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    Membrane Separation

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    Iteoluwakiishi Aberuagba
    Membranes are thin films that can selectively separate fluids and their components. There are several types of membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis. Microfiltration uses membranes with the largest pore sizes to remove particles and microorganisms. Ultrafiltration membranes have smaller pores to remove larger molecules like proteins. Reverse osmosis membranes have the smallest pores and are used to remove dissolved salts and molecules above 100 Daltons. These processes are used in wastewater treatment and other industries.

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    Membrane Separation

    Uploaded by

    Iteoluwakiishi Aberuagba
    29 views18 pages
    Membranes are thin films that can selectively separate fluids and their components. There are several types of membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis. Microfiltration uses membranes with the largest pore sizes to remove particles and microorganisms. Ultrafiltration membranes have smaller pores to remove larger molecules like proteins. Reverse osmosis membranes have the smallest pores and are used to remove dissolved salts and molecules above 100 Daltons. These processes are used in wastewater treatment and other industries.

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    Membranes are thin films that can selectively separate fluids and their components. There are several types of membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis. Microfiltration uses membranes with the largest pore sizes to remove particles and microorganisms. Ultrafiltration membranes have smaller pores to remove larger molecules like proteins. Reverse osmosis membranes have the smallest pores and are used to remove dissolved salts and molecules above 100 Daltons. These processes are used in wastewater treatment and other industries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views18 pages

    Membrane Separation

    Uploaded by

    Iteoluwakiishi Aberuagba
    Membranes are thin films that can selectively separate fluids and their components. There are several types of membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis. Microfiltration uses membranes with the largest pore sizes to remove particles and microorganisms. Ultrafiltration membranes have smaller pores to remove larger molecules like proteins. Reverse osmosis membranes have the smallest pores and are used to remove dissolved salts and molecules above 100 Daltons. These processes are used in wastewater treatment and other industries.

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    of 18

    MEMBRANE PROCESSES

    Reverse Osmosis
    Ultrafiltration
    Microfiltration
    What Are Membranes?

    Membranes are thin films of synthetic organic


    or inorganic (ceramic) materials, which can
    bring about a very selective separation
    between a fluid and its components. The
    fluid may be a gas or a liquid but in
    Environmental Engineering we are more
    concerned with water and wastewater.
    Microfiltration
    Dead-end Filtration
    Feed

    Filter Cake Membrane

    Permeate
    Microfiltration
    Crossflow Microfiltration

    Feed Retentate

    Membrane

    Permeate
    Notes: The retentate may be recirculated to the feed
    A “dynamic” membrane may be created by adding Lime or
    KMnO4 to the feed, to precipitate MnO2 on membrane
    Membrane Operation
    100% 50% !
    Feed Concentrate
    Suspended Solids Suspended Solids
    Colloids Colloids
    Dissolved Solids Dissolved Solids

    Membrane
    Permeate
    Low molecular
    weight dissolved 50% !
    solids
    Liquid

    To River, Sewer or Re-use


    Applications of Membranes in
    Wastewater Treatment
    • Pressure driven solid liquid separation processes
    • Tertiary treatment of wastewaters following
    secondary sedimentation
    • Production of high quality effluent in re-use
    schemes
    • Alternative to sedimentation tank for solid/liquid
    separation in:
    – aerobic biological treatment
    – anaerobic biological treatment
    Aerobic Biological Treatment Final Effluent
    with Membrane Separation BOD <2
    SS 0

    Aerobic
    Pretreatment Sed MF
    Biological
    Tank
    Influent Process
    BOD 300
    SS 300
    TKN 50
    PO4 15 Primary Secondary
    Sludge Sludge
    Membrane Anaerobic Reactor

    Gas
    Anaerobic Reactor
    UF/MF Unit

    Effluent

    Influent

    Recycle Wastage
    Advantages of Membrane Processes
    • They are usually continuous
    • Comparatively low energy utilisation
    • No phase change of contaminants
    • Small temperature change
    • Modular design
    • Minimum of moving parts
    • Physical separation of contaminants
    Filtration Range
    micro-molecular
    coarse
    Ionic range macro-molecular microorganisms
    particles

