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Practical-1
AIM: Install Linux environment (Centos) on virtual box.
Also explore,
A. UNIX Architecture
B. Types of OS
C. Flavour’s of LINUX

Description:

UNIX Architecture: Unix is an Operating System that is truly the base of all Operating
Systems like Ubuntu, Solaris, POSIX, etc. It was originally developed for mini computers and
has since been ported to various hardware platforms. UNIX has a reputation for stability,
security, and scalability, making it a popular choice for enterprise-level computing.

1. Kernel: At the heart of UNIX is the kernel, which is the core component responsible for
managing system resources and providing essential services. The kernel acts as an
intermediary between applications and the underlying hardware, handling tasks such as
process management, memory management, device drivers, and file system access.

2. Shell: UNIX systems use a command-line interface called a shell. The shell is a program
that provides a command-line prompt where users can enter commands to interact with
the system. It interprets user commands, executes them, and provides the results back to
the user. Common UNIX shells include the Bourne shell (sh), C shell (csh), and the more
modern Bourne Again shell (bash).

3. File System: UNIX adopts a hierarchical file system structure, organized as a tree-like
directory structure. Directories can contain both files and other directories, allowing for a
logical organization of data. The file system provides mechanisms for creating, reading,
writing, and deleting files, as well as permissions and access control.

4. Processes: UNIX treats every running program as a process. A process is an instance of

a program in execution. UNIX systems support multitasking, allowing multiple processes
to run concurrently. The kernel manages the execution of processes, allocating resources
and scheduling their execution on the CPU.

5. Interprocess Communication (IPC): UNIX provides various mechanisms for processes

to communicate and share data with each other. This includes pipes, which allow the
output of one process to be fed as input to another, as well as sockets, shared memory, and
signals.

Types of OS:
● Batch Operating System
● Multi-Programming System
● Multi-Processing System

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● Multi-Tasking Operating System

● Time-Sharing Operating System
● Distributed Operating System
● Network Operating System
● Real-Time Operating System

Flavors of LINUX: Linux flavors are variations of Linux distributions that share the same
goals of the original but have some changes to suit different users1. There are many Linux
flavors available, but they can be grouped into three main categories: Security-Focused, User-
Focused and Unique

1. Ubuntu: Ubuntu is one of the most well-known and widely used Linux distributions.
It emphasizes ease of use, stability, and a large community support base. It offers
different editions such as Ubuntu Desktop, Ubuntu Server, and Ubuntu Core.

2. Fedora: Fedora is a community-driven Linux distribution sponsored by Red Hat. It

focuses on integrating the latest open-source technologies and serves as a testing ground
for features that may eventually make their way into Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL).

3. Debian: Debian is a stable and highly customizable Linux distribution known for its
robust package management system. It forms the base for many other Linux
distributions and offers different flavors like Debian GNU/Linux, Debian Edu, and
Debian Live.

4. CentOS: CentOS (Community Enterprise Operating System) is a Linux distribution

based on the source code of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). It aims to provide a
free, community-supported alternative to RHEL, focusing on stability and long-term
support.

5. Arch Linux: Arch Linux is a lightweight and flexible Linux distribution that follows a
"do-it-yourself" philosophy. It provides a minimal base system and encourages users to
customize and build their own environment using the package manager called Pacman.

6. openSUSE: openSUSE is a community-driven Linux distribution that focuses on

usability and simplicity. It offers two main editions: Leap, which provides a stable and
enterprise-like experience, and Tumbleweed, which follows a rolling release model
with frequent updates.

7. Linux Mint: Linux Mint is a user-friendly Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It aims
to provide an elegant and comfortable desktop experience for both beginners and
experienced users. Linux Mint includes various desktop environments, primarily
Cinnamon and Mate.

8. Kali Linux: Kali Linux is a specialized Linux distribution designed for penetration
testing, ethical hacking, and digital forensics. It includes a vast array of pre-installed
tools and is widely used by security professionals and enthusiasts.

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Installation Steps:

FIG.1: CLICK ON “NEW”.

FIG.2: PROVIDE A NAME

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FIG.3: GIVE USERNAME AND PASSWORD

FIG.4: CHANGE PROCESSORS TO ‘2’.

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FIG.5: CLICK ON ‘NEXT’

FIG.6: CHECK YOUR DETAILS

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FIG.7: CLICK ON ‘START’ TO OPEN THIS

FIG.8: CLICK ON ‘DATE & TIME’

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FIG.9: SET DATE & TIME

FIG.10: SELECT ‘GNOME Desktop’

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FIG.11:DO INSTALLATION DESTINATION

FIG.12: CLICK ON ‘BEGIN INSTALLATION’

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FIG.13: SET ROOT PASSWORD AND USER CREATION

FIG.14: ACCEPT LICENSE AGREEMENT

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FIG.15: SELECT ‘ENGLISH’

FIG.16: MAKE IT OFF

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FIG.17: LOGIN FOR FIRST TIME

FIG.18: SCREEN WILL APPEAR

Conclusion:
By following above mentioned steps, we installed Linus environment system on cent OS.

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