Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No.

1, March 2007

AUCES

LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT TOOLS FOR MAINTENANCE

MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE CONSERVATION
Mohamed Abd Elmawgoud Abd Elghaffar
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt.
Email:[email protected]

ABSTRACT:
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a systemic analysis of the environmental effects caused by a product
or a process from extraction of raw materials to waste treatment. The paper demonstrates LCA
modeling tools and evaluates the performance of some materials used in site maintenance in respect to
environmental and economic criteria. Materials evaluated include those used in site improvement and in
site electrical utility. Materials used in parking lot are selected to include: Asphalt with cement
maintenance, Generic Portland cement, Generic 20% Fly ash cement, Asphalt with Seal-Bind
maintenance, and Lafarge Portland type I cement. For electrical utility transformer oils are selected to
include: Bio Trans transformer oil, Generic mineral oil based transformer oil, and Generic silicon based
transformer oil. The method of evaluation depends on a computer based technique suggested by the
National Institute of Standards and Technology, U. S. Department of Commerce. The results are: As for
parking lot paving materials, both Asphalt with GSB88 Seal-Bind maintenance and 20% Fly ash cement
have the same performance in overall evaluation, although they recorded different values in economic
and environmental performance separately. And as for transformer oils, Bio Trans transformer oil
records the best overall maintenance amongst the selected types.

1-INTRODUCTION: resources. The environmental impacts from the

entire life cycle of products and services need to
LCA is vital to support the development of
be addressed. To do this, life cycle thinking is
eco-labeling schemes. LCA enables a
required. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool
manufacturer to quantify energy and raw
for the systematic evaluation of the
materials used, and how much waste is
environmental aspects of a product or service
generated, at each stage of the product's life.
system through all stages of its life cycle.
This concept emerged in response to increased
environmental awareness. For a manufactured LCA provides an adequate instrument for
product, LCA involves making detailed environmental decision support. Life cycle
measurements during the manufacture of the assessment has proven to be a valuable tool to
product, from the mining of the raw materials document the environmental considerations that
used in its production and distribution, through need to be part of decision-making towards
to its use, possible re-use or recycling, and its sustainability. A reliable LCA performance is
eventual disposal. At every stage of the life cycle crucial to achieve a life-cycle economy. The
there are emissions and consumption of International Organization for Standardization

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Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007

(ISO), a world-wide federation of national stan- environmental information by companies, and

dards bodies, has standardized this framework the desire by consumers to do the least harmful
within the ISO 14040 series on LCA[1]. purchases, LCA is a vital tool.

3.1-Materials Production Level:

3.1.1-SimaPro:
SimaPro is a professional LCA software
tool. Complex products with complex life cycles
are easily compared and analyzed. Since its
introduction in 1990, SimaPro is the most
Diagram (1) Life-cycle assessment of a product widely used software for life cycle assessment [3].
Simapro has several databases focus on building
2-WHY PERFORM LCAS? materials, energy, transport, processing, and
waste treatment. SimaPro has all the expected
LCA is performed by an industry sector to
features of a professional LCA software
identify areas where improvements can be
package, several impact assessment methods,
made, in environmental terms. Alternatively the
assessment calculations from each point in a
LCA may be intended to provide environmental
project, and weak point analysis. It also
data for the public or for government. In recent
analyzes disassembly of products, waste
years, a number of major companies have cited
treatment and recycling scenario’s[4].
LCAs in their marketing and advertising, to
support claims that their products are
'environmentally friendly'. All products have
3.1.2-TEAMTM:
some impact on the environment. Since some TEAMTM is a powerful and flexible tool.
products use more resources, cause more Selecting and defining inputs and outputs is
pollution or generate more waste than others, simple by using the tool bar of the software. The
the aim is to identify those which are most use of formulas to specify allocation methods for
harmful. Even for those products whose each process unit is a unique feature of
environmental burdens are relatively low, the TEAMTM. Calculating the LCA inventory
LCA should help to identify those stages in from anywhere within the system is another
production processes and in use which cause flexible feature of TEAMTM. The model
pollution, and those which have a heavy contains ten categories contain 216 individual
material or energy demand. Breaking down the data files for product and material production,
manufacturing process into such fine detail can energy generation and transportation. The
identify the use of scarce resources, showing categories are soft tissue and paper;
where a more sustainable product could be petrochemicals and plastics; inorganic
substituted[2]. chemicals; steel; aluminum; other metals; glass;
energy conversion; transportation; and waste
3-LCA MODELING TOOLS: management. This tool uses formulas and
variables that allow development of a dynamic
Life Cycle Analysis must be used cautiously.
system which facilitates sensitivity analysis. The
With the trend towards more open disclosure of

