Report of Thesis B.Tech.

(EEE) 4-1(2022-23 batch) till 21st December 2022

TOPIC: A SMART FRAMEWORK FOR LOAD MONITERING AND CONTROLLING
BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The conventional power grids are generally used to carry power from a few central generators
to many users or customers. In compare, the Smart grid uses two-way flows of electricity and
information to create an automated and distributed advanced energy delivery network. To
provide such a power supply, main electrical grid failures should be prevented. Smart
microgrid concept [1] is one of the best alternatives for it. This electrical grid is going
through a revolution since the 2000s, [2] because of environmental and social concerns, there
has been a choice for reducing the use of fossil-based sources, and even nuclear power. This
fundamental change of the power matrix has introduced ever-increasing shares of renewable
energy sources. Many countries and electricity markets are looking at Smart Grid as
advanced solutions in delivering mix of enhanced values ranging from higher security,
reliability and power quality, lower cost of delivery, demand optimization and energy
efficiency [3]. Its advanced capabilities - demand optimization, delivery efficiency and
renewable energy optimization will lead to lower carbon footprint and overall lower energy
cost and investment in energy related infrastructure. It is to ensure sustainable development in
the electricity sector and many benefits of all stakeholders [4].

References

[1] N.A. Hidayatullah and D.E.J. Sudirman, "Desain dan aplikasi internet of thing (iot) untuk
smart grid power system", VOLT - Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Elektro, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 35-
44, 2017.

[2] J Aghaei and M-I Alizadeh, "Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with
renewable energy sources: a review", Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, vol. 18, pp. 64e72,
2013.
[3] Mahmood, A., et al. Energy sharing and management for prosumers in smart grid with
integration of storage system. in 2017 5th International Istanbul Smart Grid and Cities
Congress and Fair (ICSG). 2017. IEEE.

[4] "R. Morello, C. De Capua, G. Fulco and S. C. Mukhopadhyay, "A Smart Power Meter to
Monitor Energy Flow in Smart Grids: The Role of Advanced Sensing and IoT in the Electric
Grid of the Future", IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 7828-7837, Dec. 2017

PROBLEM TRYING TO SOLVE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

In a present day to day life, Electrical Energy became part in our life’s, without electricity we
cannot be able to do any work. At present, the traditional power grids are distributing the
power from the plant to the consumer loads and if any fault occurred in the transmission
lines, the supply is cut off to the remaining consumer loads too. The power grids are located
far away from the consumers location, do it require more conducting materials to transfer,
[long transmission lines], therefore losses may increase, and cost becomes more. In this grid,
Electrical Energy is produced with conventional sources such as thermal, diesel, gas, etc.,
which are have bad environmental effects and the conventional sources also deplete. With the
tremendous increase in power consumption and with the introduction of electric vehicles,
supply of power has got far greater attention and its interruption will bring the lives of people
to halt. To overcome power cutouts, losses in line and blackout of the transmission line by
introducing microgrids. This was our motivation for working on dc smart grid for better
efficiency and reduced losses.

INNOVATION

The IoT smart grid enables two-way communication between connected devices and
hardware that sense and respond to user demands. A smart grid is more resilient and less
costly than the current power infrastructure. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is an
integrated system of smart meters, data management systems, and communication networks
that allows utilities and consumers to communicate in real-time. It is proving to be a budding
smart grid solution and is helping to advance energy management systems overall. AMI gives
electric power providers a two-way communication system from the control center to the
meter, as well as the capacity to change various service-level settings for its consumers. The
growth of advanced metering infrastructure technology and smart meter installations through
various metering programs give distribution grids a tremendous chance to record voltage
feedback at termination points. AMI provides many benefits, including time-based pricing,
usage forecasts, remote consumption control, remote integration or disconnection of users,
theft identification, etc. Having these features implies being able to better regulate the
efficiency and quality of power in grids all around the world.

METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

Energy smart grids have acquired great importance recently thanks to their main
characteristics: decentralized generation, use of renewable energy sources in a distributed
way, energy storage capacities and the possibility of controlling and managing the use of
power flows. This makes the microgrids an excellent option to reduce losses in the
transmission and distribution lines and to reduce the use and dependence on fossil fuels
worldwide. This article presents a methodology for designing and simulating renewable
energy microgrids to operate in countries located near the equator. For this, several
mathematical models are proposed for the different components of a microgrid: photovoltaic
generator, wind turbine, battery bank and inverter for connection to the electricity grid. The
use of IoT in the smart grid demands a few technologies the main one includes key
communication technologies to receive and transmit the acquired information related to the
state of smart grid devices. They should also cater to the communication technology
standards, either short-range or long-range. Examples of short-range communication
technologies include Bluetooth and ZigBee.

