IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER, SANITATION AND

HYGIENE (WASH) PROGRAM AND THE

INTERMEDIATE PUPILS’ HYGIENE AND
SANITATION PRACTICES: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED
INTERVENTION MEASURES

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 10
Pages: 1046-1053
Document ID: 2023PEMJ926
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.8170171
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-19-7
Psych Educ, 2023, 10: 1046-1053, Document ID:2023 PEMJ926, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8170171, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Implementation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Program and the

Intermediate Pupils’ Hygiene and Sanitation Practices:
Basis for a Proposed Intervention Measures
Anthonet J. Sunga*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
This study attempted to determine the extent of the implementation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WaSH) program and its relationship with hygiene and sanitation practice of intermediate pupils in
Sta. Cruz Elementary School, City Schools Division of Antipolo during the School Year 2022-
2023.The method of research used was the descriptive correlational type with the questionnaire as the
data gathering instrument which was validated by the experts. The respondents of the study included
85 teachers and 362 pupils from Grades IV, V & VI. The statistical tool utilized to compute the data
were weighted mean, one way analysis of variance and Pearson r Correlation.The findings included
that the extent of the implementation of WaSH program as regards the aspect of disease preventive
and control as well as community and environmental health to the hygiene and sanitation among
intermediate pupils was High as perceived by both teachers and pupil respondents with the grand
weighted mean of 3.07 and 3.08 respectively. Moreso, there was no significant difference between
perceptions of the teachers and pupil respondents on the extent of the implementation of WaSH
Program, while there was a significant relationship between the perceived implementation of WaSH
program of the teachers and pupils and the hygiene and sanitation practices of pupils.An intervention
measure in the implementation of the WaSH program was proposed to further improve its
management and implementation.

Keywords: sanitation, hygiene, public school, WASH program

Introduction overlaps strongly. Addressing these deficiencies

together can achieve a strong positive impact on public
health (Manuel, 2022).
Every child around the world deserves an opportunity
to learn in a safe and healthy environment. Safe WASH in Schools (WinS) Program is a holistic
drinking water and a safe place to use the bathroom are program for personal health care and environmental
as important at teachers, classrooms, and books. sanitation that contains set of standards for proper and
Hence, hygiene and sanitation are essential to good correct health practices that should be implemented in
health. Adequate water supply, toilets, and every school. The goals and objectives of the policy
handwashing facilities are necessary to achieve good intend to generate positive outcomes on the following
hygiene and sanitation, while the lack of access to key areas: water, hygiene, sanitation, health education,
these facilities may cause problems to people’s health. and deworming while the implementation of the
Problems in water, hygiene and sanitation have
program is managed by the schools through the
actually caused many children in developing countries
execution of School-based Management (SBM)
to fall ill from infections and diarrheal diseases
approach.
(Pabalan, 2018).
Water and sanitation-related illnesses may be
The advocacy of promotion of correct hygiene and
effectively prevented by implementing best practices
sanitation practices among school children has been
the government's goal and priority through the from throughout the world, such as expanding access
Department of Education (DepEd) to keep the pupils to and use of water and sanitation facilities inside
safe and healthy. Hence, the Philippines Department of schools and strengthening hygiene and sanitation
Education (DepEd) issued the Policy and Guidelines practices. This would also aid the Philippines in
for the Comprehensive Water, Sanitation and Hygiene fulfilling its Millennium Development Goal target to
in School (WiNS) program for the promotion of improve sanitation coverage and reduce the prevalence
correct hygiene and sanitation practices among school of infectious illnesses by 2025. Proper access to water,
children and a clean environment in and around school hygiene, and sanitation are cornerstones of health.
to keep pupils safe and healthy. The concept of WaSH Hygiene and sanitation can only be maintained with
groups together water supply, sanitation, and hygiene access to sufficient water, sanitation, and handwashing
because the impact of deficiencies in each area facilities.

