Learning Part Session 1 * Some Basic Definitions + Mathematical or Priori or Classical Definition of Probability * Odds in Favour and Odds Against the Event Sesstion 2 '* Some Important Symbols * Conditional Probability Sesstion 3 * Total Probability Theorem ‘= Baye’s Theorem or Inverse Probability Sesstion 4 * Binomial Theorem on Probability * Poisson Distribution + Expectation * Multinomial Theorem * Uncountable Uniform Spaces Practice Part + JEE Type Examples * Chapter Exercises Arihant on Your Mobile ! | Exercises with the [@] symbol can be practised on your mobile. See in side cover page to activate for free.Session 1 Some Basic Definitions, Mathematical or Priori or Classical Definition of Probability, Odds in Favour and Odds Against the Event Some Basic Definitions 1. Random Experiment An experiment whose outcome cannot be predicted with certainty, is called a random experiment. Or If in each trial of an experiment, which when repeated under identical conditions, the outcome is not unique but the outcome in a trial is one of the several possible outcomes, then such an experiment is known as a random experiment. For example, (i) “Throwing an unbiased die” is a random experiment because when a die is thrown, we cannot say with certainty which one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 will come up. (i) “Tossing of a fair coin” is a random experiment because when a coin is tossed, we cannot say with certainty whether either a head or a tail will come up. (iii) “Drawing a card from a well-shuffled pack of cards” is a random experiment. Remark 1. Adie is a solid cube which has six faces and numbers 1. 2,3, ‘4, and 6 marked on the faces. respectively. In throwing or rolling a die, then any one number can be on the uppermost, face. 2. (i) A pack of cards consists of 52 cards in 4 suits, ie (@) ‘Spades (a) (b) Clubs (#) (c) Hearts (w) (d) Diamonds (#). Each suit consists of 13 cards. Out of these, spades and clubs are black faced cards, while hearts and diamonds are red faced cards. The King, Queen, Jack (or Knave) are called face cards or honour cards. (il) Game of bridge tis played by 4 players, each player is given 13 cards (il Game of whist It is played by two pairs of persons. 2. Sample Space ‘The set of all possible results of a random experiment is called the sample space of that experiment and it is generally denoted by S. Each element of a sample space is called a sample point, For example, (j) If we toss a coin, there are two possible results, namely a head (H) or a tail (7). So, the sample space in this experiment is given by S={H,T}. (di) When two coins are tossed, the sample space $= (HH, HT,TH,TT}o where, HH denotes the head on the first coin and head on the second coin. Similarly, HT denotes the head on the first coin and tail on the second coin. (iii) When we throw a die, then any one of the numbers 1, 2,3,4, 5 and 6 will come up. So, the sample space S={1,2,3, 4,5, 6}. 3. Elementary Event An event having only a single sample point is called an ‘elementary or simple event. For example, When two coins are tossed, the sample space, S.={HH, HT, TH, TT}, then the event, E; = {HH} of getting both the heads is a simple event. 4. Mixed Event or Compound Event or Composite Event An event other than elementary or simple event is called mixed event. For example, () When two coins are tossed, the sample space S'=(HH, HT,TH,TT} Then, the event E ={HH, HT, TH} of getting atleast one head, is a mixed event. (ji) When a die is thrown, the sample space S=(1,2,3,4,5,6) Let A= {2,4,6} =the event of occurrence ofan even number and B = {3,6} = the event of occurrence of a number divisible by 3. Here, A and B are mixed events. See6. Equally likely Events su given events are said to be equally likely, ifnone of jem is expected (0 occur in preference to the other. rorexample, {i) When an unbiased coin is tossed, then occurrence of head or tail are equally likely cases and there is no reason to expect a ‘head’ or a ‘tail’ in preference to the other. {i When an unbiased die is thrown, all the six faces 1, 2, 3,4, 5 and 6 are equally likely to come up. There is no reason to expect 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 in. preference to the other. 6. Independent Events Two events are said to be independent, if the occurrence sfone does not depend on the occurrence of the other. Forexample, When an unbiased die is thrown, then the sample space $ = {1,2,3,4,5,6} let Ey = (1.3.5) = the event of occurrence of an odd inber and Ez = {2, 4,6} = the event of occurrence of an even number, Clearly, the occurrence of odd number does sot depend on the occurrence of even number. So, E, and £, are independent events. 7. Complementary Event Let E be an event and S be the sample space for a random experiment, then complement of E is denoted by £’ or E* or E. Clearly, E’ means E does not occur. ‘Thus, E’ occurs E does not occur. for example, When an unbiased die is thrown, then the sample space S = {1,2,3,4,5.6} if 1, 4,6}, then B” 8. Mutually Exclusive Events A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive, if occurrence of one of them precludes the occurrence of any ofthe remaining events. Ifa set of events Ey, Ea,» En for mutually exclusive events. Then, By 0 Ep 0 En =o For example, If we thrown an unbiased die, then the Sample space S = {1,2,3, 4.5.6) in whieh ={1,2,3} = the event of occurrence of a number less ‘han 4/and E, = {5.6} =the event of occurrence of 2,3,5} ‘umber greater than 4. Clearly, Ey 0 Fe =@ So, £, and E, are mutually exclusive 3. Exhaustive Events Chap 09 Probability 693 Then, For example, If we thrown an unbiased die, then sample EB, UE, VU. Ey 2S space § = {1,2.3,4,5,6} in which Ey =(1,2,3.4} = the event of occurrence of a number less than 5 and E, ={3,4,5,6} =the event of occurrence of a number greater than 2 Then, Ey U Ey ={1-2.3,4,5.6} and Ey 0 Ey = {3.4} So, E, UE, =Sand Ey OE, #0 Hence, £, and E, are exhaustive events. 10. Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive and exhaustive, if above two conditions are satisfied. Ifa set of events E; LE, for mutually exclusive and exhaustive events. Then, Ey U ByU..U Ey=Sand Ey 0 Ey 0.0 En = For example, If we thrown an unbiased die, then sample space $= (12,3,4,5,6} in which E, = {1.3.5} =the event of occurrence of an odd number and Ey ~ (2,4,6} =the event of occurrence of an even number. Then, E, U Ey =(1,2,3,4,5,6} and E, OE, = So, Ey UE, =Sand Ey 0 E Hence, E, and E; are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events. Mathematical or Priori or Classical Definition of Probability The probability of an event E to occur is the ratio of the number of cases in its favour to the total number of cases (equally likely). pg) = LE) = Number of cases favourable to event E n(S) Total number of cases Range of Value of P(E) Probability of occurrence of an event is a number lying between 0 and 1 Proof Let $be the sample space and E be an event. Then, Ecs Ai) Also, ocs ii) where @ is a null set. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get OCSQE= (9) Sn(E)Sm(S) a ost cy [+ n(o) =0] n(S) = o OF Fy AA box contains 2 black, 4 white and 3 red balls. One bal is drawn at random from the box and kept aside. From the remaining balls in the box another balls drawn and kept beside the first. This process is repeated til all the balls are drawn from the box. The probability that the balls drawn from the box are in the sequence 2 black, 4 white and 3 red, is 3 1 @ @) 26 30 7260 () 3520 IF three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the frst 100 natural numbers, then the probabil that all three of them are divisible by both 2 and 3, is 4 oi 4 4 a4 ot ot 4 ss 35 Ox (9 555 ‘There are 2 vans each having numbered seats, 3 in the front and 4 at the back. There are 3 girls and 9 boys to be seated in the vans. The probability of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent seats, is 1 1 1 1 5 os og od ‘Aand B stand in a ring along with 10 other persons. Ifthe arrangement is at random, then the probability that there are exactly 3 persons between A and B, is 1 2 3 os OF OF ‘The first 12 letters of English alphabet are written down at random in a row. The probability that there are exactly 4 letters between A and B, is 7 Ll 7 5 = Oe Os (d) > oz re z os Six boys and six gis stn a ow randomly. The probably thatthe six girls sit together or the boys and at st alternately is ‘ ; 3 + 2 4 ©) 308 © 