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    Basic Knowledge of Radiography and X-Ray System - LATAM

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    Javier Paredes
    The document discusses basic concepts of radiography and x-ray systems. It describes how x-rays are produced via interactions between electrons and targets in x-ray tubes. It also summarizes key components of x-ray tubes and systems, such as the cathode, anode, collimators, and generators. The document outlines different types of x-ray imaging systems including mobile, radiography, fluoroscopy, c-arm, and angiography systems. It provides examples of product lineups and concludes with descriptions of examination rooms and image acquisition methods.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Basic Knowledge of Radiography and X-Ray System - LATAM

    Uploaded by

    Javier Paredes
    29 views39 pages
    The document discusses basic concepts of radiography and x-ray systems. It describes how x-rays are produced via interactions between electrons and targets in x-ray tubes. It also summarizes key components of x-ray tubes and systems, such as the cathode, anode, collimators, and generators. The document outlines different types of x-ray imaging systems including mobile, radiography, fluoroscopy, c-arm, and angiography systems. It provides examples of product lineups and concludes with descriptions of examination rooms and image acquisition methods.

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    Basic Knowledge of Radiography and X-ray System_LATAM

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    The document discusses basic concepts of radiography and x-ray systems. It describes how x-rays are produced via interactions between electrons and targets in x-ray tubes. It also summarizes key components of x-ray tubes and systems, such as the cathode, anode, collimators, and generators. The document outlines different types of x-ray imaging systems including mobile, radiography, fluoroscopy, c-arm, and angiography systems. It provides examples of product lineups and concludes with descriptions of examination rooms and image acquisition methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views39 pages

    Basic Knowledge of Radiography and X-Ray System - LATAM

    Uploaded by

    Javier Paredes
    The document discusses basic concepts of radiography and x-ray systems. It describes how x-rays are produced via interactions between electrons and targets in x-ray tubes. It also summarizes key components of x-ray tubes and systems, such as the cathode, anode, collimators, and generators. The document outlines different types of x-ray imaging systems including mobile, radiography, fluoroscopy, c-arm, and angiography systems. It provides examples of product lineups and concludes with descriptions of examination rooms and image acquisition methods.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 39

    Basic Knowledge of Radiography

    and X-ray System


    X-Ray Fundamentals and Physical Principles

    Product Lineup
    • Mobile X-Rays
    • Floor Mounted X-Rays
    • C-Arm
    • R/F Systems
    • Angiography
    X-Rays Definition

    X-rays represent a form of ionizing electromagnetic radiation. They are


    produced by an x-ray tube, using a high voltage to accelerate
    the electrons produced by its cathode. The produced electrons interact with
    the anode, thus producing x-rays.
    X-Ray Tube
    Two principal elements:

    1. Filament (cathode) – boils off electrons by thermionic


    emission
    2. Target (anode) – electrons strike to produce x-rays

    Other components:

    • Tube envelope
    • Tube housing
    • Cooling
    • Tube window
    X-Ray Tube
    Anode:

    Target (anode) is made of a Tungsten (W) disc.


    Tungsten is used due to its high melting point
    (~3400°C) so it can withstand high tube currents
    without deforming.

    Rotating anode allows the electron beam to


    interact with a much larger area of the target and
    its rotational speed allows for heat dissipation.
    Its average rotation speed is 3200RPM. The
    heating capacity is further enhanced with an
    increased RPM (up to 10.000RPM)
    X-Ray Tube

    Cathode:

    Contains the focusing cup, where:


    • Supports the filaments (focal spot sizes)
    • Controls the trajectory of the electrons

    There are a small and a large filaments:


    Small: is designed to be used with relatively
    small and detailed parts of the body (extremities
    bones, infant patients)
    Large: is used when larger body parts are being
    x-rayed (thorax and abdomen)
    X-Ray Tube Heat Capacity

    Heat is produced in the focal spot area by the bombarding electrons from the cathode.

    The total heat delivered during an exposure is the product of the power and the exposure
    time, which is measured in Heat Unit (HU).

    Tube Heat capacities varies according to equipment type and workflow.


    X-Ray Tube Specifications

    Heat Unit (kHU) Target Angle (degrees)


    • Higher kHU dissipates more heat • Must be adequate to cover Field-of_View
    • Radiograph: 200kHU is adequate • 12°: suitable for chest with long SID
    • RF: 400kHU is adequate • 16°: RF table with limited Tube-IA distance
    • DSA: 750kHU or more
    • Cardiology: 1.5MHU or more

    Focus Spot (mm) Rotation Speed (RPM)


    • Smaller size gives sharper image • Anode with higher speed dissipates more heat
    • Smaller size generates more heat per quickly
    unit spot size • Normal speed (3000 RPM) and high speed
    • For large structure: 0.6mm or more (9000 RPM)
    • For small vessel: 0.6mm or less
    Generating X-Rays

    • Vacuum

    • Electrons

    • Accelerations

    • Decelerations
    Generating X-Rays

    X-rays are produced in a standard way:


    by heating a filament, which releases
    electrons by thermionic emission,
    accelerating electrons with a high
    voltage and allowing them to collide with
    the focal spot on the target/anode. X-
    rays are produced via two interactions in
    the anode.
    X-Ray Penetration and Absorption

    • Depending on the object


    thickness and density
    will determine the
    penetrability of x-rays,
    producing variable
    degrees of attenuation
    that is responsible for
    producing a radiographic
    image.
    X-Ray Attenuation

    • The higher the atomic weight of


    the substance through the
    photons are passing, the
    “denser” it appears to photons.

