MACHINES

This is a device which simplifies work. It allows the supply of energy at one point to do work
at another point.
Types of machines
 Levers
 Pulleys
 Inclined planes
 The screw
 Wheel and axel (Gears)
 Hydraulic press

A force called effort is applied on a machine to overcome a resisting force called load.
A machine is used to
- Covert energy from one form to another
- It amplifies a force.
- Magnifies movements.

TERMS USED
1. Load. This is the force to be overcome
2. Effort. This is the force used to overcome the load
3. Mechanical advantage (M.A)
Is the ratio of load to effort i.e.
MA =
It has no unit because it is a ratio of forces (quantity with the same units)
4. Work in put
This is a work done by the effort and is equal to the effort and distance moved by the effort.
Work in put = effort x distance moved by effort
W input = E XDE
5. Work out put
This is the work done by the machine to overcome the load.
W output L x d L
6. Velocity ratio
This is the ratio of distance moved by effort to the distance moved by the load in the same
time interval. It has no unit.
VR =
5. Efficiency
This is the ratio of work output to the input expressed as a percentage.
Eff
The ratio of mechanical advantage to velocity ratio also fives efficiency = X100
Proof for X100
From Eff.
Eff

Eff. =
LEVERS

A lever is any rigid body which is pivoted about a point called the fulcrum
Or
It is simple machine which has a turning point called fulcrum/pivot.

Classes of levers

1st class levers

These are levers that have pivot between the Load and effort.
E
P
L
E.g. pair of scissors, sea saws pair of pliers bottle opener etc.

2nd class lever

This is the lever that has a load between the pivot and the effort.

Effort Load
Pivot

E.g. wheelbarrow, Nut cracker, axe etc.

3rd class lever

This is when the effort is between the pivot and load
P Effort Load

E.g. fore arm, spade, pair of tongs, forceps, etc.

PULLEYS
A pulley is a grooved wheel mounted on a block. A string or rope passes around the pulley
and it is held in place by the groove.

Types of pulley systems

Single fixed pulley.

It consists of only one pulley which is fixed.

At equilibrium, Load = Effort and load distance

equals effort distance.

Thus M.A = 1 and V.R = 1.

Effort This type of pulley is used in flag poles, by builders,

etc. The rope is pulled downwards and the load is
pulled upwards.
Load
Single movable pulley
Consist of one moving pulley.

At equilibrium, L = 2E, effort is twice the load

Effort
And dL = 2dE

Thus M.A

And V.R
Load

Block and tackle single pulley system

It consists of one or more pulleys in two blocks mounted independently on the same axle.
One block is fixed and the other is moving. The load is fixed on the lower moving block, the
upper fixed block has a number of pulleys as stated below in comparison with the lower
block
1. For total even number of pulleys -:

Number of pulleys in the upper block = number of pulleys in the lower block.
2. For total odd numbers of pulleys

Number of pulleys in the upper block exceeds number of pulleys in the lower block by 1

System of 2 pulleys
T
2x
TT
x
L
At Equilibrium , L = 2T, E = T
M.A = = =2
V.R = = = 2

System of 3 pulleys
E
TTT
Load
At equilibrium L = 3T, E = T
M.A = = = = 3

System of 4 pulleys
4x
T
TT
4x

At equilibrium m
Load L = 4T and E = T
M.A = = = 4
System of 5 pulleys
E
TT
TTT
At equilibrium m, L = 5T and E = T
M.A = = = 5
V.R = = = 5
Load

1. Example
A pulley system of V.R = 3 Supports a load of 20N given that the tension in each string is
8N. Calculate
i) The effort required to raise a load
ii) The mechanical advantage.
iii) The distance moved by the effort. if the load moves thru a distance of 2m
iv) The weight of a pulley.

SOLUTION
i) E = T = 8N
3E = L +W
3 x 8 = 20 +W
Therefore weight of the pulley W= 24-20 = 4
Weight of each pulley = 2N
ii) M.A =
iii) V.R =
3=
3 x 2 = dE
dE = 6cm

Efficiency = x100 = x100 = 83⅓%

2. A single stringed pulley system shown below.

8N
20N
A load of 20N raised by an effort of 8N, If the system is friction less find the mass of the
lower pulley.

Upward forces = down ward forces

3T = 20 +W
3 X 8 = 20 +W
W= (24 -20)
W= 4N

3. Mass of the lower pulley is 0.4kg. An effort of 50N is required to raise a load of 200N
using a pulley system of Velocity 5
a) Draw a diagram to show the pulley system.
i) Find the efficiency of the system.
ii) Calculate the work wasted when the load is raised thru 120cm.
b) Give 2 reasons why efficiency of your pulley system is always less than 100%.
Solution
i) = X100 = X100 = 80%

ii) dL = 120cm = 1.2m

Work in put = E X dE = 50 X 6 = 300J

Work output = L X dL= 200 x 1.2 = 240J
Work wasted = work in put – work output
= 300 – 240
= 60J
N.B
Number of strings supporting a movable load is equal to velocity ratio.
Efficiency of a pulley system is always less than 100%
(i) Work is wasted when overcoming friction force
(ii) Work is wasted in raising moving parts of the machine.

Work wasted = work input – work output.

Ways of improving on the efficiency on the machine

- By lubricating moving parts of the machine
- By reducing on the weight of moving parts using light alloys

Uses of pulleys
- Used in hoisting flags and in sail boats.
- Used in cranes and in blinds.

Explain how a flag is hoisted.