500 308 og If from each of three boxes containing 3 white and 1 black, 2 white and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls, one ball is drawn, the probability of drawing 2 white and 1 black ball, is 3 1 “1 z (b) a () 2 @) 3 ‘The probability that a year chosen at random has 53 Sundays, is 5 7 (o) & 3 @s ws og os If the letters of the word MATHEMATICS are arranged arbitrarily, the probability that C comes before E. E before H, H before | and | before S, is 1 3 as at O55 55 26Session 2_ some Important Symbols, Conditional Probability Some Important Symbols = P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)- P(AN B) If, Band Care any three events, then Remark (i) AO Bor AB denotes the event of simultaneous If Aand Bare mutually exclusive events, then A B= @ occurrence of both the events A and B. Hence, P(A 8) =0. (i) AU Bor A+ B denotes the event of occurrence of PAGE) = PA + AB) atleast one of the events Aor B. (b) P (exactly one of A, B occurs) (ii) A—B denotes the occurrence of event A but not B. =P(ANB)+P(An B) (iv) A denotes the not occurrence of event A. =P(A)-P(AN B) + P(B) ~ P(AN B) (v) AM B denotes the occurrence of event A but not B. oO = P(A) + P(B) ~2P(AM B) (vi) AM B=(AU B) denotes the occurrence of neither ied = P(AU B)~ (AM B) Anor B, (xi) AU BUC denotes the occurrence of atleast one (©) P (neither Annor B) event A, Bor C. =P(An B)=P(AUB)=1- P(AUB) (viii) (A> BYU (An B) denotes the occurrence of exactly one of A and B. Remark (ix) AM BO C denotes the occurrence of all three PAB) =1- PAN B) A BandC, 2.1f A, Band Care three events, then (9) (AN BOT)U(AN BAC)U (Am Br C)denotes (a) P(AU BUC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(AN B) the occurrence of exactly two of A, Band C. = P(BNC)-P(CO A) +P(AN BAC) Remark Remark Remember with the help of figures WA Band Care mutually exclusive events, then AN B=0,80C=6 CAA=6 ANBNCHO > PLAN B)=0,PB AG =0,P(CAA)=0, (ANB =0 PAUBUQ =AA)+ AB) + PIC) General form of Addition Theorem of Probability P(AVUAQU WU Ag) = P(A) ~ SP(AIO Ay) a ig + SPAIN AN Ay) — ree ee H(A) P(A ADO An) Important Results data L.If A and Bare arbitrary events, then If Ay, Ags os Ay are mutually exclusive events, then (@) P(AU B)= P(A) + P(B)~ PAN B) EPA MAI=O. DPA A A) a0 Proof Let S be the sample space. Since, we know that a Fae ree) 7 B)-n(AO B) 7 (Au B) a A (an) PAU AY..UA)= SPA) n(AV B) _n(A) “a nS) tS) ) >898 Textbook of Algebra (b) P (atleast two of A, B, C occur) = P(AM B)+ P(BAC)+P(CO A) -2P(AN Bac) (©) P (exactly two of A, B,C occur) = P(AN B)+ P(BAC)+P(CO A) -3P(AN Bric) (@) P (exactly one of A, B,C occur) = P(A)+ P(B)+ P(C)-2P(An B)-2P(BAc) = 2P(C A)+3P(AN BAC) 3.(@) IF Ay, Agios Ay are independent events, then PASO Az 1.0 Ag) = P(A) P(Aa).«- P(An) (b) If Ay, Az,... A, are mutually exclusive events, then P(ALU Az UU Ay) = P(Ay)+P(Aq)+...+ P(A,) (©) If Ay, Az, .. Ay are exhaustive events, then PIALU AU... A,)=1 (@) If Ay, Ag, ..., A, are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events, then PLAYU AZ... Ay) = P(A,) + P(A,) +... + (Ag) =1 4.If Ay, Az,..., A, are nevents, then (a) P(A, U A2U...U Ay) S P(Ay) + P(A2) +... + P(Ag) (b) P(A\O A200... Aq) 21-P(Ay)= P(Az)— vo PAn) Important Result If E, and E, are independent events, then (a) E, and E are independent events. (b) E, and E, are independent events. (©) E; and E> are independent events. Proof Given, E, and E, are independent events, then P(E, 0 Ex) = P(E): P(E2) (a) P(E, 0 E2)=P(Ey)~ P(E, 9 Es) =P(E)~ P(Ex) P(E2) 7 P(E;)[1~ P(E2))= PEs): P(E2) So, E, and E> are independent events. (b) Same as in part (i). (©) P(E; 0 E2)= PEs UE) = P(E, U Ea) =1~[ P(E) + P(E) ~ P(E: 9 Fa) PCE) ~ P(E2) + PEs): PUE2) (E:)- P(E2)1- PE) (E,)- P(E2): P(Ex)= PE) ~ PE2)) =P(E,) P(E2) Remark ME Ea. Ey are independent events, then PIE, UE, UU En ) F1~ PLE UE Ui En = 1 PLE, ES OE) 1 PCE) CEG) «ns PLE) 1 Example 7. For a post, three persons A, B and C appear in the interiew. The probability of A being selected is twice that of B and the probability of B being selected is thrice that of C. What are the individual probabilities of A, B and C being selected? Sol, Let E;, Ez and Ey be the events of selection of A, B and C respectively. Let P(E,) =x. ‘Then, P(E)=3P(Es) =3x and P(E;) = 2P(E,) = 6 Since, E, E, and E, are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events. P(E, U Ea U Es) = P(E,) + P(Ez) + PES) =1 P(E) + P(E) + PLE; = ox t3rtx Hence, 3 P(E,)= 3x = and P(Es) 1 Example 8. if A and B are independent events, the probability that both A and B occur is : and the probability that none of them occurs is Find the probability of the occurrence of A. Sol. We have, ANB) = 5 RA) AB) =2 @ [--A and Bare independent] and P(ANB)=3= (A) AB) =3 sd MA MB) = Fm MA) RB) = 2 = (1 ANA P(B) = 3 ~ 1-PA)- M(B) +E =? [from Eq. (0) = PA)+ AB) = 2 «i ‘The quadratic equation whose roots are P(A) and P(B) is x? ~[P(A)+ P(B)]x + P(A): P(B) =0 2_3,41_ i = xt Lt} =0 [from Eqs. () and @)or 8° =6x41=0 of x= 1 2 PA)= Hence, or 1 4 example 9. A and B are two candidates seeking admission in IIT. The probability that A is selected is 0.5 and the probability that both A and B are selected is atmost 0.3. Is it possible that the probability of B getting selected is 0.9? Sol Let E and Ey are the events of A and B selected, respectively Given, P(E; 9 E,) $ 03 and P(E,) = 05 Since, P(E, U E,)= P(E;)+ P(E) ~ P(E, AE) P(E, UE) <1 P(E,) + P(E2)— P(E, 0 Ey) $1 = P(E,) + P(E.) $1+P(E, 9 Ey) = 05+ P(E,) $1+03=3 P(E,) <08 Hence, P(E) #09 [Example 10. Let A, 8 and C be three events. If the probability of occurring exactly one event out of A and Bis 1-a, out of B and C is 1-2a, out of C and Ais, 1-a and that of occurring three events simultaneously isa’, then prove that the probability that atleast one out of A, B and C will occur is greater than ; Sol. Given, P(A) + P(B)-2P(A 0 B)=1-a 4) P(B) + P(C)~2P(BOC)=1—2a Ail) and P(C)+ P(A)~2P(C MA) = 14 i) P(ANBAC)=@ Av) » P(AU BUC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)- (AB) a = P(BAC)- PICO A)+ KAN BAC) = (P(A) + P(B)— 2P(A 9 B) + P(B) + P(C)~2P(BOC) 2 4+ P(C)+ P(A) ~2P(C 0A) + P(A BOC) (i-a41—20+1-a}-+a! [from Eqs (9, (i, i) and Go) yd (veel atts} 22 lExample 11. 1f 4,8 and C are three events, such that P(A) = 03, P(@)=04, P(C)=08, P(AB)=008, PAC) =028, P (ABC) = 009. If P(AUBU C)2075, then show that P(BC) lies in the interval 023< x $048. 1 Let PBC) = x »(A) + P(B) + P(C) ~ P(AB) Since, : = P(BC) ~ P(CA) + P(ABC) P(AUBUC) = Chap 09 Probability 699 =08+04+0.8~0.08~ x ~ 0284009 =123- x But given that, P(A UBUC)2075 and P(A U BUC) S1 075 $123- x51 = -075 2-1234 2-1 or 123-0752 x 2123-1 or 023< x # @ 6), off then (£4 of B ()€) 8. ME Ep Ey, Ey are independent events, then PE, UE, UE. UE,) = 1~ PE) PE) PCE). En) 4. IE, Epand 65 are three events such that &, # @ EE» # 6 then PAE, ME: VE) = KE))-P( £2). 0 £2 peed ST Generalised form Hy Eo Egon are nevents such that; # 6; Ee # @ Eb #6 1B ExE aes # then AE, AE, AE AME) = £).e{ 6 |. of _& En rent) (ee) et) eee [Example 12. two dice are thrown. Find the ity that the sum of the numbers coming up on them is 9, if it is known that the number 5 always probal occurs on the frst dice. Sol. Let S be the sample space S={1,2,3, 4,5,6} x (1,2,3, 4.5.6} F, = (03,6), (6,3) (4,5). (5.4) (B= 4 SEren SA AAA 700 Textbook of Algebra and E, = {(5,1).(5.2).(5.3).(5,4).(5,5).(5.6)) Sol. Let $ be the sample space. n(Ey If n(S)= 100, then E,OE, = ((5.4)} E, = The event that the student chosen fail in English n(E, OE.) =1 n(E,) =30 Now, P(E aE) = MELE) and E, = The event that the student chosen fail in Hindi n(S) 36 2oand (EO and mes) = MED. 6 1 7 Pee, = MED n(5) 366 --Required probability, of ) 0B) won (EJ P(E) and P(E 100 10 : (£)_ (EOE) 1 4) EOF) Aliter pjpt)-" ae -, Required probability, P) — | = —>———— (é) (Ey) 6 Required probability. PF" |= pce) 1 Example 13. in a class, 30% students fail in English; n(E, OE) 20% students fail in Hindi and 10% students fail in Aliter PLE) aE) English and Hindi both. A student is chosen at random, then what is the probability that he will fail in English, if he has failed in Hindi? Exercise for Session 2 1 if P(A) =0-8, P(B) =0-5, then P(AMB) lies in the interval (@)[0-2.0-5) (@(0:20-3) (010-305 (1010-5) ,P(B)= zh and P(ANB) = 1 then the value of P(A MB) is, a2 5 7 oF OF oe 3 If AandB are independent events such that (AmB) = 2 and PranB)= 3, then P(B)is 4 2 ws a> @s Os 5 @? 