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EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing

Melody Moh
Kanta Prasad Sharma
Rashmi Agrawal
Vicente Garcia Diaz  Editors

Smart IoT
for Research
and Industry
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication
and Computing

Series editor
Imrich Chlamtac, European Alliance for Innovation, Ghent, Belgium
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Melody Moh  •  Kanta Prasad Sharma
Rashmi Agrawal  •  Vicente Garcia Diaz
Editors

Smart IoT for Research

and Industry
Editors
Melody Moh Kanta Prasad Sharma
Department of Computer Science GL Bajaj Group of Institutions Mathura
San Jose State University Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Vicente Garcia Diaz
Rashmi Agrawal University of Oviedo
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Chapter 9
Changing World: Smart Homes Review
and Future

Pooja Tiwari, Vikas Garg, and Rashmi Agrawal

9.1  Introduction

Smart homes are a very unique and a futuristic profitable idea which gives the user
a feeling of living in a comfortable environment, a luxurious way and a high stan-
dard of living. It also includes various modern technologies which give the smart
home the best environment to live in and provide all the luxury to the user. It is
believed that soon this industry will grow and eventually the demands and the needs
of these homes will boom. Giving comfort and an unpredictable experience to the
user is the special feature of these homes, which are said to be smart homes and the
homes of the future world. Easily accessible to all the smart features of the homes
and by just one click and one control which is in your hands itself? By 2060, the
majority of the population across the world will live to around 60 years on an aver-
age [1]. There is a possibility that people in this age bracket will have to handle the
different problems in independent living and quite possible that they will be more
prone to long-term chronic diseases. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), it has been concluded that across the world almost 650 million people are
living with a disability. The major reason which are identified for the disability
includes chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer and
injuries due to road traffic accidents, conflicts, falls, landmines, mental impair-
ments, birth defects, malnutrition and HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases.
Certain alternative has to be pondered upon as it is quite difficult to provide

P. Tiwari (*)
ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India
V. Garg
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
e-mail: [email protected]
R. Agrawal
Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 145

M. Moh et al. (eds.), Smart IoT for Research and Industry, EAI/Springer
Innovations in Communication and Computing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71485-7_9
146 P. Tiwari et al.

continuous medical supports to these patients for an uncertain period of time. The
solution of this problem can be provided if we can accommodate both healthcare
services and assistive technologies in the homely condition of the individual [2]. It
is important to choose the location wisely not just because to create smart homes but
to give the actual comfort and that luxury which the smart home user wants.
Everything needs to be perfect from one end to another, connecting all the dots. A
user-friendly and robotics-friendly home is a best way to increase the human and
robot conversations as well. Comfort is the important aspect of these types of homes,
and that is why the user wants to buy it as well. Smart homes will not be a luxury in
the coming times; moreover it will become the necessity to the entire user, a big
reason to buy smart homes then. A comparison between various smart home proto-
cols, let’s say modern examples such as Sigsbee and Wi-Fi, is also provided. We
cannot say that smart homes are really a need of the hour and users need it because
of various security issues linked with smart homes and its applications. Many kinds
of research show that up to certain extent smart homes security can be really good
but once it starts showing security issues and start making a threat to the user. Many
services need to be assembled and arranged in that order so that smart homes could
be not just user-friendly in terms of comfort and luxury but also offer security as
well. Smart homes may possess a good technology, but still many loopholes are
there, and it needs to be rearranged for the better enhancement of smart homes and
better comfort which the smart home user wants from these types of homes. The
world needs smart homes in a protected and a secured way [3]. It can be said that
smart homes are a need of the modern world towards a more comfortable and luxu-
rious life, but the application installed should be 100% safe and non-hackable.
Some major drawback needs to be considered, so that this idea of smart home can
be moulded into the flexible projects like the normal. The digital world will totally
be a different world, and everything is becoming digitised, controlled by machines
and automated systems. Smart homes are one of those concepts which are taking
you to the feeling of high-tech homes. Smart home is universal computing in which
ambient intelligence technology is used and which helps in monitoring the home
environment. Smart homes and the different technologies associated with them
need to be explored. There are many real estate companies which are promising that
smart homes will provide significant amount of domestic comfort, security, expedi-
ency and relaxation while on the other hand also minimising the energy used due to
optimisation of home energy management. Smart homes have potential to achieve
multiple goals, but it mainly depends upon how the various facilities are used by the
householders. As we are growing and becoming modernised, our needs and demands
are also increasing towards the best homes which offer us more comfort, security,
convenience and luxury. It has given the description about the combined evidence
about sensors, different systems and communication protocols and multimedia
devices which are extensively employed in the implementation of smart homes.
Smart homes not only give an idea about the future of homes, but on the nature part
as well, it is said to be very beneficial. These homes are designed in those ways
which are sustainable and fit to the needs of future and present scenarios.
9  Changing World: Smart Homes Review and Future 147