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Research Article

The Schools Division of Antipolo City has ordered all 2. Was there any significant difference in the
schools to adapt and implement the policy in order to perceptions of the two groups of respondents on the
promote healthy and safe learning environment and to extent of implementation of the DepEd WaSH
prevent the spread of COVID-19 around schools. To Program in terms of aforementioned aspect?
facilitate systematic and organize WinS program 3. Was there any significant relationship between
implementation, the division office has been perceived implementation of WaSH program of
conducting an advocacy and capacity building to the teachers and pupils and the hygiene and sanitation
technical staff, program administrators and practices of pupils?
implementers, parents and other stakeholders. Hygiene 4. Based on the results of the study, what intervention
and sanitation have been a concern in most elementary measures was proposed to enhance the School WaSH
schools in the Philippines. Many school administrators Program?
have ignored this problem because they were too
preoccupied with financial concerns. It illustrates the
idea of recognizing the significance of clean facilities
Literature Review
to a good learning environment. We have hygiene and
sanitation policies in place. Almost every state Rowles et al. (2020) noted a practical and simple best
recognizes the significance of enforcing these policies, practice in the design of catchment and storage
as the majority of citizens agree that in order for systems, such as the use of first flush diverters
students to learn effectively and for the school's appropriate containers, and coverings can keep
services to run smoothly, all school districts must have rainwater quality high. Seasonal and diurnal variations
adequate facilities to cater to their basic needs, such as in water quality are common because of temperature
water, sanitation, and hygiene (Sangalang et al., 2021). fluctuations weather, and human and animal use of
water sources. To assess water quality, humans
Given the above cited situations, the researcher typically use visual clues to evaluate if the water is of
decided to conduct an evaluation on the status of the sufficient quality although if there are no feasible
implementation of WaSH Program among public alternatives, people may still use a particular water
elementary schools in the Schools Division of source even if they perceive the quality to be poor.
Antipolo City to provide concrete data regarding the
implementation of the program and hoped to propose In addition, Hacker and Kaminsky (2017) deliberately
intervention measures to facilitate the improvement focused on the sanitation and hygiene, hygiene
and successful implementation of the program for the activities, such as handwashing, bathing, washing
succeeding years. clothes, or cleaning the home, can act as primary or
secondary barriers to transmission. Hygiene activities,
Research Questions like handwashing or clothes washing, can destroy or
remove pathogens and prevent transmission to a new
This study aimed to assess the implementation of host, a critical step in preventing the transmission of
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH) program fecal-oral pathogens, water-washed diseases, and
among intermediate pupils in the City Schools airborne-transmitted infections. However, data on
Division of Antipolo towards the development of a hygiene activities and access to hygiene services is
proposed intervention program. Specifically, this study severely lacking and agreed upon indicators for
sought answers to the following questions: monitoring hygiene were not introduced until 2015.
Although “hygiene” is a broad term, the international
1. What was the extent of the implementation of the WASH community is most interested in access to
WaSH Program to the hygiene and sanitation among handwashing facilities with soap and water.
intermediate pupils as perceived by the teachers and
pupils themselves in terms of the following aspects: As stated by Davis et al. (2019), access to
1.1 Disease Preventive and Control; handwashing facilities, water, and soap is likely a good
1.1.1 Deworming metric for actual handwashing behavior, however,
1.1.2 Personal hygiene and sanitation additional considerations are also important, such as
1.1.3 Proper disposal of waste how often such facilities are used, the quality of the
1.1.4 Proper utilization of toilets and urinals water, whether it is flowing. For example, some
1.2 Community and Environmental Health populations frequently reuse water from other
1.2.1 Healthful Surroundings activities for multiple hygiene uses, such as sharing
1.2.2 Water Supply handwash basins between multiple people or reusing
1.2.3 Maintaining health environment bathing water for cleaning the home. While the safe

