DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME3493 – MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

QUESTION BANK

FOR III SEMESTER B.E. DEGREE COURSE

[REGULATION - 2021]
AKSHAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

SUBJECT CODE : ME3493

SUBJECT NAME : MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

REGULATION : 2021

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2022 – 2023 - EVEN

YEAR/SEMESTER : II/III

BATCH : 2021 - 2025

Prepared by: Verified by: Approved by:

Name: Name: Name:
Date: Date: Date:

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ME3493

MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

UNIT 1: MECHANICS OF METAL CUTTING

Course Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to

Understand the mechanism of metal removal process and to identify the factors involved in
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improving machinability
Part A

1 List the various metal removal processes?

 Non-cutting process or chip less process.
 Cutting process or Chip process
2 How chip formation occurs in metal cutting?
The material of the work piece is stressed beyond its yield point under
compressive force. This cause the material to deform plastically and shear off.
3 What is tool wear?
During machining the tool is subjected to three important factors such as forces,
temperature and sliding action due to relative motion between tool and work
piece. Due to these factors tool will undergo wear.
4 Mention the types cutting fluids?
Two basic types are
 Water based cutting fluids
 Straight or heat oil based cutting fluids
5 Define tool life.
Tool life is defined as the time elapsed between two consecutive tool
resharpening. During this period the tool serves effectively and efficiently.
6 What are the objectives and functions of cutting fluids?
 It is used to cool the cutting tool and work piece
 It improves surface finish
 It protects finished surface from corrosion
 It washes away chips from tool

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7 Draw the nomenclature of cutting tool geometry or cutting tool

signature.

8 Briefly explain the effect of rake angle during cutting?

Effect of back rack angle:
For softer material greater angle should be given for harder material smaller
angle is enough
Effect of Side rack angle:
Curling of chip depends on this angle.
9 Compare orthogonal and oblique cutting.

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10 What are the factors responsible for built-up edge in cutting tools?

 Low cutting speed

 Small rake angle
 Coarse feed
 Strong adhesion between chip and tool face.
11 List out the essential characteristics of a cutting fluid.

 It should have good lubricating properties

 High heat absorbing capacity
 High flash point
 It should be odourless
12 Name the various cutting tool materials.

 Carbon tool steel

 High speed steel
 Cemented carbides
 Ceramics and Diamonds
13 Give two examples of orthogonal cutting.

 Turning
 Facing
 Thread cutting
 Parting off
14 What are the four important characteristics of materials used for cutting

tools?
 Hot hardness
 Wear resistance
 High thermal conductivity
 Easy to grind and sharpen
 Resistance to thermal shock
15 What is the function of chip breakers?

The chip breakers are used to break the chips into small pieces for removal,
safety and to prevent both the machine and work damage

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16 Name the factors that contribute to poor surface finish in cutting.

 Cutting speed
 Feed
 Depth of cut
17 Define the term machinability and machinability rating.

Machinability: It can be defined as ability of being machined the components

and more reasonably as ease of machining.
Machinability rating: Relative machining response of the work materials
compared to that of a standard metal was tried to be evaluated quantitatively
only based on tool life (VB* = 0.33 mm) by an index

18 What are the main requirements of cutting tool materials?

 High mechanical strength:

 compressive, tensile, and TRA
 Fracture toughness – high or at least adequate
 High hardness for abrasion resistance
 High hot hardness to resist plastic deformation and reduce wear rate at
elevated temperature
 Chemical stability or inertness against work material, atmospheric gases
and cutting fluids
 Resistance to adhesion and diffusion
 Thermal conductivity – low at the surface to resist incoming of heat and
high at the core to quickly dissipate the heat entered
 High heat resistance and stiffness
 Manufacturability, availability and low cost.
19 List the physical function of a machine tool in machining.

The physical functions of a machine tool machining are

 Firmly holding the blank and the tool
 Transmit motions to the tool and the work piece
 Provide power to the tool-work pair for the machining action
 Control of the machining parameters.

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20 Classify the types of cutting fluids.

