Liner Trade and Multimodal

Transport
Professor: Mukesh Parikh
 1/1

International Trade and Transportation

Principles of International Trade

• Uneven distribution of Natural Resources
• Law of Comparative Advantage
Goods of Trade
• Raw Materials: Minerals, Agricultural Produce
• Processed goods: Metals, processed foods, dairy
• Manufactured: Goods for final consumption
Transportation – Shipping / Multimodal
• Conveyance of goods from place of low utility to place of higher utility
• Provide a bridge between production and consumption centers
• Direct co-relation between economic development / growth (GDP) and international trade. Higher
the economic growth, higher is trade and greater demand for shipping
Ports
• World seaports are principal infrastructural assets that service shipping and trade and their performance is
largely determined by developments in world economy and trade
 1/1
International Trade and Transportation

Raw Materials Tramp shipping

• Low FOB Value Intermodal
• High Logistics Cost Sensitivity Transport
Processed Goods Tramp / Liner
• Medium FOB Value
shipping
• Medium Logistics Cost Sensitivity Intermodal
Transport
Manufactured Liner shipping
• High FOB Value Multimodal
• Low Logistics Cost Sensitivity Transport

Shipping and Ports Bulk Ports/terminals

•Key players in international trade and logistics Unitized terminals
•Critical nodes in global supply chains Container terminals
International trade and multimodal transportation

Entry of Third part logistics service providers

Raw Materials
Tend to use in-house
• Low FOB Value
Logistics function
• High Logistics Cost Sensitivity

Processed Goods
Medium usage of third
• Medium FOB Value
Party logistics services
• Medium Logistics Cost Sensitivity

Manufactured
Maximum use of third
• High FOB Value
Party logistics services
• Low Logistics Cost Sensitivity
Intermodal and Multimodal Transport

Logistics and Transportation play

important role In the supply chain
for all industries
Minerals, Agriculture Produce
Processed goods
Manufactured goods

Logistics involves movement and

storage of goods in order to ensure
Right type of goods available at the
Right time in the right place. This
Function is Physical distribution.
 Liner trade - containerization

Liner trade
Operated by shipping
services in joint
agreements / liner
conferences on fixed
routes. 1968 – The first
specialized cellular
General cargo ships with container ship was
multiple cargo storage 1966 – The first delivered. Containers
sections. Transatlantic became of standard
Long period of port stay container service size – 20’ and 40’
between the US helping extensive use of
Introduction of east coast and Container ships
containers in maritime
unitization: pre-slinging, 1956 – Ideal X Northern Europe and inland transport First generation
palletization First container resulted in long Second generation
ship launched by distance Third generation
Malcom McLean container trades
Fourth generation
Fifth generation
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport
Intermodal Multimodal
• Different means of cargo transportation to • Different means of cargo transportation to
determine the best transportation route while determine the best transportation route while
finalizing transport carriers in order to ensure door finalizing transport carriers in order to ensure door
to door services. to door services.
• Suppliers / receivers sign up different contracts • Suppliers / receivers sign up different a single
throughout the journey of cargo for air, water and contract covering the journey of cargo by air.
land modes. water and land.
• Multiple contracts with different transporters help • The Multi-modal Transport Operator (MTO) takes
in negotiating leaving the choice of transport all the responsibilities on the single point basis,
mode and carrier with the shipper / receiver. The though he may utilize multiple transport agencies
cargo interests retain the control over each leg of covering separate legs.
transport chain. • Multimodal Transport system reduces paperwork
• Intermodal offers a cost-effective solution for the and saves time of the cargo interests, leaving them
transport need of cargo interests to focus on their core business.
• Usually intermodal system is adopted by shippers • Shippers of high value / container cargo prefer to
of low value / high logistics cost sensitive cargoes. use the multimodal transport system.
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport
Intermodal Multimodal
• Let us evaluate the supply chain of Non coking coal for • Compare the intermodal services with exporters of
power generation (thermal coal) which is imported. ready made garments exporting fashion garments in
• Raw material is Thermal Coal containers.
• Suppliers can be located in Australia, Indonesia, South • For this exporter, the most important service attributes
Africa, Russia, USA. are frequency of service, transit time, reliability of
• Due to a large volume of requirement and low value of service, seamless customs documentation and the
cargo, the landed cost needs to be tightly controlled. foremost aspect is getting negotiable document in hand
for getting money from the banks. This is available to
• Customer (Power plant) has to deliver electric power to
him as a Multimodal Transport Document (MTD) issued
the end consumers at competitive rate as committed in
by a licensed MTO.
the power purchase agreement with the government.
• Additional features cover the aspect of visibility /
• Power plant as the customer in the coal supply chain will
tracking of shipment throughout the supply chain. Both
negotiate individually with every service provider in the
the shipper and receiver are able to track the status of
chain – supplier, shipping company, ports, handling
their shipment on real time basis which helps them
contractors, CHAs, surveyors, road and rail transporters
effective inventory management.
for each component of intermodal services to get the
best rates • Shippers with high value shipments show high sensitivity
for quality of services and prepared to pay a premium
for this

