HYPERMEDIATION FUNCTIONALITIES IN DIGITAL

PLATFORMS FOR COLLABORATIVE AND SOCIAL

INTERACTION

Eliza R. Oliveira1 1, Oksana Tymoshchuck1 2, Eveline R. Sacramento2 3, André C. Branco1 4

,
Daniel Carvalho1 5, Luis Pedro1 6, Maria Antunes1 7, Ana Almeida1 8, Fernando Ramos1 9
1DigitalMedia and Interaction Research Centre, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
2Institute of Ethnomusicology - Center for Studies in Music and Dance, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
{elizaoliveira, oksana, eveline.sacramento, acastello, daniel.carvalh, lpedro, mariajoao, marga, fernando.ramos}@ua.pt

Keywords: Hypermediation, Digital Platform, Mobile Application, Community-based Innovation, Social Interaction.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to identify how mobile apps/platforms have promoted hypermediation processes,
establishing functionalities that enhance hypermediation. This determines how it improves interactions and
audience engagement with online media content, allowing the user to not only be a passive spectator but also
actively participate through the interaction provided by the system. Considering that the hypermediation
concept is still not widely established, a theoretical introduction is presented, aiming to define it. To map the
hypermediation traits, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify functionalities that enhance
hypermediation in current mobile apps/platforms. It comprises articles from Scopus and Web of Science
databases, published between 2016 and 2021. Further, the research strategy used keywords in English and
Spanish, and it was made in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. A total of 29 articles were analysed to
identify hypermediation functionalities that play a relevant role in fostering communication and engagement
in collaborative and social interaction contexts. Simultaneously, this article discusses how hypermediation
can be understood in the CeNTER platform scope as an example of a digital platform for community-led
initiatives. This study's results made it possible to identify the functionalities of hypermediation that are
essential to promote community initiatives and local development.

1 INTRODUCTION In this context, Scolari (2008) proposes the

concept of "hypermediation" that seeks to broaden the
The development of mobile apps/platforms has led to notion of mediation beyond the relationship between
new forms of social interaction and sharing of subjects and the media, including the digital
collaborating spaces, which promote the production, environments’ new configurations, which is an
distribution, and aggregation of information in online extension of the mediation presented by Martín-
environments (Stuckey & Arkell, 2006). In this sense, Barbéro (1987). According to the author,
apps/platforms allow the dissemination of hypermediation does not consist of a medium but of
information through connections between individuals exchange, production, and symbolic consumption in
with common interests, promoting the collaborative a technologically interconnected environment,
construction of knowledge and community-based characterized by many subjects, media, and
innovation (Gunawardena et al., 2009). languages (Scolari, 2008). Scolari (2015) still