 Oils - mineral, animal, vegetable, compounded, and synthetic oils,

 Emulsions - a mixture of oil and water and additives
 Semisynthetic - chemical emulsions containing little mineral oil
 Synthetics - chemicals with additives
21 What are the factors that affect the tool life?

 Work piece material

 Tool Geometry
 Use of cutting fluid
 Process parameter
22 Write a short note on Heat zones in cutting.

 Primary shear zone:

 (1) where the major part of the energy is converted into heat
 Secondary deformation zone:
 (2) at the chip – tool interface where further heat is generated due
to rubbing and / or shear
 At the worn out flanks (3) due to rubbing between the tool and the
finished surfaces

23 What is chip and mention its different types?

During the metal cutting or machining process, materials removed from a work
piece with the help of a cutting tool are known as chips.
There are three types of chips produced during machining process:
 Continuous chip
 Discontinuous chip

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 Continuous chip with built up edge

24 What do you understand by the term “Tool Designation or Tool

Signature”?
Consider the example

25 Write Taylor’s tool life equation.

26 Explain the nose radius.

It is the curvature of the tooltip. It provides strengthening of the tool nose and
better surface finish. It is expressed in mm.
27 What is side rake angle? And mention its effects?

Side rake angle is the angle between the face of the tool and the base of the
shank or holder.
 It controls the chip flow direction.
 An increase in the side rake angle reduces chip thickness in turning
operation.

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28 Sketch the orthogonal cutting.

29 What is clearance angle? And mention its types?

Clearance angle is the angle between the flank surface and the cutting velocity
as measured on another plane.
 Side clearance angle
 End clearance angle
30 What is cutting force?

The sheared material begins to flow along the cutting tool face in the form of
small pieces. The compressive force applied to form the chip is called cutting
force.
31 Classify the relative motion between the work piece and cutting tool.

 Rotation of work against tool. (e.g.) Turning.

 Rotation of tool against work piece. (e.g.) drilling, Milling.
 Linear movement of the work piece against the tool. (e.g.) Planer.
 Linear movement of the tool against the work. (e.g.) Shaper
32 What is shear plane?

The material of work piece is stressed beyond its yield point under the
compressive force. This causes the material to deform plastically and shear off.
The plastic flow takes place in a localized region called shear plane.

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33 What is chip thickness ratio?

The ratio of chip thickness before cutting to chip thickness after cutting is called
chip thickness ratio. Chip thickness ratio, r = t1 / t2 = l1 / l2
34 What is meant by built up edge?

The chip material to weld itself to the tool face near the nose.
35 How do you classify tool wear?

 Flank wear
 Face wear and Nose wear
36 Define Tool life.

It is defined as the time elapsed between two consecutive tool sharpening

37 Name any two reasons for flank wear in cutting tools.

 Friction
 Abrasion
 Adhesions and rough machined surface.
38 Why is lubrication not required while machining cast iron?

The high carbon content in cast iron is present in the form of graphite. It acts a
self-cooling agent while machining the cast iron.
39 What are the different types of cutting tool?

 Single point cutting tool and Multiple point cutting tool.

40 What are the factors affecting the machinability?

 Chemical composition of work piece material.

 Microstructure of work piece material
 Mechanical properties like ductility, toughness etc.
 Physical properties of work materials.
 Method of production of the work materials.
Part B & Part C

41 How is metal removed in metal cutting? Explain the process with neat sketch.

42 Explain the properties of cutting tool materials, essential requirements and

classification of tool materials.

43 How chips are classified in metal cutting? What are the conditions for the

formation of different types of chips?

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44 Define tool wear and explain the reasons of tool failure.

45 Write a short note on cutting fluids in metal cutting.

46 Explain orthogonal cutting and oblique cutting with its neat sketches and

compare.
47 What is the tool life equation and state the factor affecting the tool life?

