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Lecture 2 ModernCommu 2023jan19

This document discusses error control coding techniques used in modern communication systems. It begins by explaining source codes and channel codes, with channel codes adding redundancy to detect and correct errors during transmission. Linear block codes and convolutional codes are then introduced as common error correcting codes. The document provides examples of how finite fields like GF(4) and GF(8) are used in polynomial representations of these codes. Key concepts covered include block encoding, code vectors, matrix representations, modulo-2 arithmetic, and the use of extension fields in polynomial multiplication over finite fields.

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21 views20 pages

Lecture 2 ModernCommu 2023jan19

This document discusses error control coding techniques used in modern communication systems. It begins by explaining source codes and channel codes, with channel codes adding redundancy to detect and correct errors during transmission. Linear block codes and convolutional codes are then introduced as common error correcting codes. The document provides examples of how finite fields like GF(4) and GF(8) are used in polynomial representations of these codes. Key concepts covered include block encoding, code vectors, matrix representations, modulo-2 arithmetic, and the use of extension fields in polynomial multiplication over finite fields.

Uploaded by

Bhone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Yangon Technological University

Department of Electronic Engineering

EcE- 51002 Modern


Communication Systems I

Lecture-2

By Daw Win Thu Zar, Associate Professor


19/1/2023
1
Codes

Source Codes
• is to take the source data and make it smaller.

Channel Codes
• is to find codes which transmit quickly,
contain many valid code words and can
correct or at least detect many errors.

2
Channel Codes
• Channel codes are used to add redundancy to the
codes.
• Redundancy adds extra information about the data
into the signal.
• This extra information ensures that the data is
received correctly at the information sink.
• Hence, channel codes increase the BER of the signal.

3
Error Control Coding (ECC)
• Noise or error is the main problem in the signal which disturbs the
reliability of communication system.
• ECC is the coding procedure done to control the occurrences of errors.
• These techniques help in Error Detection and Error Correction.
• Designing codes for the reliable transmission of digital information over a
noisy channel.
• Codes can either correct or merely detect errors.
– Codes that can detect errors are called error-detecting codes.
– Codes that can correct errors are called error-correcting codes

• There are many different error correcting codes depending upon the
mathematical principles applied to them.
• But, historically, these codes have been classified into Linear block codes
and Convolution codes.

4
Block Codes
Data/message, m Codeword, C
Block encoder
k n
Information bits
2𝑘 distinct message 2𝑘 distinct codeword

• Data sequence is divided into sequence blocks k bits long


• Each k-bit block is converted into an n-bit block, where n > k.
• The encoder generates a block of n coded bits from k information bits and
we call this as the resultant block code.
• The resultant block code is called (n, k) block code and the ratio k/n is
called the code rate.
𝑘
𝑅=
𝑛

5
Linear Block Codes
• An (n,k) block code indicates that the codeword has n number of bits and k is the
number of bits for the original binary message
• A code is said to be linear if any two code words in the code can be added in
modulo-2 arithmetic to produce a third code word in the code

Code Vectors
Any n-bit code word can be visualized in an n-dimensional space as a vector whose
elements having coordinates equal the bits in the code word

For example a code word 101 can be written in a row vector notation as (1 0 1)

Matrix representation of block codes


The code vector can be written in matrix form:
A block of k message bits can be written in the form of 1-by-k matrix

6
• Modulo-2 operations
– The encoding and decoding functions involve the binary arithmetic
operation of modulo-2
– Rules for modulo-2 operations are:

Modulo-2 Modulo-2
Addition Multiplication
0⊕0 = 0 0.0 =0
1⊕1 = 0 1.1 =1
0⊕1 = 1 0.1 =0
1⊕0 = 1 1.0 =0

7
Convolution Codes

8
The Structure of Finite Fields
(Abelian Group)
• A field is a collection of objects that can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided.
• To define fields, we begin by defining Abelian Group.
• An Abelian group is a set with a binary operation that has the basic property of addition.

Wireless

Wired

9
Finite Fields of Galosis Fields

10
Polynomials over Finite Fields

11
Polynomial Addition

12
Characteristics of a Field and the
Ground Field

13
Examples

14
Extension Fields

15
Polynomial Multiplication

16
Example-7.1-1 GF(4)

Multiplication Table:
?

17
Notes

18
Example-7.1-2 GF(8)

19
Example: GF(8)

20

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