9.2  Definition of Smart Homes

A smart home is an application based on various technologies which AI as well and

it is of the newest-to-newest technologies are implemented in smart homes in terms
of better comfort levels, best lighting. Smart homes and their first explanation or
definition was firstly proposed by Lutolf. According to Lutolf, “the smart home
concept is the integration of different services within a home by using a common
communication system. It assures an economic, secure and comfortable operation
of the home and includes a high degree of intelligent functionality and flexibility.”
There were several things by which its definition got influenced. For example,
according to Berlo, a smart home is something which is totally dependable upon
automation and where everything is controlled automatically. There were many
more definitions proposed by Winkler and others. But the one that is common to all
the definitions is that everyone states that a smart home is technology driven which
is based on automation. There are various researches done by the UK Department
of Trade, and according to those, a smart home is a combination of all the networks
and communications allowed by several applications which are controlled, auto-
mated and monitored [4].
A smart home should consist of the following:
Network connectivity which includes wireless connectivity, cables and wires
Gateway system which can manage featured system and should possess intelli-
gent system
Automated home: Products and services linked to the system within and outside the
premises of the home
UK research gives more accuracy about smart home and its intelligence and how
it is totally dependable through remote access. Satpathy’s study also gives the best
definitions to smart and intelligent homes. According to Satpathy, “a home which is
smart enough to assist the inhabitants to live independently and comfortably with
the help of technology is termed as smart home. In a smart home all the mechanical
and digital devices are interconnected to form a network, which can communicate
with each other and with the user to create an interactive space”. The definition was
not mentioned and stated by the author. There are many trends in the automated
homes, and there will be upcoming technology which can amaze the future concepts
of living [5].

9.3  Smart Homes and Their Users

Technology-driven homes [52] and the various researches have given the actual
challenges for smart homes and its surrounding. According to current factors and
various studies, these smart homes are not still user-friendly due to many reasons,
like technology reasons which today even many are not aware of. As of various
148 P. Tiwari et al.

reviews and studies, it is found that the demand for smart homes by the users is
continuously growing, and due to its high demand, the industry is also growing
much faster. Smart homes and its associated challenges were figure out and came
from many researches are consoled below:
• The technology should be able to fit with user needs.
• SHT and its ease should be administered and needs are to be considered.
• Interoperability between systems.
• Consistency.
• Confidentiality and safekeeping homes or support to religious or pro-­
environmental values.
Summarising this we can say that the concept of smart homes represents that it
should be technological based with the essences of a calm and peaceful life.
The smart home should be flexible enough to adjust and maintain the flexibility
with the user and should fit with the day-to-day changing activities of the user. The
automation and the technology should be smart enough to interact with the user.
Technology should be flexible enough to negotiate with the user with the needs and
the wants [6]. SHTs should possess the feature of adapting them with the challeng-
ing and complex mixed messages which they are receiving from the multiple
sources. Third, SHTs must not overpower their users by using too much control to
manage their smart home. The user doesn’t want to overpower the options of smart
homes because all they want is their daily tasks and activities to be performed easily
and peacefully: interaction of “human–home collaboration”. This requires systems
that allow users to communicate with these SHTs so that the user also gets a sense
of interaction with the technology and does not make it much complicated in terms
of its technology and its related knowledge and learning.