A string is attached on the wheel of the pulley up the pole and the flag which acts as the load
is attached to the string and pulled to the hoist the flag.
The flag is tied on a string and the string is then post over the pulley running. The rope is
pulled down and the flag is hoisted.

Variation of M.A with load

M.A
0 Load
- When the load is small, friction and unnecessary weight are also small. Therefore M.A is
significant
- When the load is increased friction and unnecessary weights are increased, decrease the
efficiency and M.A of the machine.

Variation of efficiency load

100%
Efficiency
0 Load
- When the load is small, friction and other necessary weights are significant compared to the
load. This makes both M.A and efficiency small.
- When the load becomes big friction and efficiency necessary weights become insignificant
(very small) compared the load. This increases the M.A and efficiency of the system.
INCLINED PLANE

It is a wooden plunk which is inclined to the ground

B
h LORRY
AC
Inclined plane
The effort raises the load (box) through a vertical height BC by pulling it along the incline
from point A at the ground to point B at the required height
AB – length of inclined plane
L – Load / weight
E – Effort (pull / push)
- Angle of inclination to the ground
BC –vertical height
V.R =

Question
1. Below is an inclined plane used to lift a load (weight = 100N and E = 90N) from R to p as
shown?

P
E=90N
10cm
100N
Q 5cm R
QR = 5m QP = 10m
a) Determine
i) mechanical advantage
ii) angle of inclination
iii) velocity ratio
iv) Efficiency of the machine.

b) i) What is meant by first class lever?

ii) By means of a lever, an effort of 50N moves a load of 200N through a distance of 3m. If
the effort moves a distance of 16m; calculate
- The mechanical advantage
- The efficiency.

SOLUTION
(a)i) M.A
ii) Cos

iii) V.R
(iv) Eff.
= 96.6%
(b) This is where the pivot is in between the load and effort.
M.A =
V.R =

Eff.
= 75%

SCREWS
This is an inclined plane wound on a central cylinder
Pitch is the distance between one thread and the next measured along the axis of the screw. it
is equal to the distance moved by the load when the screw is rotated through one complete
turn.
Examples of a screw jack
P – Pitch
a –radius of rotation (effort distance)
V.R of the screw =

**Example
Given that the pitch of a screw is 5mm when an effort is rotated to lift a load of 750N in one
turn. Calculate
i) M.A
ii) V.R
iii) Efficiency

Solution:
(i) M.A = = = 25
(ii)V.R =
=
= 628
iii) = X100 = 3.98%
2. A machine of velocity ratio 5 is used to raise a load whose weight is 200N. The effort
required is 50N. calculate its M.A
3. A trolley of weight 10N is pulled from the bottom to the top of the inclined plane by a
steady force of 2N.If the height and distance moved by the force are2m and 20m respectively.
calculate
i) M.A
ii) V.R
iii) Efficiency

WHEEL AND AXLE

It consists of a large diameter wheel and axle both of which are firmly attached to one
another.
Examples include; brace(used to make holes), screw drivers, the box spanner, steering wheel
of a car, windless (used for drawing water from a well), etc.
After a complete turn, Effort (E) moves thru a distance equal to the circumferenceof the
wheel and the load is raised thru a distance equal to the circumference of the axle.
Therefore V.R =
Wheel Axle Axis of rotation
20mm = R R = 2mm
E Load = 1000N
Example
1. Assuming that the efficiency of the above system is 45%. Find
a) The effort required to raise the load.
b) The energy wasted when the effort moves thru one 1760cm

Solution
a) V.R = = = 10

Efficiency = X100
45 = X100
M.A = = 4.5
M.A = = = 4.5
Effort E= = 222.2N.
b) Work input = E x dE = 222.2 X 2 = 8.88 J

Work output = L X dE = 1000 x2 = 4 J

Work wasted = (8.88 -4) = 4.88 J = 15.34J 52
HYDRAULIC PRESS
It works on the principle that pressure transmitted thru an incompressible liquid/ fluid is the
same every where in the fluid.
Pressure p =
F=PXA
Therefore E = P X A1= P X 2
And load L = P X A2 = P X 2
M.A = =
M.A =
When E and L move through a distance x and y respectively, the volumes are pressed by
small piston is equal to volume raised up in the; large piston.
A1 x = A2 y = r2x = 2 = =
V.R =
Questions
1. A hydraulic hoist has a main cylinder diameter of 30cm and a pump cylinder diameter of
1cm.

Calculate
a) V.R
b) The maximum load it can raise
c) M.A (given that the force applied on the piston pump 70N and efficiency equal 80%)
2. The efficiency of the hydraulic press is 60 %. Find the load raised if an effort of 200 NIS
applied on a piston of radius 5cm and the load is pressed on the piston of radius 30cm.
53
GEARS
In gears, the effort is applied to one wheel which is called the driving wheel. The other wheel
to which the load is connected is called the driven wheel.
For two gears is contact, observed speed of rotation is inversely proportional to the number of
teeth.
Teeth
Effort gear A Load gear B
(Driving wheel) (Driven wheel)
Velocity ratio =
V.R =
If gear A turns its teeth it interlocks with those of B and make it turn in the opposite direction.
N.B
The fastest turning gear is that with the smallest number of teeth.
Example
A hydraulic machine has 120 teeth in the driven gears and 40 teeth in the driven gear.
Calculate
i) It’s V.R.
ii) Its M.A(if the machine is 80% efficient)

Solution
i) V.R =

==3
ii) Efficiency = X100
80 = X100MACHINES
A machine is a device which allows the supply of energy at one point to do work at another
point.
A force called effort is applied on a machine to over come a resisting force called load.
A machine is used to
- Covert energy from one form to another.
- It amplifies a force.
- Magnifies movements.

