KITAB AL-FILAHA
(BOOK ON AGRICULTURE)

IBN MOHAMMED IBN AHMED

IBN AL AWAM, SEVILLANO.

VOLUME I
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  ......................................................................................  2  

Author’s  Prologue  ...........................................................................................  5  

Chapter  I  .......................................................................................................  21  

Knowledge  of  the  species  of  good  land  for  plantations    or  lower  medium  and  fields  
through  certain  signs  of  these  things.  Mention  those  that  are  not  good  for  these  effects,  
so-­‐called  vacant.  What  trees  or  vegetables  feel  good  in  every  kind  of  land  according  to  
what  Ibn-­‐Hajaj  wrote  about  the  advantageous  quality  or  vile  of  the  land.  .......................  21  

Chapter  II  ......................................................................................................  53  

Of  manure  and  useful  species,  preparation,  method  of  use  or  apply.    Referring  to  
trees  and  vegetables,  suffering,  or  not,    all  manure  from  the  book  of  Ibn-­‐Hajaj,    that  under  
the  name  of  sirjin  is  about  manure.  .................................................................................  53  

Chapter  III  .....................................................................................................  74  

Water  species  with  trees  and  vegetables  are  irrigated;    and  which  corresponds  to  
each  of  these  species.    In  what  way  have  opened  the  wells  (or  wells)  in  the  gardens,    and  
atraillar  (or  match)  the  earth  so  that  water  can  run  and  watering  all.    Refer  signs  where  it  
is  known  if  the  water  is  near  or  far    from  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  everything  else  on  
this  matter.  ......................................................................................................................  74  

Chapter  IV  ....................................................................................................  85  

About  the  Orchards  and  the  disposition  or  order    of  the  plantations  of  trees  on  
them,  according  to  the  book    where  Ibn-­‐Hajáj  works  this  subject.  ....................................  85  

Chapter  V  .....................................................................................................  87  

Of  the  plantation  of  trees  in  drought  conditions,  and  watering  the  gardens.    Refer  
that  there  are  trees  whom  the  gardener  shall  not  water  if  he  plans  to  partake  a  direct  
benefit  from  them  ...........................................................................................................  87  

Chapter  VI  ..................................................................................................  110  

Of  the  plantation  of  fruit  trees  and  vegetables,  according  to  reciprocal  
convenience  in  some  common  maxims,  with  the  explanation  that  need  to  be  illustrated.  
The  way  of  benefit  and  cultivate  the  land  before  make  in  her  a  plantation,  and  pull  out  the  
noxious  plants.  Of  the  capacity  of  the  holes  for  seedlings  and  torn.  Of  the  plantation  of  

 
  

seeds  and  their  transplantation.  Of  the  distance  between  the  trees.  Of  the  choice  and  
transplantation  of  the  same.  Of  the  airs  that  are  appropriate  for  the  plantations,  graft  and  
sows.  About  the  irrigation,  manure  and  cleaning,  and  the  best  moment  to  do  all  of  the  
mentioned  operations;  on  whose  subject  was  treated  up;  to  know  that  it  is  better  to  plant  
the  fruit  trees  in  autumn,  according  to  the  Ibn-­‐Hajáj  book.  Of  the  way  to  do  the  
plantations.  Of  the  capacity  of  the  holes  to  each  tree.  Of  the  preparation  of  the  land  to  
this  effect,  and  the  distance  that  must  be  between  the  trees.  ........................................  110  

Chapter  VII  .................................................................................................  125  

About  the  trees  that  are  usually  planted  on  the  Spain  provinces.  Aptitude  of  each  
specie  and  description  of  some  of  them.  About  the  planting  of  each  tree,  and  specie  of  
ground  appropriate.  His  irrigation  and  praise,  what  is  the  manure,  with  everything  else  
that  is  required  for  each  one  in  his  respective  regimen.  .................................................  125  

Chapter  VIII  ................................................................................................  226  