9.4  Domestication of Technologies

Smart homes and its domestication technology are quite essential to make it more
profitable and reliable to all. Early research on the diffusion of several information
and innovations which attribute at its cost and the benefit it is giving to its user is
endless. Seamless communication factors and barrier-free technology transmission
are the major benefits of the smart home. Various domestications of technologies are
seen over a time frame, but still gradual changes and moreover speedy changes are
required, and they need to be also diffused through various communities and will
eventually put a negative role for users “who simply adapt to what is offered to
them” [7]. The basic concept involves emphasise various technologies in ‘taming’
‘wild’, within various technologies are combined to make it functional with smart
homes. Specifically, domestication requires that users undertake three types of work:
• Cognitive: the work related to attaining the knowledge regarding technology and
its implementations.
9  Changing World: Smart Homes Review and Future 149

• Practical: the work related to knowledge attainment about the usage of

technology.
• Symbolic: the work related to learning about and constructing the meaning of the
technology and how to incorporate it in identities.
Domestication stresses how, through this work, technologies and their users co-­
evolve as technologies enable new routines and identities and are thus given particular
functions and meanings. Locally domestication is rarely a “harmonious process”. The
various issues and their related conflicts cannot be ignored, up to some these technolo-
gies are very and useful and it’s implemented but after that, some are there which have
no specific use as such. The domestication process is never complete. The technologies
in the field of smart homes are always developing, and speedy changes are there. Thus,
we can say that we can never assume a smart home with some fixed technology; it
needs to be changed and upgraded from time to time. Innovation processes and new
driven technologies are really a need of the hour, and it needs to be focused on if we
need to grow in the sector of smart homes, its technologies and its various applications
[8]. Technologies with different functions have different sets of functions, and some of
them need to be innovated for future technologies as well. Domestication and its vari-
ous processes are applied in the varied sectors of energy development, for example,
renewable energy and its small scale of production as well. It depends on how the user
uses the SHT, because sometimes specific knowledge and learning is required to get
these SHTs to be understood and then put into action. These smart homes are basically
a combined mixture of present as well a touch to future technologies as well.

9.5  Smart Home Projects

In the past two decades, the concept of smart homes have evolved, and it has also
communicated many ideas, purpose, features and values. Smart homes and its usage
are of varied domains, and no doubt it is specialised in many domains of living by
giving comfort and luxury. These types of homes are basically designed to give the
best environment the user could have and ever imagined [9]. Many researches have
proved that these types of homes are basically network and technology driven which
are specialised in each area of its segment. Like if we talk about communication,
then it has special sensors to navigate the best communication and many more
advanced features one could think the smart home will give, and it is actually cus-
tomisable according to the needs and demands of the user.
One of the key reasons why the user opts for smart homes is because of their
luxurious and comfortable style. The comfort which the user gets from such types
of homes is unimaginable to many and the user can adjust the environment of the
home according to the needs at a specific moment, lighting at special times, best
view, connectivity, and automated driven technology equipped home to provide
world-class services with each and everything automated and customised according
to the user needs. Sensors are there to track and monitor various parameters like
health, heart rate, sleep pattern and many more.
150 P. Tiwari et al.

9.5.1  Activity Identification and Event Automation

These smart homes are totally different from the ordinary homes, and they have a
very different concept from ordinary homes. These homes are specially designed to
give the best comfort to each its users in each way and in each segment [10]. The
home-based on full automation and the best technology is driven with each of it
creating with artificial intelligence and some under robotics as well. Many leading
universities have done various researches on smart homes and its future to the users.
The architecture of this house is specially designed in many layers, and four of them
are communication, physical, information and decision; around all these four fac-
tors the working of the smart home revolves. These types of special arrangements
require lots of connectivity and high engineering skills, because the technology is
upgrading at each day and at each moment. These types of special homes are
equipped with not only upmost technology, but it also comes with flexible environ-
ment and flexible changes that the users want to do according to the needs. These
are totally customisable homes with high-tech security from in to out. Many models
have taken into account smart homes like the Core Lab, the name given to smart
homes only with all the specialised technology-driven and friendly use. These types
of smart homes models are not just made to advance the technologies but to start the
more interaction between the human and the automation technologies [11].
This research is an excellent example of a smart home with distributed intelli-
gence and its importance in the future era.