Terms used
1. Work in put

This is a work done by the effort and is equal to the effort and distance moved by the effort.
Work in put = effort x distance moved by effort
W input = E XDE
2. Work out put

This is the work done by the machine to over come the load.
W output L x d L
3. Mechanical advantage (M.A)

Is the ratio of load to effort i.e.

MA =
It has no unit because it is a ratio of forces (quantity with the same units)
4. Velocity ratio
This is the ratio of distance moved by effort to the distance moved by the load in the same
time interval. It has no unit.
VR =
5. Efficiency
This is the ratio of work output to the in put expressed as a percentage.
= 38
The ratio of mechanical advantage to velocity ratio also fives efficiency = X100
Proof for X100
From x 100
M.A X
X100.
Types of simple machines
These include lever, pullys inclined planes, wages screws, wheels and axle, gears.
a) LEVERS

A lever is a simple machine which has a turning point called fulcrum/pivot. There are 3
classes of levers
1st class levers
These are levers that have pivot between and effort.
E
P
L
E.g. pair of scissors, sea saws pair of pliers bottle opener etc.
2nd class lever
This is the lever that has a load between the pivot and the effort.
Effort Load
E.g. wheelbarrow, Nut cracker, axe etc. 39
3rd class lever
This is when the effort is between the pivot and load
P Effort Load
E.g. Fore arm, spade, pair of tongs, forceps.
b) INCLINED PLANE

It is a wooden plunk which is inclined to the ground

B
h LORRY
AC
Inclined plane
The effort raises the load (box) through a vertical height BC by pulling it along the inclined
from point A at the ground to point B at the required height
AB – length of inclined plane
L – Load / weight
E – Effort (pull / push)
- Angle of inclination to the ground
BC –vertical height
V.R = =
V.R = 40
Question
1. Below is an inclined plane used to lift a load from R to p as shown?

P
E=90N
10cm
100N
Q 5cm R
QR = 5m QP = 10m
a) Determine
i) mechanical advantage
ii) angle of inclination
iii) velocity ratio
iv) Efficiency of the machine.

b) i) What is meant by first class lever?

ii) By means of a lever, an effort of 50N moves a load of 200N through a distance of 200N
through 3M. If the effort moves a distance of 16m; calculate
- The mechanical advantage
- The efficiency.

SOLUTION
(a)i) M.A = = = 1. 11
ii) Cos =
= = = 0.5
= cos -1(0.5) = 600
iii) V.R = = = = 1. 155 41
(iv) = X100
= X100
= 96.6%
(b) This is where the pivot is in between the load and effort.
M.A = = = 4
= X 100 but V.R =
=
= 75%
SCREWS
Pitch is the distance between one thread and the next measured along the axis of the screw. it
is equal to the distance moved by the load when the screw is rotated through one complete
turn.
Examples of a screw jack
P – Pitch
a –radius of rotation (effort distance)
V.R of the screw =
= 42
Example
Given that the pitch of a screw is 5mm when an effort is rotated to lift a load of 750N in one
turn. Calculate
i) M.A
ii) V.R
iii) Efficiency

Solution:
(i) M.A = = = 25
(ii)V.R =
=
= 628
iii) = X100 = 3.98%
2. A machine of velocity ratio 5 is used to raise a load whose weight is 200N. The effort
required is 50N. calculate its M.A
3. A trolley of weight 10N is pulled from the bottom to the top of the inclined plane by a
steady force of 2N.If the height and distance moved by the force are2m and 20m respectively.
calculate
i) M.A
ii) V.R
iii) Efficiency

PULLEYS
A pulley is a grooved wheel mounted on a block. A string or rope passes around the pulley
and it is held in place by the groove. An effort E is applied on the rope to reduce tension T in
the rope such that effort = tension.
A tension in the rope is constant or uniform and acts in both directions along the rope. The
load L is supported by the total tension in the sections of the rope attached to the pulley on
which the load is fixed.
The tension in the section of the rope attached to the load directly is equal to the number of
sections of the rope attached to the load by tension.
Load L = n t where n is number of sections of the rope attached to the load.
L can be less than n T (L nT) due to the weight of the pulleys
L + W = nT where W is weight of the pulleys. 43
Types of pulley systems
Single fixed pulley.
It consists of only one pulley which is fixed.
Wheel Rope
X
Effort (E)
XT
Load
Tension T = E
At equilibrium L =T
M.A = = but L=E
=
=1
V.R =
=
= 1 44
Single movable pulley
Consist of one moving pulley.
T T 2x
Load x
At equilibrium
Load L = 2 T
M.A = = = 2
V.R =
= =2
Block and tackle single pulley system
It consists of one or more pulleys in two blocks mounted independently on the same axle.
One block is fixed and the other is moving. The load is fixed on the lower moving block, the
upper fixed block has a number of pulleys as stated below in comparison with the lower
block
1. For total even number of pulleys -:

Number of pulleys in the upper block = number of pulleys in the lower block.
2. For total odd numbers of pulleys

