CHAPTER I

Introduction

Background of the Study

Bacolod City's existing facility for getting rid of trash can only process up to 400MT/day,

occupying landfill facilities on a total of 7.11 hectares of land, inner access road and buffer zone.

The disposal facility is located at Brgy. Felisa section of Bacolod City in the southeast.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major issue in the countries worldwide.

This problem is more sensitive in developing countries, because the total amount of MSW has

dramatically increased due to rapid urbanization and industrialization in the cities of developing

countries.(Abdel-Shafy and Mansour 2018)

Solid waste management is considered a pressing global issue calling for an immediate

response from the government and its people. The Philippines has a continuously rising amount

of waste and is expected to further increase in the succeeding years. As reviewed, associated

problems with solid waste management in the country include an increasing amount of solid

waste, weak law implementation, scarcity of sanitary landfills, and improper disposal. The

ultimate solution existing in the country is the RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 which highlights the practices of segregation, proper disposal, and

waste diversion. The importance of envisioning a trash-free Philippines and encouraging

people’s participation and awareness is also emphasized. Another possible solution to solid

waste management is valorization which can also address other environmental problems such as

the depletion of natural resources(Coracero et al. 2021)

1
 Global rise in population and general economic growth experienced since the end of the

last global recession has enhanced the purchasing power of people and consequently brought

about an increase in the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). The solid waste

management (SWM) sector has been identified to be responsible for the emission of 5% of all

greenhouse gas emissions globally. The fact that the SWM sector is not among the industries

with very high carbon footprints does not exonerate it from utilizing available opportunities to

curtail its carbon footprint and become more sustainable.

To address these issues, many cities in developing countries focus one establishing an

integrated solid waste management system based on the 3Rs and trying to reduce the amount of

waste generation at source rather than later at the end-of-pipe. However, these efforts are still

very limited with a mix of results and relatively few efforts have been made to regulate organic

materials that usually comprise over 50% of the total waste generation in the cities.(State 2020)

Problems related with inefficient management of solid waste have been considered as one

of the most urgent socio-economic and environmental concerns for governments at all levels.

With the rapid growth of population, urbanization, as well as life style changes, anthropogenic

impact is the main reason that degrades livelihoods of the ecosystem and all associated creatures.

Despite the fact that solid waste is the globally major issue that needs development, developing

countries, particularly communities, have encountered many a problem related to insufficient

capacity and knowledge to prevent waste generation, properly manage waste, and handle with

impacts of waste.(Alice et al. 2020)

2
General objectives

This project proposal aims to develop a solid waste management center in response to the

problem of solid waste management in Bacolod city.

Specific objectives

Bacolod City’s future Solid waste management center has the following specific

objectives:

 Provide a predictable, stable framework for waste disposal.

 Protect the environment by reducing toxicity, reducing waste volumes, and encouraging

sustainable resource management. Public health, safety and the environment must

continue to be principal concerns of all solid waste managers.

 be fair and consistent in establishing and enforcing regulation

Statement of problem

Solid waste management is very critical in the view of public health and sustainable

development. It curbs the spread of diseases such as cholera and also creates opportunities for

employment. Local authorities have challenges in solid waste management due to lack of

resources, rapid population growth and rural urban migration.

Ineffective solid waste management has posed problems all across the Philippines.

Bacolod is one of the cities produces a lot of waste, based on the data of the Solid Waste

Management Board (SWMB), Bacolod generates close to 400 tons of garbage per day, which is

then improperly disposed of. Solid waste collection is quite sporadic, and in certain situations

certain suburbs may go more than a month without such a service. There are significant problems

3
with air, water, and soil pollution as a result of the spread of illegal solid waste dumpsites. This

has made the spread of illnesses like cholera increasingly. Sustainable development is at odds

with such actions. The township's open dump site, which is currently in use, is unable to handle

the rising demand for waste generated by the township's expanding population and the

emergence of commercial activities like vending. The open dump site's loose papers and plastics

are dispersed around the area by the wind, which greatly lowers the area's aesthetic value. Solid

waste has been the subject of numerous studies, the majority of which focused on the

investigation of present solid waste management in an effort to identify long-term solutions to

the problems experienced in the places under study.

Theoretical framework

Resource utilization is one of the most effective and ecological ways to manage the waste

and extract the best use of it. Instead of discarded all of waste into landfills, a large amount of

organic and recyclable waste is considered a valuable source of alternative energy, raw materials,

and byproducts. As such, it is essential to manage waste with appropriate technologies for greater

management outcomes and more rigorous in monitoring and evaluating SWM system.

Comparing people’s perception on waste in past decades to the current situation, solid

waste has increasingly gained more attention on its values rather than being discarded

substances. Waste utilization has widely been implemented in numerous ways ranging from a

small scale at household level to a very large scale as a power plant. In Asia, waste utilization

methods include, for example, composting, recycling, refuse derived fuel (RDF) or solid

recovered fuel (SRF), incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification. Important factors of the success in

waste utilization are appropriateness of technologies, readiness of facilities and skilled staff

4
together with quality and quantity of waste. Factors that affect performance of resource recovery

process are heterogeneity of waste, uncertainty of supply, unproven technology, administrative

and industrial constraints, legal restriction, and uncertain market. Techniques that are involved in

waste volume reduction and utilization are generally done by compaction (mechanically reduces

volume of waste), chemical volume reduction (combustion or digestion); and mechanical size

reduction (shredding, grinding, and milling), and component separation (hand-sorting, air

separation, magnetic separation, and screening),

Incineration is a process of burning combustible components materials. Generally, this

method is operated under two systems namely open or closed systems. In the open system, waste

is incinerated in a chamber open to the air, whereas the closed system contains a special chamber

designed with various parts to facilitate incineration. Incinerators in both systems require a

chimney of appropriate height to provide a good flow of air through the combustion chamber.