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Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007

output of the inventory is displayed in tabular 400 specific industrial processes are included.
form thru “Eco-view” templates[5]. The 10 process types include industrial
processes, transportation, mining, power plants,
3.1.3-KCL-ECO: transformation processes, servicing, cleaning,
repairing, wear, and processes of reduced
The graphical interface of KCL-ECO makes
consumption. Besides common process data
system development easy. System variables can
from around the world, the database consists of
be specified by the user. The use of variables
special data from companies in Germany. The
and equations offers another degree of
standard LCIA method is subdivided into five
flexibility when defining the system. Sensitivity
steps: selection of the critical ecological fields,
analysis within the program is one of its
classification, determination of the impact
advantages. KCL-ECO data is a separate
assignments, standardization, and evaluation.
product containing modules based on Finnish
The output is an exportable balance sheet to
and European data related to paper industry
Excel application[6].
and its related services. The output is very
detailed and arranged in a very logical manner.
3.1.6-PEMS:
The report lists all of the inputs, outputs and
governing equations along with the specified The graphical interface of PEMS makes
amounts. Finally, if a sensitivity analysis is system development easy. Material flows and
performed a distribution along with descriptive transportation are represented by arrows
statistics is provided. The flow diagram can also between blocks. Sensitivity analysis, impact
be printed[6]. assessment, and comparison of results are easy
to understand and customize. Tables and
3.1.4-The BOUSTEAD Model: graphs can be easily customized and exported to
other applications. Multiple transportation
It Includes data for energy carriers, fuels
options can be defined for a single flow allowing
production and transportation. Processes, and
urban, rural, and motor way combinations to be
product data are included for common
selected. Data included are lists for 109
operation and materials manufacturing systems.
materials, 49 energy sources, 16 transportation
Data are input via the construction of a data
options, and 37 waste management options. Two
table for each process. The database contains
impact assessment calculation methods are
information on over 2,000 unit operations. Unit
available: problem-oriented and media-oriented
operations data represent a mixture of U.K.,
critical volume assessment methods[6].
general European, and U.S. conditions. The
program consists of a collection of routines,
3.2-Lca At Building Component Level:
which perform separate functions. The output is
a tabular representation of the data[6]. 3.2.1-LISA :
LISA (LCA in Sustainable Architecture) is
3.1.5-GABI: a decision support tool for construction. It was
It includes 800 different energy and developed in response to requests by architects
material flows. Each flow belongs to a flow and industry professionals for a simplified LCA
group which allows the user to develop a tool to assist in green design. Also, detailed LCA
hierarchical system. Ten process types contain studies often divert attention from the key

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Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007