9.5.2  Remote Access and Control

Smart homes and its accessibility in your hands. Sounds interesting? But it’s actu-
ally true; users can turn into anything via the Internet or Wi-Fi. These kinds of
projects permit the user to have remote admittance and supervise and control the
environment of the home. In the present scenario, the Internet has become one of the
most common and pervasive technology which enable the two-way communication
between the home and the user. Many a times for this purpose of communication,
telecommunication infrastructure is used. Some projects are mentioned further
through which it is possible for the user to control and supervise the home appli-
ances from remote locations by direct interactions. In such circumstances, only the
platform for the remote access and control is created, and it does not possess intel-
ligence [12]. Perumal et al. from the Institute of Advanced Technology of Universiti
Putra Malaysia (UPM) have introduced a design for smart homes which implements
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). In smart homes for the purpose of interop-
eration of home appliances, a control module is created which is referred to as
SOAP. In the residential management system, almost 15 feedback control channels
were created which are web based in nature. In case the server does not perform
well, this system can also be controlled remotely by the help of module of SMS. It
9  Changing World: Smart Homes Review and Future 151

provides the benefit of complete, real-time control which is a bi-directional and

monitoring system. Relay-based switch system has been implemented, and it
doesn’t follow any standard for the protocols in communication. Wang et al. have
put forth the concept of smart home having monitoring and controlling systems. By
the help of an embedded controller, these kinds of systems can be controlled from
remote locations. Various types of GUIs and PCs are developed by the authors.
There is a unique address for each device. Each device has a unique address. To
control the device, a new command format has been introduced. Although in the
present scenario the protocol which is existing is sufficient, still a new protocol with
a new command format has been proposed [13]. The architecture is a peer-to-peer
model based on multiple OSGi platforms. Their future works include security at
many levels which can be easily attainable in these types of homes with some more
modification in technology.

9.5.3  Healthcare

Smart homes provide healthcare facilities for patients, elderly people, and healthy
people. Healthcare services are one of the major concerns for everyone, and it is
more than a concern; it’s everyone priority, and if smart homes are well equipped
with such technologies, then it will be great relief to many [14]. These types of
smart homes are really beneficial in providing instant health and checkup report,
which in turn is really helpful for the elderly people. Remote healthcare system is
one of the essential and important features of smart homes, and it can get the instant
service for emergency support.

9.5.4  Local Monitoring

Smart homes could be really beneficial in terms of monitoring one’s health and
physique, and it accurately monitors tall over health of an individual, and it covers
the untouched portion of the examination as well. Based on the various technologies
and their intervention in human health could be very beneficial, and in these where
health and maintaining physique is everyone’s priority. It accurately monitors your
heartbeat count, the cardiac cycle, the 24/7 health app you can say it is like that only,
Covering all the important aspects of human health. It will eventually be important
for monitoring the health status of the elderly people. It helps to detect various dis-
orders which might occur in the human body and which the user may not be aware
of like sleep disorders, sleep disturbance and lack of sleep, blood pressure, heart
risks, and change in sleep patterns. It eventually notices the health status of the
individual and generates the report based upon that which determines the status of
individual health [15].
152 P. Tiwari et al.

From health to overall development, these smart homes are playing an effective
and an efficient role in the lives of an individual. These smart homes could be the
homes of the future, and we can also say this as the 24/7 doctor of each user of these
smart homes. From luxury to necessity, these smart homes will adapt like this in the
coming future, and no doubt it will not be a bad deal. In the way of exploring, these
researchers have created a simulation room for SELF, which includes the sensor
array for blood pressure on the bed, washstand having a display, and a ceiling light-
ing dome with a microphone. So, this system can be considered as system of self-­
assessment which is utilised for the evaluation of human health. The end time is
estimated using a third-order transfer function by modelling the foot pressure on the
floor. By adopting the process of video-recorded data, authors have tried to deter-
mine the error in the case of end and start time. In the case of Si-St transfer, the other
features of the system cannot be determined, for example, in the case of the use of
hands to assist in the transfer, a measure of the leaning of the forward trunk, fre-
quency of unsuccessful transfers, and a measure of stability while standing. Routines
can easily be recognised by the help of developed systems and also deviations form
routines. It can provide the user the basic information with respect to their daily
rhythm, sleeping disorders, and medicine taking time. It works sensibly for lighting
control and its optimisation according to the environment as well [16].