5 1 3 4 Wf Aand are two events such that P(AUB)=2, P(A)= 3, P(B)=3, then Aand B are (a) mutually exclusive —_(b) dependent (©) independent (d) None of these 5 A.B andC are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random experiment. If P(B)= Spa) ‘and P(C) = 3P(@ then P(A)is equal to 2 i oz OG 6 If AandB are two events, then P(A)+ P(B)=2P(ANB) ()P(A+P@)=1 — W)PIA)= PC) (©) P(A)+ PB)> 1 (@) None of these Hees fe two events such that (ANB) = 5, P(AMB) 7 if Aand Bare 7 i (e) 24 @2 oz 70 0 0 ERAS ATCSEE Chap 09 Probability 701 P(A) =2. Then (AB) equal to os 2 wt 9 WP) 4 PANB OG) = 3 and PAB AG then P(B.XC)is equal to os ws 3 10 Wawa wo wens ncn noone ecvanS)enat a) 1-P(4 ee (= eS aniut)-3 one (2) cor i wo @z o; 12 If two events A and B are such that P(A) =0-3, P(B)=0-4 and (AB) 8 ; 5, thenP( 72) eualto 4 4 2 3 3 wt © 2 13. Two dice are thrown. The probabilty thatthe number appeared have a sum of 8 dle always exhibits 4, is (ay S 4 (o)2 4 @s 5 03 Os itis known that the second 14. Ais targetting to B, B and C are targetting to A The probability of hitting the target by A Band C are 5, ; respectively. If Ais hit, the probabilty that B hits the target and C does not, is 7 4 (2 3 @3 > OF Or ' 15 WAand are wo events such that AnB +¢.P(4) =P (8).Then (a)A=B8 {b) P(A) = PB) (@)Allof these (c) Aand Bare independentSession 3 Total Probability Theorem, Baye’s Theorem or Inverse Probability Total Probability Theorem Let E,, Ea,...,E, ben mutually exclusive and exhaustive events iE, E, =fori# jand (JE, =5 Suppose that, P(E,) >0,V1, Ey and Ey are these events are mutually exclusive tes Obviously, % AZ =3 B) 4 3 and p(B) _ 4 2 a Ed 65 ». Required probability, 7(B)= PCE) (sree 2 By a ys 1340 Baye’s Theorem or Inverse Probability fan event E can occur only with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events Ey, Ez, Es,» Ey and the probabilities P(E / Ey), P(E / Ez), » P(E / En) are known, tually Proof The event E occurs with one of the n muti Y exclusive and exhaustive events Ey» Ea» Ear» Far E=EE, + BE; + BEs+-+EEn > (EE,) + P(EEz) + P(EEs) + +P(EEn) n E = DPE) = :) a = P(E, E) _ P(E) Chap 09 Probability 703 Remark ‘The probabilities P(E,) and (Ear known as priori and posteriori probabilities, respectively. Remarks We can visualise a tree structure here PA =p.P(B) = Hear ‘Bens A we are to find PLA) (8) : D 24)= a R B saan LExample 17. A bag A contains 2 white and 3 red balls and a bag B contains 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found to be red. Then, find the probability that it was drawn from the bag B. Sol. Let E, = The event of ball being drawn from bag A. £E, = The event of ball being drawn from bag B. and E = The event of ball being red Since, both the bag are equally likely tobe selected, therefore 1 22 3 5 1x34hx 2.529 5 9 Example 18. A man is known to speak the truth 3 ‘out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six, Find the probability that it is actually a six. ‘Sol, Let E, be the event that the man reports that it is a six and E be the event that a six occurs.704 Textbook of Algebra ‘Then, P(E) =* 6 1 66 (man speaking the truth P(E)=1- P(E): and F()= Ptan no speaking the rth) : known that the man reports asi 5 Pie) (2) E (Z)- BI pS) ne(8) x34 1 4 1 Example 19. in a test, an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer to a multiple choice question with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is : and the probability that he copies the answer isd The probability that his answer is correct given that he copied it is : Find the probability that he knew the answer to the question given that he correctly answered it Sol, Lest E; be the event that the answer is guessed, E; be the event that the answer is copied, E, be the event that the examinee knows the answer and £ be the event that the examinee answers correctly. 1 ME)= ‘Assume that events E;, E, and E, are exhaustive P(E,) + P(Ez) + P(E)=1 1 Given, P(E; 1 L p(y = PUE)~ P(E)=1- bt? £ Now, 9 = 7 (i) : «= Probability of getting correct answer by guessing 1 [since 4 alternatives] 1 (2) Probability of answering correctly by copying= Es and #( = rosy of arewesing coe by Es knowing =1 ceaty (teat ker eames ‘question, given that he correctly answered it. : nef) (2x [EperendE) mee) T Example 20. 4 and B are two independent witnesses (ie, there is no collusion between them) in a case. The probability that A will speak the truth is x and the probability that B will speak the truth is y. A and B agree in a certain statements. Show that the probability that the statements is true, is ny 1-x— y+ 2xy Sol. Let E, be the event that both A and B speak the truth, E> be the event that both A and B tell a lie and E be the event that A and B agree in a certain statements. ‘And also, let C be the event that A speak the truth and D be the event that B speaks the truth. B=CoD C and D are independent events} and CaD then, P(E) =(C.D)= P(C)-(D)= ay and P(E,) = P(E VD) = PC) P(D) {1 P(C)} {1 - P(D)} =(1- x)(1-y) oxoynxy Now, (z Ey ) =Proabitythat Aand 3 wi agree, when both of them speak the truth =1 E and 2 £)=Provabity hat and wi ge, when th of them tell aie =1 Chess) eet ate tent : P(E): (2) 5 —, HL. a) (2) po aes LL wy l+(-x-ytm) 1 1Chap 09 Probability 705 Exercise for Session 3 1. Abag Acontains Swit Dall out of one pats 2nd 2 black bals and another bag 8 contains 2 white and 4 black balls. A bag and a 2 at random, The probability that the ball is white, is 7 > 4 yt 9 Or Oe white balls. A dies cast, ach contains 3 black and 4 white balls, wile the other contains 4 black and 3 Tins cul Aces cast the face + or3 tus up a balls taken out om the rat bag and if anyother face en from the second bag. The probably of choosing a black balls 7 Oss (0) & 10 4 16 Or wo? on 2. There are two bags, one o 3. There are two grou neon PS of subjects, one of which consists of § Science subjects and 3 Engineering subjects and fe consists of 3 Science and 6 En ‘ Gineering subjects, An unbiased die is cast. f number 3 or 5 tums up, a.subject from group | is selected, otherwise a subject is selected from group II. The probability that an gineering subjects selected ultimately, is @s (o) 2 13 an 3 ) 7 OF @). 20 Um A contains 6 red and 4 white bas and um B contains 4 red and 6 white balls. One ball is drawn at random from um A and placed in um B. Then a ball is drawn from urn B and placed in urn A. Now, if one ball is drawn from um A, the probability that its red, is 6 7 32 ay 0) 50 (o) 18 a) 32 "4 () 50 Om Oe 5. A.box contains N coins, of which m are fair and the rest are biased. The probabiliy of getting head when a fair coin is tossed is, while it 2 when a based coin i tossed, A coin is drawn from the box at random and is tossed twice. The first time it shows head and the second tims hows tail. The probability that the coin drawn is far, is 7 is sm an () (4) One BN aN One av Oe eN 6. A pack of playing cards was found to contain only 51 cards. theft 19 cards wich are examined are alred, then the probebily that the missing cad is back, fs 2 15 16 3 OF CFA Ord 7. purse contain neoins of unknown values. Aco Gravn fom at andom ands found tobe a rupee. Tiron the chance that itis the only rupee coin in the purse, is 4 wo ot, @— oF at a Hoe rds. From the remainder of the pack, one card is drawn and is found . Is lost from a pack of 52 playing cat ‘ 8. carta ot ta yaar casa jo be a sp y ra ; 2 os ot os Oy 7 7 < 9. A person is known 1o speak the truth 4 times out of. He throws a cle and reports that tis an ace, The + poesia ts actualy an ace ; ; 9 (5 (d)= @y 5 4 ws 10. Each of the n ums contains 4 whit and 6 black balls, the (n +1)th um contains § white and 6 black balls. Out of : o ‘hen an ur is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from without replacement, Both the balls are * : 1 found to be biack. If the probabil thatthe (n+ ‘th ur was chosen to drawn the balls is =, the value of nis (a) 10 (11 (12 (13Session 4 Binomial Theorem on Probability, Poisson Distribution, Expectation, Multinomial Theorem, Uncountable Uniform Spaces (Geometrical Problems) Binomial Theorem on Probability Suppose, a binomial experiment has probability of success pand that of failure q (ie., p +q=1). If E be an event and et X = number of successes i.e., number of times event E ‘occurs in n trials. Then, the probability of occurrence of event E exactly r times in n trials is denoted by P(X =r) or P(r) and is given by P(X =r) or P(r)="C, p'g" +1) th terms in the expansion of (q + p)” 0,1, 2,3, where, r Remark 1. The probability of getting atles meena $2Ce'e™ k success is 2. The probability of getting atmost k success is po srsh= S°Go'a™ 3. The probability distribution of the random variable X is as iven below x [o] POO a” 4. The mean, the variance and the standard deviation of binomial distribution are np, npa, 708. ution Mode of Binomial distribution is the value of rwhen P(X = r) is maximum. (nt Dp-tsrsine tp Example 21. If on an average, out of 10 ships, one is "owned then what is the probability that out of 5 ships, atleast 4 reach safely? Sol, Let p be the probability that a ship reaches safely 8 . pase ., q=Probability that a ship is drowned = 10 Let X be the random variable, showirig the number of ships reaching safely ‘Then, P (atleast 4 reaching safely) = P(X = 4 or X =5) = AK = 44X25) =f) (a) +05) (i) 10°" 10° oxi 10° 1 Example 22. Numbers are selected at random one at a time, from the numbers 00, 01, 02, ..., 99 with replacement. An event E occurs, if and only if the product of the two digits of a selected number is 18. If four numbers are selected, then find the probability that E occurs atleast 3 times. Sol. Out of the numbers 00, 01, 02... 