environmental issues, and tend to focus applies the LCA method to the building sector.
attention on inter-material competition, rather The project develops a simulation tool, which
than on optimum construction systems. LISA is allows the comparison of alternative designs.
designed to help identify key environmental The different phases considered for a buildings
issues in construction, give designers an easy life cycle are fabrication of components,
tool to evaluate the environmental aspects of construction, utilization, renovation and the
building design, and enable designers to make renewal of components, final dismantling, and
choices based on life environmental treatment after use of components. EQUER
considerations. LISA is adding case studies in considers for the environmental assessment of a
university buildings, multi-storey offices, high building only its influence on the outside
rise buildings, wide span warehouse, and road environment. The used inventories contain
and rail bridges[7]. impact factors used resources emissions, and
waste[8].
3.2.2-Eco-Quantum:
3.2.4-Athena:
Eco-Quantum is a calculating method to
provide quantitative information on the Athena Sustainable Materials Institute set
environmental pollution by a building. Eco- up a LCA-based analysis of design and material
Quantum looks at the building from cradle to choices for commercial buildings. Athena’s
grave. It deals with the effects of extraction of database contains detailed North American
raw materials and production of materials, LCA data for specific structural assemblies of
construction, its use and management, possible different material types and configurations, as
renovation or new use and ultimate demolition well as for a variety of building envelope
and reuse of the building components and components and materials. The software
materials. Implementing LCA study at building enables users to describe a building in
level is a complex matter in which care has to be architectural terms, and then provides LCA-
taken of environmental effects that extend based environmental evaluations of alternative
beyond the level of building components. designs and material choices. The database
Examples are energy consumption and includes wood Products, steel Products,
maintenance activities in the use phase, the cladding Products, gypsum wallboard and
different life spans of building components and finishing materials, galvanized decking, heavy
the options of demolition or renovation. The trusses, concrete structural products, insulation
information can be drawn up for the life cycle of and vapor barriers, windows and glazed curtain
a complete building, cross-sections of the wall, and paint finishes[9].
building, a particular material, a single
3.2.5-Japan BRI- LCA (J):
component, a phase from the life cycle, by
surface area, by volume or per person[8]. This model is to calculate the energy
consumption and CO2 emission in each life
stage. Addressed users are building designer,
3.2.3-EQUER:
house designer, researcher, etc. Object of
This model EQUER (Evaluation de la evaluation are building products, building
Qualité Environnementale des bâtiments) is process, structural construction site, building
developed by Ecole des Mines de Paris. It service, renewal and renovation, and

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Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007

demolition. The method is a direct system for material choices. ECOPRO uses the same data
calculating energy consumption and CO2 as for cost planning. An element is composed of
emission in the building materials production several layers which have material
process. Information includes building type, characteristics. Therefore energy related values
building site, building materials, and demolition like conductivity, mass, life duration of a layer,
methods[8]. waste categories and environmental impact and
cost criteria are associated to each layer and
3.2.6-The ECO Methods: then added for each element and for 3 life cycle
The ECO methods are derived from phases (construction, refurbishment, disposal).
research projects in Switzerland and Germany Buildings are composed of element groups for
since 1989. Life cycle impact assessment is structure, fabric, interior divisions, coatings,
related to standard cost and energy calculations. HVAC and electric equipment, and exterior
The methods are based on the following general surface treatment. The main questions are:
basic data pre combustion, energy which design alternative is fulfilling the target
transformation, transport, building material of values? And if it does not fulfill all target values,
German Swiss and Austrian material producers which elements are responsible[8]?
for over 100 materials and composite materials,
aggregation coefficients, and building 3.2.6.3-ECOREAL:
description by Swiss and German standards[8].
The tool addresses the specification and
construction phase. It uses the same element
3.2.6.1-ECOPT:
classification as ECOPT and ECOPRO. It takes
The tool applies at the design level. It into account the situation of the element in the
addresses planers and owners. Up to four building and the specific construction process.
alternatives can be analyzed to determine the There is a qualitative risk assessment. The
environmental impact, the cost and the general question is: How to build?[8].
standard energy needs of a new construction, a
transformation/refurbishment or a different use
3.2.7-Green Building Advisor USA:
of existing buildings at different locations. The
general questions: do we need a building? If yes, The model uses artificial intelligence
do we need a new building or can we transform technology to enhance decision-making
an existing building. The percentage of new processes in facility design, construction and
construction, refurbishment/transformation and operations with current environmental data.
simple maintenance can be chosen also. The Application includes the stages of decision
impact from transport (users, clients, making process. GBA can be used to plan a
companies) and from specific activities (office building design, or evaluate an existing design.
work, restaurants) resulting from building use Addressed users are Investor, user, planner,
can be estimated[8]. and constructor. Evaluation includes building
products, building processes, structural
3.2.6.2-ECOPRO: elements, single buildings, and services.
The tool addresses architects and engineers. Information includes basic building description.
It assists in taking decisions concerning Life cycle model gives the user design ideas
functional and constructive solutions and from database of 20 example buildings,