Number of pulleys in the upper block exceeds number of pulleys in the lower block by 1 45
System of 2 pulleys
T
2x
TT
x
L
At Equilibrium , L = 2T, E = T
M.A = = =2
V.R = = = 2 46
System of 3 pulleys
E
TTT
Load
At equilibrium L = 3T, E = T
M.A = = = = 3
System of 4 pulleys
4x
T
TT
4x 47
At equilibrium m
Load L = 4T and E = T
M.A = = = 4
System of 5 pulleys
E
TT
TTT
At equilibrium m, L = 5T and E = T
M.A = = = 5
V.R = = = 5
Load
1. Example
A pulley system of V.R = 3 Supports a load of 20N given that the tension in each string is
8N. Calculate
i) The effort required to raise a load
ii) The mechanical advantage.
iii) The distance moved by the effort. if the load moves thru a distance of 2m
iv) The weight of a pulley.
48
SOLUTION
i) E = T = 8N
3E = L +W
3 x 8 = 20 +W
Therefore weight of the pulley W= 24-20 = 4
Weight of each pulley = 2N
ii) M.A = = = 2.5
iii) V.R =
3 = dE = 3 x 2 = 6m
Efficiency = x100 = x100 = 83⅓%
2. A single stringed pulley system shown below.

8N
20N
A load of 20N raised by an effort of 8N, If the system is friction less find the mass of the
lower pulley. 49
Upward forces = down ward forces
3T = 20 +W
3 X 8 = 20 +W
W= (24 -20)
W= 4N
3. Mass of the lower pulley = = =0.4kg An effort of 50N is required to raise a load of 200N
using a pulley system of Velocity 5
a) Draw a diagram to show the pulley system.
i) Find the efficiency of the system.
ii) Calculate the work wasted when the load is raised thru 120cm.
b) Give 2 reasons why efficiency of your pulley system is always less than 100%.

Solution
i) = X100 = X100 = 80%

ii) dL = 120cm = 1.2m

Work in put = E X dE = 50 X 6 = 300J

Work output = L X dL= 200 x 1.2 = 240J
Work wasted = work in put – work output
= 300 – 240
= 60J
N.B
Number of strings supporting a movable load velocity ratio.
Efficiency of a pulley system is always less than 100%
(i) work is wasted when overcoming friction force
(ii) work is wasted in raising moving parts of the machine.

Work wasted = work input – work output.

Ways of improving on the efficiency on the machine
- By lubricating moving parts of the machine
- By reducing on the weight of moving parts using light alloys

Uses of pulleys
- Used in hasting flags
- Used in cranes in building.

Explain how a flag is hoisted.

A string is attached on the wheel of the pulley up the pole and the flag which acts as the load
is attached to the string and pulled to the hoist the flag. 50
The flag is tied on a string and the string is then post over the pulley running. The rope is
pulled down and the flag is hoisted.
Variation of M.A with load
M.A
0 Load
- When the load is small, friction and unnecessary weight are also small. Therefore M.A is
significant
- When the load is increased friction and unnecessary weights are increased, decrease the
efficiency and M.A of the machine.

Variation of efficiency load

100%
Efficiency
0 Load
- When the load is small, friction and other necessary weights are significant compared to the
load. This makes both M.A and efficiency small.
- When the load becomes big friction and efficiency necessary weights become insignificant
(very small) compared the load. This increases the M.A and efficiency of the system.

WHEEL AND AXLE

It consists of a large diameter wheel and axle both of which are firmly attached to one
another.
After a complete turn, Effort (E) moves thru a distance equal to 2 and the load is raised thru a
distance 2 therefore V.R 51
V.R =
V.R = =
Wheel Axle Axis of rotation
20mm = R R = 2mm
E Load = 1000N
Example
1. Assuming that the efficiency of the above system is 45%. Find
a) The effort required to raise the load.
b) The energy wasted when the effort moves thru one 1760cm

Solution
a) V.R = = = 10

Efficiency = X100
45 = X100
M.A = = 4.5
M.A = = = 4.5
Effort E= = 222.2N.
b) Work input = E x dE = 222.2 X 2 = 8.88 J

Work output = L X dE = 1000 x2 = 4 J

Work wasted = (8.88 -4) = 4.88 J = 15.34J 52
HYDRAULIC PRESS
It works on the principle that pressure transmitted thru an incompressible liquid/ fluid is the
same every where in the fluid.
Pressure p =
F=PXA
Therefore E = P X A1= P X 2
And load L = P X A2 = P X 2
M.A = =
M.A =
When E and L move through a distance x and y respectively, the volumes are pressed by
small piston is equal to volume raised up in the; large piston.
A1 x = A2 y = r2x = 2 = =
V.R =
Questions
1. A hydraulic hoist has a main cylinder diameter of 30cm and a pump cylinder diameter of
1cm.

Calculate
a) V.R
b) The maximum load it can raise
c) M.A (given that the force applied on the piston pump 70N and efficiency equal 80%)
2. The efficiency of the hydraulic press is 60 %. Find the load raised if an effort of 200 NIS
applied on a piston of radius 5cm and the load is pressed on the piston of radius 30cm.
53
GEARS
In gears, the effort is applied to one wheel which is called the driving wheel. The other wheel
to which the load is connected is called the driven wheel.
For two gears is contact, observed speed of rotation is inversely proportional to the number of
teeth.
Teeth
Effort gear A Load gear B
(Driving wheel) (Driven wheel)
Velocity ratio =
V.R =
If gear A turns its teeth it interlocks with those of B and make it turn in the opposite direction.
N.B
The fastest turning gear is that with the smallest number of teeth.
Example
A hydraulic machine has 120 teeth in the driven gears and 40 teeth in the driven gear.
Calculate
i) It’s V.R.
ii) Its M.A(if the machine is 80% efficient)

Solution
i) V.R =

==3
ii) Efficiency = X100
80 = X100MACHINES
A machine is a device which allows the supply of energy at one point to do work at another
point.
A force called effort is applied on a machine to over come a resisting force called load.
A machine is used to
- Covert energy from one form to another.
- It amplifies a force.
- Magnifies movements.

