Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Department Of Civil Engineering

(Structural Engineering Stream)

Matrix Methods of Structural Analysis

2. Flexibility Method

Seyfe N.

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept

ƒ The analysis approach in which equations are written in
terms of unknown forces is known as the flexibility
method.
ƒ Since in this method, the unknowns are forces, this
method is also known as the force method.
ƒ Equations to find unknown forces (in the case of
statically indeterminate structures) are obtained by
forcing the calculated displacements at the redundant
locations to be consistent with the requirements of
compatibility.
ƒ Hence, this approach is also known as the method of
consistent deformation.
ƒ Since the choice of redundants is not unique, flexibility
method is not conducive to computer programming. Equations used in the flexibility method

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 2

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept
ƒ The fundamental concepts that reinforce the flexibility method will be illustrated by the
study of a two span beam.
ƒ The procedure is as follows
1. Pick a sufficient number of redundants corresponding to the degree of indeterminacy
2. Remove the redundants
3. Determine displacements at the redundants on released structure due to external or
imposed actions
4. Determine displacements due to unit loads at the redundants on the released structure
5. Employ equation of compatibility

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 3

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept- Beam-Example-1

Primary Structure
Original Beam
=
+
RAX

From compatibility
The beam is statically indeterminate to the
first degree. The reaction at the middle
support R B is chosen
February 23, 2021 as the redundant. Flexibility
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 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept- Beam-Example-1
ƒ The General Approach It may be assumed that both the displacement
at B and the reaction at B are positive when in
the upward direction.
Due to a unit load of Rxn RB

Primary Structure
The displacement caused by the uniform load w
acting alone on the released structure is

Find the displacement produced by a unit value of

RB and then multiplying this displacement by RB This displacement is negative because the
in order to obtain the displacement caused by RB. displacement is assumed to be positive when
in the upward direction.
February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 5

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept- Beam-Example-1

ƒ Superposition of the displacements due to the load w and the reaction RB must produce zero
displacement of the beam at point B.
ƒ Thus, the compatibility equation is

ƒ Displacement due to a unit is a flexibility coefficient action.

ƒ If all terms in the equation are expressed with the same sign convention, then the sign of the
final result will denote the true direction of the redundant action.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 6

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-2
1. Pick a sufficient number of redundants corresponding to the degree of indeterminacy

Statically indeterminate to the second

degree

Four possibilities for the Primary structure

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 7

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-2

Reactive forces at joints B and C , RB (Q1) and

RC(Q1) are selected as redundant actions.

Q1 Q2

2. Remove the redundants

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 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-2
3. Determine displacements at the redundant on released structure due to external or
imposed actions
DQL is used to represent a displacement
corresponding to a redundant Q and caused
by the loads on the structure.

DQL1 displacement corresponding to a

redundant Q1 and caused by the loads on the
structure.
DQL2 displacement corresponding to a
redundant Q2 and caused by the loads on the
structure.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 9

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-2

4. Determine displacements due to unit loads at the redundant on the released structure

For Q1 = 1 the flexibility coefficient F11 is the

displacement corresponding to Q1 due to a unit
value of Q1 and the coefficient F21 is the
displacement corresponding to Q2 due to a unit
value of Q1

For Q2 = 1 the flexibility coefficient F12 is the

displacement corresponding to Q1 due to a unit
value of Q2 and the coefficient F22 is the
displacement corresponding to Q2 due to a unit
value of Q2

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 10

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-2

5. Employ equation of compatibility

ƒ The superposition equations expressing the conditions of compatibility at joints Band C of the
actual beam may now be written. Since the translational displacements at supports B and C are
zero, the equations become

ƒ The first of these equations represents the total displacement at B, which consists of three parts:
the displacement due to loads, the displacement due to Q1 and the displacement due to Q2.
ƒ The superposition of all three displacements gives the total displacement, which is zero.
February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 11

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-2

5. Employ equation of compatibility
ƒ If there is support movements corresponding to the redundants and if DQ1 & DQ2
represent the actual displacements in the beam corresponding to Q1 and Q2.
ƒ The superposition equations express the fact that the final displacements corresponding
to Q1 and Q2 are equal to the sums of the displacements.

