ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Differential Calculus
Chapter 3.2
Differentiation of Implicit & Logarithmic Functions
By
M. Esmail
Email: [email protected]
Office: 1.83 Mechanical Building
3.1. Introduction to Implicit Function
• Sometimes functions are given in the
explicitly form:

y x 2  49 ( where x  7)
More examples:
Use Standard differentiation
y  5x  2x  5
2
rules to obtain such functions
differentiation:
• Power

5e x • Quotient
y 
sin x • Product
• the Chain Rule
Introduction to Implicit Function
• But sometimes functions are given in more
complicated form in which it is difficult or
impossible to express y explicitly in terms of
x.
• Consider an equation involving both x and y:
• Example 1:
y  2x  y x  x
2 2 2

• Example 2:
sin y  2 x 2  4 x y

• Such functions are called implicit functions

Differentiating Implicit Functions

dy
2x  2 y 0
dx
Differentiate

 Then 2 x  2 y dy  0 gives us
dx
dy 2 x x
 
dx 2 y y
 We can replace the y in the results with the
explicit value of y as needed
 This gives us dy x
the slope on the 
curve for any
dx x  49
2

legal value of x
5
Implicit Differentiation
Example1 : determine the derivative of the curve.
represents a circle
x  y 1
2 2
equation with center at
zero.

d 2 d 2 d
x  y  1 Do the same thing to both sides.
dx dx dx
Note use of chain rule.
dy
2x  2 y 0 dy 2 x
dx  dy x
dx 2 y 
dx y
dy
2y  2 x
dx
Implicit Differentiation

2 y  x2  sin y This can’t be solved for y.

d d 2 d
2y  x  sin y dy 2x
dx dx dx 
dx 2  cos y
dy dy
2  2 x  cos y
dx dx
This technique is called
dy dy implicit differentiation.
2  cos y  2x
dx dx
1 Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x.
dy
 2  cos y   2 x dy
dx 2 Solve for .
dx
Implicit Differentiation Process

Implicit Differentiation Process

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.

2. Collect the terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
3. Factor out dy/dx .
4. Solve for dy/dx .
 Implicit Differentiation

Example 3:

Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the

curve x 2
 xy  y 2
 7 at (1, 2) .

x2  xy  y 2  7 Note product rule. dy y  2 x


dx 2 y  x
 dy  dy
2x   x  y  2 y 0
 dx  dx
2  2  1 2  2 4
dy
2x  x  y  2 y
dy
0 m  
dx dx 2  2   1 4  1 5
dy
 2 y  x  y  2x
dx
2.1 Implicit Differentiation
Example 4:

d2y
Find 2 if 2 x 3
 3 y 2
7 .
dx
y  2 x  x 2 y
y 
2x  3 y  7
3 2
y2
6 x  6 y y  0
2
y 
2x x 2
 2 y
y y
6 y y  6 x2 Substitute y 
2x x 2 x 2 back into the
6 x 2 y   2
y  y y y equation.
6 y
2x x 4
y 
x2 y   3
y y y
THE END!
2.2. Logarithmic Differentiation
When to use Logarithmic
Differentiation
 log differentiation is preferred if more than two
factors ( multiplication or division ) are involved
.
 For functions that have variables in both the base
and exponent.
Example: yx sin x

We need logarithmic differentiation as neither

the power nor the exponential rules apply.
We use Logarithmic Differentiation to help simplify
the calculation of a difficult derivative. For
example, the function

e x
x 1
2
y
x  2
2 3

would be extremely hard to differentiate using

only the rules we currently have.
We can simplify the calculation by taking the log of
both sides, and then deriving y implicitly.

 e x  x 2  1 2 
1

ln y  ln 
  x  2
2 3


 
We now split up the function using the laws
of logarithms.
First split apart the log:

 e x  x 2  1 2 
1

ln y  ln  
  x2  2  3

 
ln y  ln  e   ln  x  1  ln  x  2 
1 3
x 2 2
2
 Next we “roll the log”…

ln y  ln e ln  x 2  1  ln  x 2  2 
1 3
x 2

Note thatln e  1 which gives us

1
ln y  x  ln  x  1  3ln  x  2 
2 2

2
Now we can differentiate…
We differentiate term by term. Note that
we need to use implicit differentiation for
the left side.
d d  1 
 ln y    x  ln  x  1  3ln  x  2 
2 2

dx dx  2 
y  1   1  2 x    3  2 x 
  2   2 
y  2  x  1   x 2
y  1  x  6 x
y x 1
2
x 22
We need to clean this up by multiplying through by
y:

y  x 6x 
 1 2 
y  x  1 x 2  2 
Now we substitute the original function back in for y…
 e  x  1 
1

6x 
x 2 2
x
y   y  1  2  2
 x 2
 2 
3
  x  1 x  2 
 
Steps in Logarithmic Differentiation
 log both sides of the equation
 Differentiate implicitly with respect to x
 Solve the resulting equation for y
Example: differentiate yx sin x

We need logarithmic differentiation as neither

the power nor the exponential rules apply.
 ln y  ln x sin x

Log both sides

ln y  ln x sin x

Simplify
Differentiate using implicit and product rules

y 1
  sin x      cos x  ln x 
y  x
Solve for y
 1 
y   sin x   x    cos x  ln x  
sin x
x    
THANK YOU!