48 What is machinability? And explain.

49 Explain the various tool materials.

50 Write short notes on surface finish.

51 What are the different type of cutting fluids used in machining process?

52 Write short notes tool wear.

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UNIT 2: TURNING MACHINES

Course Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to

Describe the constructional and operational features of centre lathe and other special
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purpose lathes.
Part A

1 What is a lathe?
Lathe is a machine which removes the metal from a piece of work to the required
shape and size.
2 What are the various operations that can be performed on a lathe?
Turning, Facing, Forming, Knurling, Chamfering, Thread cutting, Drilling, Boring,
Recessing, Tapping, Grooving etc.
3 What are the principles parts of a lathe?
Bed, Headstock, Tailstock, Carriage, Cross slide and Tool post.
4 What is swing diameter?
The largest diameter of work that will revolve without touching the bed and is
twice the height of the centre measured from the bed of the lathe
5 Write the specifications of a typical lathe.
1.Length of bed. 2. Maximum distance between dead and live centers. 3. Type
of bed 4. Swing over the bed. 5. Swing over the cross slide. 6. The height of
centers from the bed. 7. Width of the bed. 8. Spindle bore. 9. Spindle speed. 10.
Feeds
6 Write down the names of any four lathe accessories.
Lathe centers, Catch plates, carriers, chucks, mandrels and rest
7 State the various parts mounted on the carriage.
Saddle, compound rest, cross slide, tool post
8 What are the functions of feed rod and lead screw?
Feed rod: It is used to guide the carriage in a straight line when it moves along
the bed. Lead Screw: It is used to move the carriage while thread cutting
operation is carried out. It also ensures the proper speed of work relative to the
tool for thread cutting operation.

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9 What is an apron?
Apron is an integral part of several gears, levers and clutches which are mounted
with the saddle for moving the carriage along with lead screw while thread
cutting.
10 Mention different types of chucks used in a machine shop.

Three jaw chuck, Four jaw chuck, Magnetic chuck.

11 What is the application of air operated chuck?

Heavy work pieces are mounted with the help of air operated chucks, because
they will require more power to hold the work pieces.
12 What are the advantages of a collet chuck?
Job setting will be easier and quicker, Heavy cut can be taken
13 What is the purpose of mandrel and its types?

It is used for holding hollow work pieces. Types: Plain, Collar, Special, Step &
Gang.
14 Define tool room lathe.

A tool room lathe consists of all the necessary attachments required for accurate
and precision machining
15 What are the advantages of semi-automatic lathe?
Production time is minimized, accuracy will be high and production rate is
increased.
16 Define automatic machine?

Automatic machine or simply automates are machine tools in which all the
operations required to finish off the work piece are done automatically without
the attention of the operator
17 What is the purpose of tumbler gear mechanism of a lathe?
It is used to change the direction of lead screw and feed rod relative to spindle
rotation. By engaging the tumbler gear, the carriage can be moved along the
lathe axis in either direction during thread cutting or auto machining.
18 What is thread cutting operation?

It is the operation of producing continues helical groove on a cylindrical work

piece.

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19 List the various thread cutting methods.

Reversing the machine, Marking the lathe parts, Using a thread indicator, U sing
thread chaser
20 Mention any two limitations of a Centre lathe
y two limitations of a Centre lathe. i. Setting time is more to fix the job on a
lathe. ii. Only one tool can be used at a time. iii. Idle time to set and move the
tools are large.
21 Compare the advantages of turret lathe over capstan lathe.
Heavier and larger work piece chucking can be done. More rigid, hence it
withstands heavy cuts
22 What is the difference between a ram-type turret lathe and saddle type

turret lathe?

23 State the different methods of turning taper.

Form tool method  Tail stock set over method  Compound rest method  Taper
turning attachment method
24 What are programmed automatic lathes?

Automatic cutting off, Automatic screw cutting & Swiss type automatic screw
machine.
25 State the advantages of Swiss type screw cutting machine
The work is fed against the tool. The head stock carrying the bar stock moves
back and forth for providing the feed movement in the longitudinal direction
26 What is bar stop?
It is the work stop. It is used for setting the required length of the work piece.