ƒ If there are no support displacements, as assumed in this problem, then DQ1 and DQ2 are
both zero.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 12

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-2
ƒ The superposition equations can be written in matrix form as

ƒ The vector Q of redundants can be obtained by solving the above equation

When the matrix DQ a null matrix

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 13

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-2

ƒ In order to have a specific example, assume that the beam has constant
flexural rigidity EI in both spans and that the actions on the beam are as
follows:

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-2
ƒ The flexibility matrix F

As the final step in the analysis, the redundant actions Q can be obtained:

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 15

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-3

ƒ The three-span continuous beam with constant flexural rigidity EI and is acted
upon by a uniform load w in span AB and concentrated loads P at the midpoints of
spans BC and CD.

1. Pick a sufficient number of

redundants corresponding to the
degree of indeterminacy
Since the structure is statically indeterminate to
the second degree, two redundant actions, the
bending moments at joints B and C are chosen.
When these moments are removed from the
beam by inserting hinges at B and C, the
released structure is seen to consist of three
simple beams.
February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 16
Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-3
2. Remove the redundants

3. Determine displacements at the redundants on released structure due to

external or imposed actions
The displacement corresponding to one of the redundant moments consists of the
sum of two rotations, one in each adjoining span.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 17

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-3

4. Determine displacements due to unit loads at the redundants on the released
structure

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 18

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-3
5. Employ equation of compatibility
ƒ The matrix DQ is null because the beam is continuous across supports B and C.

• Having obtained these moments at the supports, the remaining bending moments
in the beam, as well as shearing forces and reactions, can be found by statics.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 19

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-4

A continuous beam ABC is carrying a uniformly distributed load of 1 kN/m in
addition to a concentrated load of 10 kN as shown in Fig. Draw bending moment
and shear force diagram. Assume EI to be constant for all members.
It is observed that the continuous beam is
statically indeterminate to first degree. Choose
the reaction at B, RBy as the redundant. The
primary structure is a simply supported beam
as shown

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 20

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-4
Compute the deflection at B, in the released structure due to uniformly distributed load and
concentrated load.

Apply a unit load at B in the direction of ByR(upwards) and calculate the deflection at B
of the following structure.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 21

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Beam-Example-4

In the actual structure, the deflection at B is zero. Hence, the compatibility equation
may be written as

The other two reactions are calculated by static equilibrium equations

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 22

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss
ƒ The truss is said to be statically indeterminate when the total number of reactions and
member axial forces exceed the total number of static equilibrium equations.

ƒ where j, m and r are number of members, joints and unknown reaction components
respectively.
ƒ A planar truss is said to be externally indeterminate if the number of reactions exceeds the
number of static equilibrium equations available and has exactly (2j-3) members.
ƒ A truss is said to be internally indeterminate if it has exactly three reaction components and
more than (2j-3) members.
ƒ Finally a truss is both internally and externally indeterminate if it has more than three
reaction components and also has more than (2j-3) members.
February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 23

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss

ƒ The basic method for the analysis of indeterminate truss by force method is similar to the
indeterminate beam analysis
ƒ Determine the degree of static indeterminacy of the structure.
ƒ Identify the number of redundant reactions equal to the degree of indeterminacy.
ƒ The redundants must be so selected that when the restraint corresponding to the redundants
are removed, the resulting truss is statically determinate and stable.
ƒ Select redundant as the reaction component in excess of three and the rest from the
member forces.
ƒ However, one could choose redundant actions completely from member forces.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 24

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-EXAMPLE

ƒ The plane truss is statically indeterminate to the second

degree.
ƒ The horizontal reaction at the support B (positive to the
right) and the axial force in bar AD (positive when
tension) are selected as the redundants,

m=6 ,r=4 ,j=4

(6+4) - 2*4 = 2 Released structure

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 25

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-1

ƒ Determining the displacements in the released structure corresponding to Q1 and