About  the  graft  of  some  trees  in  others,    reciprocally  analogs  in  many  useful  
qualities    and  way  of  execute  on  them  this  operation,    according  their  particular  
differences.  ....................................................................................................................  226  

Chapter  IX  ...................................................................................................  276  

The  cut  and  cleaning  of  the  trees  and  the  time  to  execute  it;  and  the  felling  or  
pruning  of  the  vines,  according  the  Ibn-­‐Hajáj  book.  .......................................................  276  

Chapter  X  ....................................................................................................  282  

Of  the  work  relating  to  the  payment  of  the  land  of  trees  and  its  trees,    and  the  best  
time  to  execute  the  manure  of  the  earth.      Designates  are  the  trees  to  which  could  suit,  or  
not,  much  crop.    Of  the  mode  to  extend  the  branches  in  the  empty  places.    And  the  quality  
of  the  laborers  for  working  in  agriculture.  ......................................................................  282  

Chapter  XI  ...................................................................................................  295  

The  application  of  manure  for  trees,  planting  grounds  and  calm  soil.    The  kind  of  
manure  that  best  suits  each  one.    The  benefits  it  gives  to  the  brackish  soils.    How  much  
time  and  quantity  must  be  given  to  this  task,    according  to  Nabathea  agriculture.  .........  295  

Chapter  XII  ..................................................................................................  301  

The  watering  of  the  tress  and  time  that  this  operation  should  be  done:    those  that  
benefit  from  lots  of  water,  according  to  the  books    of  Ibn-­‐Jajáj,  Ab-­‐Abdalab,  Ibn-­‐elFasél,  
Háj,  Abu-­‐el-­‐Fair    and  other  authors.  ...............................................................................  301  

 
  

Chapter  XIII  .................................................................................................  317  

The  way  to  fertilize  the  trees  so  that  by  Allah,    give  the  tasty,  sweet  and  very  juicy  
fruit,    and  in  greater  abundance:    and  which  of  them  have  mutual  love  or  aversion.  ......  317  

Chapter  XIV  ................................................................................................  321  

About  the  healing  of  the  trees  and  some  vegetables,  or  how  are  them  removed  
and  retire  the  weakness  and  damage  that  they  use  to  be  undertaken  according  to  the  
book  of  Ibn-­‐Hajáj.  ..........................................................................................................  321  

Chapter  XV  .................................................................................................  350  

Some  rare  and  ingenious  skills  executed  in  some  trees  and    vegetables  as  
introduced  into  fruit  trees  at  the  time    of  fixing  their  branches  or  small  bone  and  seeds  of  
its  fruit  sowing,    and  the  same  in  the  seedlings,  aromatic  and  sweet  things    and  laxatives  
remedies,  making  its  fruits  come  from  those    or  other  similar  qualities,  according  to  the  
book  of    Haj  Granadino  and  others.  ...............................................................................  350  

Chapter  XVI  ................................................................................................  364  

The  mode  of  keep  fresh  dry  fruits,    grains,  seeds,  legumes  and  flour,    and  to  
preserve  some  vegetables.   ............................................................................................  364  
 

 
  

Author’s Prologue

In the name of the merciful and compassionate Allah, in whom I put my trust.

Excelent Doctor, Abu-Zacharia, Iahia, Ibn-Mohammad, Ibn Ahmed, Ibn Al

Awám, Praise Allah, lord of all creatures...

Having read the books of agriculture that have come to my notice from muslims
in Spain and from other authors that have treat the art of break the land, understanding
of the economy (or ways) of make the sowings and plantings, and the books that they
wrote about the part of agriculture respective to animals, and having contemplated and
seen with reflexion the doctrine contained in them, I have translated from them to this
work what they show, and contains their maximum, chapters and articles.