99, those numbers the product of whose digits is 18 aze 29, 36, 63, 92 i, only 4 25 25 Let X be the random variable, showing the number of times E occurs in selections. ‘Then, P(E occurs atleast 3 times) = P( = P(X =3)+ P(X =4)=4C, p%q! =3orX =4) + cypig? @) (3) 1 Example 23. A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and backward with probability 0.6. Then, find the probability that at the end of eleven steps he is one step away from the starting point. Sol, Since, the man is one step away from starting point mea” that either (i) man has taken 6 steps forward and 5 steps backward.Gi) man has taken 5 steps forward and ‘Taking, movement 1 ste backward as failure p = Probability of success =04 and q = Probability of failure :- Required probability = P(x = 6 or x = P(X =6) + P(X =5)= 116, ="Calp*g? + pq’) M0987 Tatas (40-6) + 0-4)50.6)5) _11-10-9-8.7 125-45 Hence, the required probability is 0-37. [example 24. Find the minim a pair of dice, so that the probability of sum of the digits on the ‘ee equal o 7 bn atesons toss, is greater than 0.95. (Given, logy 2= 0- 3010, logio 3=0-4771) Sol. The sample space, S={1,2,3, 4,5,6} x {1,2,3, 4,5,6} n(S) = 36and let E be the event getting the sum of digits on the dice equal to 7, then E={(1,6),(6,1)s(2,5)s(5,2),(3,4),(4,3)) n(E)=6 p- 1)= P(X =2)+ P(X =3)+ P(X =4) “AEF eG) 6) 16 Aliter P(X > 1)=1~ {P(X =0)+ A(X =1)} “foe OG) Cae)708 Textbook of Algebra Poisson Distribution Itis the limiting case of binomial distribution under the following conditions (i) Number of trails are very large ie. n — co (i) p30 (iii) nq — A, a finite quantity (A is called parameter) (a) Probability of r success for poisson distribution is AX =r)=t* given by % eo, () Recurrence formula for poisson distribution is a Pr+i)= given by (+1) a Remark 1. For poisson distribution, mean = variance = A= np 2. I Zand are independent poisson variates with parameters 3; and Ay , then X+ has poisson distribution with parameter Rit he Expectation If pbe the probability of success of a person in any venture and m be the sum of money which he will receive in case of success, the sum of money denoted by pm is called his expectation. 1 Example 27. A random variable x has Poisson's distribution with mean 3. Then find the value of P(X >2.5) Sol. P(X >2.5)=1- P(X =0)~ AX =1)~ AX =2) th one die for a stake 1 Example 28. A and 8 throw wit! of Thich is to be won by the player who first throw 6. IF A has the first throw, then what are their tive expectations? sere cere the gue a the td She ei Ifpbe the probability of sue fail, then .cess and q be the probability of 1 P(A wins atthe first trial) =~ Similarly, P(B wins) 6 5 lence, expectations of A and Bare €£ x 11and® > x1 Hence, expectations of and Bare €-5 etn respectively. ie, Expectations of A and Bare € 6 and ® 5, respectively. Multinomial Theorem Ifa dice has m faces marked 1, 2, 3, mand if such n dice are thrown, then the probability that the sum of the numbers of the upper faces is equal to r is given by the (etx? ctxt)" 1 Example 29. A person throws two dice, one the common cube and the other a regular tetrahedron, the number on the lowest face being taken in the case of the tetrahedron, then find the probability that the sum of the numbers appearing on the dice is 6. Sol, Let S be the sample space, then S=(1,2,3,4} {1,2,3, 4,5,6} “ (5) IfEbe the event that the sum of the numbers on dice is 6 Then, n(E) = Coefficient of x* in Ghetet es x(t atest ected est) sitititied ME) 4 1 uired probability, P(E) = ol “Required probably. P= T= agg coefficient of x” in 1 Example 30. Five ordinary dice are rolled at random and the sum of the numbers shown on them is 16. What is the probability that the numbers shown on each is any one from 2, 3, 4 or 5?go HARE IMEBCES 26 4 xy and x dive, then *1 42+ xt x04 x, ay re, 1S x, $6 = (=1,2,3,4,5) ‘Te number of total solutions of this equation Coefcint f n(x a? Ee eh yg gs =Coefficient of x" in xx Saag Sty gsys =Coeffcient of x" INL + tate Eat y gays | J nt of xin — x®)9(1— xy3 Coefficient of "in { = Coeff = Coefficient of x" in (15x #4 Cee Cae + CoP +t Cnet a) 1 5°Cs, IfSbe the sample space nS Let E be the occurrence event, then n(E) = The number of integral solutions of Apt xy t xy + xy + a5 = 16, where 2S x; $5 = 1,2,3,4,5) = Coefficient of x" in(x? + x? + x4 + x5) = Coefficient of x* in x"(1+ x +27 + 2°)? = Coefficient of x* in (1+ x4 x? + x°)° = cutien we| = Coefficient of x* in (1 ~ x*)° (1 x)* = Coefficient of x* in (1 5x4 +.) 4 SC,x + Cox? + = Cy 5-5 Cy = Cy -54Ce $C,x6 +...) = 10:9°8:7 _ 5.65 19-75 = 135 os 4 1 ree n(E) _ 135 9 «The required probability, P(E) = 7 (gy ~ 735 ~ 49 Uncountable Uniform Spaces (Geometrical Problems) ‘ons A and B agree to meet at a fe first one to arrive If the time of their dom, then what is ‘Example 31. Two pers Place between 11 to 12 noon. Th Waits for 20 min and then leave. aval be independent and at rand the probability that A and B meet? Chap 09 Probability 709 Sol. Let A and B arrive at the place of their meeting x minutes and y minutes after 11 noon. y ¢ (0.60) s| (0.20) oP A (60.0) x yt (0.60) ‘The given condition = their meeting is possible only if Ix-y|S20 “ OABC is a square, where A = (60,0) and C = (0,60) Considering the equality part of Eq, (i) ie, [x= y|=20 :-The area representing the favourable cases = Area OPQBRSO = Area of square OABC ~ Area of APAQ ~ Area of ASRC = 60,60) ~ 3(40) 40) ~ 340340) = 3600 ~ 1600 = 2000 sq units Total way = Area of square ABC = (60)(60) = 3600 sq units 2000 _ 5 Required probability = 29 = = 1 Example 32. Consider the cartesian plane R? and let X denote the subset of points for which both coordinates are integers. A coin of diameter ; is tossed randomly onto the plane. Find the probability p that the coin covers a point of x. Sol. Let S denote the set of points inside «square with corners (a,b) (a,b +1) (a+1,b),(a+1, b+ nex abt stony yy art s A LA ON, @,b) {a+1, 6) Let P denotes the set of points in with distance les than = from any corner point. (observe that the area of P is equal to the area inside a circle ofTIO Textbook of Algebra 1 radius =). Thus a coin, whose centre falls in , will cover a Point of X if and only ifits centre falls in a point of P. co) Hence,p = #20P _“U4) ng, aeaofS 115 LT Example 33. three points P,Q and R are selected at random from the circumference of a circle. Find the probability p that the points lie on a semi-circle Sol. Let the length of the circumference is 2s, Let x denote the clockwise arc length of PQ and let y denote the clockwise arc length of PR. ao ‘Thus,0< x <2sand0s (ii) x.y > 5 (v)ys ‘Then, A consists of those points for which P, Qand Rlie on a semi-circle. Thus, area of A _ 3: area ofS 4% ’ 1 Example 34. A wire of length | is cut into three pieces. Find the probability that the three pieces form a triangle. Sol. Let the lengths of three parts of the wire be x, y and 1=(x+y) Then, x>0,y>0 ae I-(xty)>0 peycloryxex<> 1 0, y >0,x+y ‘The mean and varian' Chap 09 Probability 717 4 oy s 3 @8 Acoin is tossed 4 ti imes. The probably that atleast one head tums up o% 7 8 . % Om x | 1 [2] 3 4 5 Po) a1 | oz | k | 03 | 2% 1 bo) 4 1 OE 4 @ has the distribution x [2)3| 4 PO =x) | 08 [oa [os (07 (077 (a) 455 Ina box containing 100 bulbs, 10 bulbs are