PLANNING TECHNIQUES

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 What is Data?

Data is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words,

measurements, observations or just descriptions of things

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

Database
A database is an organized collection of data a collection of
information that is organized so that it can easily be
accessed, managed, and updated.

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Type of Data and Database
Primary Data : Info collected 'first hand‘ using survey etc.

Secondary data : info collected from other sources like census ,

gov. databank etc.

Quantitative Data : Data is the one that focuses on numbers

and mathematical calculations and can be calculated and
computed.

Qualitative Data : data concerned with descriptions, which can

be observed but cannot be computed.
Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC
 Type of Data and Database
• Textual Database

• Numerical Database

• Image or Pictorial Database

• Locational or Spatial Database

• Maps Database
Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC
 Different type of Data sources
Data sources are widely used:

Census Data Reports and publications

Attributes, statistics , data.gov.in

Analog maps
Elevation, soil, landuse, climate, etc.

Aerial photographs
DEM(digital elevation model ), landuse

Satellite image
Landuse (regional), vegetation, temperature, DEM

Ground survey with GPS / AGPS

Detailed information using total station survey or AGPS survey

Mobile network big data (MNBD) CDRs (Call Detail Records) , VLR (visitor-location registry), BTS (base
transceiver Stations)
Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC
 Data Sources in India
Urban Database in India

Database Name
• Authority Information and Services Need Assessment (ISNA) JnNURM
• National Urban Information System (NUIS) TCPO
• Basic Statistics for Local Level Development (BSLLD) Central Statistics Office (CSO)
• National Urban Database System (NUDS) NIUA

Objective of database
• ISNA (Primary Data) : Developing a National Architecture for E-governance in Municipalities
• NUIS (Primary Data) : Establish a comprehensive information system at ULB level for planning,
management and de-centralized governance in the context of implementation of the 74th CAA
• BSLLD (Secondary Data) : Provide information for local planning, effective implementation and
monitoring of various social and economic development programmes at Panchayat and Nagar Palika
level
• NUDS (Secondary Data) : Proposal to establish a centralized urban database system where standardized
data would be made available in a user friendly format

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Data Representation

Source:Research Methods in Urban and Regional Planning

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

DATA COLLECTION/ AGGREGATION IN
PLANNING

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 What is Data Collection
Data collection is basically the process of collecting data from different
sources under any specified work environment to get answers to some
predefined questions trying to gather information about some certain issue.

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Type of Data Collection
This is divided into two parts on the basis of source for the collected data:

Primary Data Collection – Data is collected by the surveyor itself and is

usually done for the first time.

Secondary Data Collection – Data already available in forms of reports

and documents. This data is available as someone else collected this data.

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Components of Data Collection
The preliminary Data collection may be considered to consist of the following components :

• Preparation of Base Map of the urban area.

• Existing Land Use Survey.
• Utilities and Services Surveys.
• Survey of Community facilities like Schools, Hospitals, Clinic, Parks and Playgrounds, etc.
• Sample household survey for colleting essential data on housing, transport services and amenities

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Scope of Data Collection
Data collection will vary in content and scope from the surveys
needed to be carried out for

Town Planning Scheme

Regional Plan
Master plan
Development plan

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Techniques of Data Collection
Techniques Types & key information
Questionnaires and Surveys Most widely used either in paper form or collected in
digital format through internet (online surveys, email etc.)
Most effective and easier to analyze

Observations Quick and easy to conduct

Accuracy of data collection varies from person to person
Qualitative data is collected
Enables user to make data entry later if video is recorded

Interview In person, telephonic or chat based

These can be formal, informal & open ended
Mainly qualitative in nature

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Techniques of Data Collection
Techniques Types & key information
Focus Groups Usually smaller and specific
Quality of data obtained is better and specific
often coded into categories and analyzed thematically

Charettes Participants usually appreciate the charrette format

because they see quick results.
Participants can observe the project from an integrated
point of view
Ethnographies, Oral History and Involves studying a single phenomenon
Case studies Examines people in their natural setting

Documents and Records Widely used, easy and cost effective

Collection of data depends on the availability of data
Accuracy is generally a concern as no check can be made
over it

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

Techniques of Data Collection

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

Need of Survey
• To collect the data and information based on spot observation.

• To draw mental picture of the region, the town and its various elements like residential and
working areas, the survey serves broad canvas picturing the present state of the town and to
proper means for its development, in future.

• Town planning/ urban planning Survey is also essential in following ways,

i. Planning work becomes easy by analysing the data of existing town gathered from
surveys.
ii. It helps to know that what is lacking and what is to be needed for the development of
Town.
iii. A survey focuses on the inter-relation of different inter-mingled activities of an urban
life.
iv. It helps to understand the parasites from which an urban space suffers and provides a
proper treatment to be given, i.e. it diagnoses the disease.
v. It involves the public opinion and views in favour of the town planning scheme, etc.
Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC
 Objective of Survey
OBJECTIVES:

• To provide the data of the existing town and corroborative evidence for the concerned
authority. Thus the planning work becomes easy.

• To know exactly what is lacking and what is needed for the development of the town.

• To throw light on the inter-relationship of activities of the town-life, i.e. whether a particular
development has provided a favourable or adverse effect on its surroundings.

• To know the evils from which the town suffers and provides a proper treatment be given, i.e.
it helps to diagnose before treatment, as pioneered by Sir Patrick Geddes, etc.

