x log2 2x2 log4 16x log4 x3
equation to 0 and
then log2 0.5x log2 16x log2 4x
1 3
1 2log2 x 2 log2 x log2 x
by putting log2 x = t we can solve it. 2 2
Let log2 x = t Let log2 x = t
t 7 3t 10t t 21 t 10 t
0 0 t 3
1 t 4 t 2 t t 1 t 4 t 2 1 2t 2 t
2 2

t 4 t 2 21 t 1 t 2 10 t 1 t 4 4 t 9t2 9t2
1 2t 2t 1 t 4
t 0 2 4
t 1 t 4 t 2 2

2. 2t2 9t 4 9t2
2 2 2
t 6t 8 21t 21 t 42 10t 30 t 40
t 0
t 1 t 4 t 2 5t2 18t 8 0 5t2 20t 2t 8 0
5t t 4 2 t 4 0;t 2 / 5,t 4
10 t2 15 t 10
t 0
t 1 t 4 t 2 But t 4 x 6 and logx = 2/5 is Not Possible

1 2 2 2/5
t 0, ,2 log2 x 0 x 1 t log2 x x 2
2 5 5
1 1
log2 x x and log2 x 2 x 4
2 2
1 . 2 4 | Basic Mathematics

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 1 1 1
Q.5 1 log5 log logx log5
3 2 3
Q.1 Solve
1 1 1 1 1
(i) log16 32 Q.6 logx log x log x log x
2 2 2 2 8
(ii) log8 16 log10 x 7
log10 x 1
Q.7 x 4 10
(iii) log1/3 1 / 9
log210 x log10 x2 2
(iv) log2 1728 log10 x
3 Q.8 log10 x
2
(v) log2 cos 45º

(vi) log2 log2 4 Q.9 log2 x log2 8x 1 0

(vii) log3 tan30º

Q.10 log1/3 x 3 log1/3 x 2 0

Q.2 Prove the following logb x

2
logb x
Q.11 a 5a 6 0
(i) log5 5 5 5 1
2 2
Q.12 log4 x2 1 log4 x 1 log4 4 x
(ii) log0.125 8 1

(iii) log1.5 0.6 1 x 3 x 3

Q.13 2log3 1 log3
x 7 x 1
(iv) log2.25 0.4 1
Q.14 logx 9x2 log32 x 4
(v) log10 0.9 0

Q.3 Find the no. of digits in Q.15 log0.5x x2 14log16x x2 40log4x x 0

(i) 2100 (ii) 310

2
Q.16 log3 log1/2 x 3log1/2 x 5 2
Q.4 Solve
15
(i) logx 1 3 2 Q.17 log2 x / 4
x
log2 1
8
(ii) log3 3x 8 2 x 1
Q.18 log 5x 4 log10 x 1 2 log10 0.18
2 2 10
(iii) log5 x x 2x 65 2

(iv) log3 x 1 log3 x 3 1 Q.19 log10 x2 log10 5x 4

2log10 x
(v) x 10.x2 1 1
Q.20 log2 x 2 log1/8 3x 5
log10 x 5 6 3
5 log10 x
(vi) x 3 10
log10 x 1 1
log x Q.21 3
(vii) x 3 9 3
log10 x 40
 M a them a ti cs | 1.25

1 1 Q.4 If 5x 2
log 3
3 2
log x
162 then logarithm of x to the
Q.22 1 log 2x 1 log x 9
2 10 2 10 base 4 has the value equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 3/2
Q.23 log10 3x2 7 log10 3x 2 1
log2 x log10 x3 3 2
1 Q.5 (x) 10
Q.24 1 log10 3 log10 2 log10 27 3 1/x 1 1
2x –
x 1 –1 x 1 1
1 where x1> x2> x3, then
Q.25 log x 3log10 2 x log10 x x 2 1
2 10
(A) x1 x3 2x2 (B) x1 .x3 x22

Q.26 log2 4 x 1 x log2 2x 3

6 2x1 x2
(C) x2 (D) x1 1 x1 1 x3 1
x1 x2
Q.27 log 5
4x 6 log 5
2x 2 2
log3 log2
Q.6 Let x 2 and y 3 where base of the
1 xlog10 4 logarithm is 10, then which one of the following holds
Q.28 log10 3x 24 x
2 log10 16 good?
4 2

Q.29 log10 log10 x log10 log10 x 4 3 0

Q.7 Number of real solution(s) of the equation
3x2 10x 3
Q.30 log3 9x 9 log3 3x 28 2.3x x 3 1 is-

(A) Exactly four (B) Exactly three

Exercise 2 (C) Exactly two (D) Exactly one

Single Correct Choice Type Q.8 If x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation
log2010 x
2010x x2
1 1 1 of the product (x1x2)
Q.1
log bc
abc log ac
abc log ab
abc
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 4
has the value equal to
Q.9 Let x = 2 or x = 3 satisfy the equation, log4 (x2 + bx
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

(A) 50 (B) 60 (C) 40 (D) 55

logx log2 x 1
Q.2 The equation, log2 2x2 log2 x.x

1 3log1/2 log2 x
log4 2x 4 2 1 has
2
(A) Exactly one real solution (B) Two real solutions
(C) 3 Real solutions (D) No solution

Q.3
–10
is:
(Use log10 2 = 0.301 and log10 3= 0.477)

(A) 20 (B) 19 (C) 18 (D) None

1 . 2 6 | Basic Mathematics

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 log10 x 3 1
Q.11 (a) Solve for x, 2 2
log10 x 21
Q.1 Let A denotes the value of
2 2
(b) log (log x) + log (logx3 –2) = 0; where base of log is
ab ab 4 a b ab ab 4 a b 10 everywhere
log10 log10
2 2 (c) logx2.log2x2 = log4x2
(d) 5logx + 5xlog5 = 3 (a > 0); where base of log is a
when a = 43 and b = 57 and B denotes the value of the
log 6 18 log 6 3
expression 2 . 3 . Find the value of (A.B). Q.12 Solve the system of equations:
loga x loga (xyz) = 48
Q.2 Simplify: loga y loga (xyz) = 12

4 3 log b log b N loga z loga (xyz) = 84

(a) log1/3 729 9 1.27 4/3
(b)
log b a
a
Q.13 Let ‘L’ denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024.
and ‘M’ denotes the nuber of digits in 610 (Given log102 =
Q.3 (a) Which is smaller? 2 or log 2 log2
0.3010, log103 = 0.4771) and ‘N’ denotes the number of
(b) Prove that log3 5 and log2 7 are both irrational. positive integers which have the characteristic 2, when
base of the logarithm is 6. Find the value of LMN.
Q.4 Find the square of the sum of the roots of the
equation log3x · log4x · log5x = log3x · log4x + log4x · log5x + Q.14 Prove the identity.
log5x · log3x.
logaN . logbN+ logbN . logcN + logcN . loga

Q.5 Find the value of the expression loga Nlogb Nlogc N

N=
2 3 logabc N
6 6
log4 2000 log5 2000
10
Q.15 If x, y > 0, logyx + logxy = and xy = 144, then
1 3
1 x y
log5 9
3 2 = N
81 3log 6
log25 log5 6 2
Q.6 Simplify: 7 125
409 of N.

log1/5 1/2 4 1
Q.7 Simplify: 5 log log1/2 Q.16 If log102 = 0.0310, log103 = 0.4771. Find the
2
7 3 10 2 21 number of integers in:
(a) 5200
2
Q.8 Given that log2 a = s, log4 b = s and log 2 8 = 2
c s3 1 (b) 615
a2 b5
Write log2 as function of ‘s’ (a, b, c > 0) ( (c) The number of zeros after the decimal in 3–100.
C4
log2 24 log2 192
Q.9 Prove that =3 Q.17 log5120 + (x – 3) –2 log5 (1 – 5x –3) = – log5 (2 – 5x–4)
log96 2 log12 2

Q.18 logx+1 (x2 + x – 6)2 = 4

Q.10 Prove that ax – by = 0 wher x = loga b and

y logb a , a 0, b 0 & b 1 . Q.19 x + log10 (1 + 2x) = x log105 + log106

 M a them a ti cs | 1.27

Q.20 If ‘x’ and ‘y’ are real numbers such that, 1/3 1/3
x x 3
log10 2x 3x log10 x log10 y, + log3 logx log3 x3 2
y 3 x

Q.21 If a = log12 18 and b = log24

of ab + 5 (a – b) Q.31 Let a log7 81 log6561 625 log125 216 log1296 2401

b denotes the sum of the roots of the equation

Q.22 Find the value of log3x if following is true log2 x log2
x 2x x and c denotes the sum of all natural
4 3
log9 9x log3 3x log3 x solution of the equation |x + 1| + |x – 4| = 7.
Find the value of (a + b) ÷ c.
Q.23 Positive numbers x, y and z satisfy xyz = 1081 and
(log10 x) (log10 yz) + (log10 y) (log10 z) = 468. Find the
value of (log10x)2 + (log10y)2 + (log10z)2. Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type
Q.24 Find the sum of all solutions of the equation
2
log9 x 9 Q.1 Number of ordered pair(s) satisfying simultaneously,
3 log9 x 5 3 3
2 x y
the system of equations, 2 256 and
Q.25 Let a, b, c, d are positive integers such that loga
log10 xy – log10 1.5 = 1, is:
b = 3/2 and logc
(b – d). (A) Zero (B) Exactly one
(C) Exactly two (D) More than two
Q.26 Find the product of the positive roots of the
log2008 x
equation 2008 x x2 Q.2 Let ABC be a triangle right angled at C. The value of
logb c a logc b a
Q.27 Find x satisfying the equation logb c a.logc b a