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27 Calculate the time required for one complete cut on a piece of work

having 250mm long and 40mm diameter. The cutting speed is 32 m/min
and the feed is 0.4 mm/sec
Given data:
L = 250mm, D = 40mm, V = 32 m/min, F = 0.4 mm/rev.
Solution:
V = ΠDN / 60
N = 1000 x 32 / πx40 = 255 rpm.
Number of revolution required for one complete cut, Y
Y = L / f = 250 / 0.4 = 625 rev.
Time required for one complete cut, Y / N = 625 / 225 = 2.5 min.
Part B & Part C

28 Describe the work holding devices and mechanisms in a lathe.

29 Explain the specification of a lathe and various attachments used on a centre

lathe.
30 Explain with neat sketches the working principle of taper turning operation with

different methods.
31 Explain parallel action and progressive action multi spindle automatics.

32 Describe the working principle of Automatic cutting off machine and Swiss type

automatic lathes.
33 Sketch a centre lathe and mention various parts.

34 Differentiate between parallel action and progressive action multi -spindle

automatics.
35 Explain the Working principle of capstan and turret lathes.

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UNIT 3: RECIPROCATING MACHINE TOOLS

Course Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to

CO3 Describe the constructional and operational features of reciprocating machine tools

Part A

1 Mention the differences between shaper and planer.

Shaper Planar
Tool reciprocates and the work is Tool is stationary and work
stationary reciprocates

Less accuracy due to overhanging It gives more accuracy as the tool is

of ram rigidly supported during cutting.

2 What are the differences between drilling and reaming?

Drilling is the operation of producing cylindrical hole in a work piece. It is done
by rotating the cutting edge of a cutter known as drill. The work is rotated at
high speed.
Reaming is the operation of finishing and sizing hole which is already drilled while
the work is revolved at a very slow speed.
3 Define the cutting speed, feed and machining time for drilling.
Cutting Speed: It is the peripheral speed of a point on the surface of the drill in
contact with the Work piece. It is usually expressed in m/min.
Feed: It is the distance of a drill moved into the work at each revolution of the
spindle. It is expressed in mm/rev.
Machining time: The time taken to complete the machining process without
considering the idle time of machines is called machining time.
4 What is broaching?
It is a process of machining a surface with a special multipoint cutting tool called
“BROACH” which has successively higher cutting edges in a fixed path.

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5 What is the difference between up milling and down milling?

Operation Up Milling Down Milling

Direction travel of Cutter rotates against Cutter rotates in the

the same direction of
direction of travel of travel of work piece
work piece
Cutting Force Increases from zero to Decreases from max to
max per tooth zero per tooth.

6 Differentiate conventional and climb milling?

Conventional milling Climb milling
Work is feed against the rotating cutter Work moves parallel to the cutter
rotation
Thickness of the chip is minimum in the Thickness of the chip is maximum in the
initial stages and increases maximum at initial stages and minimum at the end of
the end of the cut the cut
Cutter lifts the work, so requires more Cutter holds the work. Requires less
claiming force claiming force
Surface finish is not good, Good surface finish

7 State the differences between a vertical shaper and slotter.

Vertical Shaper Slotter

Vertical shapers generally fitted with rotary Rotary table along with tools will
table to machine curved surfaces move

Slides are fitted Slides will move to perform slotting.

8 What are the specifications of milling machines?

The table length and width, number of spindle speeds and feeds, power of driving
motor, floor space and the net weight.
9 Mention the various movements of universal milling machines.
Vertical movement with through the knee, crosswise movement through the
saddle, longitudinal movement of the table and angular movement of the table
by swivelling the table on the swivel base.

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10 What are the different ways for machining work pieces in Plano milling?
 By moving the table, the cutters rotating in position
 By keeping the table stationary and feeding the cutters by moving the
milling heads.
 By moving the table and the milling heads simultaneously.
11 Write nomenclature of plain milling cutter.
Body of cutter, cutting edge, face, fillet, gash, lead, land, outside diameter, root
diameter, cutting angles.
12 How do you specify radial drilling machine?

Maximum size of the drill in mm that the machine can operate.

 Table size of maximum dimensions of a job can mount on a table in square
meter.
 Maximum spindle travel in mm.
 Number of spindle speeds and range of spindle speeds in rpm
13 Differentiate up milling and down milling.

14 Write down any four operations that can be performed in a drilling

machine.
Drilling  Counter sinking  Tapping  Trepanning
15 What is meant sensitive hand feed?

