CONTROL FLOW

STATEMENTS
IN C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
WHAT IS CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS

• A control flow statements is a primary concept in most high-

level programming languages. It is a block of code. More
specifically, control flow statements are blocks of code that
control the flow of a program. In other words, a control
structure is a container for a series of function calls,
instructions and statements.

2
TYPES OF CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS

• There are three types of control flow statements:

• Branching / Decision Making Statements
• Iterative / Looping Statements

• Jumping Statements

3
 CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS
• Branching / Decision • Looping / • Jumping Statements
Making Statements Iterative • Break Statement
• Statements • Continue Statement
• Entry Control • Goto Statement
If Statements Loops
• Simple If • While Loop
• If else • For Loop
• Nested if • Exit Control Loop
• else if ladder • Do While Loop
• Switch Case Statement 4

• Conditional Operator
BRANCHING STATEMENTS

•C program executes program sequentially. Sometimes, a

program requires checking of certain conditions in program
execution. C provides various key condition statements to
check condition and execute statements according conditional
criteria. These statements are called as 'Decision Making
Statements' or 'Conditional Statements.'

5
TYPES OF CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

• If Statement
• Simple If
• If else Statement
• Nested If Statement
• else If Ladder

• Switch Case Statements

• Conditional Operator
6
IF STATEMENTS – SIMPLE IF STATEMENT

• Takes an expression in parenthesis and a statement or block of

statements. If the expression is true then the statement or
block of statements gets executed otherwise these statements
are skipped.
• Syntax:
if(Condition)
{
Statements;
}
7
SIMPLE IF EXAMPLE

void main()
{
int a=5;
if(a%2==0)
{
printf(“number %d is even.”,a);
}
}

8
IF STATEMENT – IF ELSE STATEMENTS

• This is also one of the most useful conditional statement used

in C to check conditions.
• Syntax:
if(condition){
true statements;
}
else{

false statements;
} 9
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
int a=5;
if(a%2==0){
printf(“number %d is even”,a);
}
else{
printf(“number %d is odd”,a);
}
} 10
IF STATEMENT – NESTED IF STATEMENTS

• Ifwithin a If condition is called Nested If condition. It is a

conditional statement which is used when we want to check
more than 1 conditions at a time in a same program.
• Syntax:

11
IF STATEMENT – NESTED IF
STATEMENTS - SYNTAX
if(condition){
if(condition){
true statement;
}
else {
false statement;
}
}
else{
statements;
12
}
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
else{
int a,b,c; if(b>c){
a=5, b=6, printf(“b is big”);
c=8;
}
if(a>b){ else{
if(a>c){
printf(“a is
} big”); printf(“c is big”);
else{ }
} getch();
printf(“c is
big”);
} } 13
IF STATEMENT – ELSE IF LADDER

• Else if() ladder is similar to if else control statement. Else if()

ladder is used to check for another condition if the previously
specified condition becomes false.
• Syntax:

14
IF STATEMENT – ELSE IF LADDER - SYNTAX

if(condition){
Statement;
}
else if(condition){
Statement;
}
else{

Statement; 15

}
EXAMPLE

void main() else{

{
printf(“c is big”);
int }
a,b,c;
a=5, b=6, c=7;
getch();
if(a>b && a>c){
}
printf(“a is big”);
}
else if(b>c){
printf(“b is big”);
} 16
SWITCH CASE STATEMENTS

• This is a multiple or multiway branching decision making

statement. When we use nested if-else statement to check
more than 1 condition then the complexity of a program
increases in case of a lot of conditions. Thus, the program is
difficult to read and maintain. So to overcome this problem, C
provides 'switch case'. Switch case checks the value of a
expression against a case values, if condition matches the case
values then the control is transferred to that point.
• Syntax
17
SWITCH CASE STATEMENT - SYNTAX

switch(expression){
case exp1:
statement;
break;
case exp2:
statement;
break;
default;
statement;
} 18
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
char c=‘a’; default:
switch(c) printf(“character %c is
{
consonant ”,c);
case ‘a’:
case ‘e’: }
case ‘i’: getch();
case ‘o’: }
case ‘u’:
printf(“character %c is
vowel”,c); 19

break;
CONDITIONAL OPERATOR

• The ? : Operator is just like an if … else statement except that

because it is an operator you can use it within expressions.
?
: is a ternary operator in that it takes three values, this is the
only ternary operator C has.
• Syntax:
Condition-test? First-expression(true): second-
expression(false);
20
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
int a,b,c,d;
a=5, b=6, c=7;
d=(a>b ? ( a>c? a:c):(b>c?b:c));
printf(“greater number is ::%d”,d);
getch();
}

21
ITERATIONS / LOOPING STATEMENTS

• 'A loop' is a part of code of a program which is executed

repeatedly. A loop is used using condition. The repetition is
done until condition becomes true.
• There are two types of looping statements.
• Entry controlled loop
• While Loop
• For Loop
• Exit controlled loop
• Do While Loop 22
ENTRY CONTROL LOOP – WHILE

• This is an entry controlled looping statement. It is used to

repeat a block of statements until condition becomes true.
• Syntax:
while (condition){
Statements;
Increment/decrement;
}
23
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
int I;
clrscr();
i=1;
while(i<=10){
printf(“%d\t”,i); i+
+;
}
getch();
24
}
ENTRY CONTROL LOOP – FOR LOOP

• This is an entry controlled looping statement. In this loop

structure, more than one variable can be initialized. One of
the most important feature of this loop is that the three
actions can be taken at a time like variable initialization,
condition checking and increment/decrement.
• Syntax:
for(initialization; test-condition; increment/decrement)
{
25
Statements;
}
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
i=1;
for(i=1;i<=20; i+=2)
{
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
getch();
26
}
EXIT CONTROL – DO WHILE LOOP

• This is an exit controlled looping statement. Sometimes,

there is need to execute a block of statements first then to
check condition. At that time such type of a loop is used. In
this, block of statements are executed first and then
condition is checked.
• Syntax:
do {
Statements ;( increment/decrement); 27

} while (condition);
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
int I;
clrscr();
i=1;
do
{
printf(“%d\t”,i); i+
+;
}while(i<=5);
getch();
} 28
JUMPING STATEMENTS

• There are three types of jumping statements:

• Break
• Continue

• goto

29
BREAK STATEMENT

• Itis necessary to exit immediately from a loop as soon as the

condition is satisfied. When break statement is used inside a
loop, then it can cause to terminate from a loop. The
statements after break statement are skipped.
• Syntax:
if(condition)
{
break; 30

}
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10; i++){
If(i==5){
break;
}
else{
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}
getch(); 31

}
CONTINUE STATEMENT

• It is required to skip a part of a body of loop under specific

conditions. The working structure of 'continue' is similar as
that of that break statement but difference is that it cannot
terminate the loop. It causes the loop to be continued with
next iteration after skipping statements in between. Continue
statement simply skips statements and continues next
iteration.
• Syntax:
if(condition){ 32

continue;
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10; i++){
If(i==5){
continue;
}
else{
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}
getch(); 33

}
GOTO STATEMENT

• The goto statement is a jump statement which jumps from one point
to another point within a function or program. The goto statement is
marked by label statement. Label statement can be used anywhere in
the function above or below the goto statement. Simple break
statement cannot work here properly. In this situation, goto
statement is used.
• Syntax:
if(condition){
goto err;
}
err: 34

statements;
EXAMPLE

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=10; i++){
If(i==5){
goto err:
}
else{
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}
err:
printf(“Error”); 35

}
THANK YOU

36