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Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007

sustainable design methods and green building 3.2.10-BEES USA (Building for Economic
products[8]. and Environmental Sustainability):
BEES is a methodology for selecting
3.2.8-SIA D0123 (CH): building products that achieve the most
The model is an assessment catalogue appropriate balance between environmental
concerning construction elements and materials. and economic performance according to the
Scope of application includes the overall standards of ISO14000. Scope of Application is
building performance, stages of decision making the stages of decision making process.
process and project phase. Addressed users are Addressed users are all except services
architect and consultant. Information includes enterprise during the period of use. Life cycle
construction elements and materials. Main stages include preliminary stages, manufacture
environmental issues include material and of building products, maintenance of building,
energy flow, environmental loadings, effects on and servicing and attendance. Information
flora and fauna, and effects on human health. includes inventory flow items (raw materials,
Life cycle model is a product model of the energy, water, etc.)[10].
building as for cost estimate[8].
3.2.11-Energy LCA Model for Building
3.2.9-Optimize: Design (SBI):
It is a Canadian method estimating the life In 1990, the Danish Building Research
cycle energy requirements of a house and its Institute initiated a research project concerning
environmental impact measured in outdoor and buildings’ energy consumption and energy
indoor pollutant. The program assists related emissions of CO2 and SO2. The aim is to
architects, designers and builders in selecting enable employers and consulting engineers to
material options that minimize the negative choose building designs that require the lowest
environmental impact of buildings. It describes consumption of energy resources and cause the
how the life cycle cost of a building may be lowest pollution from energy production. CO2
determined. The embodied energy of life cycle and SO2 are only considered because they are
includes that used during all the building's life the major substances in term of volume and
cycle. This includes maintenance energy, repair contribute to both the greenhouse effect and the
energy, energy for the replacement of some acid rain. The model divides the building's life
element of the skeleton, demolition energy and cycle in three phases: construction, operation,
energy for the transportation of the demolished and demolition. The database contains energy
elements. The main components of the consumption figure for various types of
calculation of the life cycle cost are cost of the construction products, the energy consumption
materials, cost of maintenance, demolition for specific construction and demolition
energy and energy of transportation of the processes and emission values for different types
waste, recycling of building's materials, and cost of fuels and systems[11].
of utilization for the building[8].

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Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007

4-APPLICATIONS: product on the environmental settings such as:

acidification, air pollutants, ecological toxicity,
This part of the study presents the practical
eutrophication, fossil fuel depletion, global
work which focuses on evaluating the
warming, habitat alteration, human health,
performance of some materials used in building
indoor air quality, ozone depletion, smog and
site work maintenance in respect to their
water intake. For the overall performance of a
environmental and economic criteria. BEES is
product, the graph displays the weighted
the LCA tool used in this evaluation. It was
environmental and economic performance
chosen because the software is very easy to use,
scores and their sum.
the input of data is simple, and the output of
results is easily understood figures and tables.
4.1-Parking Lot Paving Materials:
To run BEES, three main steps should be
followed: For site work improvement, some materials
used in parking lot are selected: Asphalt with
1-Set your study parameters to customize key
cement maintenance, Generic 100% Portland
assumptions.
cement, Generic 20% Fly ash cement, Asphalt
2-Define the alternative building products for
with GSB88 Seal-Bind maintenance, and
comparison. BEES results may be computed
Lafarge Portland type I cement. Applying the
once alternatives are defined.
BEES software, the outputs are as shown in
3-View the BEES results to compare the overall,
Figure (1).
environmental, and economic performance
scores for your alternatives.
4.2-Transformer Oils:
Economic performance of a product
represented herein takes into consideration the For site electrical utility, some materials
initial cost together with the future cost used as transformer oils are selected to include:
(calculated based on the life cycle cost using a Bio Trans transformer oil, Generic mineral oil
discount rate) of a product during its lifecycle. based transformer oil, and Generic silicon based
While the environmental performance of the transformer oil. When applying the BEES
product expresses the potential impact of a software the following outputs are recorded:

Figure (1): Economic Performance of Paving Materials

5
4.5
4

3.5

3
cost $

2.5

1.5
1
0.5

0
100% PC 20% FlyAsh Asph/GSB88 Asph/Cement Lafarge I

First Cost Future Cost 3.9% Sum

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Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007

Figure (2) : Environmental Performance of Paving Materials

0.16

0.14
impact unit per same weight

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
100% PC 20% FlyAsh Asph/GSB88 Asph/Cement Lafarge I
potential environmental impacts

Acidification Air Pollutants Ecology Toxicity Eutrophication Fossil Fuel Depletion

