Hints & Solutions

Topic 1 Moment of Inertia 2. The given situation is shown in the figure given below
1. Key Idea Radius of gyration K of any structure is given by
I 7 1
2
I = MK or K = R M M M
8 8
M
To find K, we need to find both moment of
inertia I and mass M of the given structure. Solid sphere

Given, variation in mass per unit area (surface mass density),

σ
σ= 0 …(i) 2R
r r
Calculation of Mass of Disc
Disc (radius= 2R)
dm Solid sphere
(radius = r)
dr
r Density of given sphere of radius R is
b
Mass M
a
ρ= =
Volume 4 πR 3
3
Let radius of sphere formed from second part is r, then
mass of second part = volume × density
1 4 M
Let us divide whole disc in small area elements, one of them M = π r3 ×
shown at r distance from the centre of the disc with its width 8 3 4 3
πR
as dr. 3
Mass of this element is R3 R
∴ r3 = ⇒ r=
dm = σ ⋅ dA 8 2
σ Now, I1 = moment of inertia of disc (radius 2R and mass
⇒ dm = 0 × 2πrdr [from Eq. (i)] …(ii) 7
r M ) about its axis
Mass of the disc can be calculated by integrating it over the 8
given limits of r, 7
M × ( 2R )2
Mass × (Radius)2 8 7
M b
= = = MR 2
∫ dm = ∫ σ 0 × 2π × dr 2 2 4
0 a and I 2 = moment of inertia of sphere
⇒ M = σ 0 2π ( b − a ) …(iii) R 1
(radius and mass M ) about its axis
Calculation of Moment of Inertia 2 8
2
b 2 2 1 ⎛ R⎞ MR 2
M b
σ0
b
⎡ r3 ⎤ = × Mass × (Radius)2 = × M × ⎜ ⎟ =
I= ∫ r dm = ∫ r ⋅ × 2πrdr = σ 0 2π ∫ r2 dr = σ 0 2π
2 2
⎢ ⎥ 5 5 8 ⎝ 2⎠ 80
0 a
r a ⎣ 3 ⎦a 7
MR 2
1 I
⇒ I = σ 0 2π [ b 3 − a 3 ] …(iv) ∴ Ratio 1 = 4 = 140
3 I2 1
MR 2
Now, radius of gyration, 80
2πσ 0 3 3. Given, Surface mass density, σ = kr2
(b − a3 )
I 3
K = = So, mass of the disc can be calculated by considering
M 2πσ 0 ( b − a ) small element of area 2πrdr on it and then integrating it for
complete disc, i.e.
1 (b3 − a3 )
⇒ K =
3 b−a dr
As we know, b 3 − a 3 = ( b − a ) ( b 2 + a 2 + ab )
1 2 O
∴ K = ( b + a 2 + ab ) r
3
( a 2 + b 2 + ab )
or K =
3
124 Rotation

dm = σ dA = σ × 2πrdr Moment of inertia of this ring about a perpendicular axes

R through centre is
∫ dm = M = ∫0 ( kr
2
) 2πrdr
dI c = dm ⋅ x2 = ρ0 x( 2πx )dx ⋅ x2 = 2πρ0 x4 dx
R4 1
⇒ M = 2πk = πkR 4 … (i) Moment of inertia of this elementary ring about a
4 2 perpendicular axes at a point through edge, (by parallel axes
Moment of inertia about the axis of the disc, theorem)
I = ∫ dI = ∫ dmr2 = ∫ σdAr2 dI = dmx 2 + dmR 2
R = 2πρ0 x4 dx + 2πρ0 R 2 x2 dx
= ∫0 kr ( 2πrdr ) r2
2