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Type of Surveys
Town Survey : They are done at town level

Regional survey They are those surveys which are done over a region dealing with, Physical factors, Physical
economic factors Social economic factors

• Consist of number of townships and villages.

• Surveys for regional highways, regional transport, regional water supply come under regional survey.
• It helps to develop the whole region in a co-ordinated manner.

National Survey :
Collect information of natural resources and potentialities and to locate the industries in different regions .
Survey for fixing railway alignments,
Irrigation,
Hydroelectric works,
Heavy industries come under national survey.

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Type of Surveys
PHYSICAL SURVEY

The data can be collected either by Land Survey or Aerial Survey.

Natural features:
• Location in relation to other major towns in the region.
• Topography
• Climatology

B. Conditions of the Buildings: Based on the perception of the respondent, condition of the Census houses,
was classified as ‘good’, ‘livable’ or ‘dilapidated’ and code ‘1’, ‘2’ or 3 assigned respectively in census of
India.

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Type of Surveys
C. Land use:
• Residential
• Commercial
• Public and Semi-public
• Open Spaces
• Transportation
• Agriculture
• Water-sheets
• Vacant
• Other uses: Refuse disposal areas, cemeteries, grave-yards, area under defence, etc.

D. Communication:
• Highways connecting the town.
• Traffic on roads and railways and at junctions.
• Parking survey.
• Origin and Destination surveys (O&D surveys)

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Type of Surveys
SOCIAL SURVEY
Population:
• Trends in population growth for last 40 to 50 years
• Characteristics of present population
• Future growth of population considering rural migration, development of new industries
• Demographic survey
• Distribution and density of population in the town.

Housing:
• Housing condition.
• Density of accommodation.
• Height of the buildings.
• Materials used for construction.
• Tenancy status; Rented and owned.

Community facilities: • Education • Health • Recreational • Others: Museums, historical and religious
buildings.
Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC
 Type of Surveys
ECONOMIC SURVEY

Occupational condition:
Workers classified according to the nature of employment. Workers employed in,
• Household industry
• Cultivation
• Agriculture
• Trade and commerce
• Construction work
• Manufacturing industry
• Transport and communication
• Quarrying

Financial position of local authority: • Income and expenditure • Taxation

Survey of Industries: • Classification of industries • Location of industries • Availability of raw

material • Workers employed • Quantity of goods produced • Type of nuisance created

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Type of Surveys
CIVIC SURVEY

PHYSICAL FEATURES: • Geological structure: showing the arrangement of the underlying rocks and
their formation. • Contours showing variations of ground surface. • Rainfall and wind charts. • Rivers, flood
ranges, tides.

COMMUNICATIONS: • Roads with traffic details, widths and tree planting. • Railways. • Waterways,
canals, rivers. • Airways, indicating aerodrome sites. • Accessibility by different ways and time and
distances.

TRAFFIC PROBLEMS: • Type of road • Traffic congestion, its causes • Remedies for traffic congestion •
Traffic control

OPEN SPACES: • Parks, gardens • Playgrounds, playfields • Common and other special types of areas

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Type of Surveys
CIVIC SURVEY

INDUSTRIAL SURVEY: • Local industries, classification; their position and labour employed •
Commerce: Including shops, business areas, docks

HOUSING: • Types of buildings • Insanitary areas- conditions of building

POPULATION: • Population: Existing, increase and decrease • Occupations and diurnal movements •
Density

HEALTH CONDITIONS: • Birth rates • Death rates • Disease diagrams

LANDSCAPE SURVEY: • Types of country • Landscape features • Soils and vegetation • Disfigurement

LAND CULTIVATION: • Agriculture • Afforestation PUBLIC SERVICES: • Water supply • Electricity •

Gas • Drainage

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Part II PT_SURVEYS

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING SURVEY
DATA

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

METHODS FOR COLLECTING SURVEY DATA
the three main methods of collecting survey data are:

1. face-to-face interviews

2. 2. telephone interviews

3. 3. questionnaires

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

METHODS FOR COLLECTING SURVEY DATA
The selection of the appropriate method depends upon a number of factors, including:

· access to potential participants/respondents

· the literacy level of respondents

· the subject matter

· the motivation of the respondents · resources

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions
or other types of prompts that aims to collect information from a
respondent.

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

Questionnaire
Characteristics of a good questionnaire

Uniformity

Exploratory

Question Sequence

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Questionnaire
Types of questionnaires

Structured Questionnaires

Unstructured Questionnaires

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

Questionnaire
Types of questions in a questionnaire

Open-Ended Questions

Dichotomous/ Closed Questions

Multiple-Choice Questions

Scaling Questions

Pictorial Questions

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

Questionnaire
Types of questions in a questionnaire

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

Questionnaire
Types of Questionnaires based on Distribution

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

Different Questionnaire Samples

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Face to Face Interview
Face-to-face interview is a data collection method when the interviewer directly
communicates with the respondent in accordance with the prepared
questionnaire

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 Telephonic Interview
Telephone interviews can be a very effective and economical way of
collecting quantitative data, if the individuals in the sampling frame can all
equally be accessed via a telephone and if the questionnaire is fairly short.

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC

 THANKYOU

Prof (Dr) Shashikant Kumar 2021 GPSC