Who wants to dedicate to this kind of art will find from this, with Allah’s favor,
what is necessary in life. With the help of the agriculture it will ensure the right food to
them, their children and family. In her they’ll find what they need and what they will
desire. The agriculture it must be consider as one of the main aid to the present life
needs, and also to assure us the happiness of the other with the help of the lord, by
whose favor, throught the sowings and plantings, they multiply food. Whereby it’s said
that Mohammad gave this advice: look for the sustention picking fruits that the land
produce.

The excellent Doctor wise and eloquent Abu-Omar, Ahmed-Ibn-Mohamad, Ibn-

Hajaj says at the end of his agriculture book, named the Enough, talking about the
warnings that must be consider in this art: “In present to you, my uterine brother, I have
concluded and perfected this, my work. With her I have keep my word according to the
intent that I set. With her I give you enough help, through which you could guide the
ignorant people, which lacks of science and values, however their exercise and practice
is continued and from long time. Leaving aside their opinions, I present to you the
verdict of the biggest wises and other people of wit and insight. Such are the examples
that I follow in this work; and out of them there is none that can model proposed by
imitation. Do not answer to the weak such as the common people, or don’t you care

 
  

about what the ignorant and rustic people feel, leaning on what they claim wrongly;
because from their instruction you won’t bring forth useful. These can only contribute
to your happiness, if you serve them to the material culture; because in order to
knowledge, it is diverted away from right principles in which it is founded.”

ARTICLE I.

One of the things that must incite us to the agriculture and what makes us
delectable and appealing the job or occupation of planting trees and sow the land, at the
same time that the necessity of this science persuade us since the beginning till the last
consequences, it is a tradition that we have from Mohammad, talking about the price
promised to the peasants. It is counted “Anyone who plants or planting something, and
fruit from their trees or semen waxes men eat thereof, birds and beasts, all this is
deemed (as if he had actually given) alms." This says, that Allah gives riches in prize
proportion of his labor, which will produce the fruits of the earth. By tradition of Abu-
Harírat we also have said the same: The building buildings or plant trees, but not
oppress anyone or fail to justice, it shall receive a generous prize from the merciful
Creator. It is also have said, that when Allah wants to fecundate the crops, pour his
blessing on the rods and pins, and gives the commission an angel to guard all grains.
This way, when you sow something say: O Allah! Pour out your blessing on this, as a
result of your compassion and mercy. In order to respect this very many said theirs;
which if you do preferring use in such cases, you'll start with hope enough reason (of a
good harvest).

 
  

ARTICLE II.

In the book untitled: Notices to lead a peasant is said to Abu-Harírat, (or be

asked this question): What is the true honor? And he answers: in the fear of Allah, and
the willingness of possessions. Cais Ibn-Ossam told his sons: Try to take care of your
possessions. This is what gives renowned fame to the noble, and what produce solid
profits to meet him, rather than idleness unworthy of praise. It refers to this famous
saying of Atabáh Ibn Abi Sofian to his servant when he entrusted the administration of
their possessions: "Watch carefully and watch my little possession to be made large, and
don't have idle when big, so it does not come little." And to this end many more similar.
One of which is that the farmer himself must visit frequently her inheritance, and not be
absent from it, particularly in time of the work, such as digging for it is satisfied the care
and monitoring of day laborers, and know them enough and just reward the activity that
work as they deserve. Another proverb of the same type is as follows: the inheritance
says his owner: let me see your shadow, sow.

ARTICLE III.

It is said that the first plowed and sowed the earth was Adam, inspired by Allah,
and teached by some inner instinct necessary for this science; later his son Seth and
Edris (or Enoch). After the flood, the ark came to nothing else but proposed to farm
with the direction that Noé gave them.

ARTICLE IV.

Refer this panish Ibn-Hazem said: "Know that the peace and stillness, delight,
good health (or robustness of the body), the true honor and the prize, together all these
congratulations are in the peasant, when somehow only to them the land is tax.”