2 4 2 4 2 2 (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) ½

log10 1 log10 1 2log10 1
x x 4 x 1
Q.3 Let B, C, P and L be positive real number such that
log (B · L) + log (B · P) = 2; log (P · L) + log (P · C) = 3; log
Q.28 Solve: log3 x x 1 (C · B) + log (C · L) = 4. The value of the product (BCPL)
equals (base of the log is 10)
= log9 4 x 3 4 x 1
(A) 102 (B) 103 (C) 104 (D) 109

Q.29 Prove that

log12 log8 log4 x
Q.4 If the equation 0 has a
loga 4 ab logb 4 ab loga 4 b/a log 4 a/b loga b log5 log4 logy log2 x
2
2 if b a 1
= large as possible and ‘c’ is an small as possible, then the
log b
2 a if1 b a value of (a + b + c) is equal to

(A) 18 (B) 19 (C) 20 (D) 21

Q.30 Find the value of x satisfying the equation

1/3 1/3
log3 3x logx 3x log3 x3
1 . 2 8 | Basic Mathematics

Q.5 For N > 1, the product 2

lnx 3lnx 3
1 1 1 1 Q.13 If 1 , then x belongs to:
. . . ln x 1
log2 N logN 8 log32 N logN 128
(A) (0, e) (B) (1, e) (C) (1, 2e) (D) (0, 3e)
3 3 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 7 n2 5 n2 21
Multiple Correct Choice Type
2
3log2 2log log103 log log106
1 2log3 2
Q.6 Let N 10 where Q.14 The number N = log26 2
2
base of the logarithm is 10. The characteristics of the 1 log3 2
logarithm of N to the base 3, is equal to

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

(A) A prime number
(B) An irrational number
10 2 10 2
Q.7 If x and y , then the value (C) A real number is less than log3
2 2
of log2 x2 xy y 2 , is equal to (D) A real which is greater than log 6

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 Q.15 The value of x satisfying the equation,
22x x

5 3 5 3 log3 1 3
Q.8 The sum is equal to (A) 1 (B) log6 (C) 1 log (D) 1
4 2 4 2 log2 2 2

(A) tan (B) cot (C) sec (D) sin x x

3 3 3 3
Q.16 If 5 2 7 6 5 2 7 7,
Q.9 then the value of x can be equal to-
2
to 2x x 2 (A) 0 (B) log 36
5 2 7

(A) x – 2 (B) 3x – 2 (C) 3x + 2 (D) – 3x + 2 2

(C) (D) log 6
5 2 7
log6 5 2 7
Q.10 Solution set of the inequality
x 3 x
3x 0.333..... 1 / 27 is:
Assertion Reasoning Type
(A) [3/2, 5] (B) ,3 / 2
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and
(C) 2, (D) None of these statement-II is correct explanation for statement-I.
2x 1
3 (B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and
1 1 x 1 statement-II is NOT the correct explanation for
Q.11 Solution set of the inequality is-
5 5 statement-I.
(A) , 2 1, (B) (1, 4)
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false
(C) ,1 2, (D) None of these
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true

Q.12 The set of all x satisfying the equation

Q.17 Statement-I: logx cos 2 x is a meaningful
2
log3 x2 log3 x 10 1 quantity only if x (0, ¼) (3/4, 1).
is-
x2
Because
1 1 1
(A) {1, 9} (B) 9, (C) 1, 4, (D) 1,9,
81 81 81
 M a them a ti cs | 1.29

Statement-I: If the number N > 0 and the base of the Comprehension Type
logarithm b (greater than zero not equal to 1) both lie
on the same side of unity then logbN > 0 and if they lie Paragraph 1: Equations of the form (i) f (logax) = 0,
on different side of unit then logb a > 0, a 1 and (ii) g (logxA) = 0, A > 0, then Eq. (i) is
equivalent to f(t) = 0, where t = logax. If t1, t2, t3, ……… tk
are the roots of f(t) = 0, then logax = t, loga x = t2, …… ,
Q.18 Statement-I: log2 2 17 2x 1 log2 x 1
x = tk and eq. (ii) is equivalent to f(y) = 0, where y
has a solution. logx A. If yf , y2, y3, …., yk are the root of f(y) = 0, then
because logx A = y1, logx, A = y2, ……. , logx A = yk.

Statement-II: Change of base in logarithms is possible. On the basis of above information, answer the following
questions.
Q.19 Consider the following statements
Q.20 The number of solution of the equation
log 5 x3 1
2
Statement-I: The equation 5 x 1 has two log3x 10 6log2x 10 11logx 10 6 0 is:
distinct real solutions.
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Because.
loga N
Statement-II: a N

Match the Columns

Q.21

Column-I Column-II
(A) The value of x for which the radical product (p) 4

is equal to 13, is not greater than

3 x 7x 4x 1 2x 4x 1 3 x 7x 4x 1

P x (q) 7
(B) Let P(x) = x7 – 3x5 + x3 –7x2 is not smaller than
Q(x)

(C) Given a right triangle with side of length a, b and c and area equal to a2 + b2 – c2. The ratio of the (r) 10
larger to the smaller leg of the triangle is

3 (s) 17
(D) If a, b and c N such 4 2 2 a3 4 b3 2 c 20 Then the value of (a + b – c), is not
equal to

Q.22

Column I Column II

(A) The expression x log2 log9 6 6 6 ......... (p) An integer

log2 3.log3 4.log4 5.....log99 100

(B) The number N 2 (q) A prime

1 1 1
(C) The expression (r) A natural
log5 3 log6 3 log10 3

(D) The number N = (s) A composite

2 5 6 3 5 14 6 5
1 . 3 0 | Basic Mathematics

PlancEssential Questions
JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q.2 Q.3 Q.15 Q.6 Q.12 Q.14
Q.25 Q.26 Q.16 Q.23

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.3 Q.5 Q.9 Q.4 Q.6 Q.11
Q.10 Q.15 Q.17

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
5 4 1 1
Q.1 (i) (ii) (iii) 2 (iv) 6 (v) – (vi) 1 (vii) –
4 3 2 2

Q.3 (i) 31 (ii) 5

3 1 1 3
1
Q.4 (i) 1 + 3 (ii) 2 (iii) –5 (iv) 0 (v) 10 2 ,10 2 (vi) ,1000
105
2 2
(vii) 3 ,3

24
Q.5 Q.6 1 Q.7 10–4, 10 Q.8 10-3, 10, 102
51/3
loga b,3loga b
Q.9 2, 16 Q.10 1/3, (1/3)4 Q.11 2 Q.12 3+ 6

17 17
–1 –1–
5 5
Q.13 – 5 Q.14. 3, 1/9 Q.15 2 , 2 Q.16 1/16, 2

41
Q.17 27, 2–1 Q.18 8, – Q.19 4, 1 Q.20 3
5
1 1
Q.21 48 Q.22 13 Q.23 1, 9 Q.24 ,
4 2
Q.25 98 Q.26 0 Q.27 2 Q.28 3

Q.29 (10)–1/4, (10) Q.30 (–1), 2

 M a them a ti cs | 1.31

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 B Q.6 D

Q.7 B Q.8 C Q.9 A

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1

Q.1 12 Q.2 (a) 1 (b) logb N Q.3 (a) 2 Q.4 (61)2

Q.5 1/6 Q.6 1 Q.7 6 Q.8 2s + 10s2 – 3 (s3 + 1)

2
Q.11 (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 2 (d) 2–log5a Q.12 (a4, a, a7) or (a–4, a–1, a–7) Q.13 23040

Q.15 507 Q.16 (a) 140 (b) 12 (c) 47 Q.17 -0.410 Q.18 1
5 3 5
Q.19 1 Q.20 4/9 Q.21 1 Q.22
10
Q.23 5625 Q.24 2196 Q.25 93 Q.26 (2008)2

Q.27 2, 6 Q.28 [0, 1] {4} Q.30 [1/3, 3] – {1} Q.31 1

Exercise 2
Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 B

Q.7 C Q.8 A Q.9 D Q.10 D Q.11 B Q.12 D

Q.13 A

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.14 C, D Q.15 A, D Q.16 A , B, C, D

Assertion Reasoning Type

Q.17 D Q.18 B Q.19 B

Comprehenstion Type

Q.20 D

Match the Columns

Q.21 A q, r, s; B p, q, r, s; C p; D r Q.22 A p; B p, r, s; C p, r; D p, q, r
1 . 3 2 | Basic Mathematics

Solutions
let 5 5 5.......... x
5 x x 5 x1/2 x 25
JEE Main/Boards log5 x log5 25 log5 5 1

3
Exercise 1 log20.5 2
(ii)log0.125 8 log0.5
3
2
log1/2 log2 1 1.log22 1
2
Sol 1: (i) log1632 = log 25
24
m iii log 0.6
we know log n ym = logx y
x n
2
5 5 0.6 0.6666.............
log 4 25 = log2 2 = 3
2 4 4 1
4 4 4 log3/2 3 log3/2 3 1
(ii) log816 = log 3 24 = log2 2 = (1) = 2 2
2 3 3 3
(iii) log1/3(1/9) = log1/3(1/3)2 = 2 log1/3(1/3) = 2.(1) = 2 (iv) log2.25 0.4

(iv) log2 (1728) = log2 (2 3 )6 4 225 9

3 3 0.4 0.444....... 2.25
9 100 4
= 6 log2 2 3 = 6(1) = 6 1
3
log9/ 4 log9/ 9 1
1 1 1 4 9 4 4
(v) log2 cos45° = log2 1 = log2 (2)– 2 =– log22 = –
2 2
2 (v) log10 0.9
(vi) log2 (log24)
0.9 0.99999 1 log10 1 0
2
log2 log22
Sol 3:
log2 2 log22
(i) 2100 = x (Assume)
log22 logaa 1
log10x = log10 2100 = 100 log10 2 = 100(0.3010) = 30.10
1 0.103
x 1030.103 1030 10
(vii) log3 (tan 30°)
Total no. of digit = 30 + 1 = 31
1
tan 30 (ii) x = 310
3
1
1 log10x = log10310 = 10 log103 = 10(0.47712) = 4.7712
2
log3 log3 3
3 x = 104.7712 = 104 100.7712