Sizes of incinerators can be varied depending on waste volume to be incinerated. Getting a

proper site as a location for incineration can be burdensome. To have a proper management,

skilled staff are highly important for operation and maintenance the system.

Municipal solid waste leachate, a kind of wastewater, can severely damage the

environment and contaminate the groundwater because of its high organic matter and toxic

heavy metal concentrations. Due to its complex composition, this wastewater must be properly

treated prior to being discharged into the environment. In recent decades, several biological

approaches (e.g., bioremediation, phytoremediation, and bioreactors) and physicochemical

processes (e.g., coagulation/flocculation, air stripping, and advanced oxidation processes) have

proven effective at removing the organic load and the toxicity of this effluent. Physicochemical

treatments have been applied as pretreatment or post-treatment steps for biological processes, but

5
these methods do not always provide satisfactory results and can cause secondary pollution in

some cases. In addition, owing to the high concentrations of organic matter, ammonia, and trace

metals in landfill leachate, combined approaches to leachate treatment have been reported to be

efficient. This article highlights the advantages and drawbacks of these approaches to the

treatment of leachate by providing an updated overview of the various methods that have been

successfully applied in this field. Further studies should focus on improving landfill leachate

treatment to maximize removal performance.

Conceptual framework

Output
Input
Process
Project development,
Preliminary utilization and
Technical Background and
Requirement maintenance
Research Methodology
Problem statement and Research Design/Method of
opportunities Research
Observation on the Method of Collecting Data
current situation Solid Waste
Project Cycle
Sample form and reports
Related Literature And
Management
system Center

The figure above is the conceptual framework of the project entitled Waste Management

with Reward System. It is based on IPO model or also known as the input, process and output

model.

6
Input

The input phase or the knowledge requirement stage consists of the following:

 Problem Statement and opportunities - the researchers selected to conduct a study

on Solid Waste Management plan.

 Research and Observation on the current situation- The researchers conducted a

research and observation method to further understands the processes involved in

the current ways to manage waste.

 Sample forms and reports – the researchers also gathered the sample forms and

reports. This serves as a guide in the preparation of form design and reports of the

system.

 Related Literature and Systems – the researchers conducted research on the

different literatures and related systems to serve as a guide in the development of

a Solid waste Management Center.

Process

 Method of Research

The researcher employed descriptive-developmental research methods. The

typical processes of planning, conducting, and reporting a research project—problem

definition, literature reviews, and research procedures—are described in this paper.

Descriptive research explains what the study is about. The study focuses on the

current condition, with the goal of discovering new truths. It is concerned with

existing relationship conditions, methods that succeed, ongoing processes, and

developing effects. Descriptive research entails components of interpretation of the

7
relevance of what is presented, with the primary emphasis on the finding of ideas and

insights.

 Method of Collecting Data

The researchers used internet as a way to get in-depth and to gather data. It

consists detailed information and data about solid waste. The interviewer will ask

questions from a written questionnaire and recorded the answers in order to

summarize the findings.

 Project Cycle
During Analysis and Quick Design, the researchers performed an interview with

the respondents in the location of the study. Respondents were given the opportunity

to make suggestions and requests about how the system should be created and

developed. Following data collection, the researchers created an early design for the

developed system.

 Plan cycle

This phase comprises the process of developing a Solid waste management center,

demonstrating it, and refining the data acquired. The researchers created a planned

design of the proposed project, which was then shown to the responders. The

researchers demonstrated the Project’s operation, the flow of how it operates, and the

functions of the elements included in the project. Refinement is the final stage. This

included improvements to the flow, and functionality based on the needs provided by

the respondents. This aided the researchers in generating a preliminary set of system

requirements.

8
Output

The final product of the study is Waste Management with Reward System that will help

to effectively manage waste as well as encourage individuals to properly manage their waste by

giving rewards. Implementation of the system is highly encouraged.

The development of this Solid Waste Management Center comes with a number of

advantages. One of the most significant advantages is that it contributes to the maintenance of a

clean environment. This helps to cut down on the amount of waste that is transported to landfills,

which is a significant problem for the surrounding ecosystem.

Significance of Study

The study will be beneficial to the following:

Local Government of Bacolod City. The result of the study will help the officials of

Bacolod City in complying with the provisions of RA 9275 (Clean Water Act), RA 9003

(Ecological Solid Waste Management Act) and with the conditions stipulated in their

Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) under PD 1586 (Philippine Environmental Impact

Statement System). It will also aid as a guide in the planning process for the construction of a

sanitary landfill in the future. Moreover, it is beneficial in the formulation of policies for local

waste management and health prevention in their jurisdiction and raising awareness of the

inhabitants on waste disposal and hygiene.

Environment. The landfill's leachate could be dangerous and contaminated. the water

sources if it is dumped untreated because it could seep through the soil and reach water aquifers.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the significance of biological leachate treatment

facilities for preventing leachate pollution of surface and ground water.

9
 Community. The project could provide community members with knowledge or

understanding of the significance of a solid waste treatment facility's effluent discharge to

waterways, streams, or any body of water that might have an impact on the ecosystem or the

living community in the stream, such as the flora and animals.

Academe. It's possible to archive this research and use it as a source or reference in the

future. by an academic organization's prospective member who is looking for a topic the person

should do research before doing something.

Upcoming researchers. Future researchers may use the study's baseline data to construct

a comprehensive solid waste treatment plant, landfill, or waste disposal site.

School. The proposed study serves the School, personnel as their references or guide in

creating their program concerned with Waste Segregation.