defective. Probability that out of sample ofS bulbs, none is defective, Is (2° 0-9 09 [pair of dice is rolled togother tl a sum of either 5 or 7 is obtained. The probabil thal 5 comes before 7,18 2 3 : 2 (4) Nove of nese w? 3 ® he parameters n =6 and p and9P (X =4)=P(X =2) then pis 4 1 2 et a)? w4 oy 3 standard deviation of distribution of bolts in total cf 400, are (0) 40,5 (30.4 (6) 40,6 Sona! ‘The mean and varlance of a binomial distibuon are; nd 7 respective, hen valve ofp.is 15 (4 a3 we 3 Or ce of a binomial distribution are 6 and 4, then nis (o)12 (18 (@10 (a9 ‘Adie is thrown 100 times. Getting an (a)10 (0)20 40% of tools produced by 2 certaie Tt distribution, the probabil of 2 (2) 0968 11 follows a binomial te “The expected valu 3 (a) 2 “two points P and @ 2 b, where oftShortcuts and Important Results to Remember lin letters corresponding to1n envelopes are placed in the envelopes at random, then 1 0 probability that all letters are in right envelope: a (Probab that at eters ar notin ght ervlopes ad (i prebabty that no eterisin ot envelopes es { Saat a OM (probabil that exact r eters ae in ght envelopes tf 1 tft sep Alaa ane" aah When two dice are thrown, the probabilty of getting @ total r (sum of numbers on upper faces), Is @ ©) itezrer wy 8-9 7" sife0 for all x€ Ris 0 2 os w2 a 45 @% aw Ons Os Sol. (&) Here, x? + bx +e>0V xER Deo = BedeM14 Textbook of Algebra Value of b Possible values of ¢ 1 1e4e 0,2,3.4,5,6,7.8, 9} 2 ede (2,3.4,5,6.7.8,9} 3 9<4e .4,5,6.7,8,9) ' 4 Wo6.25> 17.8.9} 6 Bo<4c 3e>9=9 Impossible 7 Impossible 7 5 Impossible 9 Impossible n(E)= Number of favourable cases = n(S) = Total ways = 9 x9 = 81 n(E) _ 32 (5) 81 +8+74543=32 s+ Required probability © Ex. 6 Three dice are thrown. The probability of getting a sum which is a perfect square, is 9 (a) o> © (@) None of these Sol. (4) n(S) = Total number of ways = 6x6 x6=216 The sum of the numbers on three ice varies from 3to 18 and among these 4, 9 and 16 are perfect square. -n(E) = Number of favourable ways = Coefficient of x* in (xt xt ttt + Coefficient of x’ in (xe xt tit yt Coefficient of x"* in (xe tit xt)? = Coefficient of x in (1+ x +...+ x°)* + Coefficient of x* in (1+x4x7 +...+.2°)* + Coefficient of x in(l¢ xt xt tite) =Coefficient of x in(1 — x*)*(1- x)? + Coefficient: ‘of x* in (a x*Pa- x)? + Coefficient of x"? in(1- x*)°(1 = x)? = Coefficient of x in(1)(1-+2C\x +.) + Coefficient of x° in(1—3x°M1 + 2Cyx +) + Coefficient of x"? in (1-3x¢ +327 +. + 2Eyx +...) =) #(8Cg 3) + (Cry 3% °C, +9) 20, + °C, —3) +(9Cr -3 "C2 #9) 342546 =34 (2) 34 7 <. Required probability = tS) = 216 = 39g © Ex. 7.A quadratic equation is chosen from the set of all quadratic equations which are unchanged by squaring their roots. The chance that the chosen equation has equal roots, ig 1 1 5 5 wot (@) None of these 4 Sol, (a) Let ot and B be the roots of the quadratic equation, According to question, a+B=a? +B% andoB =a*B* = aBloB -1)=0 = aB=1 or aB=0 1, B = 15 aB=o B=0,a =0,B=0 -an(S) = Number of quadratic equations which are ‘unchanged by squaring their root and n(E) = Number of quadratic equations have equal roots =2 +. Required probability =a [cube roots and unity) n(E) n(S) ‘© Ex. 8 Three-digit numbers are formed using the digits 0, 1,2, 3,4,5 without repetition of digits. lf a number is chosen at random, then the probability that the digits either increase or decrease, is OF . OF Sol. (c) n(S) = Total number of three digit numbers = °P, ~ 5P, = 120~20= 100 n(E) = Number of numbers with digits either increase or 1 oF decrease = Number of numbers with increasing digits + Number of numbers with decreasing digits ='C,+%C, =10+20=30 : mE) _ 30 3 + Required probability = "C2) _ 30. (5) 100" 10 © Ex. 9 If X follows a binomial distribution with parameters n=8 and + then p(|x —4| <2) is equal to m 9 7 15 @2 wo ot us ee Or Org Sol (0) Here, p=3n=8 1 zo. «The binomial distibution is(2 + 3) Also, [x-4|$2 = ~28x-482 a2sx56ple AS2)= Bl =2)+ 96223) (= 4) + P(x =5)+ p(x =6) “IQ ge 2) \2 “=F seey 80, + Cy + 19 “256 128 # Ex, 10.A doctor is called to see a sick child. The doctor {nows (prior to the visit) that 90% of the sick children in that neighbourhood are sick with the flue, denoted by Fain 1okare sick with the measles, denoted by M. A well-known symptom of measles is a rash, denoted by R. JEE Type Solved Examples : Chap 09 Probability 715 The probability of having a rash for a child sick with the ‘measles is 0.95. However, occasionally children with the flue also develop a rash with conditional probability 0.08. Upon examination the child, the doctor finds a rash, then the Probability that the child has the measles, is ® 1 33 95 Oa OG OG (d) a Sol. (d) » P(F) = 0-90, P(M) = 0-10, 8) 9.08, (2) = p)-0 eli) -° R a PUM). (f) Gm on 0 2) Pen-2(2) 0.10% 0.95 0-095 _ 95, -10% 0:95+ 0-90% 0-08 0-167 167 More than One Correct Option Type Questions «This section contains § multiple choice examples. Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which more than one may be correct. *Ex. 11 Let p, denote the probability of getting n heads, when a fair coin is tossed m times. If pa, Ps» Ps are in AP, then values ofrm can be @s 7 @o dy moaenre(i)Gl ol mero IGF ol nerf} 6) According to the question, pa, Ps» Pe are in AP e 2ps = pat Po 7 - mn t me(1)" ="c(2 +ree 3) = 2x c.(3) = (3) 2 or ax Cs = "C+ ™Co m-6+1 m-4 6 (m= 14Xm—7)=0 =70rl4 ug © Ex. 12 A random variable X follows binomial distribution with mean a and variance b. Then, (@) a>b>o0 go © A pisanimeger — (@) Sinan integer Sol. (a,b, c) Suppose, X ~ Hn, p) ie. (q+ py" Here, np = aandnpq = b Now, and [alternate (b)) Also, = Integer [alternate (e)) © EX. 13 IFAs, Arson An aren independent events, such that P(A, 1,2,-.4m, then the probability that none of Ay, Az, Asrs An occur, is n 1 os oO 1 oe (©) Jess than 2 (@) greater than ——TI6 Textbook of Algebra SOL. (b, 6d) Ay Ag, Agnon Ay are n independent, then Required probability = PAs A AS 0... As) = P(A}).P(AS).P(AS)... PAR) = (1~ P(A) ~ P(Ag)\(1 = P(As))...(1 = P(g) J 1? 3 aa a 1 nei (3b nti }(- 1 nei ) 1 net © Ex. 14 A and B are two events, such that P(AU B) > ands {AM 8)s2, then ‘ ) m(A)+ MBs) MAYA) s3 © Pays Bet (@) None of these Sol. (a, c) 3s PAUB)S1 = 3s p(a)+ P(H)- PA B)s1 4s the minimum value of P(A 7 B) =. we get P(A) + P(B)~ 52 2 P(A)+ P(B)22 [alternate] JEE Type Solved Examples : Passage Based Questions = This section contains 3 solved passages based upon each of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), (©) and (a) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. Passage I (Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) Each coefficient in the equation ax? + bx + determined by throwing an ordinary die. 16. The probability that roots of quadratic are real and distinct, is 5 19 3 7 as 2 ©e2 wt x6 One Pr vos Sol. (b) For roots of ax? + bx +. =0 to be real and distinct, BF - 4ac>0 ‘Value of & Possible values of aand ¢ = __Novalues ofaande 3 ‘As the maximum value of P(A © B) = = we get P(A)+ mB) -3 <1=9 P(A) + P(B)S 2 [alternate (a] © Ex. 15. A,B,C andD cut a pack of 52 cards successively in the order given. If the person who cuts a spade first receives % 350, then the expectations of (@ Bist 96 () Dist 54 ((A + C)is ® 200 (@ (B= D)is® 56 Sol. (a, b, c) Let E be the event of any one cutting a spade in one cut and let S be the sample space, then n(E) = PC, = 13and n(5) = *C, =52 n(E) 23 PoP) 4 pat The probability of A winning (when A starts the game) 1 and q = p(E) =pratpta’pt.. 64 (a) = #350 4 = e128 HA) “a5 2B) = 128 xq = 128% 2 =8 96 HC) = £96x q = 896% 2-= 872 and B(D)= 72x q= 72% 3= 854 +: (A +C)=€ 200 and E(B— D) = 8 42, ‘Value of & 3 Possible values of and ¢ 5 9,42), 0,0,3),6,1), 2.2) 0.4), (4.0), 5), (5, 1), (2, 3), (3, roe et (2.0.2), 2,1), ,3),,1), 2,2), (1.4), CHEE NO MORED ) 2 3),(3,2), (1,6), 6,1) IFE be the event of favourable cases, then n(E) = 38. Total ways, n(S)=6 x 6x6=216 Hence, the required probability, p, 6 ). 24), mE) _ 38 _ 19, n(S) 216 108 17. The probability that roots of quadratic are equal, is oF of oF% of ne Re Ong ORG Sol.(a) For roots of ax? + bx +c =0 to be equal b? = 4ac ive. B® must be even.Value of b Possible values of aang 2 ) . 4 @ 6 G3) If Ebe the event of favourable cases, then n(E) = 5 Total ways, n(S) = 6 6x 6=216 Hence the required probability, py = ™E) __5 - n(S) 216 18, The probability that roots of quadratic are im 103, 133 157 'aginary. is a OS © wi 216 26 26 ne $ol. (d) Let ps = Probability that roots of ax? = eps 8 of ax? + bx +0 =0 are =1- Probability that roots of ax? + bx +.