 
  

Till the land yields a sure gain. Two are general species of land: dryland and irrigated
land. The species of the latter is the best and most significant

On either one can understand the benefit of irrigation, carrying water sources or
rivers (according to their respective situation). Irrigation with river water is very
laborious, requiring for this machine, well’s instruments or wheel that must be moved in
rotation by camels, donkeys or mules; whose machines are most exposed to frequent
failures. It is not convenient to use this mode of irrigation, but when this involves the
need to; that is, when it cannot be acquired for other chance necessary for life; and in
this case one should take care of this by itself; otherwise it would be the increased cost
and low utility. Sometimes it made the spending bill that cause animals and machines),
and it has been found or is very close, or exceeds the value of the entire product.
Furthermore should know, that have small holdings together is better, more
advantageous and useful than having them large, separated (or distant from each other);
because for many possessions together just one operator (or foreman), and they must
separate each his own.

ARTICLE V.

Agriculture is nothing other than the fixed preparation (and fertilizers) of land,
planting trees in it, grafts thereof as convenience to the respective species, planting
beans served the custom of each country, the provision and measure them proportionate
to the value and goodness of the fruit that should produce. In this is the right disposition
of seeds, course Allah apart from them the damage or corruption itself may have.
Agriculture is also the knowledge of the land; that is, which ones are good, which
middle, and the inferior ones. This fundamental principle is absolutely necessary. (In
addition to knowing) what trees, seeds and vegetables planted and sown correspond in
each field, and choosing the best species. (It is also necessary to know the proper time
to each kind of seed, which should be the air, and the same applies to the plantations. It
should also be known what quality of work they ask seeds, which the plantations.
Knowledge of the difference of water is also necessary; that is, what quality of water
corresponding to each species of plants or crops and how much; also knowledge of
manure and their preparation; which one suits every kind of trees, vegetables, crops and

 
  

land; what and how they are to be manufactured in the cultivation of land ben precede
the sowing and after planting: manure mode and match the land, or arrange it so that
water can penetrate her after all irrigated; the extent or amount of seeds (according to
their kinds) that supports or may suffer the land, the regime in growing vegetables and
trees, and how to cure them or preserve them from all harm or illness that may befall;
all this regime repeat necessary ) with continued assistance as appropriate to their
preservation, until they come to bear fruit; which will not fail to be multiplied and
filling, by Allah. Lately lock mode and keep the grains and fruits; to do useful and
beneficial fruits, and other relevant to this matter.

ARTICLE VI.

After playing my business under the proposal, I will add to this the treaty of
animals that necessarily use in the cultivation of land is made; and some birds that breed
in the fields and garden (by the utility that can produce) giving a description with the
distinguished names of the best of these living, the way to increase their breeding, the
system or method of caring, and while some cures for diseases often suffer, and
everything else relative and annexed to this matter.

ARTICLE VII.

Know you (Allah direct us to me and to you) that divided this work in thirty-five
chapters. Each has its particular art (or science of Agriculture) issue, according to see
the favor of Allah (in whose aid I put my trust). In this my Work adopted and still they
include in his wise Doctor, (guide or leader in this area) Abu-Omar Ibn-Hajaj entitled:
Almokna, or enough), and the same year he composed 466 (of the Hegira) on the
authority or statements of the finest farmers and Philosophers. In this regard the major
such work or judgments, citing their respective owners. Thirty are they served, (ancient
and modern). The old ones are June, Varro, Lecacio, Yucansos, Tarado, Betodun,
Bariayo oPaladio ) Democritus Greek, Casiano, Tharur-Athikos, Leo the black or

 
  

African ) wise Burkastos Greece, Sadgimos (or Sadihames) Somano, Sarao, Antulio ed
Anatole ), Solon, Sidagós the SeyIbnse Monharis, Marguthis (or Mauricio) Marsinal the
Athenian, Anon, Barur-Anthos, and later to them; such are the Rasis, Isahac-Ibn-
Soliman, Ibn Corat Tabet, Abu-Hanifa Al-Deenoori, and others whose names left to
express.