Student. Providers of waste management services can assist you in correctly separating

waste, recycling it after collection, and streamlining the entire system to reduce waste output.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will concentrate on developing solid waste treatment facility in Brgy. Felisa

Bacolod City. The researcher decides to focus only on the analysis and design of a proposed

solid waste treatment plant in the city of Bacolod in relation to the degree of implementation of

RA 9003 - Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. The program provided by LGUs places a lot

of emphasis on waste collection and waste segregation, and it would be one of its goals. (a) The

knowledge of managing solid waste, (b) and the practices for managing solid waste.

Nevertheless, there are numerous equipment manufacturers, a variety of chemicals various

methods that are used to treat solid waste; thus, it is beyond the researchers' expertise.

10
Definition of terms

Conceptual and Operational

Solid Waste Management Center - Waste minimization or reduction at source is the

most desirable activity, because the community does not incur expenditure for waste handling,
recycling and disposal of waste that is never created and delivered to the waste management
system. However, it is an unfamiliar activity as it has not been included in earlier waste
management systems.

Sanitary landfill - The sanitary landfill is a method of disposing waste on land without
disturbing the environment and public health by efficiently utilizing engineering skills to confine
them in the smallest practical area possible, before reducing the volume by covering with a layer
of earth to ensure the least exposure to the air.

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act - Act No. 9003 of 2000. An Act
providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, creating the necessary
Institutional Mechanisms and Incentives, declaring certain Acts prohibited and providing
Penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes.

Leachate Pond - A Leachate Pond is a pond in which leachate (water containing

dissolved contaminants) is collected and contained. Leachate ponds are often associated with
municipal landfills.

Aerobic - Aerobic Decomposition. When organic materials decompose in the presence of

oxygen, the process is called “aerobic.” The aerobic process is most common in nature. For
example, it takes place on ground surfaces such as the forest floor, where droppings from trees
and animals are converted into a relatively stable humus.

Anaerobic decomposition - Anaerobic decomposition is a process by which a complex

mixture of symbiotic microorganisms transforms organic materials under oxygen-free conditions
into biogas, nutrients and additional cell matter, leaving salts and refractory organic matter.

Waste segregation - is the sorting and separation of waste types to facilitate recycling
and correct onward disposal. When waste is sorted correctly, it can save your company money.

11
Waste segregation should be based on: The type of waste. The most appropriate treatment and
disposal.

Sustainable development - Sustainable development is development that meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.

Rapid population growth - Rapid population growth refers to the aggressive increase of
population brought about by increased birth rates and decreased death rates. It is also caused by
industrialization and the availability of food, water, energy, and reliable medical care.

Clean Water Act - The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. 9275)
aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and
commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities).

Water aquifers - An aquifer is a body of porous rock or sediment saturated with

groundwater. Groundwater enters an aquifer as precipitation seeps through the soil. It can move
through the aquifer and resurface through springs and wells.

Solid Waste Management Center - Solid waste management facility means any solid
waste disposal area, volume reduction plant, transfer station, or other facility, the purpose of
which is the storage, collection, transportation, treatment, utilization, processing, recycling, or
disposal, or any combination thereof, of solid waste.

Sanitary landfill - designed that leachate is collected and treated, as much surface water
as is practicable should be kept from entering the fill.

Leachate Pond - remove harmful constituents so the treated water can be safely
discharged to "receiving waters.

Aerobic Decomposition - Aerobic composting uses oxygen and bacteria and replicates
natural decomposition. The process of aerobic composting can be used with all types of organic
waste and is also suitable for waste that is high in nitrogen.

Anaerobic decomposition - The materials in the anaerobic digesters break down,

releasing a variety of gases such as methane. These gases can be processed into biogas, which

12
can be used for heating and electricity, a replacement for natural gas, or as a new fuel source for
transport.

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Foreign

Artificial intelligence applications in solid waste management: A systematic research

review

The waste management processes typically involve numerous technical, climatic,

environmental, demographic, socio-economic, and legislative parameters. Such complex

nonlinear processes are challenging to model, predict and optimize using conventional methods.

(Abdallah et al. 2020)

Research challenges in municipal solid waste logistics management

During the last two decades, EU legislation has put increasing pressure on member

countries to achieve specified recycling targets for municipal household waste. These targets can

be obtained in various ways choosing collection methods, separation methods, decentral or

central logistic systems.(Bing et al. 2016)

Global knowledge base for municipal solid waste management: Framework development

and application in waste generation prediction

13
Increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has become not only a major sustainability

challenge and a considerable financial burden for municipalities across the globe, but also an

opportunity to promote a circular economy, provided adequate information is made available.(He

et al. 2022)

Solid waste issue: Sources, composition, disposal, recycling, and valorization

Disposal of solid wastes is a stinging and widespread problem in both urban and rural

areas in many developed and developing countries. Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection and

disposal is one of the major problems of urban environment in most countries worldwide today.

(Abdel-Shafy and Mansour 2018)

Solid Waste Management Awareness, Attitude, and Practices in a Philippine Catholic

Higher Education Institution

The paper assesses the solid waste management awareness, attitude, and practices of the

employees and students of a Catholic higher education institution in the Philippines. Using a

descriptive research design, the data were collected using a self-administered survey

questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.(Madrigal and Oracion

2017)

Solid Waste Management in Small Village: A Case Study

Managing solid waste is one of the most significant challenges of the rural areas of all

sizes, from the small towns and complete area villages, which are home to the mass of humanity.

