Dr.

Ali Muqaibel
ver 3.2

Source of 01101110101
continuous Low-pass
Sampler Quantizer Encoder PCM signal
time message filter applied to
signal channel input

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 1
1
 Introduction
 Quantization Noise Power
 Generation of the PCM Signal
 Companding: Non-uniform
Quantization
◦ 𝜇-law
◦ 𝐴-law
◦ SNR impact

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 2

 In quantization, an analog sample with amplitude that may take value in a specific range is converted
to a digital sample with amplitude that takes one of a specific pre–defined set of quantization values.

A quantization interval Corresponding quantization value

mp

v

L = 2n
L levels t
0
n bits 0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts

2𝑚𝑝
∆𝑣 =
𝐿
–mp
Quantizer Input Samples x
Quantizer Output Samples x q
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 3
 Quantization Error
Quantization Error q 𝑞 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑞
Quantizer
Output xq
v/2
Quantizer
x
v/2
v v v v v v v v
Input x xq
v/2

v/2
mp
v/2

v/2
Quantizer
v v v 
v v/2 v v v v Input x

v/2

v/2

v/2

mp

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 4

 Assuming that the input signal is restricted between – 𝑚𝑝 to 𝑚𝑝.
 Error 𝑞 (quantization noise) will be a random process that is uniformly distributed between – 𝑣/2
and 𝑣/2 with a constant height of 1/∆𝑣.
 The power of such a random process can be found by finding the average of the square of all
noise values multiplied by probability of each of these values of the noise occurring.
∆𝑣
+2
1
𝑃𝑞 = න 𝒒𝟐 𝑑𝑞
−2
∆𝑣 ∆𝑣
∆𝑣 3 3
+ ∆𝑣 ∆𝑣
1 𝑞3 2 1 − 1 ∆𝑣 3 ∆𝑣 3
𝑃𝑞 = = 2 − 2 = +
∆𝑣 3 ∆𝑣
−2
∆𝑣 3 3 ∆𝑣 24 24

∆𝑣 2
𝑃𝑞 =
12

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 5

 2𝑚𝑝 ∆𝑣 2
 Now substituting for ∆𝑣 = in the above equation 𝑃𝑞 = gives
𝐿 12
2𝑚𝑝 2
𝑚 2
𝐿 𝑝
𝑃𝑞 = = 2
12 3𝐿
 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is the ratio of the power of the input signal
of the quantizer to the power of the noise introduced by the
quantizer
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑚 ෪2 𝑡 𝑃𝑠 3𝐿2
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = = = = = = 2 𝑃𝑠
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑁𝑞 𝑞෪ 𝑡
2 𝑃𝑞 𝑚𝑝

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 6

 In general the values of the SNR are either much greater than 1 or much less than 1. This
suggests the use of dB scale.
 Are you familiar with the dB scale?
 𝐿 of a quantizer is always a power of two or 𝐿 = 2𝑛
3𝐿2 ,
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 2 𝑃𝑠
𝑚𝑝

3𝐿2 3
 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 2 𝑃𝑠 = 10 log10 2 𝑃𝑠 + 10 log10 22𝑛
𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑝

3
10 log10 2 𝑃𝑠 + 20𝑛 log10 2
 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 = 𝑚𝑝

𝛼 6𝑛
 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 = 𝛼 + 6𝑛 𝑑𝐵.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 7

 𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 = 𝛼 + 6𝑛 𝑑𝐵

 The 𝑆𝑁𝑅 of a quantizer in 𝑑𝐵 increases linearly by 6 𝑑𝐵 as we increase the

number of bits that the quantizer uses by 1 bit.
 The cost for increasing the 𝑆𝑁𝑅 of a quantizer is that more bits are generated
and therefore either a higher bandwidth or a longer time period is required to
transmit the PCM signal.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 8

 In a certain digital voice communication system, the error in sample
amplitudes cannot be greater than 3% of the peak amplitude.
 Determine the number of bits for the quantizer, 𝑛.

 Ans. 𝑛=6

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 9

 Each of the levels of the quantizer is assigned a code from 000…000 for the lowest quantization interval to
111…111.
 A digit-at-time encoder makes 𝑛 sequential comparisons to generate 𝑛-bits code word. The sample is compared
with reference voltages 27,26 , 25 , … , 20
PCM Code
A quantization interval Corresponding quantization value n bits/sample
mp
1….111
v .
.
L = 2n
L levels
.
0 t
n bits 0 Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts .
0….010
0….001
0….000
–mp
Quantizer Input Samples x
Quantizer Output Samples x q
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 10
 Fun time: The Slow Mo Guys
https://www.youtube.com/user/theslowmogu
ys

Dr. Ali Muqaibel 11

 A color scanner is scanning a picture of height 11 inches and width 8.5 inches (Letter size
paper). The resolution of the scanner is 600 dots per inch (dpi) in each dimension and the
picture will be quantized using 256 levels per each color. Find the time it would require to
transmit this picture using a modem of speed 56 𝑘 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠).
 We need to find the total number of bits that will represent the picture. We know that 256
quantization levels require 8 bits to represent each quantization level.

 Number of bits = 11 inches (height) × 8.5 inches (width) × 600 dots / inch (height) × 600 dots
/ inch (width) × 3 colors (red, green, blue) * 8 bits / color = 807,840,000 bits
 Using a 56 kbps modem would require 807,840,000 / 56,000 = 14426 seconds of transmission
time = 4 hours.
 For this reason, compression techniques are generally used to store and transmit pictures over
slow transmission channels.

Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 12