Q2 and due to the loads P and 2P acting at joint A.
ƒ Assuming that all members of the truss have the same axial rigidity EA,it is found
that the displacements due to the loads P and 2P are

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 26

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-1

ƒ The next step in the analysis involves the determination of the displacements in
the released structure corresponding to Q1, and Q2 and caused by unit values of
Q1, and Q2.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 27

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-1

ƒ Assuming that there are no support displacements in the truss. the redundants Q

ƒ Therefore, the horizontal reactive force at B

and the axial force in bar AD is

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 28

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 29

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Truss-Example-2

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 39

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Frame

ƒ The force method of analysis can readily be employed to analyze the indeterminate
frames.
ƒ The basic steps in the analysis of indeterminate frame by force method are the same as that
discussed in the analysis of indeterminate beams in the previous lessons.
ƒ Under the action of external loads, the frames undergo axial and bending deformations.
ƒ Since the axial rigidity of the members is much higher than the bending rigidity, the axial
deformations are much smaller than the bending deformations and are normally not
considered in the analysis.
ƒ The compatibility equations for the frame are written with respect to bending deformations
only.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 40

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Frame-Example-1

Step-1 Determine the degree of static Indeterminacy

ƒ Number of members =2 , Rxn = 6 ,joint Number =3
ƒ Unknown member action = 2*3 = 6
ƒ Unknown Reaction action = 2*3 =6
ƒ Total Unknowns = 12
ƒ Number of Equilibrium equations = 3*3 = 9
ƒ Degree of static Indeterminacy = 12 – 9 = 3
Constant flexural rigidity EI ƒ The structure is statically indeterminate to the third degree.
and constant axial rigidity EA

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 41

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Frame-Example-1

Step-2 Select the Redundant and determine primary structure.
ƒ A suitable released structure is obtained by cutting the frame at
joint B ,releasing two forces and a bending moment.
ƒ These released actions are the redundant Q1, Q2, and Q3.
ƒ A displacement in the released structure corresponding to Q1
consists of the horizontal translation of end B of member AB
(taken positive to the right) plus the horizontal translation of end B
of member BC (taken positive to the left)(The displacement
corresponding to Q1 consists of the sum of two translations and
represents a relative displacement between the two points labeled
B.
ƒ In a similar manner the displacements corresponding to Q2 and Q3
can be defined as the sum of two vertical translations and two
rotations, respectively, at joint B.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 42

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Frame-Example-1

3. Determine displacements at the redundant on released

structure due to external or imposed actions
ƒ The released structure consists of two cantilever
members (AB and BC )

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 43

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Frame-Example-1

3. Determine displacements at the redundant on released

structure due to external or imposed actions
ƒ The final displacements caused by the load P can
now be obtained by combining the above results:

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 44

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Frame-Example-1

4. Determine displacements due to unit loads at the redundant on the released structure
ƒ Consider first the released structure with the action Q, = 1 applied to it.
ƒ The displacements at end B of member AB are
ƒ The displacements at end B of member BC are

Therefore, the final values of the three flexibility

coefficients

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 45

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Frame-Example-1

4. Determine displacements due to unit loads at the

redundant on the released structure
ƒ Actions Q2 = 1 and Q3 = 1 acting on the released
structure

February 23, 2021 Flexibilityy Method 46

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Frame-Example-1

5. Employ equation of compatibility

ƒ Obtain the inverse of the flexibility matrix and then to substitute it, as well as the matrix DQL
ƒ To simplify H= L and non-dimensional parameter Ȗ,

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 47

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Frame-Example-1

5. Employ equation of compatibility
ƒ The matrix DQ is null because the beam is continuous across support B.

If axial deformations are neglected altogether

(that is, Ȗ = 0), the redundants become

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Grid-example

Step-1 Determine the degree of static Indeterminacy

ƒ Number of members =2 , Rxn = 6 ,joint Number =3
ƒ Unknown member action = 2*3 = 6
ƒ Unknown Reaction action = 2*3 =6
ƒ Total Unknowns = 12
ƒ Number of Equilibrium equations = 3*3 = 9

