Department Institute of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

Course Name FEM Lab

Title of Document Open Ended Lab

Title of OEL Flow Simulation of Exhaust Fan

Submitted to Engr. Waqas Tahir

Submitted by Usman Waheed MEEN19111017

Deadline 05 July, 2023

Submission Date 05 July, 2023

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 NACA Airfoil Assignment
The NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) airfoil series is a collection of standardized
airfoil shapes developed by the NACA in the early 20th century. These airfoils were created through
extensive wind tunnel testing and analysis to provide predictable aerodynamic characteristics and design
guidelines for aircraft engineers.

Each NACA airfoil is identified by a four-digit designation that provides information about its shape.
Let's break down the components of the designation and their significance:

The first digit: This digit indicates the maximum camber of the airfoil, which represents the curvature or
asymmetry of the airfoil's upper and lower surfaces. A value of zero (0) indicates a symmetric airfoil,
meaning the upper and lower surfaces have the same shape. Non-zero values represent cambered airfoils,
where the upper and lower surfaces differ in shape. For example, NACA 2412 has a maximum camber of
2% of the chord length.

The second digit: This digit represents the position of the maximum camber along the chord line. It is
expressed as a percentage of the chord length, ranging from 0 to 9. A value of zero (0) indicates that the
maximum camber is at the airfoil's midpoint. For example, in NACA 2412, the maximum camber is
located at 40% of the chord length.

The third and fourth digits: These digits indicate the maximum thickness of the airfoil, also expressed
as a percentage of the chord length. The maximum thickness represents the distance between the upper
and lower surfaces of the airfoil. For example, in NACA 2412, the maximum thickness is 12% of the
chord length.

The NACA airfoil series provides engineers with a range of airfoil shapes that have well-documented
aerodynamic properties. The selection of a specific NACA airfoil depends on the desired characteristics
for a particular aircraft or application. Some common considerations include lift, drag, stall behaviour,
and manoeuvrability.

The NACA airfoils were extensively tested and optimized for various flight conditions, including low
speed, high-speed, and supersonic flight. The series includes airfoils suitable for specific purposes, such
as high-lift airfoils for take off and landing, low-drag airfoils for cruise, and specialized airfoils for
specific applications like gliders or propellers.

It's important to note that while the NACA airfoils have been widely used and serve as a foundation for
airfoil design, modern airfoil shapes have evolved with advancements in computational fluid dynamics
and other design methodologies. These newer airfoil designs often incorporate additional features, such
as laminar flow control or custom modifications tailored to specific aircraft requirements.

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NACA0018 airfoil:
The NACA0018 airfoil is one of the airfoils in the NACA (National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics) airfoil series. Let's break down the characteristics and design features of the NACA0018
airfoil:

Camber: The NACA0018 airfoil has no camber, meaning it is symmetric. The upper and lower
surfaces of the airfoil have the same shape when divided by the chord line. The first digit of the
designation, which is "0" in this case, indicates zero camber.

Maximum Camber Position: Since the airfoil is symmetric, the maximum camber position does not
have any practical significance. The second digit of the designation, which is also "0" in this case,
indicates that the maximum camber is located at 0% of the chord length.

Maximum Thickness: The NACA0018 airfoil has a maximum thickness of 18% of the chord length. The
last two digits of the designation, "18," indicate the maximum thickness value.

In summary, the NACA0018 airfoil is a symmetric airfoil with no camber and a maximum thickness
of 18% of the chord length.

The NACA0018 airfoil is commonly used in applications where low drag and good lift characteristics
are desired. Its symmetric shape makes it suitable for certain aerodynamic requirements, such as low
speed flight or applications where lift and drag balance is critical.

Due to its relatively high thickness compared to other NACA airfoils, the NACA0018 airfoil can
provide sufficient structural strength and a higher lift coefficient, making it suitable for general-
purpose uses like small aircraft wings, wind turbine blades, hydrofoils, and other low-speed
applications.

It's important to note that the NACA airfoil series provides a range of air foils with varying camber,
thickness, and lift characteristics. Engineers select the appropriate airfoil based on specific design
requirements and desired performance parameters for their particular aircraft or application.

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 Procedure for creation of velocity and pressure profile of NACA 0018:

1. First of all, creation of airfoil 0018 has been done via uploading coordinates.

Figure 1: Step 01

2. Now a sketch of semicircle is created to for the sake of enclosure.

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Figure 2: Step 02

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3. Now make a surface from the sketch for both airfoil and semicircle.

Figure 3: Step 03

4. Apply the Boolean subtract on both of bodies as shown in the figure.

Figure

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 4 Step 04
5. Apply the meshing of suitable element size enough to minimize the errors. Also apply edge
meshing, refine mesh to improve the mesh quality. And rename the edges as inlet, walls and
outlet.

Figure

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 Figure 5: Step 05

6. Select the fluid as air.

Figure

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 6: Step 06
7. Now set the velocity magnitude as 5 m/s at inlet of the airfoil.

Figure 7: Step 07

8. Now set the required variables.

Figure

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 8: Step 08
9. Initialize the hybrid initialization and set up the boundary conditions before. Then run the
calculations on 500 iterations.

Figure

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 Figure 9: Step 09

10. The pressure contour is obtained and shown in the figure below.

10: Step 10
11. The velocity contour is obtained and shown in the figure below.

Figure

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 Figure 11: Step 11

12. The velocity streamline is obtained and shown in the figure below.

Figure

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 12: Step 12

Figure

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13. Drag force and lift force is shown on different angles.

Figure 13: Step 13

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