1 Total no. of digits = 4 + 1 = 5

log33
2
1 Sol 4: (i) logx–1 3 = 2 ( x 1, 2)
2
1
logx–13 = 1 logx–131/2 = 1
2

Sol 2: (i) log5 5 5 5.......... 31/2 = x – 1 x=1+ 3

Let
let 5 5 5.......... x (ii) log3(3x – 8) = 2 – x
1/2
5 x x 5 x1/2 x 25 (3x – 8) = (3)2–x= 32 . 3–x = 9.3–x 3x – 9.3–x = 8
log55 x log55 25 log55 5 1
 M a them a ti cs | 1.33

Assume 3x = y So from equation (i)

9 (1 3) (1– 3 )
y– =8 y2 – 9 = 8y y2 – 8y – 9 = 0 1 3
y log10x = x = 10 2 and 10 2
2
2
8 8 4(1)(9) 8 64 36 8 100 log10 x 5
y= y= = 5 log 10 x
2(1) 2 2 (vi) x 3 10
y = 4 ± 5 = 9, –1
take logarithm (base 10) on both side
Terefore, 3x = 9 3x = 32 x=2 log10 x 5
log10 x 3 log10 105 log x

3 =–1
x
no solution

Hence x = 2 log10 x 5
log10 x 5 log10 x log10 10
3
(iii) log5–x(x2 – 2x + 65) = 2
5 log10 x
x2 – 2x + 65 = (5 – x)2 = x2 + 52 – 2(5)x log10 x 5 log10 x . 1
3
– 2x + 65 = 25 – 10x 10x – 2x = 25 – 65 = – 40
log10x = 1(3) = 3 x = 103 = 1000
40
8x = – 40 x=– = –5
8 2nd solution 5 + logx = 0
(iv) log3(x + 1) + log3(x + 3) = 1
log10x = – 5 x = 10–5
log3[(x + 1) . (x + 3)] = 1 log3 x
(vii) x =9
x 1 x 3 3 x2 + x + 3x + 3(1) = 3
Take logarithm (base 3) in both sides
x2 + 4x = 0 x(x + 4) = 0 x = 0, – 4 logx
log3[ x 3 ]= log3 9 = log3 32 = 2log3 3
But at x = – 4, equation is
(log3 x)2 = 2 |log3x| = 21/2 log3 x = ± 2
log3(–4 + 1) + log3(–4 + 3) =1 2
x= 3 , 3– 2

1 1 1
Sol 5: 1 log10 5 log10 log10 x log 5
It can’t be –ve so x –4 x=0 3 2 3 10
(v) x2 logx = 10 x2 1 1
3 1 log10 5 log10 log10 x log 5
2 3 10
Take logarithms is both sides
1
3 log10 5 log10 log10 51/3 log10 x
log10(x2 logx) = log10 10x2 2
1
2 log10x (log10x) = log1010 + log10x2 3 log10 53 log10 log10 51/3 log10 x
2
2log10x(log10 x) = 1 + 2log10 x 1 1/3
3 log10 53 5 log10 x
2
Assume log10 x = y ... (i)
1
3 1
2y(y) = 1 + 2y 2y2 = 1 + 2y 2y2 – 2y – 1 = 0 log10 x 3 log10 5 3
2
2 22 – 4(2)(–1)
y=
2(2) log10 x log10 103 log10 510/3 2 1

2 4 8 2 2 3 1 3
y= = =
4 4 2
1 . 3 4 | Basic Mathematics

103 53 23 x2 4x2 2x 1 3 x2 2x 1 0
log10 log10
10/3 –1 10/3 –1
5 2 5 2 2 4
2 4 12
x x
9–10 6 6
= log10[ 5 3 23 1 ] = log10 [5–1/3 24] 1 1
x 1, x 1,
24 24 3 at 3
log10 x log10 x
51/3 51/3 2log 2 log 4

Which is not possible x 1

1 1 1
Sol 6: 10 10 x– 10 x
2 2 2
log10 x 7
log10 x 1
1 1 Sol 7: x 4 10
– log10 x
2 8
Take logarithm on both sides
1 1 1
10 10 x– 10 x – log10 x log10 x 7
2 2 8 log10 x 1
log10 x 4 log10 10
2
2 1 1 1
10 10 x– 10 x 10 x
2 2 8 log10 x 7
log10 x log10 x 1 log10 10
2
4
1
x y 7
x2 2 Assume log10 x = y (y) = y + 1
log10 = log 4
1 1
x– x
2 8 y2 + 7y = 4(y + 1) = 4y + 4

y2 + 7y – 4y – 4 = 0 y2 + 3y – 4 = 0
2
1
2
x (y + 4)(y – 1) = 0 y = – 4 and + 1
log10 x – log10 2 =0
1 1
x– x log10 x = – 4 or 1
2 8
Hence x = 10–4 or 10

1
x log102 x log10 x2 –2
log10 x2 8 =0 log10 x
2 Sol 8: = log10 x
1 1 2
x– x
2 2 log102 x log10 x2 –2
log10 x1/2 = log10 x1/2
1 1
x x2 x
x 2
8 8 log102x + log10 x2 – 2 = 1 or log10 x1/2 = 1
=1 =1
1 2 1 1
x– 1 x2 – x log102x + 2log10x – 2 = 1; log10 x = 2 x = 102
2 x 4 2
2
log2x + 2log x 2=0
1 1 1 Assume that log x = y
x2 x 8 = x2 – x
4 2 y2 + 2y – 2 = 1 y2 + 2y – 2 – 1 = 0

x x2 x 1 1 (y + 3)(y – 1) = 0
x3 + = x3 + – –
8 2 4 4 2 y = – 3 or y = 1
2 2
x x x 1 log10 x = – 3 or log10 x = 1
x3 x3
8 2 4 8
x = 10–3 or 101 x = 10–3, 10, 102
 M a them a ti cs | 1.35

Sol 9: 3 log2 x – log2 8x + 1 = 0 x 1 x 1

= (4 – x)2 = |4 – x|
(x – 1) (x – 1)
3 log2 x = log2 23x – 1 3 log2 x = 2 + log2 x
Case-I: When 4 – x
Assume that log2 x= y
x 1
=4–x (x + 1) = (4 – x)(x – 1)
3 y =2+y x –1
x + 1 = 4x – 4 – x2 + x x2 – 4x – x + x + 1 + 4 = 0
Square on both sides
4 42 – 4(5)(1)
(3 y )2 = (2 + y)2 9y = 22 + y2 + 2(2)(y) x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 x=
2(1)
9y = 4 + y2 + 4y y2 – 5y + 4 = 0
4 16 – 20 4 –4
x= = (no solution)
(y – 4)(y – 1) = 0 y = 4 or y = 1 2 2

Case-II:
log2 x = 4 or log2 x = 1
x 1
=x–4 x + 1 = (x – 1)(x – 4) = x2 + 4 – x – 4x
x = 24 or x = 21 x = 16 or 2 x –1
x2 – 4x – x – x + 4 – 1 = 0 x2 – 6x + 3 = 0
Sol 10: log1/3 x – 3 log1/3 x + 2 = 0
6 62 – 4(3)(1) 6 36 – 12
x= x=
log1/3 x + 2 = 3 log1/3 x 2(1) 2

Assume that log1/3 x = y ....... (i) 6 24

= =3± 6
2
y+2=3 y y = 4 or y = 1 [Refer above solution]
But x > 4
log1/3 x = 4 or log1/3 x = 1 6
So, x = 3 +
4 1
1 1 1 1
x= or x = x= or
3 3 81 3 Sol 13: 2log3 x – 3 + 1 = log3 x – 3
x–7 x –1
2
log3 x – 3 + log3 3 = log3 x – 3
2
logb x logb x
Sol 11: a 5x 6 0
x–7 x –1
Assume that x = by
2
log3 (x – 3) x–3
( ay )2 –
log x
5( a b )+6=0 a – 5a + 6 = 0
2y y 3 = log3
(x – 7)2 x –1

(ay – 3)(ay – 2) = 0 ay = 2, 3
3(x – 3)2 (x – 3)
= 3(x – 3)(x – 1) = (x – 7)2
y = loga 2, loga 3 x
log b log b
2 a ,3 a (x – 7) 2 (x – 1)

3x2 + 9 – 3x – 9x = x2 – 14x + 49
Sol 12: log4(x2 – 1) – log4(x – 1)2 = log4( (4 – x)2 )
2x2 + 2x – 40 = 0 x2 + x – 20 = 0

log4 x2 – 1 = log4( (4 – x)2 ) (x + 5)(x – 4) = 0

2
(x – 1) x = – 5 or x = 4
4–3
x2 – 1 At x = 4, equation is 2log3 4 – 3 + 1 = log
= (4 – x) 2
4–7 4–7
(x – 1)2
4–3 1
= –ve which is not possible
(x – 1)(x 1) 4–7 –3
= (4 – x)2 ; x 1,
2
(x – 1) Hence x 4, x = – 5
1 . 3 6 | Basic Mathematics