Flexural rigidity EI, and ƒ Degree of static Indeterminacy = 12 – 9 = 3

torsional rigidity GJ ƒ The structure is statically indeterminate to the third degree.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 49

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Grid-Example-1

Step-2 Select the Redundant and determine

primary structure.
ƒ The redundants that are chosen for this example
are released by cutting the grid at joint B giving a
released structure in the form of two cantilever
beams.
ƒ There are no other internal actions at joint B.
because in a grid with only vertical loads there are
no horizontal forces between members and no
couples about a vertical axis.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 50

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Grid-Example-1

3. Determine displacements at the redundant on released

structure due to external or imposed actions
ƒ When the load P is applied to the released structure ,
displacements DQL are produced.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 51

Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Grid-Example-1

4. Determine displacements due to unit loads

at the redundant on the released structure

F
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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Grid-Example-1

4. Determine displacements due to unit loads

at the redundant on the released structure

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Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Grid-Example-1

5. Employ equation of compatibility

ƒ This matrix can be written in a simpler form
by introducing a nondimensional parameter r,
defined as the ratio of the flexural and
torsional rigidities:

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 54

 Flexibility Method-Basic Concept-Grid-Example-1

5. Employ equation of compatibility

Finally yields the vector of redundants:

• If the members AB and BC are torsionally very

weak, then p can be considered as infinitely
large.
• The above formulas then give the following
values for the redundants (after dividing the
numerators and denominators by p):

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 55

Temperature Changes, Prestrains, and Support Displacements

ƒ The effects of temperature changes, prestrains of members, and Support displacements can be
incorporated into the analysis by including them in the calculation of displacements in the released
structure.
ƒ If the changes are assumed to occur in the released structure due to effects of temperature changes,
there will be displacements corresponding to the redundant actions Q.
ƒ These displacements can be identified by the symbol DOT, which is analogous to the symbol DQL
used previously to represent displacements in the released structure corresponding to the redundants
and caused by the loads.
ƒ The temperature displacements DOT in the released structure may be due to either uniform changes in
temperature or to differential changes in temperature.
ƒ When the matrix DQT of displacements due to temperature changes has been obtained, it can be
added to the matrix DQL of displacements due to loads to give the sum of all displacements in the
released structure.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 56

 Temperature Changes, Prestrains, and Support Displacements
ƒ Prestrain of a member , an initial deformation of the member due to any of various
causes , can be handled in a manner analogous to that for temperature changes.
ƒ These displacements are denoted DQP, signifying that they correspond to the redundants
and are due to prestrain effects.
ƒ The matrix DQp for the prestrain displacements can then be added to the matrices DQL
and DQT to give the sum of all displacements in the released structure.
ƒ Then the sum of all displacements is included in the equation of superposition, as
follows:

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 57

Temperature Changes, Prestrains, and Support Displacements

ƒ Known displacements occurring at the restraints (or supports) of a structure. There are two
possibilities to be considered, depending upon whether or not the restraint displacement
corresponds to one of the redundant actions Q.
ƒ If the restraint displacement does correspond to a redundant, its effects can be taken into
account by including the displacement in the vector DQ of actual displacements in the
structure.
ƒ When the restraint displacements are assumed to occur in the released structure, there will
be displacements DQR corresponding to the redundants Q.
ƒ When these displacements have been found, the matrix DQR can be obtained. Then this
matrix can be added to the other matrices representing displacements in the released
structure.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 58

 Temperature Changes, Prestrains, and Support Displacements
ƒ The combination of all matrices representing displacements in the released structure will be
denoted DQC and it can be expressed as follows:

ƒ DQC contains displacements due to all causes, including, loads, temperature changes,
prestrain effects, and restraint displacements.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 59

Temperature Changes, Prestrains, and Support Displacements

Example-1
ƒ The beam is assumed to be subjected to a linear temperature gradient such that the top
VXUIDFHRIWKHEHDPKDVDWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJH¨T2 , ZKLOHWKHORZHUVXUIDFHKDVDFKDQJH¨T1
• The inverse of the flexibility matrix may be taken from
the former solution