In drilling machine, manual sensing of the hand does feeding of the tool towards
the work piece. It is called sensitive hand feed.

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16 What are the applications of boring?

For machining large and heavy work piece in mass production work of engine
frame, cylinder, machine housing etc.,
17 Mention any four shaper specification.
 Maximum length of stroke
 Type of driving mechanism
 Power of the motor
 Speed and feed available
18 Write down any four operations that can be performed in a shaping

machine.
 Machining horizontal surfaces.
 Machining vertical surfaces.
 Machining inclined surfaces.
 Machining irregular surfaces.
19 What are the various forming methods for manufacturing gears?

 Gear cutting by single point form tool

 Gear cutting by shear speed shaping process
 Gear milling using a formed end mill
 Gear broaching
20 Define reaming.

It is the operation of finishing and sizing hole which is already drilled while the
work is revolved at a very slow speed.
21 List the gear generating process.
 Gear shaping process
 Gear planning process
 Gear hobbing process
22 Give the functions of flutes on taps.

It provides cutting edges, It conducts the cutting fluid to the cutting region.
23 What is deep hole drilling?

Drilling any hole more than 4 to 5 times of its diameter.

24 State the nomenclature of a standard drill.
Body, Shank, Neck, Point & Land

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25 What are the work holding devices used in milling machines?

“V” blocks, Machine vice, milling fixture & Dividing heads.
26 How do you classify milling cutters?
According to the types of operation, way of mounting on the machine, shape of
the tooth.
27 What is gear hobbing process?
The process of generating a gear by means of a rotating cutter call hob
28 Mention any two advantages of gear hobbing.
Used in mass production, Perfect tooth profile obtained.
29 What are the limitations of gear hobbling?
Internal gears cannot be generated, hobbling process cannot be applied very
near to shoulders.
30 What is meant by plain or slab milling?

It is the operation of producing flat horizontal surfaces parallel to the axis of the
cutter using a plain or slab milling cutter
31 What is climb milling?

The cutter rotates in the same direction of travel of the work piece.
32 What are the two types of arbour?
Standard arbor & Stud arbor
33 Define boring.

It is the process of enlarging and locating previously drilled holes with a single
point cutting tool.
34 Define the metal removal rate.
It is the volume of metal removed per unit time. MRR (or) w = f.t.L.S
35 List any two types of quick return mechanism.
Hydraulic drive mechanism, Crank and slotted lever mechanism.
36 What is gang drilling machine?

When a number of single spindle with essential speed and feed are mounted side
by side on one base and have common work table.

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37 What is the process of self-sharpening of the grinding wheel?

During machining, the blunt abrasive grains will be released from the wheel
surface. In their place, new abrasive grains project from the surface of the wheel.
This process is called self-sharpening of the grinding wheel.
38 Define grinding.

Grinding is a metal removing process in which the metal is removed with the
help of a rotating grinding wheel.
39 What is meant by centerless grinding?
Centerless grinding is performed on work pieces which do not have centers, such
as pistons, valves, rings, tubes, balls, wrist pins, drills, bushings, shafts etc.
Centerless grinding can be done on both external and internal cylindrical
surfaces.
40 What are the types of surfaces that could be produced using plain

cylindrical grinders?
Plain cylindrical parts, cylinders, tapers, shoulders, fillets, cams, crankshaft.
41 State any four advantages and disadvantages of centerless grinding.

Advantages:
 Work holding devices like chucks, dogs, centers, mandrels are not required. 
Wide range of components can be ground.
 Very little skill is required for the operator.
Disadvantages:
 Work with flats and key ways cannot be ground.
 Work pieces with step and multiple diameters cannot be ground easily.
 In hollow work, there is no certainty that the outside diameter will be concentric
with the inside diameter.
42 What are the types of surface grinders?

Horizontal spindle reciprocating table surface grinder, Horizontal spindle rotary

table surface grinder, Vertical spindle reciprocating table surface grinder, Vertical
spindle rotary table surface grinder.
43 What are the specifications of a grinding wheel?

Types of abrasives, Grain size or grit number, Grade of the wheel, Structure,
Type of bond, Manufacturers code

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44 State the various methods of centerless grinding.