Terms used
1. Work in put

This is a work done by the effort and is equal to the effort and distance moved by the effort.
Work in put = effort x distance moved by effort
W input = E XDE
2. Work out put

This is the work done by the machine to over come the load.
W output L x d L
3. Mechanical advantage (M.A)

Is the ratio of load to effort i.e.

MA =
It has no unit because it is a ratio of forces (quantity with the same units)
4. Velocity ratio
This is the ratio of distance moved by effort to the distance moved by the load in the same
time interval. It has no unit.
VR =
5. Efficiency
This is the ratio of work output to the in put expressed as a percentage.
= 38
The ratio of mechanical advantage to velocity ratio also fives efficiency = X100
Proof for X100
From x 100
M.A X
X100.
Types of simple machines
These include lever, pullys inclined planes, wages screws, wheels and axle, gears.
a) LEVERS

A lever is a simple machine which has a turning point called fulcrum/pivot. There are 3
classes of levers
1st class levers
These are levers that have pivot between and effort.
E
P
L
E.g. pair of scissors, sea saws pair of pliers bottle opener etc.
2nd class lever
This is the lever that has a load between the pivot and the effort.
Effort Load
E.g. wheelbarrow, Nut cracker, axe etc. 39
3rd class lever
This is when the effort is between the pivot and load
P Effort Load
E.g. Fore arm, spade, pair of tongs, forceps.
b) INCLINED PLANE

It is a wooden plunk which is inclined to the ground

B
h LORRY
AC
Inclined plane
The effort raises the load (box) through a vertical height BC by pulling it along the inclined
from point A at the ground to point B at the required height
AB – length of inclined plane
L – Load / weight
E – Effort (pull / push)
- Angle of inclination to the ground
BC –vertical height
V.R = =
V.R = 40
Question
1. Below is an inclined plane used to lift a load from R to p as shown?

P
E=90N
10cm
100N
Q 5cm R
QR = 5m QP = 10m
a) Determine
i) mechanical advantage
ii) angle of inclination
iii) velocity ratio
iv) Efficiency of the machine.

b) i) What is meant by first class lever?

ii) By means of a lever, an effort of 50N moves a load of 200N through a distance of 200N
through 3M. If the effort moves a distance of 16m; calculate
- The mechanical advantage
- The efficiency.

SOLUTION
(a)i) M.A = = = 1. 11
ii) Cos =
= = = 0.5
= cos -1(0.5) = 600
iii) V.R = = = = 1. 155 41
(iv) = X100
= X100
= 96.6%
(b) This is where the pivot is in between the load and effort.
M.A = = = 4
= X 100 but V.R =
=
= 75%
SCREWS
Pitch is the distance between one thread and the next measured along the axis of the screw. it
is equal to the distance moved by the load when the screw is rotated through one complete
turn.
Examples of a screw jack
P – Pitch
a –radius of rotation (effort distance)
V.R of the screw =
= 42
Example
Given that the pitch of a screw is 5mm when an effort is rotated to lift a load of 750N in one
turn. Calculate
i) M.A
ii) V.R
iii) Efficiency

Solution:
(i) M.A = = = 25
(ii)V.R =
=
= 628
iii) = X100 = 3.98%
2. A machine of velocity ratio 5 is used to raise a load whose weight is 200N. The effort
required is 50N. calculate its M.A
3. A trolley of weight 10N is pulled from the bottom to the top of the inclined plane by a
steady force of 2N.If the height and distance moved by the force are2m and 20m respectively.
calculate
i) M.A
ii) V.R
iii) Efficiency

PULLEYS
A pulley is a grooved wheel mounted on a block. A string or rope passes around the pulley
and it is held in place by the groove. An effort E is applied on the rope to reduce tension T in
the rope such that effort = tension.
A tension in the rope is constant or uniform and acts in both directions along the rope. The
load L is supported by the total tension in the sections of the rope attached to the pulley on
which the load is fixed.
The tension in the section of the rope attached to the load directly is equal to the number of
sections of the rope attached to the load by tension.
Load L = n t where n is number of sections of the rope attached to the load.
L can be less than n T (L nT) due to the weight of the pulleys
L + W = nT where W is weight of the pulleys. 43
Types of pulley systems
Single fixed pulley.
It consists of only one pulley which is fixed.
Wheel Rope
X
Effort (E)
XT
Load
Tension T = E
At equilibrium L =T
M.A = = but L=E
=
=1
V.R =
=
= 1 44
Single movable pulley
Consist of one moving pulley.
T T 2x
Load x
At equilibrium
Load L = 2 T
M.A = = = 2
V.R =
= =2
Block and tackle single pulley system
It consists of one or more pulleys in two blocks mounted independently on the same axle.
One block is fixed and the other is moving. The load is fixed on the lower moving block, the
upper fixed block has a number of pulleys as stated below in comparison with the lower
block
1. For total even number of pulleys -:

Number of pulleys in the upper block = number of pulleys in the lower block.
2. For total odd numbers of pulleys

