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The document provides an overview of power system analysis, including its basic components and modeling techniques. It discusses the key elements of a power system including generation, transmission, and load. It also summarizes common modeling approaches like per-unit systems and bus admittance matrices. Numerical techniques for solving power flows like Newton-Raphson are introduced. Control centers and their use of SCADA systems to monitor power grids are also covered briefly.

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HermyraJ Robert
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26 views14 pages

Chapter - 1

The document provides an overview of power system analysis, including its basic components and modeling techniques. It discusses the key elements of a power system including generation, transmission, and load. It also summarizes common modeling approaches like per-unit systems and bus admittance matrices. Numerical techniques for solving power flows like Newton-Raphson are introduced. Control centers and their use of SCADA systems to monitor power grids are also covered briefly.

Uploaded by

HermyraJ Robert
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KNR3513 Power System Analysis

Chapter 1
Introduction to Power System Analysis
Power system
 A simple power system has three major components
– Generation: source of power, ideally with a specified
voltage and frequency
– Load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive
value
– Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect
conductor
 No ideal voltage sources exist
 Loads are seldom constant
 The transmission system has resistance, inductance,
capacitance, and limitations of flow
 A simple system has no redundancy, hence, the power
system will not work if any component fails
Basic components of power system
Control center of power system
• For the reliable and economical operation of the
power system, the entire system is monitored in
the energy control center using supervisory
control and data acquisition (SCADA).
• Traditionally, SCADA plays a significant role in
planning, monitoring and control of power
systems.
• SCADA systems consist of numerous remote
terminal units. These units are microprocessors
controlled devices used to control and collect
data from sensors situated at remote sites and
transfer the data back to the central unit.
Single line diagram of balanced power system

• In a balanced power system, one


line diagram represents the
interconnection of power grid
components.
• Here, one phase represents the
three phases of the system.
• The equivalent components of the
circuit are replaced by standard
symbols.
• The completion of the circuit
through the neutral is omitted.
Symbols used in one line diagram
Practical circuit

Equivalent circuit
Per-unit representation
• In power systems, there are many different components (Motors,
Generators, Transformers, and other elements) with different sizes
and nominal values.
• To measure the performances in a grid containing different components
with different values of their parameters, a per-unit system is often used.
• In the per-unit (pu) notation, any electrical quantity may be expressed in
pu, as the ratio of the actual quantity and the chosen base value for the
quantity expressed either in decimal form or percent.
• Four basic quantities must be considered, namely, power (Sbase), voltage
(Vbase), current (Ibase), and impedance (Zbase).
• Per-unit representation eliminates the need for the conversion of voltage,
current and impedance across the given network.
Introduction to analysis of a power system
• Power flow studies also referred to as load flow
analysis give the solution for power flow in the
power system network and voltage in the
buses.
• The analysis of a power system in steady-state
operation is to determine the voltages, currents,
and real and reactive power flows in the power
system network under a set of load conditions.
• The analysis of a power system is necessary for
planning, operation, economic scheduling and
exchange of power between utilities.
• Power flow studies are required for many other
analyses such as fault analysis, transient
stability studies and contingency studies. IEEE 9-Bus-system
Computer analysis
• Analyses must be performed to design and operate an electrical
system.
• In other words, all components in the power system have to be modeled
before starting the analysis of the power system.
• Nowadays, power flow calculation is a fundamental task in the power
grid and the most heavily used tool by power engineers.
• In this subject, students will model and look into the performance of
transmission lines, transformers and generators.
• The basic analysis covered in this course are:
 Power flow analysis

 Balanced fault

 Unbalanced fault

 Stability studies
Equations and numerical techniques for solutions
Power flow equations
• Equation of network matrices
• Equations of power flow (Real and Reactive) can be written in the
form of Cartesian coordinate, where we mark a point of voltage is
made by how far along and how far up it is; or Polar coordinate
where, a point of voltage made by how far away, and what angle
it is.
Numerical techniques for power flow solutions
• Direct techniques
• Iterative techniques
• Hybrid techniques (direct techniques + iterative techniques)
Iteration techniques and factors to be considered
Iteration techniques
• Newton-Raphson
• Gauss-Seidel
• Fast Decoupled

Factors to be considered in choosing iterative techniques


• High computer speed
• System size
• Software facilities
• Low computer storage
• Convergence (total number of iterations)
Bus admittance matrix
• In a power system, the bus admittance
matrix ( ) represents the nodal
admittances of various buses. It relates
the current injections at a bus to the
bus voltages.
• Here, the current injection is a nodal
quantity and may be either positive
(into the bus) or negative (out of the
bus).
• The admittance matrix explains the
topology of the network. In this sense,
the branches connecting the nodes
represent lines and the branches to the
ground represent shunt elements to
the ground.
Classifications of buses
The system buses are generally
classified into three types; reference
buses known as swing or slack

IEEE 24 bus test system


buses, load buses and generator
buses

In solving the power flow problem,


the system is assumed to be
operating under balanced conditions.

Each bus is associated with four


quantities which are magnitude
voltage |V|, phase angle θ, real
power P and reactive power Q.
Power flow calculation
• The simplest way to perform power-flow calculations is by iteration,
where first, the bus admittance matrix ( ) is created for the power
system
• Make an initial estimate for the voltages at each bus
• Update the voltage estimate for each bus in the system, one at a time,
based on the estimates for the voltages and power flows at every other
bus and the values of the bus admittance matrix
• The updated voltage will not be correct, but will usually be closer to the
correct answer than the original guess
• The process is repeated until the solution converges to the correct
answer
• Note that at all times in the simulation of power flow, the total power
flowing into any bus must be zero and this is known as Kirchhoff’s law.

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