It is close to always in the top five of the most challenging problems for village officers. It is

somewhat strange that it accepts so little recognition compared to other rural management

problems.(Samuel 2020)

14
Solid waste, treatment technologies, and environmental sustainability: Solid wastes and

their sustainable management practices

Waste has a long history of association with humans and other organisms. It is inevitable

and has different sources right from crop residues (agriculture), food production and its

movement through food chain, industries and their processes.(Farooqi et al. 2021)

Project specifics for the construction of a municipal solid waste treatment plant

Significant role in this field takes a construction of plants for the processing of municipal

solid waste, contributing to the neutralization of the harmful effects by different waste.(Grakhov

et al. 2021)

Designing of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) treatment plant in Onggomertan Village,

Yogyakarta

The objectives of this research were to calculate solid waste generation and composition

in Onggomertan and design the undeveloped area as MSW treatment plant.(Widiarti and

Sugiarto 2018)

Local

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act and Factors Influencing Solid Waste Management

in Barangay Pansol of Quezon City, the Philippines

With rapid increase in population and economic growth, the Republic of the Philippines

is facing a major challenge for effective management of its growing municipal waste. The

government has enacted the Republic Act 9003, which is also called the Ecological Solid Waste

15
Management Act of 2000, to overcome the challenges of waste management.(Maskey, Maharjan,

and Singh 2016)

Solid Waste Management Awareness, Attitude, and Practices in a Philippine Catholic

Higher Education Institution

Using a self-administered questionnaire, the findings showed that high school students

were more aware of the importance of waste management compared to higher secondary

students; the researcher also pointed out the need for waste management awareness to improve

the practice of waste management and parents should also be given environmental education

during parent teaching meetings or in community-based programs but awareness may not easily

be translated into practices.(Madrigal and Oracion 2018)

A study of policy implementation and community participation in the municipal solid

waste management in the Philippines

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management has become one of the most pressing

environmental concerns of the Philippines at present. Several measures have been implemented

to circumvent this issue, including waste management policies stipulated in the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2001.(Camarillo and Bellotindos 2021)

A Fuzzy Goal Programming Approach for Solid Waste Management Under Multiple

Uncertainties

Abstract In this study a fuzzy chance constrained programming approach is developed for

municipal solid waste management to minimize the net system cost and maximize the revenue

generated from different treatment facilities. Most of the parameters involved with this model are

imprecisely defined and probabilistically uncertain.(Biswas and De 2016)

16
A Review on Prediction of Municipal Solid Waste Generation Models

Development of a Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) plan is a complex

process. As a foundation and prerequisite for efficient MSWM plan, quantification and

prediction of Solid Waste (SW) generation is very much essentials.(Kolekar, Hazra, and

Chakrabarty 2016)

For Waste to Energy, Assessment of Fluff Type Solid Refuse Fuel by Thermal

Characteristics Analyses

Waste to energy could be one of the greatest sources of renewable energy in Korea,

especially municipal solid waste as it has high heat recovery rate and high energy density.

Various types of waste to energy technology exist, including refining of waste oil, plastic

pyrolysis, recovery of waste heat and SRF (Solid Refuse Fuel).(Park et al. 2016)

Strategy to improve the solid waste management of Barangay Matictic, Norzagaray,

Bulacan Strategy to improve the solid waste management of Barangay

This study shows that improvements in Solid Waste Management can be accomplished

by allocating sufficient funds and efforts into changing the behaviour of households. It is

recommended further that funding for the usual solid waste management interventions such as

landfill and recycling must be implemented only if waste generation is avoided via proper

resource planning and if waste segregation is strictly implemented through incentive programs or

awareness initiatives.

Resource Recovery through RDF: Current Trends in Solid Waste Management in the

Philippines

17
Solid waste management has always been about collection and disposal of garbage. We have

currently moved on to a more efficient collection and disposal by using Engineered Sanitary

Landfills in the Philippines. However, with the increase in population and the consequent

increase in solid waste generation, we are now running out of spaces to establish solid waste

disposal facilities.(Sapuay 2016)

Inter-Municipal Cooperation on Solid Waste Management in ASEAN:The Case of the

Philippines

The solid waste disposal system or environmental management system is one of the

devolved functions to the local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines as cited in the

Republic Act 7160 (RA 7160), also known as the Local Government Code of 1991. This

mandate has posed a huge challenge to the LGUs considering their capacity both in terms of the

technical and financial aspects(Atienza 2019)

Synthesis of the literature

Increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has become not only a major

sustainability challenge and a considerable financial burden for municipalities across the globe,

but also an opportunity to promote a circular economy, provided adequate information is made

available. (He et al., 2022) Multiple factors like population density with high degree of

commercialization and rapid urbanization has resulted in problems of solid waste disposal which

produce 120,000 tons of solid waste per day in India (2014) and its detrimental consequences.

(De & Debnath, 2016) Waste has a long history of association with humans and other organisms.

It is inevitable and has different sources right from crop residues (agriculture), food production

and its movement through food chain, industries and their processes.(Farooqi et al. 2021)

18
According to the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC), in 2016, 40,000

tons of waste was produced daily in Philippines, of which 12,000 remained uncollected, and the

country is considered the largest contributor of plastic in the ocean. The World Bank estimated

that the production of waste would increase by 165%, doubling in 2025.(Zortea 2019) Waste

management is one of the solutions that tends to provide programs and to create mechanisms,

encouragements and funds that hold responsibilities in implementing ordinances and laws of

local government units.(Rodelas et al., 2020) The waste management processes typically involve

numerous technical, climatic, environmental, demographic, socio-economic, and legislative

parameters. Such complex nonlinear processes are challenging to model, predict and optimize

using conventional methods. (Abdallah et al., 2020) During the last two decades, EU legislation

has put increasing pressure on member countries to achieve specified recycling targets for

municipal household waste. These targets can be obtained in various ways choosing collection

methods, separation methods, decentral or central logistic systems. (Bing et al., 2016).

CHAPTER III

Methodology

19
 This chapter includes Parameters Considered in Planning, Design, program of works,

estimates and operation of Solid Waste Management Center. It also contains the proposed

projects flow of works. This section of the study will be beneficial to the future researcher in

determining whether or not their proposed project is feasible.