1
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-3447
2
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-8014
3
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-4537
4
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6493-6938
5
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0108-8887
6
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-8433
7
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-4103
8
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7349-457X
9
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3405-6953
mentions that new communication is created through 2 METHOD
hypermediation, which generates innovative
connection conditions in digital media, allowing a The systematic review focuses on exploring the
new use or additions to the language used, and new practical concept of “hypermediation”. It was
social or communicative practices, in new scenarios. conducted using Scopus and Web of Science
Distinct works (López & Masjuan, 2019; databases, since they offer the highest coverage of
Martínez-Rolán, 2019) used the following definition studies within the field of Social Sciences (Mongeon
coined by Scolari (2008), which is generally & Paul-Hus, 2016). The research strategy used
recognized as a set of socio-technological processes keywords, both in English and Spanish and was made
and experiences. These authors emphasize the in accordance with the PRISMA Statement (Liberati
transdisciplinary character of hypermediation and et al., 2009).
highlight that hypermediation is a new condition of To identify eligible studies, this systematic review
communication and interaction in digital media. In was conducted in the category of multidisciplinary
addition, some pivotal hypermediation features and sciences of technologies, business, and social
characteristics of hypermediation are digitalization, sciences. Articles should be written in English and
user-generated content, multimedia, interactive user- Spanish and published in the last five years, i.e.,
interface, reticularity, hypertext, prosumer, and between 2016 and 2021. This choice was justified
transmedia (Scolari, 2008, 2015). because it was intended to study the most recent
Thus, digital communication trends can provide apps/platforms. The investigation was carried out
the ideal conditions to promote connectivity through the Scopus and Web of Science databases,
participation producing changes in the social context using the following keywords: ("app " OR
(Silva, 2017). Hypermediation processes enhance "application" OR "software" OR "platform" OR
communication and collaboration between people, "system") AND ("hypermediation" OR "mediation")
community-led initiatives, entities and provide AND ("consumer" OR "producer" OR "prosumer").
innovative solutions that promote the territory's Three researchers participated in this process. A total
development (Carvalho et al., 202l; Branco et al., of 4 cycles of searches were made between January
2022). and March of 2021 (Figure 1).
As part of this study, a prototype of a CeNTER
mobile app was developed, which aims to facilitate
communication and collaboration between different
agents (citizens, community-led initiatives, public
and private entities) involved in the innovation
processes of the territory (Oliveira et al.,
2022).Within the scope of this study, community-led
initiatives are defined as “(...) a group of people who
share affinities and, voluntarily, develop joint actions,
in a physical and/or virtual environment, in the
context of a territory and produce, repurpose and
share information relevant to the development of that
territory” (Silva et al., 2020 p. 48).
The project team sought to understand how
hypermediation can be applied in the context of
community-led initiatives and what functionalities
are recommended to promote these initiatives. For
this purpose, the team carried out a systematic review
to understand how apps/platforms implemented
features to promote hypermediation processes
Figure 1: PRISMA flow diagram of hypermediation
(Oliveira et al., 2021). Moreover, this article presents
promoting mobile apps/platforms.
how hypermediation is included in the scope of the
CeNTER platform, providing a concrete example of The inclusion criteria for the eligible studies were
this concept. as follows: (i) articles or book chapters (blogs, entire
books, and abstracts were excluded); (ii) being open
access articles or book chapters; (iii) being published
between 2016 and 2021; (iv) presented as original
documents; (v) approach implementation of app findings transcribed from the researched table and
functionalities that provide and enhance summarized for this review (Appendix 2). Those
hypermediation processes; (vi) have expressions articles fundamentally address apps/platforms that
“mobile platforms” or “applications”. have functionalities to promote hypermediation.
All articles that did not address the previously
mentioned keywords were excluded from this review. 3.1 Mobile apps/platforms with
This study selection proceeded as a final refinement, hypermediation functions
to find results that make it possible to answer the
following questions: i) What mobile apps/platforms In the first phase of the analysis, all mobile
were found in this review? ii) What types of mobile apps/platforms that appear in the selected papers were
apps/platforms were found? iii) In which fields of identified. The objective of this phase was to identify
activity, they were applied to? iv) What are the main in which apps/platforms the phenomenon of
found functionalities that promote hypermediation? hypermediation occurs, considering the definition of
v) Considering the review findings, how is the the term by Scolari (2015). Table 1 shows the names
hypermediation process reflected in the scope of the of the apps and platforms found and the number of
CeNTER platform? All studies that were not selected articles mentioning each. According to Table
available for review or that were in duplicate were 1, 49 results were found in 29 articles. Thus, some
excluded. articles addressed more than one app/platform.
This systematic review was made with the support Facebook (mentioned in 10 articles, i.e., n=10),
of WebQDA (https://www.webqda.net/). The data Twitter (n=7), WeChat (n=5), WeiBo (n=4), and
collected from the manuscripts was organized and Amazon (n=4) were the most frequently mentioned
summarized using different descriptors in the apps/platforms in the selected articles. These
software. apps/platforms are mentioned frequently due to their
popularity, with an emphasis on social media.