9.5.5  Remote Monitoring

Remote monitoring is the special application of smart homes which enables the user
to get any medical assistance or medical support in any emergency situation. The
home monitors the overall physiological aspects of the human body through several
sensors installed in it. The sensors are basically specialised application which are
automated and work on its own for the specific function. Each sensor is designed for
each and specific function it was designed for, for example, heat sensors to detect
the heat powers, thermal sensors, IR sensors and many more which are installed in
smart homes under the application of remote monitoring.
The network policy of these smart homes is very efficient and not disrupting the
user to change its older networks. It will continue upon the same with some certain
and required additional changes [17]. Providing lower-cost solutions and collection
of the data, from the user existing or the previous telecommunication network, not
depending upon which type of network it is and what is the location. Weather it is
LAN or WAN, it doesn’t matter.
Their core component includes a set of various sensors in the involvement of
these smart homes, a sensor bus, an intelligent monitoring system and a control unit.
For the purpose of recording different types of data such as real-time, event, com-
mand and control, an integration communication network is created. This network
is an integration of home LAN and body area network (BAN). It has a distributed
intelligent system in the form of smart sensors, smart therapy units, body hub, local
intelligence unit (LIU) and client’s healthcare record (CHR). To help the elderly and
9  Changing World: Smart Homes Review and Future 153

disabled individual, telemedicine system is used. It consists of physiological sen-

sors (pulse oximeter sensor and the blood pressure sensor) and general-purpose
sensors (weight sensors, motion detectors and light sensors). The basic or we can
say the overall interaction still depends on human interaction for medical report
analysis and its checking.

9.5.6  Security

There is possibility of security threats in the case of smart homes. Majority of the
problems which are related to security threats are weak users and authentication
schemes of different devices. These attacks on security can be both remotely and
generally located. Certain projects which have a possibility of security threats are
further discussed in the study. It can be concluded by the help of different researches
that most of the security mechanisms are taken from the computer security that are
existing [18, 19]. The prime objective of the gateway is the implementation of user
authentication scheme. Based on the authorised user control, it is possible for the
individual user to login and further access the billing information. This entire sys-
tem is fully equipped with firewall and virus protection software. Based on the
functionality of the product, another crucial part of this study is the illustration of
different taxonomy which are related to the taxonomy of the common security.
These notions are majorly dependent upon the previous experience related to secu-
rity of the computer network which includes user impersonation, device imperson-
ation, service interruption, data alteration, worm/virus, phishing, data wiretapping,
firmware alteration and OS/software vulnerability. For the prevention of these secu-
rity threats, the threats are divided into different levels based on their difficulty
along with the proposed solution to handle these problems. During the phase of easy
setup, the key of public cryptography is used for the process of device authentica-
tion. The security features associated with these special types of smart homes can be
dissolved once the technology is friendly to people and future needs.

9.5.7  Discussion

Smart homes and its concept totally depend upon the user, how he wants his smart
home to look like and what type of customisation he wants in that smart home. In
general, smart homes are providing the facility with comfort, safety, security, remote
control and energy conservation. Furthermore, it also extends the support for elderly
and disabled people in terms of providing the support of healthcare [20]. These are
those cases which although suffering from chronic long-term disease but there is not
much requirement of critical medical support. It is not possible rather to provide the
medical care in a conservative way in some medical centre for a time period which
is uncertain in nature. There is also a possibility that some elderly individuals lose
154 P. Tiwari et al.

their senses and have issues related to memory, and due to which they cannot even
afford to go to a hospital. In these circumstances there is a need of safety and secu-
rity and an immediate requirement of health support. Smart homes can support the
disabled, for example, patients with bone fractures, hearing problems, blindness and
mental disorders [21].
These set of individuals requires to be monitored in a continuous way in the
intelligent environment. Smart homes transfer medical facilities to citizens. There
are many patients who can be benefitted from these technologies and by using these
smart technologies. Moreover, a smart home is just not a home, but it’s a place of
comfort and luxury a user wants, benefitting from health and physique to overall
body development. A smart home is a network of several communication and tech-
nological devices that are connected together to give comfort and luxury which the
user wants from these types of homes. More or less smart homes take care of the
satisfaction a user requires from its smart homes, all the technology used in these
smart homes are user-friendly and both can adapt to each other convenience and as
per the usage of it [22]. A smart home enables the user to work in an safe and an
comfortable environment with all the benefits required for that. There are still sev-
eral challenges in the adoption of these smart homes, and we cannot ignore this; this
needs to be kept into account so that after countering these challenges, customers
can feel at ease in buying smart homes in the future.
Decision support facilities are added in the methods of data processing and algo-
rithms so as to introduce and expand services. The below-mentioned sections will
discuss various components which are responsible to manage functionality and effi-
ciency of smart homes. Efficiency of smart homes totally depends on its technologi-
cal advancements and as well as how the user is educated to use these types of
well-equipped technology [23].