Number of pulleys in the upper block exceeds number of pulleys in the lower block by 1 45
System of 2 pulleys
T
2x
TT
x
L
At Equilibrium , L = 2T, E = T
M.A = = =2
V.R = = = 2 46
System of 3 pulleys
E
TTT
Load
At equilibrium L = 3T, E = T
M.A = = = = 3
System of 4 pulleys
4x
T
TT
4x 47
At equilibrium m
Load L = 4T and E = T
M.A = = = 4
System of 5 pulleys
E
TT
TTT
At equilibrium m, L = 5T and E = T
M.A = = = 5
V.R = = = 5
Load
1. Example
A pulley system of V.R = 3 Supports a load of 20N given that the tension in each string is
8N. Calculate
i) The effort required to raise a load
ii) The mechanical advantage.
iii) The distance moved by the effort. if the load moves thru a distance of 2m
iv) The weight of a pulley.
48
SOLUTION
i) E = T = 8N
3E = L +W
3 x 8 = 20 +W
Therefore weight of the pulley W= 24-20 = 4
Weight of each pulley = 2N
ii) M.A = = = 2.5
iii) V.R =
3 = dE = 3 x 2 = 6m
Efficiency = x100 = x100 = 83⅓%
2. A single stringed pulley system shown below.

8N
20N
A load of 20N raised by an effort of 8N, If the system is friction less find the mass of the
lower pulley. 49
Upward forces = down ward forces
3T = 20 +W
3 X 8 = 20 +W
W= (24 -20)
W= 4N
3. Mass of the lower pulley = = =0.4kg An effort of 50N is required to raise a load of 200N
using a pulley system of Velocity 5
a) Draw a diagram to show the pulley system.
i) Find the efficiency of the system.
ii) Calculate the work wasted when the load is raised thru 120cm.
b) Give 2 reasons why efficiency of your pulley system is always less than 100%.

Solution
i) = X100 = X100 = 80%

ii) dL = 120cm = 1.2m

Work in put = E X dE = 50 X 6 = 300J

Work output = L X dL= 200 x 1.2 = 240J
Work wasted = work in put – work output
= 300 – 240
= 60J
N.B
Number of strings supporting a movable load velocity ratio.
Efficiency of a pulley system is always less than 100%
(i) work is wasted when overcoming friction force
(ii) work is wasted in raising moving parts of the machine.

Work wasted = work input – work output.

Ways of improving on the efficiency on the machine
- By lubricating moving parts of the machine
- By reducing on the weight of moving parts using light alloys

Uses of pulleys
- Used in hasting flags
- Used in cranes in building.

Explain how a flag is hoisted.

A string is attached on the wheel of the pulley up the pole and the flag which acts as the load
is attached to the string and pulled to the hoist the flag. 50
The flag is tied on a string and the string is then post over the pulley running. The rope is
pulled down and the flag is hoisted.
Variation of M.A with load
M.A
0 Load
- When the load is small, friction and unnecessary weight are also small. Therefore M.A is
significant
- When the load is increased friction and unnecessary weights are increased, decrease the
efficiency and M.A of the machine.

Variation of efficiency load

100%
Efficiency
0 Load
- When the load is small, friction and other necessary weights are significant compared to the
load. This makes both M.A and efficiency small.
- When the load becomes big friction and efficiency necessary weights become insignificant
(very small) compared the load. This increases the M.A and efficiency of the system.

WHEEL AND AXLE

It consists of a large diameter wheel and axle both of which are firmly attached to one
another.
After a complete turn, Effort (E) moves thru a distance equal to 2 and the load is raised thru a
distance 2 therefore V.R 51
V.R =
V.R = =
Wheel Axle Axis of rotation
20mm = R R = 2mm
E Load = 1000N
Example
1. Assuming that the efficiency of the above system is 45%. Find
a) The effort required to raise the load.
b) The energy wasted when the effort moves thru one 1760cm

Solution
a) V.R = = = 10

Efficiency = X100
45 = X100
M.A = = 4.5
M.A = = = 4.5
Effort E= = 222.2N.
b) Work input = E x dE = 222.2 X 2 = 8.88 J

Work output = L X dE = 1000 x2 = 4 J

Work wasted = (8.88 -4) = 4.88 J = 15.34J 52
HYDRAULIC PRESS
It works on the principle that pressure transmitted thru an incompressible liquid/ fluid is the
same every where in the fluid.
Pressure p =
F=PXA
Therefore E = P X A1= P X 2
And load L = P X A2 = P X 2
M.A = =
M.A =
When E and L move through a distance x and y respectively, the volumes are pressed by
small piston is equal to volume raised up in the; large piston.
A1 x = A2 y = r2x = 2 = =
V.R =
Questions
1. A hydraulic hoist has a main cylinder diameter of 30cm and a pump cylinder diameter of
1cm.

Calculate
a) V.R
b) The maximum load it can raise
c) M.A (given that the force applied on the piston pump 70N and efficiency equal 80%)
2. The efficiency of the hydraulic press is 60 %. Find the load raised if an effort of 200 NIS
applied on a piston of radius 5cm and the load is pressed on the piston of radius 30cm.
53
GEARS
In gears, the effort is applied to one wheel which is called the driving wheel. The other wheel
to which the load is connected is called the driven wheel.
For two gears is contact, observed speed of rotation is inversely proportional to the number of
teeth.
Teeth
Effort gear A Load gear B
(Driving wheel) (Driven wheel)
Velocity ratio =
V.R =
If gear A turns its teeth it interlocks with those of B and make it turn in the opposite direction.
N.B
The fastest turning gear is that with the smallest number of teeth.
Example
A hydraulic machine has 120 teeth in the driven gears and 40 teeth in the driven gear.
Calculate
i) It’s V.R.
ii) Its M.A(if the machine is 80% efficient)

Solution
i) V.R =

==3
ii) Efficiency = X100
80 = X100MACHINES
A machine is a device which allows the supply of energy at one point to do work at another
point.
A force called effort is applied on a machine to over come a resisting force called load.
A machine is used to
- Covert energy from one form to another.
- It amplifies a force.
- Magnifies movements.