    • The principal densities visible in


    a radiograph are metal, bone,
    water (including soft tissue as
    muscles), fat and air.
    Radiological Protection

    The broad concept of radiological protection addresses the prevention of possible damages
    caused by ionizing radiation.

    Basic principles of radiation protection.


    •Time – The shorter the time taken to radiate a body, the less biological damage to this
    body will be produced.
    • Shielding - material must be suitable in such a way that the radiation that will interact with
    it is attenuated to its maximum level.
    •Distance - Knowing that radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance,
    that is, the greater the distance from the radiation source from the body to which it will have
    to interact, the lower its penetration power, so the lesser the biological damage caused in it.
    Radiological Protection
    The International Commission on Radiological Protection proposes three
    fundamental principles guiding radioprotection care:

    ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable

    Justification - benefit vs risk principle

    Optimization - medical radiation exposures should always be kept as low as achievable to


    ensure it is employed optimally

    Dose limitation - ensure that the individuals are not exposed to an unnecessarily high
    amount of ionizing radiation
    Radiological Protection

    Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

    • Lead aprons
    • Skirts
    • Vests
    • Thyroid collars
    • Googles
    • Gloves
    X-Ray Imaging System
    Imaging Systems
    Mobile X-Ray System RF
    Designed for radiographic Designed for radiographic This type of combination
    examinations of patients who examinations of trauma radiography-fluoroscopy
    are in bed, on stretchers or patients, musculoskeletal system is commonly used
    who have difficulty walking, system, standing acquisitions for gastrointestinal
    and also for patients in the for thorax and panoramic procedures and dynamic
    emergency room. view of lower limbs and procedures such as
    vertebrae. swallowing.
    The most common exams
    performed are thorax and
    abdomen.
    Imaging System
    ❑ Mobile
    Imaging System
    ❑ Radiography ❑ RF
    Examination Room
    Image Acquisition
    Film x CR
    Flat Panel Detector
    Detector

    Bucky or Grid
    Reduces effect of scattered radiation
    on detector.

    AEC (Phototimer Pick-up)


    X-ray energy detection device for
    Automatic Exposure Control

    Cassette Tray
    For insertion of the Film Cassette for
    recording of image exposures
    Detector - Grid
    • Grid is a device that can reduce the
    amount of scatter X-ray reaching the
    film to improve the radiographic image
    contrast.

    • The two main components of grid


    construction are interspace material
    (aluminum or plastic fiber) and grid
    material (lead strips).

    • Bucky is Moving-Grid that oscillates


    during exposure to blur the gridlines.
    Detector - AEC

    • X-ray passes through body and reaches


    Photo-timer Pick-up

    • Phototimer Controller measures X-ray


    energy accumulating on Phototimer Pick-up

    • When X-ray energy reaches pre-set level

    • Photo-timer Controller signals Generator to


    cut-off X-ray.
    Automatic Exposure Control

    • Pick-up fields can be activated or Chest A-P


    de-activated by the Generator
    Interface (Photo-timer controller) Chest Lat
    • Selection of fields is according to
    region of interest of the patient.
    Abdomen, etc.

    AEC purpose: To achieve Optimum Quality Images


    High Frequency Generator

    • High-frequency voltage generation uses inverter circuits. Inverter circuits


    are high-speed switches to convert into square pulses.

    • HF generator uses a high-frequency circuit to convert 60Hz into higher


    frequency ranging 1,000 to 100,000Hz (1~100kHz).

    • It can produce a nearly constant potential voltage waveform as shown


    which results in improved image quality at lower patient dose.
    High Frequency Generator

    High Frequency Generator produces remarkably Better X-ray Quality:

    • Stable kV produces uniform stable X-ray energy


    • Reduces X-ray exposure time substantially, improving image quality
    • Reduces unwanted soft X-ray substantially, leading to lesser skin dose
    Generator Rating

    kV : Range upto 150kV mA : Range upto 1250mA


    • Thicker Body : higher kV required • Radiography
    • Thinner Body : lower kV can do - Static Exposure
    • Too much kV : Over expose - Normally use higher mA
    • Too low kV : Under-expose • Fluoroscopy
    • Enough kV to penetrate & still provide - Screening / Dynamic Study
    Contrast to differentiate morphology - Normally use lower mA

    mAs: mA x Time (mA x sec)


    Generator Classes

    Mid Range Generators High Range Generators


    Low Range Generators
    • Example : Around 50kW • Example : 80~100kW
    • Example : Less than 20kW
    • For General Purpose • For long time exposure
    • Limit to Radiograph
    • Include Fluoroscopy • For high mA Fluoroscopy
    • 20kW : 100kV @ 200mA
    • 50kW : 100kV @ 500mA • Include DSA, Cardiology
    *630mA @ 80kV • 80kW : 100kV @ 800mA
    High Voltage Generator Console
    • Allow user to set requested kV, mA,
    time.

    • Generates high voltage based on set


    parameters
    Product Lineup
    ❑ Mobile

    MobileArt Eco MobileArt Evolution MobileDarRt Evolution


    Product Lineup
    ❑ Radiography

    RADspeed fit RADspeed PRO MF/MC


    Product Lineup
    ❑ R/F

    Flexavision HB Flexavision F3 Sonialvision G4


    Product Lineup
    ❑ C-Arm

    Opescope Acteno
    Product Lineup
    ❑ Angiography System

    Trinias – Floor Type Trinias – Ceiling Type


    [email protected]

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