9.6  Devices and Equipment

Smart homes are generally a type of home which is fully equipped with latest tech-
nologies and advanced features installed in the homes in the form of several auto-
mated applications to give the best comfort and luxurious living style to the user.
To identify the different devices which are active some power sensors are
employed. To communicate the date consumed by the different sensors are quite
low bandwidth. For the purpose of monitoring the patient’s certain equipment’s are
required to measure blood pressure, body temperature, body weight, and heart rate.
There are certain equipment which are sophisticated in nature and which are used
such as ECG, PPG, etc. [24]. Based on the devices that are utilised, the signals of
the bio-format will vary. Multimedia devices have been introduced to create an
interactive and robust home environment. Cameras and microphones are common
data acquisition tools. Plasma displays, headsets and LCDs create a platform for
information exchange. The technology enhances the living environment. Recently,
motes have being used in smart homes. A mote is a wireless node used in a WSN
9  Changing World: Smart Homes Review and Future 155

(wireless sensor network). It provides an integrated, stand-alone, predefined func-

tionality for the rapid development of a sensing network. Motes are expensive and
limited to specific uses [25]. The smart homes are basically managed under various
sensors which control each and everything that is happening inside the home as well
the movement happening outside the home, creating the best environment for the
user. An example is light sensors which are basically useful for illuminating the
light at very specific locations giving the accurate or the best results.
There are many more which make the user-friendly with these types of smart
homes which include, image processing, audio-video captures and visuals, multi-
media effects and sounds, noise filters to enhance the quality of sound inside the
home and not letting the outside disturbance come inside. Voice recognition, face
recognitions and video processing are some of the advanced features of these smart
homes, and within the development of these types of homes, many more technology
will come up which will amaze the user to use the smart homes [26, 27].
Network detection sensors and networking sensors are installed in the home for
the better and best connectivity with anyone and anywhere, making and giving you
the best and accurate catch of network possible in its limits. Sometimes this might
too disrupt by not changing and giving the right network locations for better com-
munications. Moreover, there needs to be more quality and enhancement with video
processing and media as well.

9.7  Communication Media and Protocols

A smart home is fully equipped with the latest and the best technology one could
use to make the home with best comfort and a luxury style. These smart homes have
a strong network of connections linked to each other to communicate better and
provide better assistance to the user as a friendly technology [28]. The communica-
tion media and its protocols are further classified under various segments like wire,
wireless and hybrid.
In these types of protocols and special arrangements, some only use wire for
communications, while others use both wire and wireless systems of communica-
tions. Provide a wide range of data connectivity with strong bandwidth for multime-
dia data transmissions. The popular Wi-Fi is a must for all the entry to the smart
homes, or we can say that all the devices in the home are connected to the Internet
or Wi-Fi for seamless functioning and presentation [29]. Moreover, it is for sure that
the quality of smart homes is dependable on its communication types and through
various channels, it is transmitted, various systems, protocols are there, vendor to
user or user to vendor transmission also sometimes seen. But the problem arises
when such a type of applications is supported to only specific or runs by specific
application and software usage. These are some protocol-based devices [30, 31].
Generally, these types of problems arose when using different merchant products
without altering the protocols of the existing product because these are some appli-
cations which are supported or casted on some specific set of controls and they’ll
156 P. Tiwari et al.

not perform once the protocol changes and its network coverage changes [32]. But
this type of problem can be resolved by some additional expense in changing the
protocols as the transitions are quite expensive.
The varied types of interconnections are there which are helping to give the
appropriate comfort level to the user, and in this one, an important key is home
gateway; basically these are special types of arrangements and groups of connec-
tions which enable all the connections to work in a synchronised way and give the
maximum output with best results to the user.