Terms used
1. Work in put

This is a work done by the effort and is equal to the effort and distance moved by the effort.
Work in put = effort x distance moved by effort
W input = E XDE
2. Work out put

This is the work done by the machine to over come the load.
W output L x d L
3. Mechanical advantage (M.A)

Is the ratio of load to effort i.e.

MA =
It has no unit because it is a ratio of forces (quantity with the same units)
4. Velocity ratio
This is the ratio of distance moved by effort to the distance moved by the load in the same
time interval. It has no unit.
VR =
5. Efficiency
This is the ratio of work output to the in put expressed as a percentage.
= 38
The ratio of mechanical advantage to velocity ratio also fives efficiency = X100
Proof for X100
From x 100
M.A X
X100.
Types of simple machines
These include lever, pullys inclined planes, wages screws, wheels and axle, gears.
a) LEVERS

A lever is a simple machine which has a turning point called fulcrum/pivot. There are 3
classes of levers
1st class levers
These are levers that have pivot between and effort.
E
P
L
E.g. pair of scissors, sea saws pair of pliers bottle opener etc.
2nd class lever
This is the lever that has a load between the pivot and the effort.
Effort Load
E.g. wheelbarrow, Nut cracker, axe etc. 39
3rd class lever
This is when the effort is between the pivot and load
P Effort Load
E.g. Fore arm, spade, pair of tongs, forceps.
b) INCLINED PLANE

It is a wooden plunk which is inclined to the ground

B
h LORRY
AC
Inclined plane
The effort raises the load (box) through a vertical height BC by pulling it along the inclined
from point A at the ground to point B at the required height
AB – length of inclined plane
L – Load / weight
E – Effort (pull / push)
- Angle of inclination to the ground
BC –vertical height
V.R = =
V.R = 40
Question
1. Below is an inclined plane used to lift a load from R to p as shown?

P
E=90N
10cm
100N
Q 5cm R
QR = 5m QP = 10m
a) Determine
i) mechanical advantage
ii) angle of inclination
iii) velocity ratio
iv) Efficiency of the machine.

b) i) What is meant by first class lever?

ii) By means of a lever, an effort of 50N moves a load of 200N through a distance of 200N
through 3M. If the effort moves a distance of 16m; calculate
- The mechanical advantage
- The efficiency.

SOLUTION
(a)i) M.A = = = 1. 11
ii) Cos =
= = = 0.5
= cos -1(0.5) = 600
iii) V.R = = = = 1. 155 41
(iv) = X100
= X100
= 96.6%
(b) This is where the pivot is in between the load and effort.
M.A = = = 4
= X 100 but V.R =
=
= 75%
SCREWS
Pitch is the distance between one thread and the next measured along the axis of the screw. it
is equal to the distance moved by the load when the screw is rotated through one complete
turn.
Examples of a screw jack
P – Pitch
a –radius of rotation (effort distance)
V.R of the screw =
= 42
Example
Given that the pitch of a screw is 5mm when an effort is rotated to lift a load of 750N in one
turn. Calculate
i) M.A
ii) V.R
iii) Efficiency

Solution:
(i) M.A = = = 25
(ii)V.R =
=
= 628
iii) = X100 = 3.98%
2. A machine of velocity ratio 5 is used to raise a load whose weight is 200N. The effort
required is 50N. calculate its M.A
3. A trolley of weight 10N is pulled from the bottom to the top of the inclined plane by a
steady force of 2N.If the height and distance moved by the force are2m and 20m respectively.
calculate
i) M.A
ii) V.R
iii) Efficiency

PULLEYS
A pulley is a grooved wheel mounted on a block. A string or rope passes around the pulley
and it is held in place by the groove. An effort E is applied on the rope to reduce tension T in
the rope such that effort = tension.
A tension in the rope is constant or uniform and acts in both directions along the rope. The
load L is supported by the total tension in the sections of the rope attached to the pulley on
which the load is fixed.
The tension in the section of the rope attached to the load directly is equal to the number of
sections of the rope attached to the load by tension.
Load L = n t where n is number of sections of the rope attached to the load.
L can be less than n T (L nT) due to the weight of the pulleys
L + W = nT where W is weight of the pulleys. 43
Types of pulley systems
Single fixed pulley.
It consists of only one pulley which is fixed.
Wheel Rope
X
Effort (E)
XT
Load
Tension T = E
At equilibrium L =T
M.A = = but L=E
=
=1
V.R =
=
= 1 44
Single movable pulley
Consist of one moving pulley.
T T 2x
Load x
At equilibrium
Load L = 2 T
M.A = = = 2
V.R =
= =2
Block and tackle single pulley system
It consists of one or more pulleys in two blocks mounted independently on the same axle.
One block is fixed and the other is moving. The load is fixed on the lower moving block, the
upper fixed block has a number of pulleys as stated below in comparison with the lower
block
1. For total even number of pulleys -:

Number of pulleys in the upper block = number of pulleys in the lower block.
2. For total odd numbers of pulleys