Material Recovery Facility

The Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) building is comprised of different functioning

areas, some of which may overlap. At the receiving end of the facility, areas include the vehicle

unloading bays, material storage space, and processing system in-feed. Received material,

rejected materials, and commodity storage space areas should also be considered in the facility

design, because the storage requirements may be significant at some facilities. Typically, MRF

facilities have a flat floor, where the maneuvering, unloading, and material storage all occur on

the same floor level. The processing equipment may have an elevated or in-ground in-feed

conveyor or shredder.

Designing an MRF facility, the waste stream composition must be analyzed to determine

what materials will be targeted and the anticipated material quantities or volumes of the

individual materials that will be received at the facility.

Floor plan of Material recovery facility

This solid waste treatment facility has a lot of 1138 sqm and the slab of elevation in the

natural grade line (NGL) into the finish floor line (FFL) is 91 cm. and has a thickness of 15 cm.

It features 5 (6m x 6.3m) rooms for the recovered waste each room and has opening of 3m wide

to easily load the recovered waste into loading trucks, and (12m x 17m) consist of Office,

Operators room, Dining hall, and toilets.

20
Leachate treatment Facility

A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts soluble or

suspended solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed. In order to

adjust the quality and amount of leachate, the regulating tank is a necessary unit for leachate

treatment. The regulating pool is designed for 3 to 6 months of leachate volume.

As a quality regulating unit, the regulating pool should ensure a thorough mix of all types

of leachates. It will also work as an anaerobic bioreactor and settling tank so that air should be

isolated and sludge should be discharged as soon as possible.

Plan of Leachate Treatment Facility

Leachate Treatment Facility has 2 (3.5m diameter) regulating tank serve as Anaerobic

Bioreactor to isolate air and discharge large amount of sludge, a regulating pool has (15m x15m)

divided into 6 chamber effective depth of chamber is 3 ~ 7 m, and 2 (3.5m diameter) tank for

final water treatment process

Construction flow

Engineers need a properly prepared site to start a project. This is the procedure must be

considered before any project could start with civil engineering projects starts from the site

preparation of leveling. It could be site clearing, site surveying, soil testing, site plan design, site

investigation, environmental concerns, coordinating and how everything in the in the project

should achieve. Preparing your site properly could help your project must safer, secure, and more

productive to the environment

STEP OF SITE PREPARATION

21
 A. Clearing the site

1. All trees, grasses other plants, roots and big stones should be removed in the

particular area.

2. Use such machine in cutting all trees and grabbing their roots.

3. The particular area should be clear before the construction starts

B. Site surveying

A site surveyor the site and line out exactly where the structure road project is to be built.

The surveying process is not an option it is a requirement of most zoning and permitting process.

C. Site inspection

Geotechnical site investigation performed in order to characterized soil, rock, and

ground water condition of the proposed site. A geotechnical site investigation is the

process of collecting information and evaluating the condition of the site for the purpose

of designing and construction the foundation for a structure such as a building.

D. Lay-out

Lay out is important in constructing a house of building. This is the first step,

cement and gravel before laying a contrite hallow block. It is based on what the floor plan

design is.

E. Excavation

1. The depth of a column and footing to be excavated should be followed on the

plans.

2. The size of a hole should be exactly the same as to the plans.

3. Use specific tools in excavation

4. Remove the debris inside the hole.

22
F. Reinforcement works.

1. Use 16mm diameter deformed steels bars for matt bars in column footing

2. Use 16mm diameter deformed steels bars for vertical bar in column

3. Use 16mm diameter deformed steel bars for main reinforcement bent up for

beam.

4. Use 16mm diameter deformed steel bars for main reinforcement, bent up for slab.

5. Use 12mm diameter deformed steel bars for lateral ties for column, for stirrups for

beam and for matt bars for slab.

6. Use 12 mm diameter deformed steel bars for longitudinal, ties vertical bars for

CHB walls, horizontal bars

G. Form staging and scaffolding

1. G.I tube 1 ½ inches by 6 meters

2. Use ¼ x 4 x 8 ordinary plywood for beam and column forms

3. Ensure that all forms are properly supported

H. Concrete works

1. Use river sand ¾ crushed rock and port land cement in maxing concrete.

2. The concrete mixture should be class A

3. The water for concrete should be so percent of sand volumes.

4. The water should be free from oil acid and other toxic material.

I. Masonry works.

1. 15 X 20 X 40cm concrete hollow block (CHB) for concrete walls

2. Use class “b” ratio for plastering

3. CHB wall should be plastered 25mm thickness both side

23
 4. Use washed sand in mixing masonry for plastering

5. Use class B ratio for filling.

6. Use 10mm diameter Horizontal Bars should be spaced in every 3 layers of CHB.

7. Use 10mm Diameter Vertical Bars should be @0.80 m on center

J. Painting works

1. USE Flat latex white paint as should mixture for finished skim coat in skim

coating and it can also serve as first coating in painting.

2. 10mm thickness for finished skim coat.

3. Use #100 sand paper for softening the wall with applied skim coat

4. Painting should be applied 2 coatings.

K. Doors and Windows

1. Install all doors and windows if concrete, masonry and painting words are done.

Structural plan

The proposed material recovery facility is composed of 28 Column Footing (CF). It has 4

column sizes (0.5m x 0.5m), (0.4m x 0.4m), (0.5m x 0.4m) and the Footing Dimension is (120cm

x 120cm). The concrete mixture for column and footing is class A.

For waste to energy facility has 8 column footing (CF). Column size (0.4m x 0.4m) and

the footing dimension is (100cmx100cm). the concrete mixture for column and footing is class

A.

