SQL

Short Notes

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
 What is SQL ?
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a
programming language used to manage
and manipulate relational databases .

It allows users to create, modify, and

query databases that are organized in a
structured way, where data is stored in
tables with defined relationships
between them.

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
SQL is widely used in various industries
such as banking, healthcare, and e-
commerce, to manage large amounts of
data efficiently and effectively.

SQL can perform a wide range of

operations including selecting, inserting,
updating, and deleting data from a
database.

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
 It is considered a standard language
for interacting with relational
databases and is supported by most
database management systems.

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
Types of SQL Commands
SQL (Structured Query Language)
commands can be broadly classified into
four categories:

DDL
DML
DCL
TCL
@Kiran Kanwar Rathore
@kiranrathore123
DDL Command
DDL (Data Definition Language): These
commands are used to define the
structure and layout of the database.
Some common DDL commands includes:

CREATE
ALTER
DROP
TRUNCATE

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
Examples :
CREATE
This command is used to create a new
table in the database. Here's an
example:

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
ALTER
This command is used to modify the
structure of an existing table. Here's an
example:

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

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DROP
This command is used to delete an
existing table and all its data. Here's an
example:

TRUNCATE
This command is used to delete all the
data from an existing table. Here's an
example:

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
DML Command
DML (Data Manipulation Language):
These commands are used to manipulate
the data in the database.
Some common DML commands includes :

SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
 SELECT
This command is used to retrieve data from one
or more tables in the database.
For Example :

If you want to retrieve specific columns from the table,

we can list them after the SELECT

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
INSERT
This command is used to insert new data into a
table. Here's an example:

UPDATE
This command is used to update existing data in
a table. Here's an example:

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
DELETE
This command is used to delete data
from a table. Here's an example:

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
DCL Command
DCL (Data Control Language): These
commands are used to control access to
the database.

Some common DCL commands

include :

GRANT
REVOKE

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
GRANT
This command is used to grant permissions
to users or roles to perform certain actions
on database objects. Here's an example:

This command grants the "analyst" user

or role the permission to select, insert,
and update data in the "students" table.

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
REVOKE
This command is used to revoke permissions
from users or roles to perform certain
actions on database objects. Here's an
example:

This command revokes the "guest" user or

role's permission to select data from the
"students" table.

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
TCL Command
TCL (Transaction Control Language):
These commands are used to manage
transactions in the database.

Some common TCL commands

includes:

COMMIT
ROLLBACK

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
COMMIT
This command is used to save all changes
made during a transaction.
Suppose you have a database table named
"employees" that contains information about
employees in your company. You want to update
the salary of an employee with the employee ID
of 12345. You can use the following SQL
statements to do this:

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
ROLLBACK
This command is used to undo all changes made
during a transaction and restore the database
to its previous state.

Suppose you have a database table named

"orders" that contains information about
customer orders. You want to update the
quantity of an order with the order ID of 123. You
can use the following SQL statements to do this:

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
After executing these statements, you
realize that you made a mistake and the
quantity should have been set to 10 instead
of 5. You can use the ROLLBACK command
to undo the changes made in the
transaction:

The ROLLBACK statement undoes all the

changes made in the current transaction
and restores the database to its state
before the transaction started.

@Kiran Kanwar Rathore

@kiranrathore123
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