    Reverse Osmosis Ultrafiltration

    Nanofiltration Microfiltration

    MWCO 0 100 200 20000 100000 500000

    microns 0 0.001 0.01 0.1


    APPLIED PRESSURES

    Reverse Osmosis: 100-800 psi


    1000-5500 kPa
    Ultrafiltration: 5-100 psi
    35-695 kPa
    Microfiltration: Low
    Microfiltration Design Considerations

    • High flux
    • Back-flushable
    • High membrane area/volume ratio allowing low pressure
    drop whilst maintaining high tangential velocities
    • Simple installation and continuous operation with
    minimum supervision
    • Low operating pressure
    • Easy maintenance and simple membrane replacement
    • Low energy consumption
    • Relatively low capital costs
    Microfiltration Applications
    Current Future
    Wine Drinking Water
    Dextrose clarification Hydrocarbon Separation
    Haze removal from gelatin Milk-fat Separation
    Beer clarification Food and Beverage
    Pharmaceutical/biological Industrial Wastewater
    Municipal Wastewater Treatment Paint
    Biotechnology
    Ultrafiltration Applications
    Current Future
    Juice clarification Domestic wastewater
    Increase cheese yield More industrial wastewaters
    Gelatin concentration Protein harvesting
    Electroplating wastewater Petroleum processing
    Protein from cheese whey Wastewater re-use
    Concentration of oil emulsions Potable water (THM concern)
    Pharmaceutical industry Abattoir (blood recovery)
    “Grey” water Pulp and paper industry
    Industrial Wastewater etc etc
    Reverse Osmosis

    Very different process to MF of UF. It is a


    solubilisation diffusion technique that makes use
    of a semi-permeable membrane which in turn acts
    as a barrier to dissolved salts and inorganic
    molecules.
    It also confines organics with molecular weights
    greater than 100
    RO membranes do not have identifiable pores as in
    MF or UF (i.e. too small - atomic size)
    Applications of Reverse Osmosis

    Current Future
    Desalination for potable water
    ,, from sea water Chemical process industries
    ,, from brackish water Metals recovery
    ,, for effluent re-use Food processing WWT
    Ultrapure water for semiconductors Textile wastewater re-use
    ,, ,, for pharmaceuticals Pulp and paper WWT
    ,, ,, for medical use Contaminated land
    remediation
    Boiler feed water Dairy industry WWT
    Treatment of hazardous materials
    Comparison of Membrane Processes
    Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis Microfiltration

    Operates on difficult Requires extensive pre- Rapidly fouled by colloids


    colloidal water treatment of colloids giving high replacement costs
    Low pressure (2-6 bar) High pressure (10-30 bar) Low pressure (2-4 bar)

    Low energy consumption High energy Low energy

    High recovery (up to 95%) Low recovery (50-80%) 100% recovery

    Chemical tolerance pH 1-13 pH 2-11 pH 1-13

    High temperature up to 80oC 45oC max. High temperatures possible


    High resistance to oxidising Limited resistance to High resistance to oxidising
    agents oxidising agents agents
    Stream sterilisable Stream sterilisation not Stream sterilisation possible
    membranes available possible
    Hygienic module designs Modules not as hygienic Hygienic designs available
    available
    Some Properties of Typical Commercial
    Ultrafiltration Membranes
    Material pH Maximum Pressure Maximum Temp.
    (bar) (bar)

    Polysulphone 2-12 15 70
    Polyarcylonitrile 2-10 10 60

    Cellulose Acetate 3-6 25 30

    Polyethersulfone 2-12 30 70

    Fluoropolymer 2-12 10 60

    Polyvinylidene fluoride 2-12 10 70

    Poly vinyl chloride 2-12 10 50

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