The concrete flooring has a thickness of 30cm. with the elevation of 60cm from Natural

Grade Line (NGL).

24
 For beam as per general thumb rule, for 9m span size of steel beam or universal beam

should be ISMB 400 or UB 400×140 used for industrial building or projects or construction in

which depth of section of beam is 400mm (16″) and width of flange or width of beam is 140mm.

Electrical plan

Material recovery facility electrical plan

The proposed Material recovery facility has 9 circuits. 5 circuits for lighting outlets, 2

circuits for Convenience Outlet, 1 circuit for fire alarm system 1 circuit for Conveyor Machine, 1

circuit for Bailing machine and 5 circuit for spare.

Computation of loads

Material recovery facility

C-1 50 feet Conveyor machine

P= 5hp / 3728.5watts

I=P/V

I=3728.5watts / 220 volts

I=16.24 Amperes

Wire size: Use 2 pcs. #12 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 13mm Diameter conduit pipe

25
Over current protective device: Use 20 Ampere circuit breaker

C-2 Fire Alarm

P = 220W

I=P/V

I= 220 watts/ 220 volts

I= 61.01 Amperes

C-3 120 TONS capacity Bailing machine

P= 15 + 3 HP 1440 RPM 3 PHASE 50 HZ / 13422.6 watts

I=P/V

I=13422.6 watts / 220 volts

I= 61.01 Amperes

Wire size: Use 3 pcs. #6 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 25mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 70 Ampere circuit breaker

C-4 9 lighting outlets

P= 45w Led tubes x 7 outlets, and 45 w led bulb x 2 outlets

P= 405watts

I=P/V

26
I=405watts / 220volts

I= 1.8 Amperes

Wire size: use 2 pcs. # 19AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 13mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 20 Ampere circuit breaker

C-5 4 lighting outlets

P=100w led bulb x 4 outlets

P= 400watts

I=P/V

I= 400watts / 220volts

I= 1.82 Amperes

Wire size: Use 2 pcs. #24 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 13mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 20 Ampere circuit breaker

C-6 8 lighting outlets

P= 100w led bulb x 8 outlets

P= 800 watts

I=P/V

27
I= 800 watts / 220 volts

I= 3.64 Amperes

Wire size: Use 2 pcs. #12 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 13mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 20 Ampere circuit breaker

C-7 5 lighting outlets

P= 100watts x 5 outlets

P= 500 watts

I=P/V

I= 500 watts / 220 volts

I= 2.27 Amperes

Wire size: Use 2 pcs. #12 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 13mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 20 Ampere circuit breaker

C-8 4 Convenience Outlet @ 3 gang

P= (4*3) x 180 watts

P= 2184 watts

I=P/V

28
I= 2184 watts / 220 volts

I= 9.93 Amperes

Wire size: Use 2 pcs. #12 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 13mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 20 Ampere circuit breaker

C-9 6 Convenience Outlet @ 3 gang

P= (6*3) x 180 watts

P= 3240 watts

I=P/V

I= 3240 watts / 220 volts

I= 14.73 Amperes

Wire size: Use 2 pcs. #12 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 13mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 20 Ampere circuit breaker

Service Entrance:

Power= Total power rating

P= 26239.1 watts

Current= 118.68 Amperes

29
Apply the Demand Factor as permitted by NEC

118.68 Amperes x 1.25 = 148.35. A

Wire size: Use 2 pcs. #2/0 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 50mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 220 Ampere circuit breaker

Leachate treatment facility

The proposed leachate treatment facility has 5 circuit. 1 circuit for Lighting Outlet, 1

circuit for convenience outlet, and 3 for spare.

Computation of loads

C-1 1 lighting outlets

P= 45watts x 1 outlets

P= 45 watts

I=P/V

I= 45 watts / 220 volts

I= 0.20 Amperes

C-2 2 convenience outlets @ 3 gang

P= (2*3) x 180watts

P= 1080 watts

30
I=P/V

I= 1080 watts / 220 volts

I= 4.91 Amperes

Service Entrance:

Power= Total power rating

P= 1125watts

Current= 5.11 Amperes

Apply the Demand Factor as permitted by NEC

5.11 Amperes x 1.25 = 6.39 A

Wire size: Use 2 pcs. #2/0 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 50mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 20 Ampere circuit breaker

Waste to energy facility

The proposed waste to energy facility has 5 circuit 2 circuit lighting outlet, 2 circuit

convenience outlet, 2 circuit fire alarm, and 3 spares.

Computation of loads

C-1 9 lighting outlet

P= 100watts x 9 outlets

P= 900 watts

31
I=P/V

I= 900 watts / 220 volts

I= 4.09 Amperes

C-2 4 lighting outlet

P= 100watts x 4 outlets

P= 400 watts

I=P/V

I= 400 watts / 220 volts

I= 1.82 Amperes

C-3 2 convenience outlet @ 3 gang

P= (2*3) x 180watts

P= 1080 watts

I=P/V

I= 1080 watts / 220 volts

I= 4.91 Amperes

C-4 2 convenience outlet @ 3 gang

P= (2*3) x 180watts

P= 1080 watts

32
I=P/V

I= 1080 watts / 220 volts

I= 4.91 Amperes

Service Entrance:

Power= Total power rating

P= 3460watts

Current= 15.73 Amperes

Apply the Demand Factor as permitted by NEC

15.73 Amperes x 1.25 = 19.66 A

Wire size: Use 2 pcs. #2/0 AWG, TW

Conduit size: Use 50mm Diameter conduit pipe

Over current protective device: Use 50 Ampere circuit breaker

Plumbing plan

Material recovery facility

The proposed Material recovery facility has 4 water closet, 3 cubicle, 2 lavatory, 10 fire

sprinkler, 1 faucet, 2 emergency fire hose.