Fig:1
FEASIBILITY OF THE PROJECT
A feasibility analysis is a way to evaluate the project plan could be successful. A feasibility
study evaluates the practicality of project plan in order to move forward with the project. A
feasibility study aims to provide an independent assessment that examines all aspects of a
proposed project, including technical, economic, financial, legal, and environmental
considerations.

FEASIBILITY OF PROJECT IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS

Load monitoring focuses on evenly distributing current draw throughout the entire rack.
The goal is to achieve perfect balance so that more total current can be supplied to each
branch circuit.
Commercial Loads

Industrial Loads

Domestic Loads

Municipal Loads

The industrial load is given the highest priority and other loads can be shut as per set priority
whenever required. This is done when the generator has not enough capacity to meet the
demand of all the loads at the same time. The priority set within the proposed model is to
make the industrial system ON.

The industrial load is of 900W, domestic load is of 500W, commercial load is of 200W, and
municipal load is of 100 W. [as per our consideration]
 Fig:2 Load monitoring & Distribution

The introduction of automation in the distribution system will improve the service quality and
better investment utilization. Load monitoring is very important feature that keeps the system
safe from overloading. When one area is overloaded, the loads can be transferred to the less
loaded areas using switches. And load monitoring provides how much load must be
transferred to maintain system within limits.

There are four different loads i.e., industrial, domestic, commercial and municipal. These
loads are connected in parallel, and the supply taken is from local distribution i.e., 220V AC.
The industrial load is given the highest priority and other loads can be shut as per set priority
whenever required. This is done when the generator has not enough capacity to meet the
demand of all the loads at the same time. The priority set within the proposed model is to
make the industrial system ON. The industrial load is of 900W, domestic load is of 500W,
commercial load is of 200W, and municipal load is of 100 W. The supply is taken from local
distribution. The Arduino is connected through current sensors and displaying the change of
current on 16×2 LCD.

There are two portions: one is the control room and the other is balancing side. From the
field, the supply cut off is done. From the control room, we can monitor changes. The total
supplying capacity is 950W that is not sufficient to meet the entire loads requirement
simultaneously.
COMPONENTS COST IN THE PROJECT:
COMPONENTS Prices
Arduino Uno 600/- to 1150/-
LCD Display (16*2) 220/-
5V DC batter 20/-
Potential Transformer 800/-
Contractor (magnetic contractor) 1000/-
Current Transformer 350/-
Resistors (1.2KOhms) 5/-
Capacitors (220 microfarads) 10/-
Diodes 50/-
Bulbs (100W capacity) 100/-
Switches, cables, and wires 200/-

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Excessive consumption of power results in lowering. in & voltage.

At low Voltages, we won't get desired output, low voltage, makes the equipment less
efficient. And low voltage reduces performance & life an equipment.

Fig:3 at distribution substation

To improve time Power quality, we came up with an idea, there will be a preset value for
each meter. If any Overload occurs during the time of Low Voltage, intimation will be given
to the consumer, with a time delay excessive tariff will be calculated. Intimating the
consumer during overload to the gives them two ways, to continue in overload Condition or
to Switch back to Average value.

Fig:4 value
let say, a house is using of 100W at consumer side
of 80w, then the excess 20W charged at the premium
slab norms, which will be at approximate to 2-3 times the normal tariff

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF THE PROJECT

Fig:5 functional block diagram

Technical feasibility evaluates the technical complexity of the expert system and often

involves determining whether the expert system can be implemented with state-of-the-art
techniques and tools. Project requires suitable and software, Hardware as mentioned earlier is
easy to implement, Software needs a careful analysis, and it is still feasible. Software used in
Arduino can be C/C++, which is easy to code and test. This makes the project all round
technically feasible. In practical scenario: Aiming at the requirements of Load Demand, a
simple analysis should be need before writing code because the Arduino feeds the signal to
relay and stops it when the value exceeds its limit. Environmental considerations of the
project: The materials and components used in this project are mostly Electronic & Electrical
so there is no impact on Environment.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
COMPONENTS AND ITS OPERATIONS

1.SINGLE CHANNEL RELAY MODULE:

This Single Channel Relay Module is a convenient board which can be used to control high
voltage, high current load. It is designed to interface with microcontroller such Arduino. The
relay’s terminal (COM, NO and NC) is being brought out with screw terminal. It also comes
with a LED to indicate the status of relay.

The relay is the device that opens or closes the contacts to switch ON/OFF other appliances
operating at high voltages. It is also used in safety circuits where it detects the undesirable
condition with an assigned area and gives the commends to the circuit breaker to disconnect
the affected area through ON or OFF.

Specifications:

o Digital output controllable

o Compatible with any 5V microcontroller
such as Arduino.
o Rated through-current: 10A (NO) 5A
(NC)
o Control signal: TTL level
o Switching voltage 250VAC/30VDC
o Switching current 10A

2. AC VOLTAGE SENSOR MODULE (ZMPT101B):

ZMPT101B module is a voltage transform ideal to measure the AC voltage. It has high
accuracy, good consistency for voltage and power measurement up to 250V AC. Easy to use
and comes with a multi turn trim potentiometer for adjusting the ADC output.