9.8  Algorithms and Methods

Algorithms and its methods are useful in providing an interactive and user-friendly
environment in the home or smart home. The algorithms help to detect the location
accurately and all the activities which are based on location and its usage. Algorithms
and its methods are also useful in collecting data and its various attributes to predict
the best possible future [33]. Neutral networks are still in demand and are very
popular with such complexity of construction like in the smart homes.

9.9  Future Challenges

Future homes are no doubt a good concept, but still there are many hidden and non-­
hidden challenges which are not enabling the user to use it more effectively. The
security issues linked with the smart homes are quite challenging for the makers
because nowadays user privacy and security is the topmost priority, and if the smart
home is not able to provide this too, then there is no use of calling it as a smart home
or the home of the future [34, 35]. The future of these homes will totally depend
upon how technology will advance, and its issues are recognised [53]. These smart
homes are really good in providing comfort to its users, but its technology needs to
be flexible, that is, it should be all user-friendly; only then can we predict the future
of the smart homes [36]. These smart homes are generally based on special type of
engineering and need special attention, weather in terms of connecting the commu-
nications, sensors and information technology.
There are various protocols and special types of adjustment which are required
to construct the smart homes so that they could be designed in such a way that in
turn will give comfort to the user. The home is also equipped with several medical
and fitness applications, but their capability in meeting the requirements of the user
and working as per instructions given by the user should be ensured [37]. to upscale
the advantages of smart homes, then deeper study needs to be done that what makes
do convenient that user will buy it, erase another option of buying: means construct-
ing such markets for these types of smart homes and where no other will be seen.
9  Changing World: Smart Homes Review and Future 157

As we are talking about smart homes and its usage, what about power grid, sta-
tions and electricity? What will happen to the applications during electricity break-
down? These are some of the important questions that still need to be answered
because all are very relevant questions if one is planning to live in a smart home [38,
39]. The future of smart home can be bright but after removing all the barriers of
another option. User-friendliness and comfort are all that a customer wants from
such type of smart homes.

9.10  Conclusion

Smart homes and its future in the upcoming scenario seem to be quite easy as many
technologies still exist, and many of them are user-friendly. Ensuring the demands
of the user that what the user wants, how the user wants, and what type of technol-
ogy especially user wants in their smart homes, needs to be in the account. Smart
homes will cover many opportunities in the upcoming scenario of housing and liv-
ing [40, 41].
Living is never so much easy if we talk about India, where many of the people
are still not addicted or prone to new technology [42, 43]. We can say that people
are not technology-friendly here. Smart home is a home consisting of all the needs
and wants the people need to maintain their luxury and comfort level. It is all about
how you adapt to these technologies and how you change with this. Smart home and
its future will totally depend upon how much the population of the specific state is
educated, because these types of things cannot be easily bought by the less edu-
cated. The higher the education level, the higher will be the standard of living and
the higher will be the expenditure on it to buy that living [44].
The smart will surely be user-friendly as we discussed above as well; like in
terms of service integration and its usage, various combining of technology and sen-
sors installed in these types of smart homes, but nowadays people are more con-
cerned of the security issues linked with it or which can arise in the future after its
usage gets started [45, 46]. Security is one of the key concerns which none of the
user wants to compromise, and the user only limits itself from not opting for these
smart homes because of the security and technological issues. The company needs
to develop some amount of confidence in the user regarding buying of the smart
homes and its usage [47]. In the upcoming time, the concept of smart homes will be
a much discussed phenomena based on the analysis of recent trend which indicates
the centre of intelligent service consumption. As the present generation is more
inclined towards luxury and comfort, then no doubt smart homes will be a profitable
market in the future, and it will be a great revolution. Christos Stergioua et al. [48]
merge cloud computing and IoT to show how the cloud computing technology
improves the functionality of the IoT. Smart home and IoT are rich with sensors,
which generate massive data flows in the form of messages or events. Processing
this data is above the capacity of a human being’s capabilities [49]. The level of
intelligence or controllability of a smart home service that users want may differ
158 P. Tiwari et al.

according to the user. As potential users of smart home services have diversified in
recent years, providing the appropriate functions and features is critical to the diffu-
sion of the service. Thus, this study examines the smart home service features that
current users require and empirically evaluates the relationship between the critical
factors and the adoption behaviour [50]. Vadillo et al. [51] conducted research on
telecare system adoption, which is one type of smart home service, and found per-
ceived usefulness is important for the intention to use the system.

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