Waste to energy facility

The Proposed Waste to energy facility has 4 fire sprinkler, 1 emergency fire hose.

33
 Bill of estimates
Table 1.
Earth works Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total
Layout 1120.3 sq.m. ₱650.00 ₱728,195
Excavation 28.65 cu.m. ₱200.00 ₱5,720
Filling Materials 309.14 cu.m. ₱500.00 ₱154,570
Back filling 28.65 cu.m. ₱500.00 ₱14,300
SUB TOTAL ₱902,785

Table 2.
Concrete Works Quantity Unit Unit cost Total
Footing
Cement 36 Bags ₱250 ₱9,000
Sand 2 cu.m. ₱1200 ₱2,400
Gravel 3/4 4 cu.m. ₱1400 ₱5,600
Wall footing
Cement 57 Bags ₱250 ₱14,250
Sand 3.2 cu.m. ₱1200 ₱3,840
Gravel 3/4 6.4 cu.m. ₱1400 ₱8,960
Floor slab
Cement 480 Bags ₱250 ₱120,000
Sand 56 cu.m. ₱1200 ₱67,200
Gravel 3/4 122 cu.m. ₱1400 ₱170,800
Columns
Cement 139 Bags ₱250 ₱34,750
Sand 7.7 cu.m. ₱1200 ₱9,240
Gravel 3/4 15.4 cu.m. ₱1400 ₱21,560
SUB TOTAL ₱463,760

Table 3.
Reinforcement works Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total
Footing
Reinforcement bar@16mm 37.33 lhs ₱350 ₱13,065.5
#16 tie wire 6 kg ₱95 ₱570
Wall footing
Reinforcement bar@16mm 69 lhs ₱350 ₱24,150
#16 tie wire 6 kg ₱95 ₱570
Column
Vertical bar @16mm 128 lhs ₱350 ₱44,800
Stirrups @12mm 252 lhs ₱275 ₱69,300
#16 tie wire 14.9 kg ₱95 ₱1,415.5
Ground slab
Reinforcement bar@16mm
1032 lhs ₱350 ₱361,200
6m

34
#16 tie wire 1508 kg ₱95 ₱143,260
Wall panel
C-Purlins
115 pcs ₱515 ₱59,225
@2"x4"x6mx0.8mm
Tekscrew 1 1/2 500pcs/box 20 box ₱900 ₱18,000
Roof Framing
C-Purlins
342 pcs ₱585 ₱200,070
@2"x3"6mx1mm
Wall
Vertical bar @12mmx6m 74 lhs ₱275 ₱20,350
Horizontal bar @12mmx6m 90 lhs ₱275 ₱24,750
#16 tie wire 11.7 kg ₱95 ₱1,111.5
SUB TOTAL ₱365,367.26

Table 4.
Masonry works Quantity Unit Unit cost Total
CHB 6" 3351 pcs ₱15 ₱50,256
Cement 259 Bags ₱250 ₱64,750
Screened sand 21.7 cu.m. ₱1200 ₱26,040
Plaster two face
Cement 102 Bags ₱250 ₱25,500
Fine sand 8.2 cu.m. ₱1500 ₱9,840
SUB TOTAL ₱176,386
Table 5.
Roofing and wall panel Quantity Unit Unit cost Total
Roof
Precoated HI RIB long span
70 sheet ₱4548 ₱318,360
@13.65m x 1m x 0.60mm
Precoated HI RIB long span
28 sheet ₱3299 ₱92,372
@9.90m x 1m x0.06mm
Tekscrew 1 1/2 30 Box ₱900 ₱27,000
Wall panel
Precoated HI RIB special cut
43 sheet ₱813 ₱34,959
2.44m x 1m x 6mm
Precoated HI RIB special cut
43 sheet ₱823 ₱35,389
2.74m x 1m x 6mm
Tekscrew 1 1/2 500pcs/box 20 box ₱900 ₱18,000
SUB TOTAL ₱526,080

35
Table 6.
Doors and windows Quantity Unit Unit cost Total
Double door glass 2 pcs ₱10000 ₱20,000
Single door glass 2 pcs ₱5000 ₱10,000
PVC flush door 2.10x0.8m 2 pcs ₱2000 ₱4,000
Crystal windows
1 pcs ₱2500 ₱2500
2.04mx0.95m
Crystal windows
1 pcs ₱4000 ₱4,000
3.4mx.0.94
Mesh wire 4x8 44 pcs ₱2500 ₱110,000
₱150,500

Table 7.
Septic Tank Quantity Unit Unit cost Total
12mmx6m steel bar 38 pcs ₱275 ₱10,450
CHB 6" 207 pcs ₱15 ₱3,105
Cement 17 bags ₱250 ₱4,250
Sand 1.7 cu.m. ₱1200 ₱2,040
Gravel 3/4 0.6 cu.m. ₱1400 ₱840
#16 tie wire 1.8 cu.m. ₱95 ₱171
SUB TOTAL ₱20,901

Table 7.
Plumbing works Quantity Unit Unit cost Total
Watercloset U.S. w/ tank
fitting. Tank supply/ angle 12 set ₱3660 ₱43,920
valve 1/2"
Plumbing works 26 set ₱1210 ₱31,460
Stainless floor drain 4"x4" 12 pcs ₱50 ₱600
Teflon tape 52 pcs ₱37 ₱1,924
PVC Pipe with hub 2"x10"
40 lhs ₱728 ₱29,120
s1000
UPVC pipe with hub 1"x10" 60 lhs ₱123.75 ₱7,425
PVC 90 Elbow 4" 15 pcs ₱40 ₱600
PVC wye 4" 50 pcs ₱148 ₱7,400
PVC reducer 25 pcs ₱199.8 ₱4,995
Clean out / covers 25 pcs ₱70 ₱1,750
PVC solvent cement 110 can ₱335 ₱36,850
UPVC pipe reducer
3 pcs ₱22 ₱66
1"x1/2"Ø
SUB TOTAL ₱134,681.46