Demand for Transportation Management System (TMS) capable of Global Multimodal operations is rising
Liner Terms and Tramp terms
• FIO: Cost and time on cargo owner’s account both ends
• FILO: Cost and time on cargo owner’s account at load port
Cost and time on ship owner’s account at discharge port
• LIFO: Cost and time on ship owner’s account at load port
Cost and time on cargo owner’s account at discharge port
• Full Liner: Cost and time on ship owner’s account both ends

Tramp terms are first three. Liner terms are the last line
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport

Multimodal transportation is a process of moving cargo in a single container

from door-to-door by combining land transport (road or rail) and maritime or
river transport (vessel or barge) in one transportation chain.

By switching to multimodal transportation, you get the best of both worlds.

Sea freight gives you security, scalability, and economic efficiency while
freight via road and rail lets you reach rural areas.
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport

Terms and Concepts:

• Physical distribution : material handling, storage & warehousing,
packing and unitization and freight transportation by all modes. This
activity bridges the gap between producer and consumer by ensuring
safe passage of goods from point of production to point of
consumption at right place and right time.
• Logistics: The process of planning, implementing and controlling the
efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related
information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for
purpose of comforming the customer requirement.
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport

• Logistics: In addition to movement of cargo, today the customers also

need services and related information concurrently including cargo
description, invoice, warrantee, goods nature and care details. Logistics
is about moving goods to the right place with right documentation in
good condition at a right price within the right time applying right tariff
and ensuring that this flow of information and goods is smooth and on
line information is available to customers
• SCM: This is similar to logistics with addition of supplier and end user in
the value chain.
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport

Last two sessions covered the following aspects of Multimodal Transport:

• International trades and shipping – tramp / liner
• Trade wise segmentation of tramp / liner shipping
• Why multiple modes of transport are required for trade
• Intermodal and multimodal transport – difference
• Ocean B/L and multimodal transport B/L
• Containerization and growth of multimodal transport business
• Role of multimodal transport in the supply chain for every commodity
• Continuous evaluation / assessment exercise
• Today, we will discuss Multimodal transport business in India
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport
The growth in ecommerce and change in consumption patterns
• Pandemic-induced shifts in consumption and shopping habits together with digitalization
have accelerated growth in ecommerce. In 2019, around 16 per cent of retail sales were
online, a proportion which grew in 2020 to 19 per cent (UNCTAD, 2021b). UNCTAD
estimates the global ecommerce market in 2019 at $27 trillion, equivalent to 30 per cent of
GDP.
• Ecommerce fulfilment provides new business opportunities – in particular for warehousing
and distribution facilities at seaports, inland rail hubs, and near airports. This can reduce
supply chain uncertainties enabling retailers to keep more inventory at hand. Retailers are
also seeking properties with large container yards to store containers on chassis
(Mongelluzzo, 2021b).
• Ports close to, or well-connected to, large population centres could tap this business
potential (Drewry Maritime Research, 2021d). Already, some container shipping companies
and ports are positioning themselves to emerge as door-to-door service integrators (e.g.,
Maersk and DP World). Container shipping companies have recently invested in other parts
of the supply chain, including warehousing, aircraft, and distribution (Steer and Dempsey,
2021)
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport

Logistics activities and functions:

• Customer service
• Transportation
• Inventory Management
• Distribution
Time Based strategies
• Just In Time (JIT)
• Quick Response (QR)
 Multimodal transport in India
In the 1960s, Indian Railways played a crucial role in promoting
multimodal transport in India. In 1966, Indian Railways
containerized goods to give birth to intermodal freight
transport in India.