Sol 14: logx (9x2) log32 x = 4 (logx32 x2)(log3 x)2 = 4 2 12 12

2 2 41 2 2 1
5 5
2 y=– y=
loge x 2 1 2
2[logx 3x] =4
loge 3
5 12
loge n 2 2
We know that logm n 5 17
loge m y= y=–1±
2 5
2
loge x Now, we have log2 x = y
2[logx 3 + logx x] =4
loge 3
–1 17/5 –1– 17/5
x= 2 or 2
2
loge 3 loge x
1 =2
loge x loge 3 2
Sol 16: log3[ log1/2 x – 3log1/2x + 5] = 2

loge 3 (loge x)2 Assume that log1/2 x = y

× + (log3 x)2 = 2
loge x (loge 3) 2
log3[y2 – 3y + 5] = 2 y2 – 3y + 5 = 9
log3 x + (log3x)2 = 2
y2 – 3y – 4 = 0 (y – 4)(y + 1) = 0
Assume that log3 x = y
y = 4 or y = – 1 log1/2 x = 4 or log1/2x = – 1
y2 + y = 2 y2 + y – 2 = 0 (y + 2)(y – 1) = 0
4 –1
y = – 2 or y = 1 1 1
x= or x =
2 2
Now, we have log2 x = – 2 or log3 x = 1
1
x = 3–2 or x = 3+1 x= or x = 2.
16
1
Hence, x = or x = 3
9 15
Sol 17: log2(x/4) =
x
log2 – 1
Sol 15: log0.5x x2 + 14 log16x x2 + 40 log4x x = 0 8
15
log2 x2 14log2 x2 40log2 x log2x log24 =
+ + =0 log2 x log2 8 – 1
log2 (0.5x) log2 (16x) log2 (4x)
Assume that log2x = y
Assume that log2 x = y
15 15
y–2= =
2y 28y 20y y 3–1 y–4
+ + =0
1 4
log2 .2 y log2 2 y log2 22 y (y – 2)(y – 4) = 15 y2 – 6y + 8 = 15

y 14y 10y y2 – 6y – 7 = 0 (y – 7)(y + 1) = 0

+ + =0
y –1 y 4 y 2 y = 7 or y = – 1
Now, we have log2 x = 7 or log2 x = – 1
1 14 10
y = 0 or =0
y –1 y 4 y 2 Hence x = 27or x = 2–1

log2 x = y x = 2y = 2° = 1 1
Sol 18: log10(5x – 4) + log10 x 1 = 2 + log100.18
2
or (y + 4)(y + 2) + 14(y – 1)(y + 2) + 10(y – 1)(y + 4) = 0
log10(5x – 4) + 2log10 x 1 = 2[2 + log100.18]
y2 + 8 + 6y + 14y2 – 28 + 14y + 10y2 – 40 + 30y = 0
25y2 + 50y – 60 = 0 log10(5x – 4) + log10(x + 1) = 4 + 2log100.18
60 12
y2 + 2y – =0 y2 + 2y – =0 log10[(5x – 4)(x + 1)] = 4 + log10(0.18)2
25 5
 M a them a ti cs | 1.37

log10[(5x – 4)(x +1)] = log10[104 × (0.18)2] log10 ( x 1 1) log10 ( x 1 1)

Sol 21: =3 =3
(5x – 4)(x + 1) = 10 (0.0324) = 324
4
log10 (x – 40) 1/3 1
log (x – 40)
5x2 + x – 4 = 324 5x2 + x – 328 = 0 3 10
log10( x 1 + 1) = log10(x – 40)
–1 (1)2 – 4(5)(–328)
x=
(10) x 1 + 1 = x – 40 x 1 = x – 41
–1 1 20(328) –1 6561 On squaring both sides
x=– =
10 10
x + 1 = (x – 41)2 = x2 + 412 – 2(41)x
–1 81 41
x= = 8, ,
10 5 x2 – 82x – x + 412 – 1 = 0 x2 – 83x + 1680 = 0
Also it is clear that x 4 /5 2
83 4 1680 1 83 169 83 13
41 x 83 48, 35
x is rejected 21 2 2
5
Now, for x = 35
Sol 19: log10x2 = log10(5x – 4) log10 35 1 1
The given equations yields = 3 –5
x = 5x – 4
2
x – 5x + 4 = 0
2
log10 3 35 – 40
(x – 4)(x – 1) = 0 x – 4 = 0or x – 1 = 0 Wich is not a possible solutions
Hence, x = 4, 1 Hence x 35 and x = 48

1 1 1 1
Sol 20: log2(x – 2)– = log1/8 3x – 5 Sol 22: 1 – log10(2x – 1) = log10(x – 9)
6 3 2 2
2 – log10(2x – 1) = log10(x – 9)
1 1
log2(x – 2)– = log –3 3x – 5
6 3 2 log10(x – 9) + log10(2x – 1) = 2

1 1 1 log10(x – 9)(2x – 1) = log10102

log2(x – 2) – = – log2 3x – 5
6 3 3
(x – 9)(2x – 1) = 100
1
log2(x – 2) – 1 = – log2 3x – 5 2x2 – 18x – x + 9 = 100 2x2 – 19x – 91 = 0
2

log2(x – 2) + 2log2 3x – 5 = 2 19 192 – 4(2)(–91) 19 1089 7

x= = =13, –
2(2) 4 2
log2(x – 2) + log2(3x – 5) = log2 22
7
(x – 2)(3x – 5) = 4 3x2 + 10 – 6x – 5x = 4 But x = – is not in the domain hence x = 13
2
3x2 – 11x + 6 = 0
Sol 23: log10(3x2 + 7) – log10(3x – 2) = 1
11 121 4 3 6 11 121 72
x
2 3 6 2
log10 3x 7 = 1 = log1010
3x – 2
11 49 2
x= = 3, 3x2 7
6 3 = 10 and 3x2 + 7 = 10(3x – 2)
3x – 2
2 1 1 1
At x = , eq. log2 –2 –
3 6 3 3 3x2 + 7 = 30x – 20 3x2 – 30x + 27 = 0
x2 – 10x + 9 = 0 (x – 1)(x 9) = 0
= log1/8 3 (2) – 5 = –3 (Not a possible solution)
3 Hence x = 9, 1
So x = 3
1 . 3 8 | Basic Mathematics

1 1
Sol 24: 1 log103 + log102 = log10(27 – 31/x) 2X = 1 or 2x = – (not valid)
2x 7
x 0 and so, x = 0 is only solution.
log10 3 1 1/2x + log102 = log10(27 – 31/x)

log102× (3)1 1/2x

= log10(27–31/x) Sol 27: log (4x – 6) – log (2x – 2) = 2
5 5

2 × 31 1/2x
= 27 – 31/x
4x – 6 4x – 6
log =2 =5
Assume that 3 1/x
=y 5
2x – 2 2x – 2

2×3× y = 27 – y Assume that 2x = y

On squaring both sides, we get y2 – 6

=5 y2 – 6 = 5(y – 2) = 5y – 10
y–2
2 × 3 × y = (27 – y)
2 2 2
36y = 27 + y – 2(27)y
2 2

y2 – 54y – 36y + 272 = 0 y2 – 90y + 272 = 0 y2 – 5y – 6 + 10 = y2 – 5y + 4 = 0

(y 81)(y 9) = 0 y = 81, 9 (y – 4)(y – 1) = 0

1 1 1 1 1 y = 4 or y = 1
x= or = ,
log3 y log3 81 log3 9 4 2 2x = 4 or 2x = 1
1 x = 2 or x = 0
Clearly 31/x 27 x
3
x = 0 does not satisfy the equation, hence x = 2
So x = 1/4 is not valid

1 xlog10 4
1 Sol 28: log10(3x – 24–x) = 2 + log1016 –
Sol 25: log10 x 3 log10 2 x log10 x x 2 1 4 2
2
1 xlog22
log10 x 6 log10 2 x 2log10 x x 2 2 log10(3x–24–x)=log10102+ log1024 –
4 2
log10 x + log10(2 + x)3 – log10[x(x + 2)] = 2 4 x 2 log10 2
log10(3X–24–X)=log10100+ log102–
4 2
x(2 x)3
log10 = log102
x(x 2) log10(3x – 24–x) = log10[100 × 2] – log2x

(2 + x)2 = 100 2 + x = ± 100

log10(3x – 24 –x) = log10 (200)
100 – 2 98 2x
x 2 4
200
–100 – 2 –102 3x – = 3x.2x – 24 = 200
x x
2 2
Here, x = – 102 does not satisfy the equation
Hence x = 98 6x = 200 + 24 216 = 63 x=3

Sol 29: log10(log10 x) + log10(log10 x4 – 3) = 0

Sol 26: log2(4x + 1) = x + log2(2x+3 – 6)
log10[(log10 x)(log10 x4 – 3)] = 0
log2(4x + 1) = log22x + log2(2x+3 – 6)
log2(4x + 1) = log2[2x[2x+3 – 6]] (log10 x)(log10x4 – 3) = 1

4x + 1 = 2x[2x23 – 6] (log10 x)(4log10 x – 3) = 1

Assume that 2x = y Assume that log10 x = y
y + 1 = y(8y – 6)
2
y + 1 = 8y – 6y
2 2
y(4y – 3) = 1; 4y2 – 3y = 1
7y2 – 6y – 1 = 0 (y – 1)(7y + 1) = 0 4y2 – 3y – 1 = 0 (y – 1)(4y + 1) = 0
1 1
y = 1or y = – y = 1 or y = –
7 4
 M a them a ti cs | 1.39

1 1
log10 x = 1 or log10x = – 1 + 2log2x + (log2x + 1)(log2x) +
1 4 4
–
x = 10 or x = 10 4 log2 (log2 x)3
+ log2x + (2) =1
1
for x 10 4 1
1 + 2log2x + (log2x)(log2x + 1) +
4
Hence, x = 10 + log2x + (log2x)3 = 1