¢ =oare real) =1-(pi+ P2) [from above] Sees 26 216 Passage I (Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) Abox contains n coins. Let P(E,) be the probability that | exactly i out of n coins are biased. If P (E;) is directly proportional to i(i+1);1SiSm 19, Proportionality constant k is equal to @—3 at nn? +1) . eg + In + 2) 1 3 se eee Oe nd) OG Mo DD Sol. (c) “+ P(E;) H(i +1) = P(E,) = ki(i + 1), where k is proportionality constant. We have, P(E,) + P(E2) + P(Es) +--+ PE) =? E, are mutually exclusive a ee ee chaustive events) = SPE * kSCe+d=1 7 p(n + Ea] =H (a+ ngs, na*)| 7 2 (i) Tae 20. IF be the probability that a coin selected at random is biased, then lim P is @! s 4 1 w? OF Os 3 OF Dm ——___— er TTT ES —_S LO Chap 09 Probability 717 Sol. (by P= P(E)= Bree) Pf E (bys P Pey= rey oF) ii) =Letieyns ES eye * (Eat + Eat) 1 ] a | (nn )+mesmaen| all 2 si _ (nm 1) +2) 3n +1) 7 2 = 3 n F184 2932) econ Bg. (0) © n(n +n +2) 2 emer 3y an 4 an lim P= lim ii lg 21. If a coin is selected at random is found to be biased, the probability that it is the only biased coin the box, is 1 B a (n+1)(n+ 2)(n+3)n+4) © mn +1)(n+ 2)3n +1) a 24 o mn +1)(n + 2)(2n- (9) Gat inn + 2041) PE) 2) ext EL = 0 from Bq. (i Sra? Pen liom Ba (i) 2 a. yaa =——_4\__ rom Bq. “Taree ey Fao) Passage III (Ex. Nos. 22 to 24) Let S be the set of the first 21 natural numbers, then the probability of 22, Choosing {x,y}, such that x* +? is divisible by 3 is 1 1 1 1 (a) = i ot a> @ ws oF 5 Sol. (4) 7S = {1, 2,3, 4, Sens 21} ‘Total number of ways choosing x and y isuc Il T18 Textbook of Algebra Now, arrange the given numbers as below: 47 We see that, x° + y° =(x + y)(x* — xy +y*)will be divisible by 3in the following cases: One of two numbers belongs to the first row and one of the two numbers belongs to the second row or both numbers occurs in third row. + Number of favourable cases = (7C,)(7C,) + 7C; =70 +. Required probability = 7° . 1 F a 210 3 23. Choosing {x,y,z} 5, such that x,y,z are in AP, is 5 0 3 2 a we a 2 : 133 : 33 7 133 ® 133 Sol. (b) Given, x, y,2 are in AP o dy=xte It is clear that sum of x and z is even. x and z both are even or odd out of set S ie, 11 numbers (1, 3, 5,.., 21) are odd and 10 numbers (2, 4, 6,» 20) are even, JEE Type Solved Examples : Single Integer Answer Type Questions * This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 (both inclusive). © Ex. 25 The altitude through A of AABC meets BC at D and the circumscribed circle at E. If D = (2,3), =(5,5), the ordinate of the orthocentre being a natural number. If the probability that the orthocentre lies on the lines SY =Buney =10 is, where m andn are youy relative primes, the value ofm-+n is Sol. (8) Let the orthocentre be (x,y). It is clear from the OE is perpendicular bisector of line BC. OD = DE a e-28 0-3) = 16-9 6-9" = (x= + (9-3 = 6-27 #6-3? 2 ay nax gyno 228 8-0 = y can take the values as 1, 2,3, 4 5, 63 Number of favourable cases = ¢, + Mc, = HO, 10 re ‘and total number of ways choosing x, y and zis 21-20-19 He, = 1330 100 1330 24. Choosing {x,y,z}& S, such that x,y, z are not consecu- tive, is v7 a 10 Required probability a @# 34 st oF OF 3 Sol. (c) Given, x, yand z are not consecutive. a-3+Ic, Number of favourable ways = and total number of ways = 7'C Required probability bac) © Ex. 26 The digits 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8 and9 are written in random order to form a nine digit number. Let p be the probability that this number is divisible by 36, the value of 9p is Sol. (2)- 1424+34+44546+74849=45, a number consisting all these digits will be divisible by 9. Thus, the ‘number will be divisible by 36, if and only if it is divisible by 4. The number formed by its last two digits ‘ust be divisible by 4. The possible values of the last pait to the following: 12, 16, 24, 28, 32, 36,48, 52, 56,64, 68, 72, 76, 84, 92, 96. ile, There are 16 ways of choosing last two digits. ‘The remaining digits can be arranged in ?P, = 7! ways ‘Therefore, number of favourable ways = 167! and number of total ways = 9! 16x7!_ 16 2 o 9x8 8 + Required probability,Jge Type Solved Examples : vatching Type Questions sis section contains 2 examples. Examples gatements (BG, and s)in Column I Avy oe 28 ‘iatement(s) given in Column TI, fiven sta # Ex. 27 Ifn positive integers taken at rand multiplied together. indom are Chap 09. Probability have four statements (A, B C and D) given in Column I and four itement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more © Ex. 28 If A and B are two independent events, such that 1 1 P(A) =4 and (8) = + = abil teat 7 Column IT 3 4 (a), The probability that the last digit is 1,3,7/ icolainh ial in) then, 3.7) (p) 3 Fee EE ‘olumn ord lets) then 100 Pais dvisble by’ | | (9) f(A) a, then i © |aprime number @) The probability that the last digit is 2,4,6| (@) 4 LW) “ I __ 98 is Qn}, then 100 Q2) is divisible by ® we A ) a then (@ | a composite (©) The probability thatthe last digitissis | @) |e =~ AUB) 7 number © PIA NB) Ua NB) (©) | anatural number @itts [then 122s 8 'sSin) then 100 S@) is divisible by | © |IFPAUB)= Ay theni2h, is (6) aperfect mumber $0. A (Q); Bp. 4.9; C > (P.9;D >.) Let positive integers be xy, X25 © mon a Let A xy 7X3 Ny Since, the last digit in each of the numbers x, x2, be any one of the digits 0,1,2,.,9 (total 10) n(S)= 10" Let E;, Ep, Ey and E, are the events given in A,B, Cand D, respectively. " =|— P(n) [given] (A) n(E,)=4" => ae)=(4) (n) * 100 P(2) = 16 (B) n(E,) =n (ast digit is. or 2 0F 3 0F 4 or Gor 7OF8 or 9) = n(E,)=8" ~ 4" Qn) {given} = PEs) = 100 (2) = 64 -16= 48 © (last digit is 1 or 30r 5.087 0F 9) n(E) (given) 100 R(2) = 25 ~ 16=9 (D) n(E,) = n(5) ~ n Gast diet Bor 9)}- n(Es)= 0" - 8° aot - 8°58 +4" 2 (0) RE)= a or2or3or4or6or7 or (st 4") Igiven] 100 S(2) = 27 Sol. A> (q, BQH CFD. DIG) -: Aand Bare independent events. P(A B)= P(A)-P(B)= RAN nr - nay ri! PA )= P(A): A) =(1 1 A) An) i os 0 4)= ooo given] a 2. 12,4 featral umber and composite nuber] A) PAA) © (3ba) race =a) PA) any AUB)” Kays PB) (given) oka =6 {natural number, composite number and perfect umber} (©) P(AMB)U(ANB) = (ANB) + ANB) 1,115 + 47672 {prime number and natural number] XA) + PCB) ANB) (3): 3 12h, =9 [natural number and composite number] (siven] 12hy =5 Co) 719| 720 Textbook of Algebra JEE Type Solved Examples : Statement | and II Type Questions * Directions Example numbers Reason type examples. E two statements: Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to seleci the correct choice as given below (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1 (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 (©) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (@) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 29 and 30 are Assertion- tach of these examples contains © Ex. 29. A man P speaks truth with probability p and another man Q speaks truth with probability 2p. Statement-1 /fP and Q contradict each other with probability } then there are two values of p. Statement-2 A quadratic equation with real coefficients has two real roots. Sol. (c) Let E, be the event that P speaks the truth, then P(E,)= p and let E, be the event that Q speaks the truth, then P(E.) = 2p. Statement-1 If P and Q contradict each other with probability then P(E,)-P(E,) + P(E,):P(Es) = ; 1 1 = Bp?