Number of pulleys in the upper block exceeds number of pulleys in the lower block by 1 45
System of 2 pulleys
T
2x
TT
x
L
At Equilibrium , L = 2T, E = T
M.A = = =2
V.R = = = 2 46
System of 3 pulleys
E
TTT
Load
At equilibrium L = 3T, E = T
M.A = = = = 3
System of 4 pulleys
4x
T
TT
4x 47
At equilibrium m
Load L = 4T and E = T
M.A = = = 4
System of 5 pulleys
E
TT
TTT
At equilibrium m, L = 5T and E = T
M.A = = = 5
V.R = = = 5
Load
1. Example
A pulley system of V.R = 3 Supports a load of 20N given that the tension in each string is
8N. Calculate
i) The effort required to raise a load
ii) The mechanical advantage.
iii) The distance moved by the effort. if the load moves thru a distance of 2m
iv) The weight of a pulley.
48
SOLUTION
i) E = T = 8N
3E = L +W
3 x 8 = 20 +W
Therefore weight of the pulley W= 24-20 = 4
Weight of each pulley = 2N
ii) M.A = = = 2.5
iii) V.R =
3 = dE = 3 x 2 = 6m
Efficiency = x100 = x100 = 83⅓%
2. A single stringed pulley system shown below.

8N
20N
A load of 20N raised by an effort of 8N, If the system is friction less find the mass of the
lower pulley. 49
Upward forces = down ward forces
3T = 20 +W
3 X 8 = 20 +W
W= (24 -20)
W= 4N
3. Mass of the lower pulley = = =0.4kg An effort of 50N is required to raise a load of 200N
using a pulley system of Velocity 5
a) Draw a diagram to show the pulley system.
i) Find the efficiency of the system.
ii) Calculate the work wasted when the load is raised thru 120cm.
b) Give 2 reasons why efficiency of your pulley system is always less than 100%.

Solution
i) = X100 = X100 = 80%

ii) dL = 120cm = 1.2m

Work in put = E X dE = 50 X 6 = 300J

Work output = L X dL= 200 x 1.2 = 240J
Work wasted = work in put – work output
= 300 – 240
= 60J
N.B
Number of strings supporting a movable load velocity ratio.
Efficiency of a pulley system is always less than 100%
(i) work is wasted when overcoming friction force
(ii) work is wasted in raising moving parts of the machine.

Work wasted = work input – work output.

Ways of improving on the efficiency on the machine
- By lubricating moving parts of the machine
- By reducing on the weight of moving parts using light alloys

Uses of pulleys
- Used in hasting flags
- Used in cranes in building.

Explain how a flag is hoisted.

A string is attached on the wheel of the pulley up the pole and the flag which acts as the load
is attached to the string and pulled to the hoist the flag. 50
The flag is tied on a string and the string is then post over the pulley running. The rope is
pulled down and the flag is hoisted.
Variation of M.A with load
M.A
0 Load
- When the load is small, friction and unnecessary weight are also small. Therefore M.A is
significant
- When the load is increased friction and unnecessary weights are increased, decrease the
efficiency and M.A of the machine.

Variation of efficiency load

100%
Efficiency
0 Load
- When the load is small, friction and other necessary weights are significant compared to the
load. This makes both M.A and efficiency small.
- When the load becomes big friction and efficiency necessary weights become insignificant
(very small) compared the load. This increases the M.A and efficiency of the system.

WHEEL AND AXLE

It consists of a large diameter wheel and axle both of which are firmly attached to one
another.
After a complete turn, Effort (E) moves thru a distance equal to 2 and the load is raised thru a
distance 2 therefore V.R 51
V.R =
V.R = =
Wheel Axle Axis of rotation
20mm = R R = 2mm
E Load = 1000N
Example
1. Assuming that the efficiency of the above system is 45%. Find
a) The effort required to raise the load.
b) The energy wasted when the effort moves thru one 1760cm

Solution
a) V.R = = = 10

Efficiency = X100
45 = X100
M.A = = 4.5
M.A = = = 4.5
Effort E= = 222.2N.
b) Work input = E x dE = 222.2 X 2 = 8.88 J

Work output = L X dE = 1000 x2 = 4 J

Work wasted = (8.88 -4) = 4.88 J = 15.34J 52
HYDRAULIC PRESS
It works on the principle that pressure transmitted thru an incompressible liquid/ fluid is the
same every where in the fluid.
Pressure p =
F=PXA
Therefore E = P X A1= P X 2
And load L = P X A2 = P X 2
M.A = =
M.A =
When E and L move through a distance x and y respectively, the volumes are pressed by
small piston is equal to volume raised up in the; large piston.
A1 x = A2 y = r2x = 2 = =
V.R =
Questions
1. A hydraulic hoist has a main cylinder diameter of 30cm and a pump cylinder diameter of
1cm.

Calculate
a) V.R
b) The maximum load it can raise
c) M.A (given that the force applied on the piston pump 70N and efficiency equal 80%)
2. The efficiency of the hydraulic press is 60 %. Find the load raised if an effort of 200 NIS
applied on a piston of radius 5cm and the load is pressed on the piston of radius 30cm.
53
GEARS
In gears, the effort is applied to one wheel which is called the driving wheel. The other wheel
to which the load is connected is called the driven wheel.
For two gears is contact, observed speed of rotation is inversely proportional to the number of
teeth.
Teeth
Effort gear A Load gear B
(Driving wheel) (Driven wheel)
Velocity ratio =
V.R =
If gear A turns its teeth it interlocks with those of B and make it turn in the opposite direction.
N.B
The fastest turning gear is that with the smallest number of teeth.
Example
A hydraulic machine has 120 teeth in the driven gears and 40 teeth in the driven gear.
Calculate
i) It’s V.R.
ii) Its M.A(if the machine is 80% efficient)

Solution
i) V.R =

==3
ii) Efficiency = X100
80 = X100