Sol 30: log3(9x + 9) = log33x(28 – 2.3x) Assume log2x = y

1
9x + 9 = 3x(28 – 2 . 3x) 2y + y(y + 1) + + y + y3 = 0
4
Assume that 3x = y 1
y3 + 4y + y2 + =0
So 9 = (3 ) = (3 ) = y
x 2 x x 2 2 4
d 3 1
y2 + 9 = y(28 – 2y) y2 + 9 = 28y – 2y2 Differential of equation is [y + 4y + y2 + ] = 0
dy 4
3y2 – 28y + 9 = 0 (3y 1)(y 9)= 0
–2 22 – 4(4)(3)
1 3y2 + 4 + 2y = 0 y=–
This gives y = 9, 2(3)
3
–2 –48 4
Hence, x = 2, –1 y=
6
No solution so there is no minima and maximum
Exercise 2 1
At y = 0 f(y) = 0 + 0 + 0 + >0
4
Single Correct Choice Type 1
y = – 1, f (y) = (–1)3 + 4(–1) + (–1)2 +
4
1 1 1 1 1 15
Sol 1: (B) + + – 1– 4 +1 + =–4+ =–
log bc
abc log ac
abc log ab
abc 4 4 4

log10 bc log10 ac log10 ab

So log2
log10 abc log10 abc log10 abc
But in equation (original) log2x should be positive so
there is no solution
log10 bc log10 ac log10 ab
log10 abc Sol 3: (C) x = (75)–10
3
log10 bc ac ab log10 abc log10x = log10(75)–10 = – 10log1075 10 log10 100
1 4
log10 abc log10 abc
= – 10[log10102+ + log103 – log1022]

logx (log2 x 1) = – 10[2 + 0.477 – 2 (0.301)] = –18 75

Sol 2: (D) log2(2x2) + log2x. x
18.75 19 0.25
x 10 10 10
1 –3log1/2 (log2 x)
+ log42x4 + 2 =1
2 Number of zeros = 18
log (log x 1)
log2(2x2) + (log2x) (x) x 2
log2 3 log2 x
Sol 4: (D) 5x + 3 = 162
1 –3log1/2 (log2 x)
+ log4 41/2x4 + 2 =1 y log2 3 log2 2y
2 Assume x = 2y 5.2 3 162
logx (log2 x 1) log2 3y
1 + 2log2x + (log2x) (x) 5.2 + 3
y log2 2
= 162 5.3y + 3y = 6.3y = 162

1 4 162
3log (log x) 3y = = 27 = 33
+ log44 + log4x + 2 2 2 = 1 6
4 2
1 . 4 0 | Basic Mathematics

y = 3; x = 2y = 23 = 8 Sol 8: (C) x1 and x2 are roots of the equation

3
log4x = log48 = log4(4)3/2 = 2010 x
log2010 x
= x2
2
Assume that x = (2010)y
log2 x log10 x3 3
Sol 5: (B) (x) 10 y log2010 (2010)y
(2010)1/2 (2010) = (2010)2y
2
= = B (Assume) (2010)1/2 (2010)y = (2010)2y
2
1 1
–
x 1 –1 x 1 1 1 1
y2 + = 2y y2 – 2y + =0
2 2 2 2
B= =
1 1 x 1 1– x 1 1
– 2 22 – 4(1)(1 / 2) 2 2 1
x 1 –1 x 1 1 y= = = 1±
( x 1 – 1)( x 1 1) 2 2 2
1 1
1– 1
B = ( ( x 1 )2 – (1)2 = x + 1 – 1 = x x1x2 = (2010) 2 (2010) 2 = (2010)2 = (201 × 10)2
log2 x 3log10 x 3
So (x) 10 =x x=1 No. of zeros in x1x2 = 2

Or Assume log10x = y
Sol 9: (A) Given that x = 2 or x = 3 satisfy the equation
y + 3y + 3 = 1
2
y + 3y + 2 = 0
2
log4(x2 + bx + c) = 1 = log44
(y + 2)(y + 1) = 0 x2 + bx + c – 4 = 0
y = – 2 or y = – 1 b = 2 + 3 = 5 and c – 4 = 2 . 3 c = 10

log10x = – 2 or log10x = – 1 bc = 10(– 5) = – 50

|bc| = 50
x = 10–2, 10–1

x1, x2, x3 = 1, 10–1, 10–2

x1 . x3 = 1.10–2 = (10–1)2 = (x2)2 JEE Advanced/Boards

Sol 6: (D) x = 2log3, y = 3log2 Exercise 1

x = 2log3 = 3log2 = y log6 18 log6 3
Sol 1: B = ( 2 ). (3 )
logn m logn a
As a m log6 (6 3) log6 3 log6 6 log6 3 log6 3
B= 2 . 3 B= 2 . 3
2 –10x 3 1 log6 3 log6 3 log6 3 log6 3
Sol 7: (B) | x – 3 |3x =1;x 3 B= 2 3 =2× 2 . 3
log6 3
Or if |x – 3| = 1 B = 2{6} = 2.3 = 6
2
x = 2 or 4 is solution A = log10 ab (ab)2 – 4(a b) + log ab – (ab) – 4(a b)
10
2 2
If x – 3 0 then 3x2 – 10x + 3 = 0 is another soln
A = log10 ab (ab)2 – 4(a b) ab – (ab)2 – 4(a b)
3x – 10x + 3 = 0
2
(3x 1)(x 3) = 0 2 2
1
x = + 3 or = 2 2 2/2
3 = log10 (ab) – ((ab) – 4(a b))
1 4
But x 3; so, x =
3
2 2 4(a b)
total solution x=
1
, 2, 4 = log10 (ab) – (ab) 4(a b) = log10
3 4 4
 M a them a ti cs | 1.41

= log10(a + b) = log10(43 + 57) = log10100 = 2 = (log105)y2 + (log103)y2 + (log104)y2

A = 2 and B = 6 y3 = y2[log105 + log103 + log104]
Hence, AB = 12 y3 = y2[log10(3.4.5)] = y2 log10 60
y = 0 or y = log1060
4 3
Sol 2: (a) log1/3 729 9 .27 –1 –4/3
log10 x = 0 or y =log10x =log1060

= log1/3
4 3
729 3–2.3–4 x = 1 or x = 60
Sum of roots = 1 + 60 = 61
4 4
= log1/3 729.3–2 = log1/3 81 = log1/33 = 1 Square of sum of roots = (61)2=3721

logb (logb N)
logb a 2 3
(b) a = ax say Sol 5: +
6
log4 (2000) log5 (2000)6
logb (logb N)
x= = loga(logb N) 2 3
logb a + 6log (2000)
6log4 (2000) 5
loga (logb N)
So ax = a = logbN
1 2 3
=
6 log (42 53 ) log5 (53 42 )
4
Sol 3: (a) log 2 + log2p
1 2 3
log2 log log2 =
+ Assume that = x (+ve always) 6 log 4 log 53
2
log5 5 3
log5 42
4 4
log log2 log
1 1 2 3
x+ = c (Assume) =
x 6 2 3log4 5 3 2log5 4
c c2 – 4
x2 – cx + 1 = 0 x=
2 1 2 3
For x to be real c2 – 4 0 =
6 3log10 5 2log10 4
2 3
c2 4 c 2 c=2 x=1 log10 4 log10 5
For all other value c > 2 (Not Possible)
1 2log10 4 3log10 5
Here, log 2 + log2 is greater than 2 =
6 2log10 4 3log10 5 3log10 5 2log10 4
(b) For log35 and log27
Assume that log35 is rational log35 = a 5 = 3a 1 2log10 4 3log10 5 1
6 2log10 4 3log10 5 6
This is not possible when a is rational a is irrational
Similarly, log27 = b assuming b is rational gives 7 = 2b 3
1
log 3 2
Which is not possible, so b is irrational. 81
log5 9
3 6
log25 7 log25 6
Sol.6 ( 7) – (125)
409
Sol 4: log3x . log4x . log5x = log3x.log4x + log4x. log5x +
log5x log3x 9
2log9 5 3log3 6
3
3
log25 6
2log7 25
= ( 7) – (25) 2
Assume that log10x = y 409

log10 x.log10 x.log10 x log9 52 log3 ( 6 )3

9 3 log7 25 log25 63/2
log10 3 log10 4 log10 5 = [7 – 25 ]
409
log10 xlog10 x log10 xlog10 x log10 x.log10 x
y3 52 ( 6 )3 (52 )2 – (63/2 )2
log10 3log10 4 log10 4.log10 5 log10 5.log10 3 = [25 – 63/2] =
409 409
1 . 4 2 | Basic Mathematics

(25)2 – 63 409 Sol 10: We have to prove that

= = =1
409 409
ax – by = 0, where x= loga b

1
4 and y = logb a x2 = logab
log1/5
2 1
Sol 7: (5) + log 2
+ log1/2 1
7 3 10 2 21 y2 = logba y2 = x2y2 = 1
2
x
2 2
log5 2 4 1 xy = 1 (x, y > 0) now ax – by = (b y )x – (ax )y
5 + log 1 + log
7 3 2–1 10 2 21
22 (bxy)y – (axy)x by – ax ax – by = by – ax = – (ax – by)

4
2 ax – by + ax – by = 0 2(ax – by) = 0 ax – by = 0
2 + log2 + log2 10 2 21
7 3
log10 (x – 3) 1
2 Sol 11: (a) =
4 16 16 2
log10 (x – 21) 2
= = =
7 3 7 3 2 7 3 10 2 21
2log10(x – 3) = log10(x2 – 21)
16 (x – 3)2
2 + log2 10 2 21 log10(x – 3)2 log10(x2 – 21) = 0 log10 =0
10 2 21 (x2 – 21)
= 2+ log2 24 = 2 + 4 = 6 (x – 3)2
=1 x2 + 32 – 2(3)x = x2 – 21
2
x – 21
30
Sol 8: log2 a = s a = 2s 9 – 6x = – 21 6x = 9 +21 x= =5
6
2 2
log4 b = s2 b = 4s = (2)2s (b) log(log x) + log(log x3– 2) = 0