Through feed, In feed, End feed
Part B & Part C

45 Explain the principle of operation of a shaper machine with a neat sketch.

46 Describe with neat sketch the drive mechanisms used in shaper.

47 Sketch and explain the working principle of upright and radial drilling machine

and twist drill

48 Sketch the following operations performed in drilling machine. (i). Drilling (ii)ii.

Reaming (iii) Boring (iv) Counter boring (v) Counter sinking (vi) Spot facing (vii)
Tapping (viii) Trepanning
49 Explain the horizontal knee type milling machine and types of milling cutters with

neat sketch
50 Explain the principle of operation of gear hobbing, gear shaving, gear shaping,

gear finishing and gear forming

51 Explain the working principle of cylindrical, surface and centerless grinding

process
52 Classify the grinding machines, factors considered to select grinding wheels also

explain about truing and dressing.

53 Write briefly about broaching machines and its operations with neat sketches

54 Discuss push and pull type broaching machines with neat sketches.

55 Explain the working principles of continuous broaching machine and also state

the advantages and limitations of broaching.

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UNIT 4: CNC MACHINES

Course Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to

CO4 Describe the constructional features and working principles of CNC machine tools

Part A

1 State the advantages of NC machines?

 Greater accuracy
 Lesser production cost per piece due to reduction in lead time and also set up
time
 Improved product quality and provision of high order of repeatability
2 What is meant by numeric control?
Controlling a machine tool by means of a prepared Programme
3 List the various types of NC machines?
 Point to point NC system
 Straight cut NC system
 Contouring NC system
4 List the various components of DNC?
 Central computer
 Bulk memory which stores the NC part programs.
 Telecommunication lines
 Machine tools
5 State the advantages of CNC machines?
 Highly flexible
 Good error correction property
6 What is meant by tool magazine in a CNC machine?
In CNC machines, the tool magazine is an index able tool holding device which
accommodates several tools in the form of packets along with specified packet
number in such a way to easily identify it. This arrangement helps to obtain an
automatic tool changing.

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7 Differentiate between CNC and DNC.

CNC system can do operations on only one machine at a time, but DNC involves
that at a time a large central computer to direct the operations of a number of
separate NC machines
8 Classify the CNC machines.
 CNC machining centre
 CNC turning centre
 CNC special purpose machines
9 What is the role of computer for NC machine tool?
It is an NC system that utilizes the stored Programme to perform basic numerical
control functions. Mini or microcomputer based controller unit is used.
10 Name the various elements of CNC machines.

 Tape reader
 Minicomputer
 Servos and
 interface logic.
11 What is meant by hybrid CNC?

The controller consists of soft-wired and hard-wired logic circuits.

12 State the limitations of CNC machine tools.
 More expensive
 CNC operator needs basic training and skills
13 What do you mean by machining center with respect to NC machines?

It is a machine tool capable of performing several different machining operations

on a work piece under one control Programme in a single setting.
14 State any four applications of CNC.
 Welding machines
 Press working machine tools
 Assembly machines
 Inspection machines.
15 Mention the advantages of stepping motor.
 It is used in open loop NC system
 Cheaper

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 More accuracy.
16 Mention the types of ball screws.
 By ball circulation method: Return pipe type, Deflector type
 By preloading method: Constant pressure preloading type
 By screw shaft: Precision & Rolled ball screws
17 What are feed drives?
They are used to drive the axis as per the Programme feed in CNC machine.
18 Distinguish between point to point and continuous path system.
Open Loop System:
 No feedback system used
 No reference for the output
 Low accuracy
Closed Loop System:
 Feedback system used
 Definite reference for the output
 High accuracy
19 What is adaptive control?

The automatic monitoring and adjustment of machining conditions in response

to variations in the operation performance.
Part B & Part C

20 Write briefly about open, closed loop and adaptive control system in CNC

machine tool.
21 Explain the main components of the NC system.