Indian Railways then started moving cargo in specialized DSO

containers. Standardized ISO containers began to be used from
the 1970s and it was in 1981 when the first ISO container was
moved inland by Railways to the country’s first ICD at
Bengaluru (then Bangalore). In 1988, CONCOR was established
as an offshoot of Indian Railways and took over the existing
network of seven ICDs in the country. Since then, it now has a
network of more than 70 ICDs while India has more than 300
ICDs providing multimodal transport infrastructure.
Multimodal transport is the movement of good from point A to point B using different
modes of transport by a single transport operator. In a large and diverse country like
India where an end to end delivery is a humongous task, multimodal transport is an
effective solution. For various companies, multimodal transport can mean different
solutions depending on their portfolio of transport and storage options.
Source: investindia
Multimodal transport in India

The Multimodal Transport Act was passed by the Indian

Parliament in 1993 to establish a standardized regime for
the multimodal transport operators (MTOs).
The Director General of Shipping was identified as the
competent authority under this law.
This Act paved the way for MTOs to register themselves
with the authority and start their operations.
This provided a boost to the inland movement of traffic
under a single authority.

Source: investindia
Multimodal transport in India
IT has been a major enabler of multimodal transport in India
and has been extensively used to automate the supply chain
and documentation. For shipments coming into India,
documentation starts at the ports, CFSs, ICDs and then final
custom clearances before delivery. For shipments moving out
of India, documentation starts from the storage point till the
time it exits the port. To automate this process, Customs has
introduced the Indian Customs EDI System (ICES) which
provides a paperless seamless system to exchange/transact
custom clearance related information using Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI). ICES is currently operational at 134 major
custom locations across India which handle more than 98% of
India’s international trade of import and export.

Source: investindia
Multimodal transport in India

Multimodal transport was a monopoly on CONCOR till the

early 2000s when licenses were given to private companies to
operate their own freight trains. In order to encourage trade
by MSMEs, Railways has started the “road-railer” system
where contained vehicles can run both on roads and rail
tracks. Currently, there are more than 15 Private Freight Train
Operators (PFTOs) in India with major companies such as
Hind Terminals, DP World, Adani Logistics, CWC all moving
their own trains. Indian Railways has also allowed PFTOs to
run their own Private Freight Terminals (PFTs), a move which
can add approximately 20-25 mn tonnes of additional loading
capacity and invite investments of more than $ 1 bn. Under
this scheme, operators can lease rakes from Indian Railways to
have their own rakes manufactured.

Source: investindia
 Multimodal transport in India
Completion of the Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs)
will also enhance the share of rail freight in the
country from the current 30% to around 60-70% as in
developed countries. In Varanasi, a freight village is
being developed along the river to enhance the
potential of Eastern DFC and to augment traffic
capacity along the National Waterway 1. Inland
waterways cargo movement has already started from
NW-1 by PepsiCo, Dabur, Emami, IFFCO from Kolkata
to Varanasi where a freight village is being developed
to connect it to the eastern DFC. The world’s largest
container company Maersk Line has also started the
movement of goods on that route. True examples of
Multimodal transport are being seen in Northeast
where cargo is being transported to Guwahati
through trucks, from where air cargo is being used to
transport fresh produce to the Middle East and other
countries. Cargo is also being transported through
Kandla port in the west via western DFC, aggregated
in Palwal and then distributed via road to
U.P, Punjab and Haryana.
Source: investindia
Multimodal transport in India

• Multimodal transport is an evolving solution in India with

different modes of transport in their various stages of
evolution. Roads are by far the most common, with railways
catching up quickly. Air freight is expensive while inland
waterways have just started. Port led cargo movement is
inclined heavily towards the west coast due to the presence
of natural harbours and economic weight
of Maharashtra and Gujarat. For this growth to continue,
more private investment in logistics infrastructure must be
encouraged along with easier regulations which can ease the
sentiment of some foreign companies.

