Module 4

Angle Modulation
 Angle Modulation
• Angle Modulation is the process of varying angle of the high frequency
carrier signal inaccordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the low
frequency message signal

• Amplitude of the carrier signal is maintained constant

• Advantages:
• Noise immunity
• Improved SNR
• Improved system fidelity
• Efficient use of transmitted power

• Disadvantages:
• High bandwidth
• Less coverage area
• Transmitting and receiving circuits are complex
 Definition of angle Modulation
• Angle – Frequency and phase

• The angle modulated wave is mathematically expressed as

s(t)  Ac cos[i (t)]      (1)
• AC - Amplitude of the carrier signal
• θi(t) – Angle of modulated sinusoidal carrier

• If θi(t) increases monotonically with time over an interval range from t to

(t+Δt), the average frequency is given as
 i (t  t)  i (t)
f f (t)       (2)
2t
 Definition of angle Modulation
• The instantaneous frequency of the angle modulated signal is
1 di (t)
f i (t)       (3)
2 dt
• The angle modulated signal is interpreted as a rotating phasor of length
Ac and angle θi(t)

• The angular velocity of phasor is dθi(t)/dt rad/s

• The angle θi(t) of an unmodulated carrier is

i (t)  2f ct  c      (4)

• The corresponding phasor rotates with a constant angular velocity of

2πfc and the constant Фc is the value of θi(t) at t=0
Types of Angle modulation
 Phase Modulation (PM)
• Phase Modulation is the process of varying phase angle of the high
frequency carrier signal inaccordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the low frequency message signal

• θi(t) is varied linearly with respect to the message signal m(t)

i (t)  2f ct  k p m(t)      (5)
• Where kp is the phase sensitivity of the modulator (rad/v)

• The phase modulated signal is given as

 Phase Modulation (PM)
• Phase Modulation is the process of varying phase angle of the high
frequency carrier signal inaccordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the low frequency message signal

• θi(t) is varied linearly with respect to the message signal m(t)

i (t)  2f ct  k p m(t)      (5)
• Where kp is the phase sensitivity of the modulator (rad/v)

• The phase modulated signal is given as

s(t)  Ac cos[2f c t  k p m(t)]      (6)
 Phase Modulation (PM)
• Phase Modulation is the process of varying phase angle of the high
frequency carrier signal inaccordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the low frequency message signal

• θi(t) is varied linearly with respect to the message signal m(t)

i (t)  2f ct  k p m(t)      (5)
• Where kp is the phase sensitivity of the modulator (rad/v)

• The phase modulated signal is given as

s(t)  Ac cos[2f c t  k p m(t)]      (6)

s(t)  Ac cos[2f c t  m p cos mt]      (7)

• Modulation index(mp) or Phase deviation(Δθ) m p k p Am (rad )
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Frequency Modulation is the process of varying frequency of the high
frequency carrier signal inaccordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the low frequency message signal

• fi(t) is varied linearly with respect to the message signal m(t)

f i (t)  f c  k f m(t)      (8)
• Where kf is the frequency sensitivity of the modulator (Hz/v)
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Frequency Modulation is the process of varying frequency of the high
frequency carrier signal inaccordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the low frequency message signal

• fi(t) is varied linearly with respect to the message signal m(t)

f i (t)  f c  k f m(t)      (8)
• Where kf is the frequency sensitivity of the modulator (Hz/v)

• Integrating Eq.(8) w.r.t to time and multiplying the result by 2π, we get
i (t)  2   f i (t)dt
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Frequency Modulation is the process of varying frequency of the high
frequency carrier signal inaccordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the low frequency message signal
• fi(t) is varied linearly with respect to the message signal m(t)
f i (t)  f c  k f m(t)      (8)
• Where kf is the frequency sensitivity of the modulator (Hz/v)
• Integrating Eq.(8) w.r.t to time and multiplying the result by 2π, we get
i (t)  2   f i (t)dt
t

i (t)  2f ct  2k f  m( )d      (9)

0
• The frequency modulated signal in time domain is given as
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Frequency Modulation is the process of varying frequency of the high
frequency carrier signal inaccordance with the instantaneous amplitude
of the low frequency message signal
• fi(t) is varied linearly with respect to the message signal m(t)
f i (t)  f c  k f m(t)      (8)
• Where kf is the frequency sensitivity of the modulator (Hz/v)
• Integrating Eq.(8) w.r.t to time and multiplying the result by 2π, we get
i (t)  2   f i (t)dt
t

i (t)  2f ct  2k f  m( )d      (9)

0
• The frequency modulated signal in time domain is given as
t

s(t)  Ac cos[2f c t  2k f  m( )d ]      (10)

0
 Frequency modulation by single frequency message
signal
• The frequency modulated signal in time domain is given as
t

s(t)  Ac cos[2f c t  2k f  m( )d ]      (1)

0

• The above equation is nonlinear function of message signal

• The analysis of FM signal is much more difficult than AM signal
• Consider a sinusoidal message signal defined as
 Frequency modulation by single frequency message
signal
• The frequency modulated signal in time domain is given as
t

s(t)  Ac cos[2f c t  2k f  m( )d ]      (1)

0

• The above equation is nonlinear function of message signal

• The analysis of FM signal is much more difficult than AM signal
• Consider a sinusoidal message signal defined as
m(t)  Am cos 2f mt      (2)
• The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is given as
 Frequency modulation by single frequency message
signal
• The frequency modulated signal in time domain is given as
t

s(t)  Ac cos[2f c t  2k f  m( )d ]      (1)

0

• The above equation is nonlinear function of message signal

• The analysis of FM signal is much more difficult than AM signal
• Consider a sinusoidal message signal defined as
m(t)  Am cos 2f mt      (2)
• The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is given as
f i (t)  f c  k f Am cos 2f mt
f i (t)  f c  f cos 2f m t      (3)
FrequencyDeviation f  k f Am (Hz)
 Frequency modulation by single frequency message
signal
• Using Eq.(3), the angle θi(t) of the FM signal is given as
 Frequency modulation by single frequency message
signal
• Using Eq.(3), the angle θi(t) of the FM signal is given as
i (t)  2   f i (t)dt
 Frequency modulation by single frequency message
signal
• Using Eq.(3), the angle θi(t) of the FM signal is given as
i (t)  2   f i (t)dt

i (t)  2f ct  f sin 2f mt      (4)

fm
 Frequency modulation by single frequency message
signal
• Using Eq.(3), the angle θi(t) of the FM signal is given as
i (t)  2   f i (t)dt
f
i (t)  2f ct  sin 2f mt      (4)
fm
• The modulation index is defined as
  f
fm
i (t)  2f ct   sin 2f mt      (5)
• The FM signal is given as
 Frequency modulation by single frequency message
signal
• Using Eq.(3), the angle θi(t) of the FM signal is given as
i (t)  2   f i (t)dt
f
i (t)  2f ct  sin 2f mt      (4)
fm
• The modulation index is defined as
  f
fm
i (t)  2f ct   sin 2f mt      (5)
• The FM signal is given as
VFM (t)  Ac cos[2f ct   sin 2f mt]      (6)
Generation of FM using phase modulator
Generation of PM using frequency modulator
Waveform of FM and PM signal