22 Explain the various drives used in CNC machine.

23 Explain special features in CNC machine tool.

24 What are the requirements of slide ways? Explain in detail.

25 Compare conventional, NC and CNC machine tool.

26 Explain in detail of machining centers and its applications.

27 Explain the different types of control systems used in CNC.

28 Explain the working of a CNC machine tool with the help of a diagram. Also state

advantages and limitations of CNC machines.

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29 Discuss about the closed loop system and open loop system with a neat sketch

and with suitable example.

30 Describe the spindle drives, feed drives, slide ways used in CNC machines.

31 With a neat sketch explain the working of ATC.

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UNIT 5: PROGRAMMING OF CNC MACHINE TOOL

Course Outcomes

On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to

Demonstrate the Program CNC machine tools through planning, writing codes and setting
CO5
up CNC machine tools to manufacture a given component.

Part A

1 List the methods of creating part programming.

 Manual part programming.
 Computer assisted part programming.
 Computer automated part programming.
2 What is meant APT program?
 APT program is used to command the cutting tool through its sequence of
machining process
 APT is also used to calculate the cutter position
 APT is a three dimensional system controlling up to 5 axis including rotational
coordinates
3 What are the canned cycles?
A canned cycle is the combination of machine moves that performs any one
particular machining function such as drilling, turning, milling, boring, tapping
etc.,
4 What are the types of statements in APT language?
 Geometric statements
 Motion statements
 Post processor statements
 Special control or auxiliary statements
5 What is a preparatory function?
Preparatory commands which prepare the machine or tool for different modes of
movement such as positioning contouring, thread cutting and also precede the
dimension word.

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6 What are G-codes and M-codes? Give examples.

G-codes are preparatory function codes which prepare the machine or tool for
different modes of movement such as positioning, contouring, thread cutting.
Eg: G00 – Point to point positioning
G01- Linear interpolation
M-codes are miscellaneous function which denotes the auxiliary or switching
information coolant on/off, spindle speed.
Eg: M00 – Programme stop
M01 – Optional stop.
7 Define Subroutine.
If the same machining operation which was carried out already is to be performed
at many different positions on the work piece, it can be executed by means of a
Programme.
8 What is difference between incremental and absolute system?
Absolute System:
 The distance at any point at any instant will be measured from the origin
(X=0, Y=0)
Incremental System:
 The distance at any point at any instant will be measured from the
previous point.
9 What is point to point (PTP) system?
It is also called positioning system. The objective of the machine tool control is
to move the cutting tool to a predefined location. The speed or path is not
important in this system.
10 What is linear interpolation in CNC manual part programming?
Linear interpolation is used in part programming to make a straight cutting
motion from the cutter start position to its end position. It always uses the
shortest distance a cutting tool path can take.
11 What is Circular interpolation in CNC manual part programming?

Circular interpolation is used for programming arcs or complete circles in such

applications as outside and inside radiuses (blend and partial), circular pockets,

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spherical or conical shapes, radial recesses, grooves, corner breaks, helical

cutting, even large counter bores, etc.
12 Define fixed cycles.
A canned cycle is also known as a fixed cycle. A canned cycle is usually
permanently stored as a pre-program in the machine's controller and cannot be
altered
13 Define loops.

A do loop simply instructs the MCU to repeat a series of NC program statements

a. specified number of times.
14 Write any five G codes with definition.

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15 Write any five M codes with definition.

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16 Write the sequence format for CNC Programming.

17 Define absolute Programming.

The dimensioning data refers to the zero point of the currently active coordinate
system (work piece or current work piece coordinate system or machine
coordinate system).

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18 Define Incremental Programming.

In incremental systems, every measurement refers to a previously dimensioned

position (point-to-point). Incremental dimensions are the distances between two
adjacent points.

19 What are the codes used in CNC Programming?

G Code, M Code, F Code, T Code, S Code, D Code

20 What are coordinate systems used in CNC Programming?
 Cartesian
 Polar
 Spherical
Part B & Part C
21 Explain the various steps to be followed while developing CNC part program and

also explain about linear and circular interpolation.

22 Explain the following with respect to part programming:

 M code and G code

 Canned cycle
 Programme sheet
 Coordinate system

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23 With suitable example Explain the part programming procedure.

24 Write the part Programme for the following sections.

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