Global Warming Habitat Alteration Human Health Indoor Air Ozone Depletion
Smog Water Intake Sum

Figure (3): Overall Performance of Paving Materials

30

25
score (points)

20

15

10

0
100% PC 20% FlyAsh Asph/GSB88 Asph/Cement Lafarge I
50% equal weights user defined

Economic Performance 50% Environmental Performanc 50% Sum

Note: Lower values are better

Figure (4): Economic Performance of Transformer Oils

10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
cost $

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
BioTrans Oil Mineral Oil Silicon Oil
First Cost Future Cost 3.9% Sum

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Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007

Figure (5): Environmental Performance of Transformer Oils

60

50
impact unit per same

40
weight

30

20

10

0
Bio Trans Oil Mineral Oil Silicon Oil
potential environmental impacts
Acidification Air Pollutants Ecology Toxicity Eutrophication Fossil Fuel Depletion
Global Warming Habitat Alteration Human Health Indoor Air Ozone Depletion
Smog Water Intake Sum

Figure (6): Overall Performance of Transformer Oils

60

50

40
score (points)

30

20

10

0
Bio Trans Oil Mineral Oil Silicon Oil
50% equal weight user defined

Economic Performance 50% Environmental Performanc 50% Sum

Note: Lower values are better as they represent lower environmental harmful effects, and lower burdens on the economy
whether initial or future cost.

5-CONCLUSIONS: So, the overall performance gives an advantage

to Asphalt with GSB88 Seal-Bind maintenance,
As obvious in Application 4.1 for the
followed by 20% Fly ash Cement, 100%
economic performance of parking lot paving
Portland Cement, Lafarge type I Cement, and
materials, Asphalt with GSB88 Seal-Bind
finally Asphalt with cement maintenance. So the
maintenance records the best value followed by
preferred paving material to be used for both
20% Fly ash Cement, 100% Portland Cement
environmental and economic concerns is
and Lafarge type I Cement, and finally Cement
Asphalt with GSB88 Seal-Bind maintenance.
with Asphalt maintenance. While as for the
environmental performance, 20% Fly ash As for Application 4.2, for the economic
Cement records the best value followed by performance of electrical utility materials,
100% Portland Cement, Asphalt with GSB88 Mineral oil based transformer oil records the
Seal-Bind maintenance, Lafarge type I Cement, best value followed by Bio Trans transformer
and finally Cement with Asphalt maintenance. oil, and final Silicon based transformer oil.

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Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007

Whereas, for the environmental performance REFERENCES:

Bio Trans transformer oil comes in the first
1-www.undp.org
place followed by Mineral oil based transformer
2-www.iso-14001.org.uk\iso14040.htm
oil, then Silicon based transformer oil. So,
3-World Resource Foundation (www.gdrc.org)
according to the overall performance the Bio
4-www.Pre.nl/SimaPro
Trans transformer oil gets the advantage over
5-www.ecobalance.com/software/team/deam_
the Mineral oil based transformer oil. While the
srch.cfm
Silicon based transformer oil records the lowest
6-Department of the Environment and Heritage,
advantage value.
2005, Greening the Building Life Cycle, Life
Cycle Assessment Tools in Building and
6-RECOMMENDATIONS: Construction, Tools description, Australia
LCA models and tools should be vital methods 7-www.lisa.au.com
in decision making process. 8-www.unieimar.de/SCC/PRO/TOOLS/ instru.
More attention should be given to the htm
importance of LCA techniques in production, 9-www.athenasmi.ca.
operation, and maintenance phases. 10-www.bfrl.nist.gov/aoe/software/bees.html
Organizations, institutes, and governments 11-www.ce.kth.se/bim/leas/vol1/a5/LEASART_
should play important roles to increase the 05_1999.PDF
public awareness of the importance of keeping
our products environmentally-friendly.
LCA tools should be undergone further
sophisticated studies to be eligible for
application in all fields of sciences
(Engineering, Architecture, Medicine,
Pharmacy, Commerce, Environment, etc.).