• For the released structure for the beam ABC , the cantilever beam, if the temperature change ¨T1
is greater than ¨T2 , the released beam will deflect upward, redundants are denoted DQT1 and
DQT2.
• These displacements can be calculated by the unit-load method

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 Temperature Changes, Prestrains, and Support Displacements
Example-1 In these expressions a is the coefficient of thermal
expansion for the material, and d is the depth of the beam.
The vector DQT is

If only the effects of temperature are considered in the

analysis of the beam, the vector DQT becomes the vector
DQC

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 61

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

ƒ Instead of finding actions other than redundants in the structure by using principles of static
equilibrium after the redundants have been calculated, it is more systematic to incorporate the
calculations for the joint displacements, member end-actions, and support reactions directly
into the basic computations for the flexibility method.
ƒ That is, the task of finding the various actions and displacements that are of interest can be
performed in parallel with the computations for finding the redundants instead of postponing
them as separate calculations to be performed after the redundants are determined.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 62

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

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Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

• The joint displacements in a structure

will be denoted by the general
symbol DJ, and numerical subscripts
will be used to identify the individual
joint displacements.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 64

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.
• The member end-actions are the couples and forces that act at the ends of a member
when it is considered to be isolated from the remainder of the structure.
• For the beam under consideration, the end-actions are the bending moments and
shearing forces at the ends of the members.

• These end-actions must be evaluated according to a specified sign convention, which

may be either a deformation sign convention (related to how the member is deformed)
or a statical sign convention (related to the direction of the action in space).
• The positive directions shown in Figure are based upon a statical sign convention that
upward forces and counterclockwise moments are positive.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 65

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

• In the released structure subjected
to the loads, these displacements
are denoted by the general symbol
DJL and, in particular, the rotations
at joints Band C are labeled DJLJ
and DJL2, respectively.
• Both of these quantities can be
found from an analysis of the
cantilever beam.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 66

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.
• The released structure
subjected to unit values of
the redundants must be
considered

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 67

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 68

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method

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Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

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Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 71

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 72

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

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Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 74

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 75

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 76

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 77

Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions.

• The sum of the shearing forces AM1 and AM3 must be equal to the redundant reaction
Q1 because there is no vertical load on the beam at joint B.

• Also, the sum of the bending moments AM2 and AM4 must be equal to the moment M
acting as a load at joint B.

• The released structure subjected to unit values of the redundants must be considered

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 78

Flexibilities of Prismatic Members
ƒ Member-oriented axes (local coordinates) ; x, y and z
ƒ Structure-oriented axes (global coordinates) ; XM, YM, and ZM
ƒ These axes are assumed to have their origin at the j end of the member. The XM axis is
aligned with the member axis and is taken positive from j to k.
ƒ Axes YM and ZM lie in the principal planes of bending for a member, but this arrangement
is not essential for analyzing trusses .
ƒ prismatic members that are restrained at their j ends and free at their k ends

February 23, 2021 Flexibility Method 79

Flexibilities of Prismatic Members

Beam

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Flexibilities of Prismatic Members
Truss

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Flexibilities of Prismatic Members

Plane Frame

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 Flexibilities of Prismatic Members
Grid

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Flexibilities of Prismatic Members

Space Frame

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 Formalization of the Flexibility method
(Explanation using principle of complimentary virtual work)

For each member,

^DMi ` > FMi @^ AMi `

Here^D Mi ` contains relative displacements of the k end
H
with respect to j end of the i-th member

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xIf there are m members in the structure,