1 2 log[log x(log x3–2)] = 0 (log x)(log x3 – 2) = 1

2 3
and log 2 8 = 82 = cs 1 (log x)(3 log x – 2) = 1 Assume that log x = y
c s3 1
s3 1 3(s3 1)
y(3y – 2) = 1 3y2 – 2y – 1 = 0
c= (23/2 ) 2 ; c= 2 4 1
3y(y – 1) + 1(y – 1) = 0 y=– or y = 1
3
2 2 1
a2b5 (2s )2 (22s )5 22s 210s 10s2 –3(s3 1)) 1 –
Then = = = (2)(2s log10x = – or log10 x = 1 x = (10) 3 or x = 101
c 4 4 3(s3 1) 3
(s3 1) 2
3
2 4 At x = 10–1/3 equation does not satisfy
Hence, x = 10
2 5
log2 a b = (2s 10s2 – 3(s3 1)) (c) logx 2 . log2x2 = log4x 2
c4
1 1 1
. =
log2 x log2 2x log2 4x
log2 24 log2 192
Sol 9: –
log96 2 log12 2 log222+logx = (log2x)(log22+log2x)
1
We know that logm n = Assume log2x = y
logn m
2 + y = y(1 + y) 2 + y = y2 + y
(log296)(log224) – (log2192)(log212)
y2 = 2 y=± 2
Where, log2 24 = log2 12× 2= log2 12 + log2 2
log x = ± 2
log2 96(log2 12 + log2 2) – log2(96×2) log2 12
log2x = + 2 or log2x = – 2
log2 96. log2 12 log2 96 log2 96. log2 12 log2 12
x = (2) 2
or x = 2– 2

log2 23 12 log2 12 3 log2 12 log2 12 = 13 loga x loga 5

(d) 5 + 5x = 3, (a > 0)
 M a them a ti cs | 1.43

Assume x = ay
loga ay y loga 5 loga 5y log6 62 = 2 (characteristic 2)
5 + 5a =3 5y + 5a
1 log6 63 = 3 (characteristic 3)
3
= 5 +5.5 = 6.5 = 3
y y y
5 = y
= = 2–1
6 2 Total no. of positive integers which have the characteristic
Take logarithm (base 5) both side 2(between 62 and 63) = 63 – 62
= 216 – 36 = 180
log55y = log52–1 y = log5 2–1
LMN = 16 × 8 × 180 = 23040
log 2–1
So x = a = y
a 5
– log5 a Sol 14: loga N.logb N + logb N.logcN + logc N.loga N … (i)
x= 2
loga N.logb N.logc N
=
Sol 12: loga x loga(xyz) = 48 … (i) logabc N

loga y loga(xyz) = 12 … (ii) log y

We know that logx y =
logx
loga z loga(xyz) = 84 … (iii)
So, in equation (i) at R.H.S, we have
When sum of all equation is taken
logN logN logN
. .
loga(xyz)[loga x + loga y + loga z] loga logb logc (logN)2 logabc
= =
logN (loga)logb(logc)
= 48 + 12 + 84 = 144 = 122 logabc

(loga(xyz))(loga(xyz)) = 122 logN2 (loga logb logc)

=
loga logb logc
(loga xyz)2 = 122 loga xyz = 12 (±1)
(logN)(logN) logN logN logN logN
In equation = + +
logb logc loga logc loga logb
(i) loga x (±12) = 48
= logaN logbN + logaN logcN + logbNlogcN
loga x = ±4 x=a,a 4 –4
R.H.S. = L.H.S.
(ii) loga y(±12) = 12
10
Sol 15: x, y> 0 and logy x + logx y =
loga y = ±1 y = a, a –1 3
log12 x log12 y 10
(iii) loga z(±12) = 84 log12 y log12 x 3

loga z = ±7 z = a7, a–7 log12 x

Assume that a
log12 y
(x, y, z) = (a , a, a ) or (a ,a , a )
4 7 –4 –1 –7

1 10
a+ = 3a2 – 10a+ 3 = 0
Sol 13: Given a 3
1
L = antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024 (3a 1)(a 3) = 0 a = 3,
3
L = (1024)0.4 = (210)0.4 = 24 = 16 log12 x
So =3 add + 1 both side
L = 16 log12 y
And M is the number of digits in 610
log12 x logx log y
log10 610 = 10log10 6 10[0.7761] = 7.761 +1=3+1=4 =4
log12 y log12 y
6 = 10
10 7.761
= 10 .10 7 0.761
1 . 4 4 | Basic Mathematics

log12 (xy) log12 122 2 120 5x–3 (2 – 5x– 4 )

=1
= =4 =4
log12 y log y log12 y (1 – 5x–3 )2

2 1 120 5x 2(x 3)
log12 y = = y = 121/2 5x 2 – 4 = 12 + 5 – 2(5x–3)
4 2 5 3 5
1 1 3
144 – 2– Assume that 5x = y
So x = =144 × 12 2 = 12 2 = 12 2
y
120 y 2 y
x y y 2– = 1 + y2 5–6 –
= N 5 5 5 25 25 53
2
(x y)2 Multiply by 56
=N x2 + y2 + 2xy = 4N
22 53 ×120y[2 – y 5–4] = 56 + y2 – 2x53y
(123/2)2 + (121/2) + 2(144) = 4 N 2
53 × 240y – 120y = 56 + y2 – 2 × 53y
12 + 12 + 2 × 144 = 4 N
3 5

53 × 240y – 24y2 = 56 + y2 – 2 × 53y

4N = 2028 N = 2028 N = 507
4
54 × 48y – 25y2 = 56 – 10 × 52y
Sol 16: (a) log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771 Divide by 52 on the both side
5200 = x (Assume) 52 × 48y – y2 = 54 – 10y

log10 x = log10 5200 = 200log105 y2 – y(10 + 52 × 48) + 54 = 0

=200log10 10 =200(log1010–log102) y2 –1210y + 625 = 0

2
= 200(1 – 0.3010) = 200(0.699) = 139.8 1210 (1210)2 – 4(1)(625)
y=
2
x = 10139 × 100.8 1210 1208.96
y=
2
no. of digits in x = 139 + 1 = 140
y = 0.51675 or y = 1209. 48 (Rejected)
(b) x = 615 log10x = log10 615 = 15 log10 6
5x = y = 0.51675 x = log5 y
= 15(log2 + log3) =15 × (0.778) =11.67 Hence, x = – 0.410

x = 1011.67 = 1011 100.67

Sol 18: Given that logx+1 (x2 + x – 6)2 = 4
No. of digits in x = 11 + 1 = 12
(x2 + x – 6)2 = (x + 1)4 (x2 + x – 6) = ± (x + 1)2
(c) Number of zeros after the decimal in 3–100 = (x) When +ve case is taken x2 + x – 6 = (x + 1)2
(Assume)
(and x2 + x – 6 0)
log x = log3 –100
= – 100 log103 = – 100(0.4771) = – 47.71
x2 + x – 6 = x2 + 1 + 2x
So x = 10 –47.71
= 10 –47
× 10 –0.71
x=–6–1=–7
In the given equation, base is x + 1 = – 7 + 1 = – 6
which is negative
Sol 17: log5 120 + (x – 3) – 2log5(1 – 5x–3) = – log5(2– 5x–4)
So x –7
log5120+(x–3)–log5(1–5 ) + log5(2 – 5 ) = 0
x–3 2 x–4
When -ve case is taken x2

x–3 x2 + x – 6 = – (x + 1)2 x2 + x – 6 = – x2 – 1 – 2x
log5 120 5 (2 – 5x– 4 ) =0
(1 – 5x–3 )2 2x2 + 3x – 5 = 0 (2x + 5)(x – 1) = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 1.45

5 Dividing E.q. (i) and (ii), we get

x=– or x = 1
2 (a – 2)(1 – 3b) = (1 – 2a)(b – 3)
5 2a(b – 3) + (a – 2)(1 – 3b) = b – 3
x = – also does not satisfy equation
2
2ab – 6a + a – 3ab – 2 + 6b = b – 3
So x = 1
– ab – 5a + 5b + 1 = 0 5(b – a) – ab + 1 = 0

Sol 19: Given that x + log10(1 + 2x) = xlog105 + log106 5(a – b) + ab = 1

log1010x+log10(1+2x)=log105x+log106
Sol 22: log9 (9x 4 )log3 (3x) log3 x3
log10[10 (1 + 2 )] = log10[5 6]
x x x

1 4log3 x 1 log3 x = 3logx

10x (1 + 2x) = 6 5x 10x + 20x = 5x 6
Divide by 5x on the both the sides Assume that log3x = y
x x x
10 20 6 5 (1 + 4y)(1 + y) = (3y)2 = 9y2
+ = =6
x x x
5 5 5
1 + 4y2 + 4y + y = 9y2 5y2 – 5y – 1 = 0
2 +4 =6
x x
2 + 22x = 6
x

Assume that 2x = y 5 52 – 4(–1)(5) 5 25 20

y= =
2(5) 10
y + y2 = 6 y2 + y – 6 = 0

(y – 2)(y + 3) = 0 y = – 3 or y = 2 5 45 5 32 5 5 3 5
y= = =
10 10 10
2x = –3 or 2x = 2 2x = 3 is not possible so, 2x = 2
In equation (i) log3x > 0
Therefore, the real solution x=1
5 3 5
Hence, y =
Sol 20: 2log10(2y – 3x) = log10x + log10y 10
x
y Sol 23: Given that xyz = 1081

log10(2y – 3x)2 = log10(xy) 4y2 – 12xy + 9x2 = xy (log10x)(log10yz) + (log10y)(log10z)= 468

Let x = ky We know that (a + b + c)2

4y2 – 12ky2 + 9k2 y2 = ky2 9k2 – 13k + 4 = 0 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