Moment of inertia of complete disc is

R 5 2πkR 6 πkR 6
⇒ I = 2πk ∫ 0
r dr =
6
=
3
… (ii) I=
R R
∫0 dI = ∫0 2πρ0 x dx + ∫0 2πρ0 R
4 R 2 2
x dx
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2πρ0 R 5 2πρ0 R 5 16πρ0 R 5
2 = + =
I = MR 2 5 3 15
3 16
∴ a= (No option matches)
4. Given, kinetic energy = kθ2 15
We know that, kinetic energy of a rotating body about its axis 6. Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an axis through its
1 centre of mass is
= Iω 2
2 2
where, I is moment of inertia and ω is angular velocity. IC = MR 2
5
1 2 2kθ 2 Moment of inertia about a parallel axis at a distance x from
So, Iω = kθ 2 or ω 2 =
2 I axis through its COM is
2k IC I
⇒ ω= θ … (i)
I
Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. time on both sides, x
we get
dω 2k dθ 2k ⎡ dθ ⎤
= ⋅ = ⋅ω ⎢⎣Qω = dt ⎥⎦
dt I dt I
∴ Angular acceleration, I = IC + Mx2 (by parallel axis theorem)
dω 2k 2k 2k So graph of I versus x is parabolic are shown
α= = ⋅ω = ⋅ θ [using Eq. (i)]
dt I I I I(x)
2k
or α= θ
I
IC
Alternate Solution
2kθ 2 x
As, ω2 =
I
dω 2k dθ 2k
⇒ 2ω = ⋅ 2θ or ω dω = θ dθ 7. Moment of inertia of hollow cylinder about its axis is
dt I dt I M 2
dω 2k 2k I1 =
( R1 + R22 )
ω (= α ) = ⋅ θ or α = θ 2
dθ I I where, R1 = inner radius and
5. Consider an elementary ring of thickness dx and radius x. R2 = outer radius.
Moment of inertia of thin hollow cylinder of radius R about
dx its axis is.
I 2 = MR 2
Given, I1 = I 2 and both cylinders have same mass (M).
x
So, we have
M
R ( R12 + R22 ) = MR 2
2
 Rotation 125

(102 + 202 ) / 2 = R 2 Then for ΔDEF, moment of inertia of the triangle about the
axis,
R = 250 = 15.8
2
2
⎛ M ⎞ ⎛ l⎞ kMl 2
R ≈ 16 cm I = k⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = …(i)
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 16
8 For disc D1 , moment of inertia across axis OO′ will be Moment of inertia of ΔABC is
1 I 0 = kMl 2 …(ii)
I1 = MR 2 …(i)
2 The moment of inertia of the remaining part will be
O′ kMl 2
I ′ = I 0 − I = kMl 2 − [Q using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
16
O Mass=M 15kMl 2 15
R = or I ′ = I 0
D1 16 16
10 Key Idea This problem will be solved by applying parallel axis
theorem, which states that moment of inertia of a rigid body
For discs D2 and D3 , OO ′ is an axis parallel to the diameter of about any axis is equals to its moment of inertia about a parallel
disc. Using parallel axis theorem, axis through its centre of mass plus the product of the mass of
the body and the square of the perpendicular distance between
I 2 = I 3 = I diameter + Md 2 …(ii) the axis.

We know that moment of inertia (MI) about the principle

R axis of the sphere is given by
2
R Isphere = MR 2 … (i)
Mass=M 5
Using parallel axis theorem, moment of inertia about the
D3 given axis in the figure below will be
1
Here, I diameter =MR 2
4
and d =R
1 5
∴ I 2 = I 3 = MR 2 + MR 2 = MR 2 R R
4 4
Now, total MI of the system
1 5 2R
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = MR 2 + 2 × MR 2 = 3MR 2
2 4 Principle axis Given axis
9 (b) Suppose the mass of the ΔABC be ‘M ’ and length of the 2
I1 = MR 2 + M ( 2R )2
side be ‘l’. 5
When the ΔDEF is being removed from it, then the mass of I1 =
22
MR 2 … (ii)
the removed Δ will be ‘M / 4’ and length of its side will be 5
‘l/2’ as shown below Considering both spheres at equal distance from the axis,
A moment of inertia due to both spheres about this axis will be
2I1 = 2 × 22 / 5 MR 2

l Now, moment of inertia of rod about its perpendicular

D E bisector axis is given by
l/2
1
l/2
G I2 = ML2
12
B Here, given that L = 2R
F C
l/2

Since we know, moment of inertia of the triangle about the

axis, passing through its centre of gravity is,
R R
I = kml 2 , where k is a constant.
126 Rotation

1 1
∴ I2 = M ( 2R )2 = MR 2 … (iii)
12 3 l/2
So, total moment of inertia of the system is