­ ^D M  ` ½ ª> FM  @ > @ > @ " > @ " > @ º ­ ^ AM  ` ½

° ° « »° °
°^ D M  ` ° « > @ > FM  @ > @ " > @ " > @ »° ^ AM  ` °
°^D M  ` ° « > @ > @ > FM  @ " > @ " > @ » °^ AM  `°
° ° « »° °
® # ¾ « # # # % # % # »® # ¾
° ^D ` ° « > @ > @ > @ " > FMi @ " > @ » °° ^ AMi ` °°
° Mi ° « »
° # ° « # # # % # % # »° # °
° °
¯^D Mm `¿ ¬ > @
« > @ > @ " > @ " > FMm @¼» ¯°^ AMm `¿°

^DM ` > FM @^ AM `
)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

^DM ` > FM @^ AM `
> FM @ is the unassembled flexibility matrix of the entire structure
xMember end actions in ^ AM `will be related to the
structure actions^ AS ` applied to the released structure
structure.

^ AS ` consists of jjoint loads ^ AJ ` and redundant actions ^ AQ `

Hence, ^ AM ` > BMS @^ AS `

Action
A i transformation
f i matrix
i
(equilibrium matrix)

­°^ AJ `½°
i.e., ^ AM ` ª> BMJ @ ªBMQ ºº ®
¬ ¬ ¼ ¼ ^ A `¾
°¯ Q ¿°

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

> BMJ @ relate

l t ^ AM ` to ^ AJ ` and

ª¬ BMQ º¼ relate ^ AM ` to ^A `
Q

xEach column in the submatrix > BMJ @ consists of

member end actions caused by a unit value of a joint
pp
load applied to the released structure.

xEach column in the submatrix ª¬ BMQ º¼ consists of

member end actions caused by a unit value of a
redundant applied to the released structure.
)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

xSuppose an arbitrary set of virtual actions ^G AS `

is applied on the structure.

­^G AJ `½°
^G AM ` > BMS @^G AS ` ª> BMJ @ ¬ª BMQQ ¼º º °®
¬ ¼ ^G A `¾
¯° Q ¿°
External complimentary virtual work produced by the
virtual loads ^G AS ` and actual displacements ^DS ` is

7 ­ DJ ½
GW ^G AS ` ^DS ` ª«^G AJ `
7 7

¬
^ Q ` º»¼ ® D ¾
G A
¯ Q¿
Internal complimentary virtual work produced by the
virtual member end actions ^G AM ` and actual (relative)
end displacements ^DM ` is

^G AM ` ^DM `
7
GU

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG
xEquating the above two (principle of complimentary
virtual
i t l work),
k)

^G AS ` ^DS ` ^G AM ` ^DM `
7 7

But ^ AM ` > BMS @^ AS ` and ^DM ` > FM @^ AM `

Also, ^G AM ` > BMS @^G AS `
^G AS ` ^DS ` ^G AS ` > BMS @ > FM @> BMS @^ AS `
7 7 7
Hence,

^DS ` > BMS @ > FM @> BMS @^ AS `

7

^DS ` > FS @^ AS `
Where,

> FS @ > BMS @ > FM @> BMS @ , the assembled flexibility matrix
7

for the entire structure.

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

> FS @ is p
partitioned into submatrices related to:

joint loads ^ AJ `
and redundant actions ^A ` Q

­°^DJ `°½ ª > FJJ @ ¬ª FJQQ ¼º º» ­°^ AJ `½°

^DS ` > FS @^ AS ` Ÿ ® ¾ « ® ¾
^ `
°¯ Q ¿°
D « ª¬ FQJ º¼
¬ ª¬ FQQ ¼º »¼ °¯^ AQ `°¿

Where,

> FJJ @ > BMJ @ > FM @> BMJ @ > BMJ @ > FM @ ª¬ BMQ º¼
7 7
ª¬ FJQ º¼

¬ª BMQ ¼º > FM @ > BMJ @ ª¬ BMQ º¼ > FM @ ª¬ BMQ º¼

7 7
¬ª FQJ ¼º ª¬ FQQ º¼

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

^DJ ` > FJJ @^ AJ `  ª¬ FJQ º¼ ^ AQ `

^D ` Q
ª¬ FQJ º¼ ^ AJ `  ª¬ FQQ º¼ ^ AQ `

Ÿ ^ AQ ` ª¬ FQQ º¼ ª¬^DQ `  ª¬ FQJ º¼ ^ AJ `¼º



x Once redundants AQ are found,

^DJ ` can be found out from,,

^DJ ` > FJJ @^ AJ `  ª¬ FJQ º¼ ^ AQ `

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

x Similarly, support reactions caused by joint loads and

redundant can be obtained with an action transformation
matrix > BRS @
­^ AJ `°½
^ AR ` > BRS @^ AS ` ª> BRJ @ ¬ª BRQ ¼º º °®
¬ ¼ ^ A `¾
°¯ Q ¿°