3 RESULTS Table 1: Names of mobile apps/platforms and number of

occurrences among the articles.
The presentation of results is organized according to Application/Platform name QTY
the research questions addressed in the previous Facebook 10
section. For the systematic review, an appendix has Twitter 7
been published with tables and a tree of codes, which WeChat 5
can be found in the following URL: Amazon 4
https://zenodo.org/record/7545004#.Y8bFfOzP0Wo. Weibo 4
From the research, 1348 potentially eligible Google/ Google Play 3
articles were found, with 228 results obtained in Airbnb 3
Scopus and 1120 in the Web of Science. After Apple/ iTunes 2
filtering the data according to the date range, subject
Instagram 2
area, and keywords, it was possible to obtain 231
Netflix 2
results, 130 from Scopus and 101 from Web of
YouTube 2
Science. After removing duplicates (three articles),
Others (38)* 1
results not addressing hypermediation,
*= AlertaBlu, Bestcreativity, Bird, BlaBlaCars, Blue Bikers,
apps/platforms have been discarded (162 articles), DianPing, Dodgeball, eBay, Fitbit, Gopillar, Grindr, GrubHub,
remaining 69 articles. To conclude this refinement Happn, Home Away, Hulu, JD, Lyft, ODR, Onde tem tiroteio
process, all the results that address mediation (OTT), PCW, QQ, Rent the Runway, Seamless, Shout, Spotify,
processes, but do not promote hypermediation, were Starbytes, Swarm, Taobao, Tinder, TripAdvisor, Turo, Twago,
Uber, WeWork, Witao, Xiaozhu, Yik Yak, and Zoopa.
excluded (40 articles), obtaining 29 articles
addressing apps/platforms that can facilitate
Kim (2019) addresses the rapid growth of users of
communication, interaction, and collaboration in
social media around the world, with two-thirds or
contexts of community-led initiatives. The
more adult internet users or smartphone owners using
refinement process for obtaining the mentioned
social networking websites. The same author also
results can be seen in Figure 1.
reinforces the popularity of social media through the
A tree of codes of the hypermediation categories
facilitation of the consumption, production, and
was created in Appendix 1 from the research
sharing of information, which grew in user-generated
questions. The following subsections show the main
digital content, and led to an increase in digital services, and four papers are about streaming
prosumers, i.e., users who simultaneously produce services. The greatest number of social network
and consume digital content. Pan (2020) mentions occurrences, as Scolari (2015) said, demonstrates a
that many governments have integrated social media profound mutation process since the diffusion of the
accounts to interact with the population, even in WWW, with the explosive combination of social
China (WeChat, Weibo). In the remaining findings, networks and mobile devices, as well as the
38 apps/platforms were found, each mentioned by emergence of new cultural production/consumption
only one article. These less frequently mentioned practices. Mobile apps/platforms regarding
apps/platforms present different functions and crowdsourcing, territorial customization, and
utilities than the most frequent findings, such as research purposes have been less reported.
Facebook or Twitter. This can be seen, for example,
in the study by Rise et al. (2019), which addresses Table 2: Classification of mobile apps/platforms and
platforms such as Zoopa, Twago, Starbytes, number of occurrences.
Bestcreativity, and Gopillar, which are used only for Application/Platform classification QTY
crowdsourcing, allowing the connection among Social network sites 13
people with the specific skills. Customer opinion sites 9
The papers helped to identify apps/platforms with Marketplace 7
hypermediation functionalities that play a relevant Message services 4
role in fostering communication and engagement in Streaming services 4
collaborative and social interaction contexts. For Developed for research purposes 1
instance, platforms such as Facebook, Youtube, Crowdsourcing 1
Instagram, and Twitter provide means for Territorial customization app/platform 1
communities to articulate and exchange ideas to
promote local events and services, fostering the 3.3 Fields of activities of mobile
process of territorially based innovation apps/platforms
(Drakopoulou, 2017; Kim, 2019). Other platforms
(e.g., Airbnb, Weibo, Uber, eBay, and Amazon) boost Considering the types of apps/platforms found, it is
property and services advertising, helping to promote important to understand in which activity fields they
tourism and the economy in various locations (Levy are applied (Table 3). Some articles highlighted
& Gvili, 2020; Morewedge et al., 2021). Marketing platforms that facilitate sharing
information among small shoppers, thereby
3.2 Classification of mobile generating electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM),
apps/platforms with which drives social commerce online (Levy & Gvili,
hypermediation functions 2020; Pan, 2020).