36
Table 8.
Tile works Quantity Unit Unit cost Total
16"x16" ceramic tile (white) 878 pcs ₱120 ₱105,360
16"x16" ceramic tile (gray) 878 pcs ₱120 ₱105,360
cement 12 bags ₱250 ₱3,000
Sand 4 cu.m. ₱1200 ₱4,800
ABC tile adhesive 15 bags ₱399 ₱5,985
Tile grout 10 bags ₱183 ₱1,830
SUB TOTAL ₱226,335

Table 9.
Electrical works Quantity Unit Unit cost Total
Utility box 4 pcs ₱25.50 ₱102
Junction box 4"x4" 30 pcs ₱20 ₱600
junction box cover 4"x4" 30 pcs ₱17 ₱510
1 gang switch (flush type) 3 pcs ₱90 ₱270
2 gang switch (flush type) 4 pcs ₱165 ₱660
3 gang switch (flush type) 2 pcs ₱195 ₱390
fire alarm (panasonic alarm)
6 pcs ₱780 ₱4,680
automatic
2 gang convinience outlet 2 pcs ₱128 ₱256
3 gang convinience outlet 4 pcs ₱170 ₱680
100w Led bulb 10 pcs ₱3560 ₱35,600
45w Led tubes 4 pcs ₱4650 ₱18,600
16w led bulb 4 pcs ₱250 ₱1000
13mm conduit pipe 7 pcs ₱300 ₱2,100
25mm conduit pipe 1 pcs ₱320 ₱320
50mm conduit pipe 1 pcs ₱450 ₱450
Service cap 2" 1 rolls ₱290 ₱290
G.I pipe 2"Ø 1 set ₱300 ₱300
Electrical tape 80 rolls ₱45 ₱3,600
Panel board w/21 branches 1 set ₱13000 ₱13,000
20 Ampere circuit breaker 7 pcs ₱350 ₱2,450
70 Ampere circuit breaker 1 pcs ₱989 ₱989
220 Ampere circuit breaker 1 pcs ₱2590 ₱2,590
#12 AWG, TW stranded wires 20 m ₱3000 ₱60,000
#6 AWG, TW stranded wires 10 m ₱6000 ₱30,000
# 19AWG, TW 15 m ₱2700 ₱40,500
#24 AWG, TW 12 m ₱2400 ₱48,000
#2/000 THW wires 20 m ₱358 ₱7,160
Solvent cement 100cc 10 can ₱400 ₱4,000
SUB TOTAL 279,097

37
 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

The establishment and closure of landfills could pose a potential hazard to ground water,

due to leachate seepage, and air quality due to gases released. Unless proper maintenance and

management is sustained for a fairly long time, public health may be compromised as a result.

Such management is costly and potentially dangerous if faulty. Thus, a safer and more

sustainable approach may be minimizing the number of landfills constructed and insuring their

longevity so as not to continue taking viable land for waste disposal.

RECOMMENDATION

Problem: Factories need to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste generated. Also, in certain

areas of the state infrastructure does not exist to manage unregulated hazardous waste properly.

Recommendation: The goals of the plan should also include reducing the amount and toxicity of

unregulated hazardous waste generated, managing special problem wastes, and stimulating the

market for recyclables. Current statewide initiatives to promote waste prevention should continue

for both the public and private sectors.

Problem: junkyards potentially represent a public safety and health hazard. Currently they are

under municipal authority as well as under the jurisdiction of the agency of transportation, which

has no active enforcement program to address this problem.

Recommendation: As the distinction between junkyards and materials processing facilities may

be blurred, consideration should be given to applying and enforcing the same regulations for

junkyards that are now in force materials processing facilities.

38
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42
Abing, Fernando E. Jr
Brgy. Sta. Rosa Murcia Negros Occidental
09774524026
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Birthday: July 15, 1998

Birth Place: Manila
Age: 24
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Fernando Abing Sr
Mother’s Name: Rosalie Abing

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary: Manuel Regalado Elementary School
Secondary: Lopez Jaena National High School
Tertiary: Bacolod City college
Bachelor of science Industrial Technology
Major in Civil

43
Abrasaldo, July N.
Hacienda Edmar, Brgy Felisa Bacolod City
09354664055
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Birthday: July 17, 1998

Birth Place: Cauayan Negros Occidental
Age: 24
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Bonifacio Abrasaldo
Mother’s Name: Rubelyn Abrasaldo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary: Basak Elementary School
Secondary: Isio Private Academy
Tertiary: Bacolod City College
Bachelor of science Industrial Technology
Major in Civil

44
Canoy, Primo Ernesto M.

Brgy. Tangub, Bacolod City Negros Occidental

09924762398

[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Birthday: April 21, 1999

Birth Place: Bacolod City
Age: 23
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Ernie M Canoy
Mother’s Name: Edna E Canoy

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary: Rodolfo A Medel sr. Elem Shcool
Secondary: Luisa Medel national Highschool
Tertiary: Bacolod City college
Bachelor of science Industrial Technology
Major in Civil

45
Dingcong, Christian M.

Paglaum Village Brgy. Mansilingan

Bacolod City Negros Occidental

09669840766

[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Birthday: January 7, 2000

Birth Place: Bacolod City
Age: 23
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Christian Ian P. Dingcong
Mother’s Name: Vivian A. Maquiling

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Primary: Paglaum Village elementary School
Secondary: Paglaum Village National High School
Tertiary: Bacolod City college
Bachelor of science Industrial Technology
Major in Civil

46