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Research Article

reuse of greywater can have the double benefit of Methodology

increasing the amount of water available for use and
decreasing the total volume of water needing to be
disposed, reuse of untreated greywater can cause major This study was quantitative in nature and used
health challenges. Engineered infrastructure can descriptive-correlational and descriptive-comparative
improve hygiene by increasing the availability and method to investigate the implementation of Water,
quantity of water in the home providing easier access Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH) program on the
to flowing water for hygiene activities and safely hygiene and sanitation among intermediate pupils in
containing and disposing of greywater. the Schools Division of Antipolo City towards the
d ev elo p m en t of a pro p o sed in terv en tio n
The WHO (2016) stated that a school with adequate program. Using descriptive-correlational design is a
water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) has a reliable, fact-finding study with accurate interpretation based
sufficient, and clean water supply; a sufficient number on the findings of the study. It is used to identify how
of toilets that are private, safe, clean, and gender much variation is caused by implementation of WINS
segregated; handwashing facilities with water and in the school system to the pupils. In addition, this
soap; and hygiene education in the school curriculum. method of research emphasizes on the prevailing
Facilities should cater to all, including small children, c o n d i t io n s th at reall y ex ist ( C a l d er o n ,
girls of menstruation age, and children with 2012).Considering the main objective of the study, a
disabilities. Yet schools in many developing countries survey design was also used. According to Creswell
lack WASH services, with associated potential (2012). a survey design is used when investigators
detrimental effects on health and school attendance. In administer a survey to a sample or to the entire
2016, only 57% of schools in the least-developed population of people to describe the attitudes,
countries had adequate drinking water facilities and opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of the
53% had adequate sanitation. population.

Correspondingly, Cumming et al. (2019) took Participants of the Study

important note on data that Globally, WASH in
Schools interventions aim to reduce the incidence of Three Hundred sixty-two (362) were selected as
diarrhea and other hygiene-related diseases; improve respondents from grades four, five and six and eighty-
hygiene behaviours; improve school enrolment, school five (85) teachers from grade four, five and six from
performance, and attendance; and influence the Sta. Cruz Elementary School.A total of eighty-five
(85) teacher respondents were randomly selected,
hygiene practices of parents and siblings via school
twenty-five (25) teachers from grade 4, twenty-four
students acting as agents of change.In the study of
(24) from grade 5, and thirty-five (35) from grade 6.
Wada et al. (2022), schools with adequate water,
sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities have a
Instruments of the Study
reliable water system that provides safe and sufficient
water, especially for hand-washing and drinking;
The research instrument in this study is a standardized
sufficient number of toilets for students and teachers
survey questionnaire adopted from DepEd Order 10.
that are private, safe, clean, and culturally and gender
s.2016 to determine the implementation of Water,
appropriate; water-use and hand-washing facilities,
Sanitation and Hygiene in School (WiNS) program on
including some close to toilets; and sustained hygiene the hygiene and sanitation among intermediate
promotion. Facilities should cater to all, including pupils.The survey questionnaire consisted of 2 main
small children, girls of menstruation age, and children parts; the first part is the implementation of the WaSH
with disabilities. WASH conditions in schools in many Program to the hygiene and sanitation among
low-income countries, however, are inadequate with intermediate pupils which measure the said
associated detrimental effects on health and school implementation in terms of Disease Preventive and
attendance.The health promotion community is Control and Community and Environmental Health. In
generally aware of the significance of creating a addition, the second part is the assessment of hygiene
conducive atmosphere for the spread of healthy habits, and sanitation practices among the pupils were
as stated by Duijster et al. (2022). Establishing a measured in terms of personal hygiene, domestic
setting conducive to students adopting and maintaining hygiene, environmental hygiene and food hygiene.
a safe hygiene behavior can be aided by the provision
of sufficient hygiene facilities in schools. Results from Procedure
this research indicate a widespread lack of adequate
sanitary facilities at educational institutions. After the approval of the title and reading literature