Specifications:

o Output Signal: Analog 0-5V

o Operating Voltage: DC 5V-30V
o Measure within 250V AC
o Rated input current: 2mA
o Size: 49.5mm x 19.4mm
3. 1 AMP BRIDGE RECTIFIER (DB107) :

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four(or more) diodes in a bridge circuit

configuration that provides the same polarity of the output for either polarity of input.

Specifications:

o Diode Type : Single Phase

o Voltage – Peak Reverse (Max) : 1kV
o Current – Average Rectified (lo) : 1A
o Voltage – Forward (Vf) (Max) @ If : 1.1 V @ 1 A
o Current – Reverse Leakage @ Vr : 10µA @ 1000V
o Operating Temperature: -55°C ~ 150°C

4. VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC (LM7805) :

All voltage sources cannot able to give fixed output due to fluctuations in the circuit.
For getting constant and steady output, the voltage regulators are implemented. The
integrated circuits which are used for regulation of voltage are termed as voltage regulator
ICs.

The voltage regulator IC 7805 is actually a member of the 78xx series of voltage
regulator ICs. It is a fixed linear voltage
regulator. The xx present in 78xx represents the
value of the fixed output voltage that the
particular IC provides. For 7805 IC, it is +5V
DC regulated power supply. This regulator IC
also adds a provision for a heat sink. The input
voltage to this voltage regulator can be up to
35V, and this IC can give a constant 5V for any
value of input less than or equal to 35V which is
the threshold limit.

5. ARDUINO UNO :
 Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P microcontroller. It is easy to use compared
to other boards, such as Arduino Mega board, etc. The board consists of digital and analog
Input/Output pins(I/O), shields, and other circuits. The Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin
inputs, 14 digital pins, a USB connector, a power jack, and an ICSP(In-Circuit Serial
Programming) header. It is programmed based on IDE, which stands for Integrated
Development Environment. It can run on both online and offline platforms.

Board Description:

ATmega328 Microcontroller :-
It is a single chip Microcontroller of the Atmel family. The processor code inside
it is of 8-bit. It combines Memory (SRAM, EEPROM, and Flash), Analog to Digital
Converter, SPI serial ports I/O lines, registers, timers, external and internal interrupts,
and oscillator.
o ICSP pin :-
The In-Circuit Serial Programming pin allows the user to program using the
firmware of the Arduino board.
o Power LED Indicator :-
The ON status of LED shows the power is activated. When the power is OFF, the
LED will not light up.
 o Digital I/O pins :-
The digital pins have the value HIGH or LOW. The pins numbered from D0 to
D13
are digital pins.
o TX and RX LED’s :-
The successful flow of data is represented by the lighting of these LED’s.
o AREF :-
The Analog Reference (AREF) pin is used to feed the reference voltage to the
Arduino UNO board from the external power supply.
o Reset button :-
It is used to add the reset button to the connection.
o USB :-
It allows the board to connect to the computer. It is essential for the
programming of the Arduino UNO board.
o Crystal Oscillator :-
The Crystal Oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz, which makes the Arduino
UNO a powerful board.

o Voltage Regulator :-
The voltage regulator converts the input voltage to 5V.
o GND :-
Ground pins. The ground pin acts as a pin with zero voltage.
o Vin :-
It is the input voltage.
o Analog Pins :-
The pins numbered from A0 to A5 Are analog pins. The function of Analog
pins is to read the analog sensor used in the connection. It can also act as GPIO
(General Purpose Input Output) pins.

6.TRANSFORMER :

The transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding. A shifting current in the primary winding creates a fluctuating magnetic
transition in the transformer’s core and along these lines a different magnetic motion through
the secondary winding. This shifting magnetic transition induces a fluctuating electromotive
force (E.M.F) or voltage in the secondary winding. The transformer has cores made of high
permeability silicon steel. The steel has a permeability ordinarily that of free space and the
core consequently serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current and confine the transition
to a way which closely couples the winding. The Transformer go about as step down
transformer reducing AC -230V to AC -6V. the Transformer gives outputs of 6V and 0V. the
Transformer’s development is written below with details of Solid Core and Winding.

Specifications :

o Input Voltage : 230V AC

o Output Voltage : 6V or 0V
o Output Current : 500mA
o Mounting : Vertical mount type
o Winding : Copper
Student Name, Roll No. & Signature Signature of Guide
N. Pravallika -320126514L01 Dr. Ch. V. N. Raja
Sk. Irfan - 320126514L03
M. Venkata Balaji -319126514029
Y. Naveen Kumar Reddy-319126514052
A. Sukanth -319126514003
B. Sai Kumar -319126514010

Signature of the Project Coordinator Signature of the HOD, EEE