The research team identified eight app/platform Table 3: Activity fields and the number of occurrences.
types: i) marketplace for e-commerce websites or Activity field QTY
sales between consumers; ii) SNS for social network Marketing 13
websites that incorporate hypermediation functions; Politics 6
iii) message service for apps/platforms that provide Entrepreneurship / Business 6
exchange messages for users as the leading service, Tourism 4
but also with other additional services; iv) Health and Well-being 4
apps/platforms for research purposes with tailor- Culture 1
made software; v) apps/platforms of streaming Smart Cities 1
services that offer on-demand online content; vi)
customer opinion sites with word-of-mouth via In the Entrepreneurship/Business field, for
consumer-opinion (identified seven times); vii) example, the authors Li and Wang (2020) discuss the
crowdsourcing as sourcing for goods or services; and relevance of trust mechanisms in the sharing
viii) territorial customization for apps/platforms economy, like the peer‐to‐peer accommodation
(Bezerra, 2017; Xie, 2021; Yin, 2020). models used by Airbnb and Xiaozh. Hu et al. (2018)
Table 2 presents the app/platform classification, presented how online vendors and consumers are
13 articles focus on social network sites, nine are learning from each other, and how online reviews,
related to customer opinion sites, seven studies talk prices, and sales interact among each other.
about marketplaces, another four focus on message
3.4 Main functionalities in mobile of new knowledge, being pivotal for the promotion of
apps/platforms innovation processes. These functionalities have also
the potential to boost commercial exchanges as, for
Table 4 presents the apps' hypermediation instance, improving direct/indirect communication,
functionalities implemented, as well as how many providing product/services recommendations,
selected articles mentioned each functionality. It is collaboration with the creation of events/initiatives,
highlighted that the users of these apps/platforms and allowing the sharing of those experiences (Li &
mainly resort to functionalities that promote the Wang, 2020; Mathmann et al., 2017). The
creation and sharing of content (n=14). Those functionalities constitute more concrete
functionalities work as visible stimuli to users that act implementations of the hypermediation concept
as content generators, consumers, i.e., prosumers. defined by Scolari (2008), playing a relevant role in
Another functionality that also had several promoting communication, participation, and
occurrences was the possibility to post or comment collaboration in community initiatives.
on a topic in social apps/platforms (n=12 incidences),
also highlighting the act of repost, so the user shares
content from the creation of others. From the set of 4 DISCUSSION
functionalities, the ones with the fewest occurrences
were the voting polls, the number of views/users, and This systematic review sought to find studies
the algorithms for grouping content (n=2) which, exploring the functionalities that promote
despite their relevance for quantifying and valuing hypermediation through apps/platforms that play a
contents (e.g., a video is popular if it has many relevant role in fostering communication and
''views''), were not identified as the most cited. Thus, engagement in collaborative and social interaction
these hypermediation functionalities allow people to contexts. Furthermore, this review allowed us to
effectively connect, determining matchings based on understand that recent articles have been studying
objective criteria, like the interests or the participants' concrete and specific hypermediation functionalities,
location. such as Sharing content, Scoring/rating, or Algorithm
to group content (e.g., hashtag). The presence of
Table 4: Functionalities found in mobile apps/platforms and several features common among the different
number of occurrences. apps/platforms confirms the transversal and
Functionalities in mobile apps/platforms QTY transdisciplinary character of the hypermediation
Create and share content (from a content 14 process coined by Scolari. Some examples of these
creator or by someone else) similar features are Networks/Reticularity,
(re)Posting/comment 12 Multimedia, Hypertext, and User-generated content,
Scoring/rating (inc. number of likes/retweets) 10 among others (Scolari, 2015).
Recommendations/suggestions 9 Moreover, hypermediation functionalities are
Collaboration functions - Social groups, 9 often used in recent apps/platforms, such as Airbnb,
events, etc Uber, and Lyft, which present characteristics that
Chat 6
allow users’ involvement in the creation, sharing,
Review 4
evaluation of content, and presence in voting pools.
Algorithm to filter and display information 3
according to the users’ preferences In this sense, the users experience immediate and
Algorithm to group content (e.g., hashtag) 2 personalized responses, which is determinant to
Number of views/users 2 provide them to feel emotionally connected, resulting
Voting Polls 2 in a higher social presence in the online environment
Others (9)* 1 (Tang & Hew, 2019).
*Others: each one of the 9 functionalities were mentioned in only Therefore, the functionalities identified in
one article: Form, wizard, or other filling process; "order by" apps/platforms constitute implementations of
function; third-party promotion (e.g., avatar creation and slogan
insertion); ease of use to write a message; micro target messages to
Scolari's hypermediation functionalities. For
specific individuals; filtering content to reach non attentive instance, the Prosumer functionality, proposed by
audiences; display of tracked/motivational information; profile Scolari (2008), is related with creating and sharing
creation notification and bookmarking. content, identified on some apps/platforms (Kim,
2019; Drakopoulou, 2017; Yin, 2020; Morewedge et
Furthermore, hypermediation functionalities
al., 2021). In this case, the user actively participates
facilitate the processes of exchange of
in the creation of texts, consumption, and production
information/resources and collaborative construction
sharing. Although not mentioned by Scolari, these
functionalities play an important role in user finds the information in a carousel mode, with
hypermediation, as they contribute to a complex cards representing the different content units.
network of social processes of production, exchange, These cards have essential information (e.g.,