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Research Article

and studies about the implementation of Water,

Sanitation and Hygiene in School (WiNS) program on
the hygiene and sanitation among intermediate pupils,
As reflected in the table, the data show that the
the researcher prepared the survey questionnaire which
teacher and pupil respondents were similar in their
was adopted from DepEd order 10.s.2016. The
perceptions as regards the implementation of the
researcher first drafted a letter of approval to use the
WaSH Program on the disease preventive and
survey instrument and sent it through the e-mail of the
control in the aspect of deworming at High extent
validators. After the validation of the instrument, the
as manifested by the weighted mean of 3.21 of the
researcher drafted the criteria in selecting the
former and 3.03 of the latter.
respondents. The researcher then made a simple survey
based on the criteria among the respondents of the These findings implies that the two groups of
locale of the study to select and evaluate their respondents believe that their School WaSH program
qualifications for the research study properly and was effective and beneficial in the aspect of
carefully. In all the cases, before conducting the survey deworming.
among the respondents, permission from the locale of
the study was secured and informed consent was Table 2. Extent of Implementation of the WaSH
requested from the respondents. Data gathered were Program on Disease Preventive and Control in the
accomplished by survey questionnaire among the Aspect of Personal Hygiene and Sanitation
qualified respondents. The researcher followed the
rapport building and protocols as determined by the
administrators of the academic institutions. Times and
venues were scheduled in coordination with the
administrators and the respondents.

Ethical Considerations

The researcher herself explained and gave the

informed consent to each participant before the
conduct of the study. She ensured them that the
information would be used with utmost confidentiality
and within the purpose of the study only.

Results and Discussion It can be seen in the table that the teachers and pupils’
respondents have a common perception on the three
indicators on the extent of the implementation of the
Extent of the Implementation of the WaSH WaSH program on disease preventive and control in
Program to the Hygiene and Sanitation among the aspect of personal hygiene and sanitation. These
Intermediate Pupils as Perceived by the Teachers are indicator 1 “Cleaning your body /taking a bath
and Pupils Themselves everyday” with the weighted mean of 3.00, indicator 2
“Washing your hands with soap after going to the
Table 1. Extent of the Implementation of WaSH toilet” with weighted mean of 3.00, indicator 3
Program on the Disease Preventive Control in the “Washing your hands after handling pets and other
Aspect of Deworming animals” with weighted mean of 3.00, respectively.

These findings connote that the teachers and pupils

were convinced that these tips on personal hygiene and
sanitation are really important and vital to them,
especially if they want to be healthy, alert and
enthusiastic. Generally, the teachers and pupils were
almost parallel in their perception that the WaSH
program in the school is effective as evidenced by the
overall weighted means of 3.01 and 3.15, respectively,
with verbal interpretation of High Extent.

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Table 3. Extent of the implementation of the WaSH of the implementation of the WaSH Program on
Program on Disease Preventive and Control in the Control in the Aspect of Proper Utilization of Toilets
Aspect of Proper Disposal of Waste and Urinals at the High extent as manifested by the
overall weighted mean of 3.03 of the former and 3.05
of the latter.

Table 5. Extent of the implementation of the WaSH

program on the Community and Environmental Health
in the Aspect of Healthful Surroundings

It is shown in the table that teachers and pupils’

respondents perceived the implementation of the
WaSH program on the disease preventive and control
in the effect of proper disposal of waste with common
rating of High Extent as reflected by the weighted
mean of 3.50 and 3.15 respectively.

This implies that the teachers and pupils s were It can be gleaned from the table that by the
advocates of “Cleanliness is next to Godliness” In fact respondents perceived the six indicators of the
the school supports the campaign of the community on healthful surroundings at High Extent as clearly shown
the two projects: “Sa Basura may Pera” and “Harap ng by the weighted mean of 3.06 and 2.56 respectively.
Bahay nyo Linis Mo”. Although these findings were considered satisfactory
and efficacious, the groups of respondents still believe
Table 4. Extent of the implementation of the WaSH
that they can enhance the implementation in terms of
program on Disease Preventive Control in the Aspect healthful surroundings to great extent.
of Proper Utilization of Toilets and Urinals
Table 6. Extent of implementation of the WaSH
Program on the Community and Environmental Health
in the aspect of adequate Water Supply, Sanitation,
and Hygiene

As reflected in the table, the data show that the teacher

and pupil respondents were similar in their perception

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Research Article

As reflected in the table, the teacher and pupil

Table 8. Test of Significant Difference Between the
respondents both perceived the five indicators of the
Perception of the Two Groups of Respondents on the
adequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene at High
Extent as evidenced by the overall weighted mean of extent of the implementation of the WaSH Program
3.02 and 3.10 respectively.