-op+i=0 = p(t 2p) +0 peep = (2p -1)(4p -1)=0 = p= and p= :. Statement-1 is true. Statement-2 Let quadratic equation =0, where a,b,c © R If # ~4ac <0 then, roots are imaginary. ©. Statement-2 is false. ax? + bx + © Ex. 30 A fair die thrown twice. Let(a, b) denote the outcome in which the first throw shows a and the second shows , Let A and B be the following two events: A=((a B)aiseven}, B= {(a, b)|b is even} Statement-1 If C = {(a, 6)|a+b is odd}, then Plansnc)=1 Statement-2 If D = {(a, b)|a +b is even}, then PUAN BADIA LB) 3 Sol. (o) Ifa and b are both even, then a + b is even, therefore PAMBNC)=0 -Statement-1 is false, 2: PUA ABA DAU By) = LA OBA DIA UB) P(AUB) BoD] «+ Statement-2 is true.Ee Chap 09 Probability 735 g Probability Exercise g ; Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exam is section contains questions a; i ions asked ji AIBEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from TT-JEE, toyear 2017. m year 2008 (in ns even and detest event of chosing even umber wa Pa {{6, A person goes to office either by car, scooter, b then the vate o + Scooter, bus or nee train, The probability of which being}, 3 (a) a 1 ant On Om nei nel ; 777 respectively. Probability that he reach Z reaches office ate ithe 122 Ata telephone enquiry system, the number of phone calls takes car, scooter, bus or train is 2,1, 4 Tre A ea lon ouse’s dation A and! regarding relevant enquiry follow Poisson's distribution respectively. Given that he reached afisee in 2 with an average of 5 phone calls during 10 min time what is the probability that he caveat in time, then interval. The probability that there is atmost one phone pe call during a 10 min time period, is [AIEEE 2006, 4, 5M] IT-JEE 2005, 209) 6 5 6 6 HT. Asix faced fair die is thrown until 1 comes. Then, the Oe "6 5s i probability that 1 comes in even number of trials, is 123. One Indian and four American men and their wives are : : [NT-JEE 2005, 3m) to be seated randomly around a circular table. Then, the OF = ot @ conditional probability that the Indian man is seated 0 6 in é fadjacent to his wife given that each American man is 118 Let A and Be two events such that (AUB) =3, setedadacent this wife is TEE 2007 é 1 a - @; wt @z we KA AB)=~and P(A)=+, where A stands for 2 3 5 5 4 4 ally exclusive events wit complement of event A. Then, events A and Bare 124, Let Hy, Ha oH be mutually exch oe TNTJEE 2005, 3M] PUH,) >0,1=1,2....m. Let Ebe any other event with (@) independent but not equally likely 0< FE)<1 (b) mutually exclusive and independent Statement-1 PUH, / E)> PUE/ H,) PH, for i= 1,2.0m (©)equally ikly and mutually excisive ddl Se nehles ually likely but not independent ratement- : (@) equally likely but not indeps x ee 119, Three houses are available in a locality. Three person's apply for the houses. Each applies fr of house without con ters, The probability that all the three consulting others. The probabil aa apply for the same house, is (@) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2is true; Statement-2 isa ‘correct explanation for Statement-1 (@) Statement-1is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 1 8 1 2 @; (@) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (a)— i © @5 5 5 ° (@) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true : ion with < 10. A variable X has Poisson’s distribution 90 125, Let E€ denote the complement of an event E. Let E, F ane Uk > 15) isequal to (AIEEE 2005, 3M] and G be pairwise independent events with A(G) >and es se y ot wo PEEQFAG)=0, then PUES F/G), is (uT-JEE 2007, 3M) a e é tt sa that (a) PES) + PCF) (b) PLE‘) — P(F*) rg (n + 1) alls sue ©) ME) ~ oA 12, There are n urns each containing ("+1 veered balls (©) PE) = PF) (@) PE) POF) the th urn contains i white balls and ("= \g th urn, ectin coer tand 126, A pai fair die i thrown independently thee times. Let u; be the event of selec! ‘Then, the probability of getting a score of exactly 9 1 denotes the event of getting white 7006 sesesmy twice, is (AEE 2007, 9 1 8 8 im, Powis at wt o% oe (iF Py) oct where 1=1 23 nm then im Pw Om 5 Ons Ors 2 3 O% 427, Two aeroplanes [and II bomb a target in successions. @1 Os 4 - ‘Tae probabilities of andl scoring a ht correctly are 03 aeons tea) Te ae cand pane wl bo oly (ay IF Pou) =e, where 1 the first misses the target. The probability that the target 2 O45 O is hit by the second plane, is [AIEEE 2007, 3M] Or Ont at Gaons are (002 oorrr RR 736 Textbook of algebra 128. An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let and Bbe two non-empty events of the experin Consists of 4 outcomes, then the that Bmust have, so that A and B A ent I umber of outcomes Fe independent, is, (TEE 2008, 3m) (2.4088 (5 or 10 O)360r9 tors 129, Consider the system of equations ax + by =0.and ex + dy=0 where a be, de {a1}, Statement-1 The probability that the system of ‘equations has a unique solution is 3/8 and (UT-JEE 2008, 3m) Statement-2 The probability that the system of equations has a solution is 1 7 (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-?is a ‘correct explanation for Statement: (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement? is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 (©) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false. (4) Statement-1is false, Statement-2 is true. 130. A die is thrown. Let A be the event that the number obtained is greater than 3. Let Bbe the event that the number obtained is less than 5. Then F(A U B) is TAIEEE 2008, 31) 3 @o oF 2 On ez 131. It is given that the events A and Bare such that 1 fA)-1.,{B).2 A p)e gan 2)=2 then apis nani s =m g)3 {AlECE 2000, 1 2 1 a 2 w} @: oF 6 1 o; = Passage for Question Nos. 132 to 134 A fair die is tossed repeatedly until a six is obtained. Let X denote the number of tosses required. 132, The probability that X =3is 25 25 od ao os oF ox oF 133. The probability that X 2 3is 125 25 oS a One 56 56 One 134. The conditional probability that X > 6 given X >3 is 125 eI 5 25 3 2 or co) a6 a6 5 36 [NT JEE 2009, 444M) 135. In a binomial distribution a(n p= 4 ifthe probability 110th of atleast one success is greater than or equal to ©, then [AIEEE 2009, 4M) nis greater than 1 © ogi = og 9 7 Togie3 1 « @ 7 ” ge 4+ logio3 ) login J login 4 — logyo3 136, One ticket is selected at random from 50 tickets numbered 00, 01, 02, .. 49. Then, the probability that the sum of the digits on the selected ticket is 8, given that the product of these digits is zero, is (AIEEE 2009, my 1 1 ee ws or 5 1 ae ws oF 187, Let we a complex cube root of unity with w# 1. A fair die is thrown three times. Ifr,,r» and r, are the numbers obtained on the die, then the probability that Oo +07 +0 = ais [TEE 2010, 3m) 7 wt w; oe 1 2 oF © 138. A signal which can be green or red with probabilit and + respectively, is received by station A and then 5 transmitted to station B. The probability of each station receiving the signal correctly is3 If the signal received at station Bis green, then the probability that the original signal was green, is [UT-EE 2010, 5m) 3 6 20 9 @; w; oF o> 139. Four numbers are chosen at random (without replacement) from the set {1,2,3...,20}. Statement-1 The probability that the chosen numbers, when arranged in some order will form an AP is z Statement-2 If the four chosen number form an AP. then the set of all possible values of common difference is (£1, 42.43.4445), [AIEEE 2010, 8m] (2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-? isa correct explanation for Statement. 1 (©) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2is false (©) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true (4) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 140. An um contains nine balls of which three are red, four are blue and two are green. Three balls are drawn at random without replacement from the urn. The Probability that the three balls have different colour, is TAIEEE 2010, 4M) 2 1 os @; 2 @?eer . passage for Question Nos. 141 and 142 ja, andU be two urns such thatU contains 3 sand 2 red balls andU, contains only 1 where at 4 coin is tossed. If head appears, then 1 ball is drawn rindom fromU and put into U. However, i ‘fen2balls are drawn at random fromU, a Now, [ball is drawn at random fromU ,. if tail appears, ind put intoU, 1H, The probability of the drawn ball fromU, being white is 8 23 » 3 02 2 o8 oF of oz 142. Given that the drawn ball from U, is white, then the probability that head appeared on the coin, is TT-JEE 2011, 343m ot n 1 2 3 %% ©, OF 18, Let Eand F be two independent events. The probability that exactly one of them occurs is 2 and the probability 25 of none of them occurring = If (T) denotes the probability of occurrence of the event , then IWT-JEE 2011, 4] 4 (2) PE) = 5. PUR) = ) PE (@) PE 2 ae) = (© PE)= 5 PF)= 144, Consider 5 independent Bernoulli's trials each with probability of success Pf the probability of atleast one 1 failure is greater than or equal to 5 then Plies in the AIEEE 2011, 4M) u 412 wo] ofa] ote] Gt] 45. 1fC and D are two events, such that CC Dand P(D) #0, then the correct statement among the ea staat interval wr(Sjzne AD) or(5)-Fe t A,B: re pai yendent events with " ‘are pairwise indepen it 6. Let A, Band C are pi : ‘ AC) >0and (A NBOC)=0 Them 7 () P(A) ~ PE) (mA) - PB) ‘ (ara) PED (9 Pas) + PB ce engines Ey, Fz and Es. The vadently of each other with "4. 