4 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2a(b + c) + 2bc … (i)
(9k – 4)(k 1) = 0 k = 1,
9
log10x(log10 y + log z) + (log10 y) (log10 z) = 468
If k = 1 x=y 2y – 3x is –ve
Assume that log10x = a, log10 y = b and log10 z = c
x 4
y 9 a(b + c) + bc = 468
From equation (i)
Sol 21: We have a = log1218 and b = log2454
2a(b+c) + 2bc = (a+b+c)2 – (a2+b2+c2)
log2 18 2log2 3 1
a= = 2a(b + c) + 2bc = 2 × 468 = 936
log2 12 2 log2 3
(a + b + c)2 – (a2 + b2 + c2) = 936
(a – 2)log23 = 1 – 2a ... (i)
a + b + c = log10x + log10y + log10z
log2 54 3log2 3 1 = log10xyz = log101081 = 81
Similarly b = =
log2 24 3 log2 3
812 – (a2 + b2 + c2) = 936
(b – 3)log23 = 1 – 3b ... (ii)
1 . 4 6 | Basic Mathematics

a2 + b2 + c2 = 812 – 936 = 5625 x 4 x 2–x 1

2
log10 2
+ log10 2
(log10 x) + (log10 y) + (log10 z) = 5625
2 2 2 x x 4 = 2 log10 x –1
2
1 1
Sol 24: Sum of all solution of equation We know log10 = – log10x. So log10 = (log10 x)2
9
x x
(log9 x)2 – log9 x 5
[3] 2 =3 3
2 x 4 2 x 4 2 3 x
9 log10 + log10 = 2 log10
(log9 x)2 – log9 x 5 x x x –1
(3) 2 (3)3/2
2 x 4 2 3–x
9 3 log10 = log10
(log9x) – log9 x + 5 =
2
x x –1
2 2
Assume that log9 x = y x 4 3–x x 3–x
So = or =
x x –1 x 4 x –1
9 3 9 3 9 7
y2 – y+5= y2 – y + 5 – = y2 – y + =0
2 2 2 2 2 2 x2 + 4x – x – 4 =3x – x2 or x2 –x =3x+12–x2– 4x
2y2 – 9y + 7 = 0 2x2–4=0 or 2x2 = 12 x2 = 2 or x2 = 6
7
(2y – 7)(y – 1) = 0 y= ; y=1 x = ± 2 or x = ± 6
2
7
log9x = log9 x = 1 x= 2 and – 6 do not satisfy equation
2
x = (9)7/2 = 37; x = 9 So x = 2, 6
Sum of solution = 37 + 9 = 2196
Sol 28: log3( x + | x 1 | )=log9(4 x –3 + 4 | x 1 | )
Sol 25: a, b, c, d > 0
1
3 5 log3 x | x 1| log3 4 x 3 4| x 1|
loga b = and logc d = , a – c = 9 2
2 4
log10 b 3 log10 d 5 2log3( x +| x –1|)=log3(4 x –3+4| x –1|)
= ; =
log10 a 2 log10 c 4
log3( x +| x –1|)2=log3(4 x –3+4|( x –1|)
2log10 b = 3 log10 a
( x + | x – 1|)2 = (4 x – 3 + 4 | x – 1|)
4 log10 d = 5 log10 c
3 5
x+( x –1)2+2 x | x – 1| = 4 x – 3 + 4| x –1|
b= a2 ,d= c4
(i) Assume ( x
a should be perfect square and c should be perfect
power of 4 | x – 1| = 1 – x
Let a = 25, c = 16
x + x + 1 – 2 x + 2 x (1 – x ) = 4 x – 3 + 4(1 – x)
b = (5)3 = 125 d = (16)5/4 = 32 b – d = 93
1+2x – 2 x + 2 x – 2x = 4 x – 3 + 4 – 4 x
Sol 26: Refer Sol 11 of Ex 2 JEE Main
1 = 1 always correct

Sol 27: So x
2 4 2 4 2 2
log10 1 + log10 1– =2 log10 –1 x
x x 4 x 1
x (0, 1) and if x –1 0, x >0
2 x 4 2 x 4–4 2 2 – (x – 1)
log10 + log10 =2 log10 x + x + 1 – 2 x + 2 x ( x – 1) = 4 x – 3 + 4 ( x – 1)
x x 4 x 1
 M a them a ti cs | 1.47

2x + 1 – 2 x + 2x – 2 x =4 x – 3 – 4 + 4 x Sol 30: [log3 (3x)1/3 logx (3x)1/3 ]log3 x3 +

4x + 1 + 7 – 4 x = 8 x 4x – 12 x + 8 = 0 1 1
x 3 3 3
x–3 x +2=0 ( x – 2)( x –1) = 0 log3 logx log3 x3
3 x
x – 2 = 0 or x –1=0 x = 4 or x = 1
Assume that
Put condition was x –1 0
So x = [0, 1] {4} 1 1
A= log3 (3x) logx (3x) log3 x3
3 3

Sol 29: 3
(log3 x 1) (logx 3 1) log3 x
loga 4 ab logb 4 ab – loga 4 b/a logb 4 a/b . loga b 3
2 2x
A= (2log3 x (log3 x)2 1)
1
(loga (a b) logb (a b))
4 A = |log3x + 1|
x loga b
–1 1–1
– (loga ba logb ab )
4 x 1 1 3
And B = log3 logx log3 x3
3 3 3 x
1 1 loga b 1 logb a
x= loga b 3
2 – –1 loga b – 1 logb a log3 x – 1 logx 3 – 1 log3 x
3

2loga b 1 loga b
2 B= ((log3 x)2 – 2log3 x 1)
1
x=
2 2
– –2loga b loga b 1 B= (log3 x – 1)2 = |log3x – 1|

1 A + B =2 |log3x +1| + |log3x – 1| =2

We know loga b =
logb a
log3x 1 x 3
1 2 A+B log3x + 1 + log3x – 1 = 2log3x = 2
x= (1 loga b)2 – loga b – 1
2 log3x = 1 x=3
1 x 3 and x = 3 x=3
x= (|1+ loga b| – |loga b – 1|)
2 1
If log3 3
x+1>0
3
When loga b 1 b a>1
A+B log3x + 1 – (log3x – 1)
1 1
x = (1+logab – logab +1) = ×2 = 1 = log3x + 1 – log3x + 1 = 2 = 2(always)
2 2
so 2 = 2 = 2
x 1
(when b a > 1) 1
So x ,3
3
When loga
1
log3x –1 x
3
1 A + B = – (log3x + 1) – (log3x – 1)
x= [1 + logab – (1 – logab)]
2
= – log3x –1 – log3x + 1 = – 2log3x = 2
1 1
x = [1 + logab + loga b] = 2logab 1
2 2 log3x = – 1 x = 3–1 =
3
x = loga b
1 1 1
log b
x and x = x=
2x = 2 a 3 3 3
1 . 4 8 | Basic Mathematics

1 |x – 4| = x – 4
So x = ,3 – {1}
3
Eq. x + 1 + x – 4 = 2x – 3 = 7
x 1 because base can’t be 1
7 3 10
2x = = 10 2x = 10 x= =5
1 2
Sol 31: a = (log781)(log6561625)(log125216)(log12962401)

a = (log734) (log 8 54 ) (log 3 63 ) (log 74 ) |x + 1| 1+x

3 5 64

4 3 4 |x – 4| 4–x
a = 4(log73) (log35)(log56) log67
8 3 4 1 + x + 4 – x= 5 7
2log10 3 log10 5 log10 6 log10 7 So no solution for this region x = 5 and – 2
a 2
log10 7 log10 3 log10 5 log10 6 But – 2 is not natural no.
and b = sum of roots of the equation So c = 5

x
log2 x
= (2x)
log2 x a+b=2+3=5
5
log2 x log2 x1/2 (a + b) c= =1
x = (2x) 5

Take logarithm (base x) both sides

1/2 Exercise 2
logx xlog2 x = logx (2x)log2 x
Single Correct Choice Type
(log2x)(1) = log2 x1/2[logx(2x)]
1 x y
log2x = log2x(logx 2 + 1) Sol 1: (C) 2 =256 and log10 xy –log101.5 = 1
2
x y
log2x = 0 x = 1 or 2 = logx 2 + 1 2 = 256 = 28

logx 2 = 1 x=2 x + y =8 … (i)

x1 + x2 = 1 + 2 = 3 and log10 xy = 1 + log101.5 = log1010 + log101.5

b=3
log10 xy = log10(10 × 1.5) = log1015
and c = sum of all natural solution of equation
xy = 15 xy = 152 = 225
|x + 1| + |x – 4| = 7

I II III | x– y|= ( x y )2 – 4 xy
!" "
-1 4
= 82 – 4 15 = 64 – 60
|x + 1| = – 1 – x
| x– y|= 4 =2
|x – 4| = 4 – x
x+ y =8
eq. – 1 –x + 4 –x = 3 – 2x = 7
4 If x > y (x, y) = (25, 9)
2x = 3– 7 = – 4 x=– =–2
2 If x y (x, y) = (9, 25)
If x > 4 |x + 1| = x + 1
 M a them a ti cs | 1.49

Sol 2: (B) log16 y 1 y 16

A
log4(logy16) > 0

c logy16 > 1
b
logy 16 > 0

a = 2, b = 16, c = 1
C B
a
a + b + c = 2 + 16 + 1 = 19
c =a +b
2 2 2
c –b =a
2 2 2

1 1 1 1 n2 nN 5 n2 nN
loga a loga a Sol 5: (D) . . . . . .
log2 N logN 8 log32 N logN 128 nN 3 n2 nN 7 n2
logb c a logc–b a loga b c loga c – b
=
logb c a .logc–b a loga a loga a log2 logN 5log2 logN 5
loga b c loga c – b logN 3log2 logN 7log2 21

= loga c – b loga b c = loga(c2–b2) = 2

Sol 6: (B) N 10p ; p log10 8 log10 9 2log10 6

Sol 3: (B) B, C, P, and L are positive number 8.36

p log log10 32
9
log(B.L) + log(B.P) = 2; log(P.L) + log(P.C) = 3
log10 32
N 10 32
and log(C.B) + log(C.L) = 4
Hence characteristics of log332 is 3
Adding all the above equations, we have
2
log[B.L.B.P.P.L.P.C.C.B.C.L] = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 Sol 7: (C) log2 x y xy

log(BCPL)3 = 9 3logBCPL = 9 10 2
But x y 2; xy 2
9 4
log BCPL = = 3
3 log2 10 2 log2 8 3
3