Source: investindia
Multimodal transport in India
CURRENT SCENARIO
• India’s logistics sector employs nearly 22 Mn people.
• The Indian logistics sector was valued at USD 215 Bn in 2021 and is
expected to grow at CAGR 10.7% during 2021-2026.
• India’s logistics sector is estimated to account for about 13-14 % of GDP.
• Demand for warehousing stock to increase from 265 mn sq ft (2021) to 500
mn sq ft (2030)
• The stock of cold storage is expected to rise to 41 Mn sq. ft. (2023) from
the current 36 Mn sq. ft
• The government aims to trim the cost of logistics from the current 13-14%
of GDP to 8-9% of the GDP by 2030
Multimodal transport in India
Bharatmala Pariyojana
• Indian Govt. to build 66,000 Km of roads, highways, greenfield
expressways and bridges, with an investment of ~USD 84 Bn
• Will improve road connectivity & speed of road transport 1st phase
involves construction of ~35,000 Km highways by 2022
Multimodal Logistics Parks
• Govt. has planned 35 MMLPs with an investment outlay of ~USD 6.2 Bn
• These parks will lease space to private companies to run central
operations and save on warehousing costs
• They will act as freight aggregation and distribution hubs, and enable
long haul freight movement to reduce transport costs

Source: investindia
Multimodal transport in India
Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFC)
• DFC is India’s largest infrastructure project, worth USD 9.85 Bn and spread
across 3,360 km
• ~80% of rail freight is expected to shift to DFC, freeing up capacity of Indian
Railways
• DFC will aid in decongestion of highways, as one freight train will be able to
carry load equivalent to 1,300 trucks
Sagarmala and Inland waterways
• Sagarmala is a flagship programme to promote Port-led development,
designed to harness India’s 7,500 km coastline
• 800+ projects with an estimated investment of more than USD 66.2 Bn
have been identified
• 111 inland waterway channels have been declared as National Waterways

Source: investindia
Multimodal transport in India

Source: investindia
Multimodal transport in India

Source: investindia
Multimodal transport in India – Multimodal logistics parks

Source: investindia
Association of Multimodal Transport Operators India

Patron Membership (Life)

• Allcargo Logistics Ltd

• Teamglobal Logistics Pvt Ltd
• Transcon Freight System Pvt Ltd
• Triton Logistics & Maritime Pvt Ltd
 Association of Multimodal Transport Operators India

• Term Gold Membership (15 •Goodrich Maritime Pvt Ltd

Years)
•GRT Global Logistics Pvt Ltd
• ATC Global Logistics Pvt Ltd •Insynergy Supply Chain Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
• AVANA Logistek Ltd •Link Shipping & Management Systems Pvt Ltd
• Awatac Container Line Pvt. Ltd. •Links Cargo Agencies Pvt Ltd
• Bhatia Shipping Pvt Ltd •Neptune Container Line & Logistics Pvt Ltd
• Chakiat Agencies Pvt. Ltd. •Orchid Shipping Pvt Ltd
•PDP International Ltd
• CKB Global Logistics Pvt. Ltd. •Prudential Global Logistics (India) Pvt. Limited
• DSV Air & Sea Pvt. Ltd. •Radar Ventures Pvt Ltd
• Expo Freight Pvt Ltd •Sanco Trans Ltd
• Express Global Logsitics Pvt Ltd •TVS Dynamic Global Freight Service Ltd
• Freight Lines (India) Pvt. Ltd. •Velji Dosabhai & Sons Pvt Ltd
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport

• https://talkinglogistics.com/2015/10/12/global-multimodal-
transportation-is-not-a-do-it-yourself-operation-the-important-link-
between-shippers-freight-forwarders-and-tms/
• https://www.supplychainquarterly.com/articles/1401-making-the-
journey-to-a-multimodal-segmented-supply-chain
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326235495_Multimodal_t
ransport_system_effect_on_logistics_responsive_performance_Appli
cation_of_ordinal_logistic_regression
 Intermodal and Multimodal Transport

• https://www.redwoodlogistics.com/what-is-multimodal-transport-
breaking-down-the-facts-and-fiction/
• https://www.shipag.com/blog/2017/08/intermodal-versus-
multimodal-whats-difference-and-which-should-you-select/
• https://www.macandrews.com/intermodal-vs-multimodal-
difference/?cn-reloaded=1
• https://clearitusa.com/multimodal-vs-intermodal-transportation/
• https://www.shippingandfreightresource.com/difference-between-
intermodal-and-multimodal-transport/
• https://www.easyship.com/blog/4pl-vs-3pl
 Multimodal Industry and Major Players