xEach column in the submatrix > BRJ @ consists of support

reactions
i causedd by
b a unit
i value
l off a joint
j i load
l d applied
li d to
the released structure.
ªB º
xEach column in the submatrix ¬ RQ ¼ consists of
support
pp reactions caused by
y a unit value of a
redundant applied to the released structure.

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG
x If actual or equivalent joint loads are applied
directly to the supports,

^ AR `  ^ ARC `  > BRJ @^ AJ `  ª¬ BRQ º¼ ^ AQ `

represents
t combined
bi d jjoint
i t lloads
d ((actual
t l and
d
^ ARC ` equivalent) applied directly to the supports.

x0ember end actions due to actual loadsare obtained by

superimposing member end actions due to restraint
actions and combined joint loads

^ AM ` ^ AMF `  > BMJ @^ AJ `  ª¬ BMQ º¼ ^ AQ `

where ^ AMF ` represents fixed end actions

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

•Example 1:

Static indeterminacy = 2
Choose reactions at B and C as redundants

Released structure

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

AJ AJ 

DQ AQ DQ AQ

Joint actions & corresponding displacements

Redundants & corresponding displacements
Reactions other than redundants
)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

Fixed end actions

Equivalent joint loads

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

Member end actions considered

AM  AM 
A B B C
AM L AM  L

Hence member flexibility matrix,

ª L L º
ª FM  FM  º « EI  EI »
> FMi @ «F FM  »¼
« »
¬ M  « L L »
«¬  EI EI »¼
)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

ª L L º
«  EI  EI »
Member1: > FM  @ « »
« L L »
«¬  EI  EI ¼»

ª L L º
« EI  EI »
Member2: > FM  @ « »
« L L »
«¬  EI EI »¼

Unassembled flexibility matrix ª    º

« »
L «   
> FM @ »
 EI «     »
« »
¬   ¼

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

To find [BMS] and [BRS] matrices:

[BMS] and [BRS] are found from the released structure when
it is subjected to AJ   AJ   AQ   AQ   separately.

AJ  

AJ  

AQ 

AQ  
)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

AJ  


A B C

   

AJ  


A B C

   

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

L A B C

AQ 


L   

L A B C

AQ  

 L L L 
)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

AJ1 AJ2 AQ1 AQ2

    
ª    L  L º
« »
> BMS @ ª> BMJ @ ª¬ BMQ º¼ º «   L »
¬ ¼ «    L »
« »
¬    ¼

AJ1 AJ2 AQ1 AQ2

   
ª    º
> BRS @ ª> BRJ @ ª¬ BRQQ º¼ º
¬ ¼ « »
¬    L  L ¼

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

> FS @ > BMS @ > FM @> BMS @

7

ª    º ª     º ª    L  L º
«    » L «     » «    L »
»
« » « »«
« L    »  EI «     » «    L »
« » « »« »
¬  L L L ¼ ¬     ¼ ¬     ¼
)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

ª    º ª    L L º
«    » L «  L L »
« » « »
« L    »  EI «     L »
« » « »
¬  L L L ¼ ¬   L ¼

ª   L L º
L «   L L » ª > FJJ @
« » ª¬FJQ º¼ º
« »
EI «L L L L » «ªFQJ º
 
ª¬FQQ º¼»¼
«  »
¬¬ ¼
¬L L L L ¼

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

R d d t
Redundants:

^A ` ¬ª FQQ ¼º ª¬^DQ `  ¬ª FQJ ¼º ^ AJ `¼º


Q ^D ` Q

is a null matrix
?^ AQ `  ª¬ FQQ º¼ ª¬ FQJ º¼ ^ AJ `



ª  L L º ª L L º
« EI  EI » « EI  EI » PL ­ ½
^A `
Q «  
» «  » ® ¾
L »  ¯ ¿

« L L » « L
«¬ EI  EI »¼ «¬ EI  EI »¼
)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

 PL ª º ª  º ­ ½  P ª º ­  ½

^A `
Q ® ¾
L «¬   ¼» ¬« ¼» ¯ ¿
® ¾
 «¬   ¼» ¯¿

­ P ½
® ¾
¯  P  ¿
In the subsequent
q calculations,, the above values of {{AQ}
should be used.

However, the
H h final
fi l values
l off redundants
d d are obtained
b i d byb
including actual or equivalent joint loads applied directly
to the supports
supports.

­ P ½ ­ P  ½ ­ P ½
Thus ^ AQ `
Thus,  ^ AQC `  ^ AQ `  ® ¾® ¾ ® ¾
FINAL
¯  P ¿ ¯  P ¿ ¯P ¿

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

Joint displacements:

^DJ ` > FJJ @^ AJ `  ª¬ FJQ º¼ ^ AQ `

L ª   º PL ­  ½ L ª L  L º ­ P  ½
« » ® ¾  « »® ¾
 EI ¬  ¼  ¯  ¿  EI ¬ L L ¼ ¯  P ¿

PL ­  ½ PL ­ ½
® ¾ ® ¾
 EI ¯ ¿  EI ¯ ¿

PL ­ ½
® ¾
EI ¯ ¿
)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

Member end actions:

^ AM ` ^ AMF `  > BMJ @^ AJ `  ª¬ BMQ º¼ ^ AQ `

­ PL  ½ ª  º ª L  L º
°  PL  ° «   » « L »­ P  ½
° ° « PL ­  ½ « 
^ AM ` ® ¾ » ® ¾ »® ¾
°  PL  ° «  »  ¯  ¿ «   L » ¯  P ¿
°¯  PL  °¿ ¬«   ¼» «
¬  ¼
»

­ PL  ½ ­  PL  ½ ­ PL  ½ ­ PL  ½
°  PL  ° ° PL  ° °  PL  ° °  PL  °
° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
® ¾® ¾® ¾ ® ¾
°  PL  ° °  PL  ° ° PL  ° ° PL  °
°¯ 
 PL  °¿ °¯  PL  °¿ °¯  °¿ °¯  °¿

)RUPDOL]DWLRQRIWKH)OH[LELOLW\PHWKRG

Reactions other than redundants:

^ AR `  ^ ARC `  > BRJ @^ AJ `  ª¬ BRQ º¼ ^ AQ `

represents combined joint loads (actual and

^ ARC `
equivalent) applied directly to the supports.

­  P ½
° ° ª  º PL ­  ½ ª   º ­ P  ½
^ AR `  ® PL ¾  « »  ® ¾  «  L ® ¾

°¯  ¿° ¬    ¼ ¯ ¿ ¬  L »¼ ¯  P  ¿

­ P ½ ­  ½ ­  ½ ­ P ½
° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
® PL ¾  ® PL ¾  ® PL ¾ ® PL ¾
°¯  °¿ °¯   °¿ ¯°  ¿° °¯  °¿
 "TTJHONFOU

5

10 kN/m
/ 40 kN 100 kN
B C D
A 2m
4m 4m 2m

Calculate the support reactions in the continuous beam ABCD due to loading as shown
in Fig. Assume EI to be constant throughout.

• : C
Member AB is too short by 1 mm.
(i.e.,
( , AB is 1 mm shorter than
required, hence it has to be
pulled to fit in the frame). All
D
membersb h
have i l
cross sectional 300
300
areas 35 cm and E=2.1x10 t/cm2
2 3
A 300 300 B

10m

Calculate the support reactions and all memeber forces