5 3 5 3 5 25 3 5
log12 (log8 (log4 x)) Sol 8: (A) Let x x2 2 2
Sol 4: (B) =0 4 2 4 2 2 16 2 2
log5 (log4 (logy (log2 x)))
5 3 5 3 5 25 3 5 1
a x x2 2 2. 3
4 2 4 2 2 16 2 2 4
where ‘b’ is as large as possible and ’c’ is as small as
possible. x 3 tan
3
log12(log8(log4x)) = 0 log8(log4x) = 1 = log88
Sol 9: (D)
log4 x = 8 x = 48 = 22×8 = 216
Hence y = 2 –3x
and log5(log4(logy(log2x))) 0
x
log5(log4(logy(log2 216))) 0 1
Sol 10: (D) 3x(0.333 ….)(x – 3)
27
log5(log4(logy16)) 0, y 1 x–3
1 x 3x
1 1
log4(logy 16) 1 logy16 4 3 3 x
=
33 3
1 1 1
log y log2y log2y 1 y 2 3x
24 4 4 4 1
3x 3–(x–3) = 3x . 33–x
3
log4(logy16) 0 logy 16 1
1 . 5 0 | Basic Mathematics

1
3x Multiple Correct Choice Type
33 = 27 =3–3x
3
1 2log3 2
3 – 3x –x 1 x –1 Sol 14: (C, D) N = + log26 2
(1 log3 2)2
x [– , –1]
2
1 2log3 2 log3 2
2x 1
–3
N= +
1 1–x 1 (1 log3 2)2 log3 6
Sol 11: (B) >
5 5
Assume that log32 = y
2x 1
1–x 1 2y y2
N= +
(1 y)2 (log3 2 log3 3)2

3x – 2x > 1 + 3 = 4 1 2y y2 y2 2y 1
N= + =
2 2
x>4 (1 y) (1 y) (1 y)2
2x 1 (1 y)2
If x > 1 N= =1
1–x
(1 y)2
2x 1
> – 3(1 – x) = 3x – 3
1 And = 3.147 > 3 and 7 > 6

x (1, 4) So, log3 > 1 and log7

log3 x2 (log3 x)2 –10 1 Sol 15: (A, D) 22x –8.2x = – 12

Sol 12: (D) x = = x–2
2
x
Assume that 2x = y
log3x2 + (log3x)2 – 10 = – 2
y2 – 8y = – 12 (y – 6)(y – 2) = 0 y = 6 or y = 2
Assume log3x = y 2y + y2 – 10 = – 2
y2 + 2y – 10 + 2 = y2 + 2y – 8 = 0 2x = 6 ; 2x = 21
x log102 = log106 = log10(2 × 3)
(y + 4)(y – 2) = 0 y = –4 or y = 2

1 log10 2 log10 3 log10 3

x = 3–4 = ;x=9 x 1 ;x 1
81 log10 2 log10 2
1
x = 1, 9, x x
81
Sol 16: (A, B, C, D) 5 2 –7 +6 5 2 7 =7

(l n) 2 - 3 l nx + 3 Assume x = log y
Sol 13: (A) <1
l nx - 1 5 2 –7

If ln x – 1 > 0 ln x > 1 x>e log y log y

5 2 –7 5 2 –7
5 2 –7 +6 5 2 7 =7
(ln x)2 – 3l ln(x)) –1]
Assume ln x = y 5 2 7
5 2 –7 = 5 2 –7×
y2
y 2
5 2 7
y2 (y – 2)2 50 – 49 –1
= = 5 2 7
5 2 7
y – 3y + 3 > (y – 1)
2
y – 3y – y + 3 + 1 > 0
2
log y
5 2 7
y+6 5 2 7 =7 y + 6y–1 = 7
y2 – 4y + 4 > 0 (y – 2)2 > 0 always true
So, x (0, e) y2 + 6 = 7y y2 – 7y + 6 = 0
 M a them a ti cs | 1.51

(y – 6)(y –1) = 0 which gives y = 6 or y = 1

17 – 2x = (x – 1)

x log 6 or x = log 1= 0 Squaring both sides

5 2–7 5 2–7

17 – 2x = (x – 1)2 = x2 – 2x + 1
x = log 6 = 2log(5 6 = log(5 36
(5 2 –7)1/2 2 –7) 2 –7)
17 = x2 + 1 x2 = 16 x=±4
2 –2 x – 4 does not satisfy equation in statement-I
x= =
log6 (5 2 – 7) log6 (5 2 7) So x = 4. x has a solution
Statement-II

Assertion Reasoning Type “Change of base in logarithm is possible” which is true

but not the correct explanation for statement-I.
Sol 17: (D) Statement-I
log5 (x3 1)
Sol 19: (B) Statement-I: 5 – x2 1 have two
distinct real solutions.
!/2

loga N
cos -ve cos +ve Statement-II: a = N when a > 0 a 1, N > 0
2!, 0 log5 x3 1
5 – x2 = 1
!

cos -ve cos +ve

log5 (x3 1)
[5 = x3 + 1] from statement-II
3!/2
x3 + 1 – x2 = 1 x3 – x2 = 0

logx cos(2 x) is a meaningful quantity only if x3 = x2 x = 0 or 1

Statement-I is true and II is true and II is not the correct
1 3
x 0, ,1 explanation for statement -I.
4 4

cos 2 x > 0 >2 x>0 Comprehension Type

2
1
> x > 0 and x 1,x>0 Paragraph 1:
4
3 3 Sol 20: (D) log3x 10 – 6 log2x 10 + 11 logx 10 – 6 = 0
2 4
Assume that logx 10 = y
1 3 y3 – 6y2 + 11y – 6 = 0
So x 0, ,1
4 4
f(y) = y3 – 6y2 + 11y – 6
But also logx cos(2 x) > 0 = logx 1
df(y)
cos 2 x > 1 which is never possible = 3y2 – 12y + 11 0
dy
So statement-I is false
12 122 – 4 3 11 12 12
y= =
Statement-II If the number N > O and the base of the 2(3) 6
logarithm b(greater than zero not equal to)
There is maxima and minima at
Both lie on the same side of unity than logb N > 0 and
if they lie on the different side of unity then logb 12 12 6 2 2 1
y= =2± = 2± = 2±
statement-II is true 6 6 6 3
1
Sol 18: (B) Statement-I At y = 2+
3
1
log2(2 17 – 2x ) = 1 + log2(x –1) has a solution y – 6y + 11y – 6 is negative and at y = 2 –
3 2
,
3
1 + log2( 17 – 2x ) = 1 + log2(x – 1) Equation y3 – 6y2 + 11y – 6 is positive
1 . 5 2 | Basic Mathematics

So there is total 3 solutions for this equation Area of triangle is

f(y) Area = a2 + b2 – c2

Also, we have b2 = a2 + c2
y
1 ac
So area = a2 + (a2 + c2) – c2 = ×a×c=
2 2
ac ac a
2a2 = 4= =
2 a2 c
c
ratio = =4
Match the Columns a
(D) a, b, c N
Sol 21: A q, r, s; B p, q, r, s; C p; D r
((4)1/3 + (2)1/3 – 2)(a(4)1/3+b(2)1/3+c)=20
(A)
= (22/3+21/3–2)(a22/3 + b21/3+c)=20
3 x – 7x 4x – 1 2x 4x – 1
a(24/3 + 2 – 2.22/3) + b[23/3 + 22/3 – 2.21/3]
+ c(22/3+21/3–23/3)=20
3 x 7x 4x – 1 = 13
21/3(2a – 2b + c) + 23/3(a + b – c)
(3 x – 7x 4x – 1 )(3 x 7x 4x – 1 ) + 22/3(–2a + b + c)= 20
20
a+b–c= = 10
( 2x 4x – 1 ) 2
2 2
= 3 x – 7x 4x – 1 2x 4x – 1
Sol 22: A p; B p, r, s; C p, r; D p, q, r

= 9x 7x 4x 1 2x 4x 1 (A) x = log2 log9 6 6 6 ......

Assume that x = log2 log9y

= 2x 4x 1 2x 4x 1

y= 6 6 6 ...... = 6 y
2 2
= 2x 4x 1 13 4x 4x 1 13
y2 = 6+ y y2 – 6 – y = 0
14
2x 1 13 x 7
2 (y – 3)(y + 2) = 0 y = 3 or y = – 2, y –2
(B) P (x) = x7 – 3x5 + x3 – 7x2 + 5

x = log2 log93 = log2 log9(9)1/2

P(x)
Remainder x = log2 1 = log2 2–1 = – 1
Q(x) 2
x = – 1 is an integer
So P(2) = 2 – 3(2) + 2 – 7(2) + 5 = 17
7 5 3 2
(log2 3.log3 4.log4 5......log99 100)
(B) N = 2
(C)
N = 2x (Assume)
a b
log3 log 4 log100 log100
x= . … = =log2100
log2 log3 log99 log2
c log2 100
N= 2 = 100
 M a them a ti cs | 1.53

N = 100 which is a composite, integer, natural number

1 1 1
(C) +
log5 3 log6 3 log10 3

log5 log6 log10 log5 log6 – log10

+ – =
log3 log3 log3 log3

log(5 6 10) log3

= =1
log3 log3

1 is natural and integer number

(D) N = 2 5 – 6–3 5 14 – 6 5

N= 2 5 – 6–3 5 (3 – 5)2

N= 2 5 – 6 – 3 5 (– 5 3) = 2 5– 9–4 5

N= 2 5 – ( 5)2 (2)2 – 2(2) 5

N= 2 5 – ( 5 – 2)2 = 2 5– 5 2= 4=2

2 is natural prime and an integer.