• Material Handling, Transport, Warehousing, Packing/unpacking, Freight Forwarding are main

elements in Multimodal Logistics
• Material handling – takes place at each interphase: between ports and ships, shipside and interim
storage, interim storage and transport vehicles, transport vehicles and warehousing, warehousing
and land transport and transport vehicles and end customers’ premises. Different Material
handling systems, equipment and processes are used.
• Transport – Surface: Water, road, rail, pipeline, conveyors, waterways; Air transport. Vehicles of
different specification are used as per user requirement and transport economics
• Warehousing – ICDs, CFSs, AFSs, MML Parks and all transport interchange points have
warehouses for safe and secure storage of cargo before switching to next leg
• Packing / Unpacking – Unitization is the main value addition which happens at ICDs, CFSs and
AFSs. Bulk to unitization and unitized to bulking or container stuffing / destuffing operation is
common for most of the cargo
• Freight Forwarding – Many large scale freight forwarders provide a single point service under the
license to operate as MTOs.
 Multimodal Industry and Major Players

• Road transport has been a dominant segment in India's

transportation sector and is considered one of the most preferred
modes. It accounts for over 60% of freight traffic movement. Easy
availability, customized service, door-to-door delivery and cost saving
continue to work in the favour of the sector. Transport through road
network also acts as a feeder to other modes of freight transport-
Railways, Air and sea. i. The trucking industry in India is highly
unorganized and fragmented. ii. It is estimated that 20% of the
industry is organized. iii. In terms of ownership, 74% are small fleet
operators with fleet of 1-5 trucks each. iv. Only 10% are large player
with over 20 trucks eac
 Multimodal Industry and Major Players

• Rail Freight: Goods are transported predominantly by road and rail in India.
Whereas road transport is controlled by private players, rail transport is
handled by the central government. Rail is preferred because of
containerization facility and ease in transporting ship-containers and
wooden crates. Despite having one of the world's largest rail networks and
recent privatization of the container rail industry, road transportation
continues to grow and gain share from rail- albeit at a slower pace.
• The freight contributes about 65% to the Indian railway’s total revenue.
However the rail share in freight traffic has fallen from 88% in the 1950s to
about 35% in favor of the road sector due to the former’s inherent
disadvantages. Estimate of the modal movement of cargo highlights that In
India nearly 30 % of the cargo is moved by rail.
 Multimodal Industry and Major Players

• Container Volumes at Indian Ports – role of non major ports

Transportation Warehousing Value added

Modes services
Road Trucking Inland distribution Labelling
Rail Rail transport ICD, CFS, MML Park Stuffing/destuffing
Ocean Freight forwarding FTWZs, Distriparks Freight consolidation
Air Express services Air cargo centers NVOCC operations
• Port logistics elements of MM primarily comprise of CFS, ICDs and
Container Train Operators (CTOs). Private investors have started investing
not only in ports and terminals but other supporting infrastructure which
connects the service providers with end user consumers.
 Multimodal Industry and Major Players

Major Players of Port Logistics services with Multimodal capability

• CONCOR
• GDL
• Allcargo
• Adani Logistics
• Arshiya International
• Hind Terminals
• Container Train Operators (16 licensees)
 Multimodal Industry and Major Players

• Multimodal Transport in India – A Basic Perspective (investindia.gov.in)

• Back to Growth: Union Budget 2021-22 announcement - Logistics (investindia.gov.in)
• https://theresearchers.asia/Papers/Vol-I,%20ISsue-
II/Multimodal%20Transport%20in%20India.pdf
• http://cdn.tcil.in/TCI_LogisticsFocus/Logfocus_Multimodal_Logistics.pdf
• https://www.marketresearch.com/product/sample-8801601.pdf
• https://www.itln.in/12-cfs-and-icds-in-4-indian-states-goes-live-on-api-with-pcs-1x-shipping
• https://theloadstar.com/the-biggest-challenge-for-forwarders-in-india-is-getting-cargo-through-
the-airports/
• https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/government-
actively-pushing-for-air-freight-stations-says-choubey/articleshow/66706822.cms?from=mdr