θ
s
co
22 1 l/2
I = 2I1 + I 2 = 2 × MR 2 + MR 2

g
mg sin θ

m
5 3 θ θ
⎛ 44 1⎞ 137 mg
⇒ I=⎜ + ⎟ MR = 2
MR 2
⎝ 5 3⎠ 15 Initial condition At any time t
11. From theorem of parallel axis, Now, Torque τ = force × perpendicular distance of line of
I = I cm + 7 M ( 3R )2 action of force from axis of rotation
⎡ MR 2 ⎧ MR 2 ⎫⎤ 181MR 2 l
=⎢ + 6× ⎨ + M ( 2R )2 ⎬ ⎥ + 7M ( 3R )2 = = mg sin θ ×
⎢⎣ 2 2
⎩ 2 ⎭ ⎥⎦ 2
Again, Torque, τ = Iα
12. I Remaining = I Total − I Cavity
ml 2
Where, I = moment of inertia =
9MR 2 ⎡ M ⎛ R ⎞
3 2⎤
⎛ 2R ⎞ 3
⇒ I= − ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + M ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 4 MR 2
2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎥
⎦
[Force and Torque frequency along axis of rotation
passing through in end]
13. MI of a solid cylinder about its perpendicular bisector of α = angular acceleration
length is
l ml 2
⎛ l2 R 2 ⎞ ∴ mg sin θ × = α
I=M ⎜ + ⎟ 2 3
⎝ 12 4⎠
3g sin θ
∴ α=
mR 2 ml 2 m2 ml 2 2l
⇒I= + = + [Qρπr2 l = m]
4 12 4 πρl 12 15. Maximum possible volume of cube will occur when
For I to be maximum, 3a = 2R (a = side of cube)
dI m2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ml 2
=− ⎜ ⎟ + =0 ∴ a= R
dl 4 πρ ⎝ l 2 ⎠ 6 3
m2 ml 3 3m M
⇒ = ⇒ l3 = Now, density of sphere, ρ =
4μπρ 6 2πρ 4 3
πR
1/ 3 1/ 3 3
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ m⎞
⇒ l=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ Mass of cube, m = (volume of cube)(ρ) = ( a 3 )(ρ )
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ πρ⎠
⎡ ⎤
m m 3
ρ= ⇒ R2 = ⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎢ m ⎥ ⎛ 2 ⎞
πR l
2
πρl = ⎢ R⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎜ ⎟M
⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎢ 4 πR 3 ⎥ ⎝ 3π ⎠
2/ 3
m ⎛ 2⎞
1/ 3
⎛ πρ⎞
1/ 3
⎛ m⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
1/ 3
⎣3 ⎦
⇒ R2 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
πρ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ m⎠ ⎝ πρ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ Now, moment of inertia of the cube about the said axis is
2
⎛ m⎞
1/ 3 1/ 6 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎛ 2⎞ ⎜ ⎟M⎜ R⎟
⇒ R =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ma ⎝ 3π ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
2
⎝ πρ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ I= =
6 σ
1/ 3 1/ 3
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ m⎞ 4 MR 2
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
l ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ πρ⎠ ⎛ 3⎞
1/ 3
⎛ 3⎞
1/ 6
= =⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ 9 3π
R ⎛ m ⎞ 1 / 3 ⎛ 2⎞ 1 / 6 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
2 1
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 16. MR 2 = Mr2 + Mr2
⎝ πρ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 5 2
2 3
∴
l
=
3 or MR 2 = Mr2
R 2 5 2
2
14. As the rod rotates in vertical plane so a torque is acting on it, ∴ r= R
15
which is due to the vertical component of weight of rod.
 Rotation 127

17. I remaining = I whole − I removed Alternate

⎡ 1 ⎛ R ⎞ 2 1 ⎛ 2R ⎞ 2 ⎤ The relation between I AB and ICD should be true for all
1
or I = ( 9M ) ( R )2 − ⎢ m ⎜ ⎟ + m ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ …(i) values of θ
2 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎥
⎦ At θ = 0, ICD = I AB
9M ⎛ R⎞
2
Similarly, at θ = π / 2, ICD = I AB (by symmetry)
Here, m = × π⎜ ⎟ = M
πR 2 ⎝ 3⎠ Keeping these things in mind, only option (a) is correct.
Substituting in Eq. (i), we have 21. Since, it is a square lamina
I = 4 MR 2 I3 = I4
and I1 = I 2 (by symmetry)
18. Mass of the whole disc = 4M
From perpendicular axes theorem,
Moment of inertia of the disc about the given axis
Moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to square plate
1
= ( 4 M ) R 2 = 2MR 2 and passing from O is
2
I o = I1 + I 2 = I 3 + I 4
∴ Moment of inertia of quarter section of the disc
or I o = 2I 2 = 2I 3
1 1
= ( 2MR 2 ) = MR 2 Hence, I2 = I3
4 2
Rather we can say I1 = I 2 = I 3 = I 4
19. Mass of the ring M = ρL. Let R be the radius of the ring, then
Therefore, I o can be obtained by adding any two i.e.
L = 2π R I o = I1 + I 2 = I1 + I 3
L
or R= = I1 + I 4 = I 2 + I 3
2π
= I2 + I4 = I3 + I4
Moment of inertia about an axis passing through O and
parallel to XX ' will be 22. T = Total portion
1
I 0 = MR 2 R = Remaining portion and
2 C = Cavity and let σ = mass per unit area.
Therefore, moment of inertia about XX ′ (from parallel axis
theorem) will be given by
1 3 r
I XX ′ = MR 2 + MR 2 = MR 2 R
2 2
2R
Substituting values of M and R
r = √5 R
3 ⎛ L2 ⎞ 3ρL3
I XX ′ = (ρL ) ⎜ 2 ⎟ =
2 ⎝ 4π ⎠ 8π 2