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‫‪Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. Vol. 10 No. 1, March 2007‬‬

‫وسبئل تقييم دورة احليبة إلدارة عمليبث الصيبنت مع احلفبظ على املوارد البيئيت‬
‫دمحم عبد الموجود عبد الغفار‬
‫مجرس بقدم اليشجسة السعسارية‪ -‬كمية اليشجسة – جامعة طشطا‬

‫بعج زيادة الوعي البيئي عمى مدتوي الجول والحكومات واألفرخاد ررخزت مىسيرة يقيريم دورة يراة السرواد والعسميرات‬
‫والسوارد السدتخجمة اليومية‪ .‬فيي عسمية يحميل نظامي لمتأثيخات البيئية الشاجسة مر مرادة مو عسميرة مرا مشرح عسميرة‬
‫استخخاج السادة الخام إلى عسميرة معالجرة السخمترات الشايجرة وىرى يسكر السررسسي والسشتجري والسريد مر يحج رج‬
‫كسيات الطاقة والسوارد البيئية السدتخجمة وكحلك كسيات السخمتات الشايجة في جسيع م اخ ل ياة السشرت‪ ،‬كسرا يسرجىم‬
‫بالسعمومات البيئية التي يسكشيم م يحج ج م اخ ل عسمية اإلنتاج التي يحتراج إعرادة نظرخ ويطرويخ نظر اخ لعبئيرا ال بيرخ‬
‫يث إنتاج السخمتات مو استييد السوارد والطاقات‪.‬‬ ‫عمى البيئة م‬
‫السرواد السدرتخجمة فري ةريانة مواقرع الجخاجرات‬ ‫ويدتعخض الورقة البحثية وسائل يقييم دورة الحياة ومداء بعر‬
‫العامة فيم يخص التأثيخات االقترادية والبيئية ليا‪ .‬يشقدم وسائل يقييم دورة الحياة إلى‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬وسائل خاةة رتقييم م اخ ل إنتاج السواد ويزم‪:‬‬
‫‪SIMAPRO, TEAMTEM, KCL-ECO, BOUSTEAD, GABI, PEMS,‬‬
‫‪ -2‬وسائل خاةة رتقييم مكونات وعشاةخ عسمية البشاء ويزم‪:‬‬
‫‪LISA, ECO-OUANTUM, EQUER, ATHENA, JAPAN BRI, ECO METHODS, GBA, SIA,‬‬
‫‪OPTIMIZE, BEES, SBI.‬‬
‫يم يقييم يأثيخ دورة ياة السواد السدتخجمة في يسييج وةيانة مماك انتظار الديارات عمى مساس السقارنة رري مداء‬
‫ويأثيخات عجة مواد ىي‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬مواد اإلستمت السعرال‪ ،‬باألسرسشت األسرسشت روريينرج العرادي مسرسشت الخمراد الستطرا خ خمريس اإلسرتمت ومعرال‪،‬‬
‫الذخوخ اسسشت الفارج‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬مواد الخجمات ال يخبائية ويذسل الديت الحيوي لمسحول الديت السعجني العادي وزيت الديم ون‪.‬‬
‫يعتسررج طخيقررة التقيرريم عمررى اسررتخجام رخنررام‪ ،‬كسبيررويخ مقتررخد مر السعيررج الرروطشي لمسقررا يذ والت شولوجيررا ررروزارة‬
‫الدرريارات ىرري‬ ‫التجررارة األمخيكيررة ‪ BEES‬و ققررت الجراسررة الشتررائ‪ ،‬التاليررة‪ :‬مفزررل الس رواد فرري يسييررج وةرريانة موا ر‬
‫اسرررسشت الخمررراد الستطرررا خ واإلسرررتمت معرررال‪ ،‬الذرررخوخ فميرررم نترررذ األداء العرررام برررالخ م مررر اخرررتيد مدائيرررم البيئررري‬
‫واالقترادي كل عمي جه‪ .‬مما بالشدبة لديوت السحوالت فحقق الديت الحيوي مفزل الشتائ‪.،‬‬
‫ويوةي البحث بان ي ون عسميات يقييم دورة الحياة مرثثخة عمرى عسميرات ايخراذ القرخار مرع ارخورة االىتسرام ريرا‬
‫ويأكيج مىسيتيا في جسيع م اخ ل اإلنتاج والتذغيل والريانة واخورة يوجيو السثسدات والسعاىج والحكومات والعامة‬
‫إلي اخورة السحافظة عمى واستخجام السواد ةجيقة البيئة‪.‬‬

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