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2 Examples For Sketching FM and PM Signals

This document provides examples for sketching frequency modulated (FM) and phase modulated (FM) signals based on different modulating signals. For a modulating signal m(t) with constants kf=2π×105 and kP=10π, the FM signal will have minimum and maximum frequencies of 99.9MHz and 100.1MHz respectively. The PM signal will have minimum and maximum frequencies that do not need to be the same as FM. For a digital modulating signal m(t) with constants kf=2π×105 and kP=π/2, the FM signal is a form of frequency shift keying with minimum and maximum frequencies of 99.9MHz and 100.1MHz. The PM

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Mohamed shabana
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91 views4 pages

2 Examples For Sketching FM and PM Signals

This document provides examples for sketching frequency modulated (FM) and phase modulated (FM) signals based on different modulating signals. For a modulating signal m(t) with constants kf=2π×105 and kP=10π, the FM signal will have minimum and maximum frequencies of 99.9MHz and 100.1MHz respectively. The PM signal will have minimum and maximum frequencies that do not need to be the same as FM. For a digital modulating signal m(t) with constants kf=2π×105 and kP=π/2, the FM signal is a form of frequency shift keying with minimum and maximum frequencies of 99.9MHz and 100.1MHz. The PM

Uploaded by

Mohamed shabana
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© © All Rights Reserved
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SKETCHING FM/PM SIGNALS Dr.

Ali Hussein Muqaibel


Electrical Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
V E R 2 .3

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 1


EXAMPLE 1
Sketch the FM and PM waves for the modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) shown in the
figure. The constants 𝑘𝑓 and 𝑘𝑃 are 2𝜋 × 105 and 10𝜋, respectively, and the
carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐 is 100𝑀𝐻𝑧
For FM
𝜔𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑚 𝑡
𝑘𝑓
𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑚 (𝑡)
2𝜋
2𝜋×105
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 2𝜋 𝑚 𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99.9𝑀𝐻𝑧
2𝜋×105
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100.1𝑀𝐻𝑧
2𝜋
For PM
𝜔𝑖 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚ሶ 𝑡
𝑘𝑝
𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑚ሶ (𝑡)
2𝜋
10𝜋
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 2𝜋 𝑚ሶ 𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99.9𝑀𝐻𝑧 Minimum and maximum frequency
10𝜋 need not be the same for PM and FM
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 2𝜋
𝑚ሶ 𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100.1𝑀𝐻𝑧
DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 2
EXAMPLE 2
Sketch the FM and PM waves for the digital modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) shown in the
figure. The constants 𝑘𝑓 and 𝑘𝑃 are 2𝜋 × 105 and 𝜋/2, respectively, and the carrier
frequency 𝑓𝑐 is 100𝑀𝐻𝑧

For FM
𝑘𝑓
𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑚 (𝑡)
2𝜋
2𝜋×105
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 100𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99.9𝑀𝐻𝑧
2𝜋
2𝜋×105
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 𝑚 𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100.1𝑀𝐻𝑧
2𝜋
This is called frequency shift keying (FSK) which we will
study later in digital communications

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 3


CONTINUE .. EXAMPLE 2
Direct method of plotting PM from 𝑚ሶ 𝑡 works fine if there
are no impulses in 𝑚ሶ 𝑡 . 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑚(𝑡) should be continuous.

For PM
𝑘𝑝 𝜋/2
𝑓𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑡 = 100𝑀𝐻𝑧 + 𝑚ሶ 𝑡
2𝜋 2𝜋
We cannot substitute ∞
Consider the direct phase sketch approach
𝜋
𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚 𝑡
2
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) 𝑚 𝑡 = −1
𝑔𝑃𝑀 𝑡 = ቊ Note the phase change
−𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑐 𝑡) 𝑚 𝑡 = +1
𝜋
In digital systems, this is called Phase Shift Keying (PSK). Phase shift by 𝜋 = ∗ 2
2

Two additional examples are provided in the website/Blackboard

DR. ALI H. MUQAIBEL 4

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