20. A ′ B ′ AB and C ′ D ′ ⊥ CD Then, mT = π ( 2R )2 σ = 4 πR 2σ

From symmetry I AB = I A ' B ' mC = π ( R )2 σ = πR 2σ
and ICD = IC ' D ' For I P
From theorem of perpendicular axes, I R = I T − IC
3 ⎡1 ⎤
A' = mT ( 2R )2 − ⎢ mC R 2 + mC r2 ⎥
C' D 2 ⎣2 ⎦
3 ⎡ 1 ⎤
= ( 4 πR 2σ ) ( 4 R 2 ) − ⎢ ( πR 2σ ) + ( πR 2σ ) ( 5R 2 )⎥
2 ⎣ 2 ⎦
θ = (18.5 πR 4σ )
A B
For I O I R = I T − IC
1 3
= mT ( 2R )2 − mC R 2
2 2
C B' D' 1 3
= ( 4 πR σ ) ( 4 R 2 ) − ( πR 2σ ) ( R 2 ) = 6.5 πR 4σ
2
2 2
I ZZ = I AB + I A ′ B ′ = ICD + IC ' D '
IP 18.5πR 4σ
∴ = = 2.846
= 2I AB = 2ICD IO 6.5πR 4σ
I AB = ICD Therefore, the nearest integer is 3.
128 Rotation

d 5 5 = m( −12t 2 ( $i × $j ) − 6t 2 ( $j × $i ))
23. r = = cm = × 10−2 m ⇒ m = 0.5 kg
2 2 2 As, $i × $i = $j × $j = 0
a = 4 cm = 4 × 10−2 m ⇒ L = m( −12t 2 k $ + 6t 2 k$)
1 2 X As, $ and $j × i$ = − k
i$ × $j = k $
⇒ L = − m( 6t 2 )k$

So, angular momentum of particle of mass 2 kg at time

a t = 2 s is
$ = − 48 k
L = ( −2 × 6 × 22 )k $
a/√2
2. As there is no external torque on system.
X 4 3 ∴ Angular momentum of system is conserved.
I XX = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 ⇒ I iω i = I f ω f
⎡2 Initially,
⎛ a⎞ ⎤ 2
2
= ⎢ mr2 + m ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + mr2
⎢⎣ 5 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ 5 ω
⎦ M
⎡2 ⎛ a⎞ ⎤ 2
2
+ ⎢ mr2 + m ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + mr2
⎢⎣ 5 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ 5
⎦
Substituting the values, we get m m
L
I XX = 9 × 10−4 kg - m 2 ∴ N = 9
24. Assuming the lamina to be in x-y plane.
Finally,
A y B
ω
2a m m

x
O
M, L

From, the perpendicular axis theorem,

ML2 ⎛ ML2 ⎛ L⎞ ⎞
2

Ix + I y = I z ⇒ ⋅ω 0 + 0 = ⎜ + 2( m )⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ω
12 ⎜ 12 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝
but Ix = I y (by symmetry)
So, final angular speed of system is
and I z = 1.6 Ma 2
(given) ML2
⋅ω 0
Iz 12 Mω 0
∴ Ix = = 0.8 Ma 2 ⇒ ω= =
2 ⎛ ML2 + 6mL2 ⎞ M + 6m
⎜ ⎟
Now, from the parallel axis theorem, ⎝ 12 ⎠
I AB = I x + M ( 2a )2 = 0.8 Ma 2 + 4 Ma 2 = 4.8 Ma 2 3. The given figure is shown below as
O
Topic 2 Angular Momentum and its vA a=10 m
Conservation m
A h=10
1. Position of particle is, r = 2ti$ − 3t 2 $j vB
where, t is instantaneous time. B
Velocity of particle is As friction is absent, energy at A = energy at B
dr
v= = 2i$ − 6t$j ⇒
1 2
mv A + mgh =
1 2
mvB
dt 2 2
Now, angular momentum of particle with respect to origin ⇒ v2A + 2gh = vB2
is given by
L = m( r × v ) or vB2 = ( 5 )2 + 2 × 10 × 10 = 225
= m{( 2ti$ − 3t 2 $j ) × ( 2i$ − 6t$j )} ⇒ vB = 15 ms−1