It should be noted that even if both respondents rated

the five indicators at high extent, the teacher
perception rating is slightly lower and distinct since
teachers are more aware and conversant of the
guidelines on health and sanitation.

Table 7. Extent of implementation of the WaSH

Program on the Community and Environmental Health As manifested in the table, the Z-test computed value
in the aspect of Maintaining Healthful Environment is -756.50 while the Z-tabular value or critical value is
0.688 at 0.05 level of significance with -376 degree of
freedom, it is evident therefore, that since Z test
computed value (i.e -756.50) is less than the tabular
value (i.e 0.688), Therefore there is no significant
difference between the perception of the two groups of
respondents on the extent of the implementation of the
WaSH program. These findings connotes that the two
groups of respondents in the general have similar level
of perceptions on the extent of the implementation of
the WaSH program.

Table 9. Test of Significant Relationship between the

perceived implementation of WaSH Program and
hygiene and sanitation practices of pupils

As presented in the table, both teacher and pupil

respondents rated the three indicators of maintaining
healthful environment identically to the scale of 3.00 As identified in the table, the computed Pearson r-
with verbal interpretation of High extent. As a whole, value of 0.816 with 9 degrees of freedom, and the
the two groups of respondents observed that the five computed t-value of 8.647-2.262 is greater than the
indicators tabular t-value of 2.282 at 0.05 level of significance.
Hence, the null hypothesis that there is no significant
of maintaining healthful environment at a High Extent relationship between the perceived implementation of
as clearly shows by the overall weighted mean of 3.02 WaSH program of the teachers and pupils and the
and 3.03 respectively. hygiene and sanitation practices of pupils is rejected,
Therefore, there is a significant relationship between
These findings further suggest that even if present the implementation of WaSH program and hygiene
findings show that maintaining healthful environment and sanitation practices of pupils.
in school and community is practiced at High Extent,
the respondents can still improve or enhance this
undertaking as an advocacy.

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about proper hygiene and sanitation practices they

Table 10. Summary of the Test of differences on the
learned from the training.
Implementation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
(WaSH) program and the intermediate Pupils’ Conclusion
hygieneand sanitation practices using t Test
Based on the findings of the study, the following
conclusions were drawn: (1)There is still a need to
improve the management and implementation of the
WaSH program in Sta. Cruz Elementary School,
Antipolo City. (2)The perceived implementation of the
WaSH Program is associated with the hygiene and
sanitation practices of the pupils. (3) An intervention
measures were to deemed necessary to enhance the
In summary, the results suggest that the management and implementation of the WaSH
implementation of the WaSH program has a program based on the result of the study.
significant positive impact on some aspects of hygiene
In the light of the findings and conclusions, the
and sanitation practices among intermediate pupils.
following recommendation are hereby offered: (1) It is
However, the program may not have a significant
recommended that the result of the study be
effect on other aspects of hygiene and sanitation
disseminated to school head and stakeholders through
practices, such as the proper utilization of toilets and the City Schools Division of Antipolo. (2) The School
urinals and maintaining a healthful environment. heads are encouraged to utilize the positive and sound
result of the study as benchmark in the implementation
Proposed Intervention Measure to Enhance the of the WaSH program. (3) The Proposed Intervention
Implementation of Wash Program in School Measures be implemented not only within the school
of Sta. Cruz Elementary School but be district wide.
Despite the strong commitment of the Philippine (4) Parallel studies should also be conducted by other
government being carried out by Department of schools or divisions to validate the result of this
Education and other School stakeholders, our country present study.
still faces significant challenges and problems in
achieving access to WaSH services especially in the References
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