and consumption. Additionally, the high incidence of image, date and time, location) and can be
articles that mention recommendation algorithms, manipulated with gestures such as swiping (e.g., to
which are widely used by apps/platforms that discard or to save as favorites). Furthermore, the
recommend content according to the user’s interface footer includes other feature options, such
preferences, reveal that the evolution of digital as profile, ideas, saved, notifications, and new content
technologies provides an increasing availability of creation. The first image refers to the main screens of
functionalities used as hypermediation enhancers the prototype, with the event tab being expanded and
(Yin, 2020; Bezerra, 2017). presenting the options to see the location on the map,
This review was crucial to expand our knowledge add a new event and search for a particular event. The
about the concept of hypermediation, enabling the CeNTER app prototype presents an organized
verification that hypermedia is ubiquitous in people's modular structure based on local development agents
lives daily. Hypermediation contributes decisively to and on initiatives that carry out specific activities,
interpersonal communication and the construction of interconnected by hypermediation dynamics.
social relationships, as it is the key factor through In the CeNTER app context, hypermediation
which language exchanges and constructions take functionalities provide the app with dynamic
place, through different media and in a network elements, for example, sending useful notifications to
format, fostering new realities in several areas of life its users that encourage its utilization, boosting a
(López & Masjuan, 2019). Mobile apps/platforms greater interaction with the platform.
that use functionalities that enhance hypermediation
have an impact on the development of local
economies, to also promote community initiatives.
Furthermore, apps/platforms on the scope of the
sharing economy mobile (Airbnb, Uber, Lyft, etc.)
benefit themselves with several hypermediation
functionalities, such as user comments and feedback
between apps/platforms or inside social networks
(Morewedge et al., 2021), showing how intensive is
the use of hypermediation on the consumer market.
This study also clarified the intense and increased
use of hypermediation functionalities in current
apps/platforms, mostly used to enhance human-
machine interaction and make their relationship easy,
useful, and valuable for human beings. The synthesis Figure 2: Screen samples of the CeNTER prototype app:
of all the information obtained in this study allowed (a) main screen, (b) map screen with a notification banner,
us to understand that hypermediation functionalities and (c) screen suggesting the creation of an initiative based
facilitate the sharing of information and resources; on an idea (from left to right).
increase the visibility of initiatives and entities;
promote interaction, cooperation, and collaboration Notifications are constituted by messages, alerts,
among different users. Therefore, hypermediation has and warnings sent by the app to its users considering
the potential to promote networks that benefit their interests and option settings (Figure 2). Further,
populations' involvement and innovation processes in proactive parameters are also encouraged, such as the
society, contributing to a region's innovation. “Ideas” section, which proposes the birth and
publications of innovative ideas for local community
development. The option to create and share the
5 THE CENTER MOBILE APP users’ contents, not only in the CeNTER app, but also
among different social networks, consolidates the
prosumer proposal identified as one of the
Figure 2 presents some examples of the CeNTER
mobile app interface. Its main screen has a grid with hypermediation features by Scolari (2008, 2015).
Recommendations are sent by the app to its users
six primary tabs: Initiatives, Events, Entities,
and can be content-based (implicitly captured by user
Volunteers, Resources, and Highlights, which act as
clicks, by user profile configuration, etc.) or
starting points to the app. When opening a tab, the
collaboration-based (explicitly captured by user We can identify some limitations that can
feedback scoring or rating, etc.). Recommendations stimulate future work. The review used only two
and suggestions are determined by Algorithms, as databases to retrieve potential eligible studies –
well as the users’ preferences are based on the Scopus and Web of Science, which may have omitted
analysis of the entities/users’ profile, and history of relevant research. Another limitation concerns the
participation in similar events. Such hypermediation time interval. In this study, articles before 2016 were
functionalities may occur proactively, providing excluded, which reduced the number of achieved
suggestions on participation in events nearby the user functionalities. This choice was justified because it
location. Other hypermediation functionalities was intended to study the most recent apps/platforms.
presented are collaboration, content creation and We hope this paper provides a better understanding
sharing, and scoring/rating functions. These can of the strategic potential of hypermedia's
promote the generation of networks among different functionalities for developing digital solutions aimed
users. In addition, hypermediation functionalities at community-based initiatives.
related to the prosumer category will encourage
people to share their content/ideas, evaluate their
experiences participating in an event, evaluate
volunteers' work, etc.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In addition, the CeNTER app does not seek to
replace existing digital platforms but to facilitate easy This work is financially supported by national funds
connection with them. For example, the app will through FCT – Foundation for Science and
allow the users to share their initiatives and events on Technology, I.P., under the project
social networks, such as Facebook, Instagram, and UIDB/05460/2020 and the Research Program
other existing apps, through an internal link that “CeNTER” (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000002),
enables the association among different networks to funded by Programa Operacional Regional do Centro
foster and facilitate the prosumer actions and sharing (CENTRO 2020), PT2020.
processes. to promote interactions among local
development agents, facilitate communication and
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