• https://www.consultancy.uk/news/17391/the-25-companies-with-the-best-supply-chain-and-
logistics-practices
Multimodal Transport
Multimodal (combined) Transport is a combination of:
• At least two or more different transport modes
• To move the goods / cargo from
• A place in one country to a place in another country
Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO)
• MTO is a carrier who concludes multimodal transport contracts, the
contracts involving transport by more than one mode of carriage, for
which MTO accepts responsibility and liability as a carrier.
MTO License
• D G Shipping is empowered to issue MTO license in India
 Multimodal Transport
Relative Importance of Service and Cost
• Total logistics cost = Inland transport at both ends + Ocean freight
+ Warehousing + Inventory carrying cost + Insurance
• Frequency of service – Ideally daily service
• Transit time – Fastest possible transit
• Reliability of service – For JIT strategy
• Safety and security
Importance of service parameters varies with the seasonal demand, type
and value of cargo
 Multimodal Transport
Benefits of Multimodal transport
• A single contract covering all modes of transport under single responsibility
• Saves time and efforts for cargo interests – especially for high value users
• Customers can focus on their priority service points
• Greater safety and security due to a single contract
• Potential reduction of costs as the MTO can exercise volume based bargains
• Simplified tracking process for all consignments
Multimodal Transport
Documents used
• Bill of lading (3 originals) (ocean transport)
• Packing list (3 originals)
• Invoice (3 originals)
• Certificate of Origin (1 original)
• Original Power of attorney
• Phytosanitary certificate
• Phytosanitary import permission
Multimodal Transport
Responsibility of MTO
• MTO is the broker of transport responsible for transfer of goods from
source to destination, under a single contract document.
• MTO uses a combination of several modes of transport comprising of
rail, road (trucks/road tankers), ships, air. Use of different means of
transport is based on the preference and requirements of end
customers ensuring the most efficient and economic route.
Multimodal Transport
Limitation of liability
• According to the Multimodal Transport of Goods Act, 1993; in case of
non-declaration of value by consignor and ignorance as to during
which stage loss or damage occurred, liability shall not exceed 2 SDR
per kg. of gross weight or 666.67 SDR per package or unit whichever
is higher. (Today’s exchange rate is SRD1 = US$1.3689).
• SDR is used for determining liability of sea and air transport.
• Value of SRD is based on basket of five currencies: US Dollar, Euro,
Chinese renminbi, Japanese Yen, British Pound Sterling
Multimodal Transport
The Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act, 1993 (MMTG) provides for
Regulation of Multimodal Transportation of Goods
From
Any place in India to Any place outside India
Involving
Two or more modes of transport
On the basis of
A single multimodal transport contract
Multimodal Transport
• CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY
• SECTIONS 1. Short title, extent and commencement. 2. Definitions.
• CHAPTER II REGULATION OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION
• 3. No person to carry on business without registration. 4. Registration for
multimodal transportation. 5. Cancellation of registration. 6. Appeal.
• CHAPTER III MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT DOCUMENT
• 7. Issue of multimodal transport document. 8. Multimodal transport
document to be regarded as document of title. 9. Contents of multimodal
transport document. 10. Reservation in the multimodal transport
document. 11. Evidentiary effect of the multimodal transport document.
12. Responsibility of the consignor.
Multimodal Transport
• CHAPTER IV RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES OF THE MULTIMODAL
TRANSPORT OPERATOR
• 13. Basis of liability of multimodal transport operator. 14. Limits of liability
when the nature and value of the consignment have not been declared and
stage of transport where loss or damage occurred is not known. 15. Limits
of liability when the nature and value of the consignment have not been
declared and stage of transport where loss or damage occurred is known.
16. Liability of the multimodal transport operator in case of delay in
delivery of goods under certain circumstances. 17. Assessment of
compensation. 18. Loss of right of multimodal transport operator to limit
liability. 19. Limit of liability of multimodal transport operator for total loss
of goods. 20. Notice of loss of or damage to goods. 20A. Period of
responsibility
Multimodal Transport
• CHAPTER V MISCELLANEOUS
• 21. Special provision for dangerous goods. 22. Right of multimodal
transport operator to have lien on goods and documents. 23. General
average. 24. Limitation on action. 25. Jurisdiction for instituting
action. SECTIONS 26. Arbitration. 27. Delegation of power. 28.
Multimodal transport contract to be made in accordance with this
Act. 29. Act of override other enactments. 30. Power to make rules.
31. [Repealed.] 32. Repeal and savings. THE SCHEDULE [Repealed].