4 ship is fitted with thr engines function indepe Chap 09 Probability 737 14 respective probabilities, and ; respectively. For the ship to be operational atleast two of its engines must function, Let X denote the event that the ship is operational and let X,, X and X denote respectively the events that the engines E;, Ez and E; are functioning, Which of the following is (are) true? [WT-JEE 2012, 4M] Poros (@) PIXE X= = 1 (©) P [exactly two engines ofthe ship are functioning /X] = = 5 ©) PIX/X:]== PX %1= 5 7 Xx/X = wr xl=e 448. Four fair dice D,, D2 ,D3 and Dy each having six faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are rolled simultaneously. ‘The probability that D, shows a number appearing on one of D,, Dz and Ds, is [WT-JEE 2012, 30) ot wo oF oz 149, Let X and be two events, such that P(X /¥) = ; PY X)= Zand PX OY) = Which of the following is (are) correct? [uT-JEE 2012, 4M) @nxun=2 () X and ¥ are independent (0 X and ¥ are not independent rx ay=t 3 150. Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from {1, 2,3,...8). The probability that their minimum is 3, given that their maximum is 6 is TAIEEE 2012, 4M) + a @t @t 2 3 OF oF 151. A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each question has three alternative answers of which exactly ‘one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4 ‘or more correct answers just by guessing, is [JEE Main 2013, 44] 1B u 10 7 os oF oF ay 152. Four persons independently solve a certain problem > and 4, Then, the 2448 probability that the problem is solved correctly by atleast one of them, is [JE Advanced 2013, 2M] correctly with probabilities oz On 356 256 256 256738 Textbook of Algebra 183, OF the three independent events EE, and Fy the Probability that only Ey occurscr, only E, occurs i and only, occurs is y. Let the pro bility p that none of events Ey, E> oF Ey occurs satisty the equation (Bp =afhand (B99) = Hy. All the prven Probabilities are assumed to hie inthe interval (a1) Then, Probability of occurrence of E Probability of occurrence of E, i EE Advanced 2013, 4m) * Passage for Question Nos. 154 and 155 4 box By contains 1 white ball, 3 red balls and 2 black balls. Another box B contains 2 white balls. 3 red balls and 4 black balls. 4 third box By contains 3 white balls. 4 red balls and 5 black balls. 154. 162 balls are drawn (without replacement) from a randomly selected box and one of the balls is white and the other ball is red, then the probability that these 2 balls are drawn from box B, , is he 126 65 By a) ©) c ss Ts 181 781 Orn 155. 161 ball is drawn from each of the boxes By, B, and By, then the probability that all 3 drawn balls are of the same colour, is VEE Advanced 2013, 343M] = 9 08 2 048 os oa a8 1 156. Let A and Bbe two events, such that P(A UB) 2 where A stands forthe RAN B)= Land AA 4 complement of the event A. Then, the events A and Bare (a) independent but not equally likely [JEE Main 2044, 4M) (b) independent and equally likely (c) mutually exclusive and independent (@) equally likely but not independent 157. Three boys and two girls stand in a queue. The probability that the number of boys ahead of every girl is atleast one more than the number of girls ahead of her, is [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M] 1 1 2 is ws w; OH oF = Passage for Question Nos. 158 and 159 Box I contains three cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, box 2 contains five cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and box 3 contains seven cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3,4, 5.6, 7.A card is drawn from éach of the boxes. Let x, be the number on the card drawn from the ith box, i=1, 2,3. 158. The probability that x, + x2 + x3 is odd, is 53 ST ES ox Ora On 105 1 @, 159. The probability that x,, x» and x, are in arithmetic progression, is [EE Advanced 2014, 343 pee 10 (ott a2 ™ ae 105 () 105, 105 105, 160. 1f 12 identical balls are to be placed in 3 identical boxes then the probability that one of the boxes contains exactly 3 balls, is {SEE Main 2015, 4) q 2) 3 (455, 161. The minimum number of times a fair coin needs to be tossed, so that the probability of getting atleast two heads is atleast 0.96, is [JEE Advanced 2015, 44) * Passage for Question Nos. 162 and 163 Let n, and ny be the number of red and black balls respectively, in box I. Let nyand ng be the number of red and black balls respectively, in box I 162. One of the two boxes, box land box Il, was selected at, random anda ball was drawn randomly out ofthis box. The ball was found to be red. Ifthe probability that this red ball was drawn from box Il is1/3then the correct option(s) with the possible values of n,.n,,n and”, is(are) m= @)n,=32, me = 20 Ud) =6. A ball is drawn at random from box Land transferred to box IL. Ifthe probability of drawing a red ball from box after this transfer iss »then correct option(s) with possible 163. values of and, is(are) [JE Advanced 2015, 4+4M]) (@)m = 4andn, ()n,=2and n, (©)m=10andn=20 (am =3andna 164. Let ‘two fair six-faced dice A and Boe! thrown simultaneously. If, isthe event that die A shows up four, E- isthe event that die Bshows up twoand E, isthe event that the sum of numbers on both. dice is odd, then whichof the following statements is NOT true? [JEE Main 2016, 4M] (a) E,and E, are independent (b) E, and E, are independent (©) Fy Ezand Eyare independent (A) £, and E, are independent 168. computer producing factory has only two plants T; and Ty. Plant T, produces 20% and plant T, produces 80% of the total computers produced 7% of computers produced in the factory turn out to be defective. It is known that P (computer terms out to be defective given that itis produced in plant 7,) = 10 (computer terms out to be defective given that it is produced in plant T:)- when P(E) denotes the probability of an event EA computer produced in the factory is randomly selected and it does not turn out to be defective. ‘Then, the probability that itis produced in plant 7, is [JE Advanced 2016, 3M] 5‘y es Chap 09 Probability 739 | ‘i _ passage for Question Nos, 166 and 167 | ustull teams Ty and T; have to play two game a wm? ws (as ratte. Iti assumed that the outcomes of thee 7 7 are independent The probabitine ye 169.1 two different numbers are taken from the set Pe fT; wing {0.1,23...,10} then the probability that their sum as jane a game against Ty are} Ling well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is 6 3 [JEE Main 2017, 4M) 1 | egectively. Each team gets 3 points for 7 ‘ 2 4 : 'sfor a win, I point for 2 & @2 “ “haw and 0 point for a loss ina game. Ler X ond tn Os Os ss OS dnote the ttl points scored by teams Ty and, 170.For three events A, Band C. respectively : ames. WEE Advanced 2016, 3+3m] {Exactly one of A or Bor C occurs) oe wt = Exactly one of Bor C occurs) 1 LAX (kxactly one of Cor A occurs) = = 0 1 a2 © 3 1 : -1 56 os © @; and P(All the three events occur simultaneously) = = en the probability that atleast one of the events 168.4 box contains 15 green and 10 yellow ball. If 10 balls eee [EE Main 2017, 404) are randomly drawn, one-by-one with replacement, ws wZ then the variance of the number of green balls drawn is Er a 1 [JE Main 2017, 4m) wz s) ° Answers Exercise for Session 1 63.(c) 64.0) 65.00) 66.(a) 67.(d)— 68.4) L@ 2G) 3.) 4G) SD GO) 0.6 2G 1.0 BO 76) HO) . TO kd) 8) DL) LO 7.0) 1%) Te) 7 13.4) 14. (4) 15.(b) 16.(6)17-(@)_ 1 () 78.1) 79.(1) 80.(0) 81. (2) “ (6) 20.(6) 83.(8) > 2B) A0.2}(0) > PD) Exercis jon2. 84. (A) > (9):(B) > WO) > HD) > @D xercise for Session ee cee 85.(A) > (P.8,8)B) > (@.2.9)(0) > sD) > (2) Lo 2@ 8H) HOM A $6.) 2B) OO > HD) > 7.(c) 8.(a) 9.(a) 10. (0) 87. (A) > ():(B) > (8);(C) > @);(D) > 1B.) 14. (b) 15.(b) ‘88, (A) > (iB) > @)(O) > @);D) > @) | reise for Session 3 Ba MW) LO MO BO 1@ 5@ 6) jue) 984d) 96.6) 9716) REC) 1a) 2.@) 3.(0) f 1.) 99.(a)_ 100.(2) a) 1@ 8) w.() wm (2) {Ola “ Exercise for Session 4 4@ SO 6) 3) \sa) “CC Gv=Dv=2) nt Bs ta re ine) LO) 2H 105,12) Be) (C) 15. (a) ) (0) (2) 109. ( Chapter Exercise ie 7 5.(0) 6&0) rie 117.(@) 118.) 119. (@) 120.8) 1 2@ 30 £O FO no) 7 o 1 8) 9@) BO) 121.4) 0). G)(@), G0) 122.2) B.(@)_ 124) B@ 1b) 1) IO @ 125.(@) 126.4), 127.(6) 128.(d)129.(b) 130. (0) rh Wr) 2) EO a.) BLE) 2G) 133.0) 134) SH) BEG) 2 Re eg 7.) HO Oe’ BLO Be 39.0) MA@ MiG) M2@) : ee wed, HO) BES sr nett) se) tae.) HPA) 148) : ed ow wed) 19.00) 150-(6) 181-0) 12) 1.0) ELD) dO) | yy 49.0) 50-0 1s5.(a) 156.(a) 157.(2) 158 (0) 189.06) 160.6) a | 8 6o 29 LO so #O ToL) 1E2(ad) 146d) 164.6) 168.(0) 166.0) a ny ao 9 ae «oO eH 167.(€) 168.(0)_169.(6) 170.0)