In addition to this work, I also avail myself of the doctrine (as the judge
convenient) contained in the aforementioned books. And also, out of them, I also serve
on the work entitled: Agriculture Nabathea (or Caldea) Kutsámi authored, that worked
on what they had said the most excellent scientists, and others whose names are
mentioned.

Such are Adam, Sagrit, Iam-buchad, Ahnuhd (or Enoch), Masio, Duna,
Demetrio and others. In my work I often summarize the title of this book when I
mention it, and instead put this symbol ≠. I also serve on the Work of Dr. Abu-Abdallah
Ibrahim Mahomed Ibn Ibn the Spanish Fasel, based on experiences. When offered cite
this work use the symbol #, this note ∞ when I quote the work of the doctor and scholar
Abu-el-Jair Seville, founded in the views of many scholars, some farmers, and the same
experience. Just use this mode signal Ω to cite the work of El-Haj Granada. I also worth
book-Ibn Abi-the-Igsawad, Garib Ibn-Saad and others. Also transfer or refer to my
work I have found few attributed to some scholars, of whom I mention after the
abovesaid. Such are Dimuát, noticed by this figure µ, quoted by Galen this α, African
Anatole by ø, Persian for this £, Kastos by this ¡, Casio * for this &, this ¥ Aristotle and
finally this Σ Maxrario or Greek Maccario. Refer some wise in his annals, the latter
author was Alexandrino and one of those who have lived a long time, having counted
eight hundred years old. Produce for the authority according to these authors, who
poured in their works without presenting altered the sincerity of his expressions. Also I
refer to this sum the sayings of other Muslims, without stating their names, using to cite
(as stated above and to meet shortly) only in this expression: according to another
author, or another author he says. No sentence establish in my work that I have not
tested by experience repeated times.

I divide this work in two books (or parts). The first contains the knowledge
(which must have a Labrador) on the choice of the land, manure, water, planting mode
and the way of planting trees, and all annex, belonging and therefore this matter. The
second book will understand what belonging to sowings (and bouquet) of agriculture

 
  

respective to animals. Allah gives me this performance corresponding with his welcome
address sufficiency and assistance. I propose in the first place the opinions that the
scholar Al-Khatib Abu-Omar Ibn-Hajaj states in his book, taken from the ancient
authors cited in it; which put as fundamental principles, because of the fame and
celebrity (which they were acquired) in the sciences. Although these authors were from
distant regions of ours, not that I depart from them, or omit their proven by experience
in our provinces doctrine. Lately perfected the intent that I have proposed, referring to
my work experiences or observations on this subject, learned from books Farmers of
Spain, when these and everything else in that suit his statements with judgments of old,
test well in our regions, alleged the will of Allah we trust. Lately perfected the intent
that I have proposed, referring to my work experiences or observations on this subject,
learned from books Farmers of Spain, when these and everything else in that suit his
statements with judgments of old, test well in our regions, alleged the will of Allah we
trust.

Kutsámi warns early in his Agriculture Nabathea (explaining the word Cadaman
that she has to use the depth setting should have holes for the plants and the like), this
word Cadaman (meaning two feet), equivalent to elbow just over span, and sometimes
cubit and full span: this nabach word (meaning escava), a term used in its construction,
and denoting some kind of work to use in growing trees ago plays or is the same as
finding these to the roots as usual: that thamar (foundation, is nothing but action to
replenish the earth in the excavated sites: that elmochak (mean slit) is the digs light: that
tadioid is almost the same as logging, the-kamah (restrain) is pruning, and such like,
that by-kaf (or fist handful, when its extent is not expressed, it means the sum of ten
grains. Abu-Abdallah Ibnel-Fasel says that when his work uses the diction el-kafat
(crate), it means almost half a kafiz (or Cahiz) Cordoba: when el-haud (pool or table)
says, limited to twelve cubits understand (or rods) long and four wide.

The object of this work is already indicated in general. The explanation of all
proposed or private affairs of its chapters, is what we will now see (in the following
index) with the help of Allah. The first chapter is the way to know the good, medium
and lower land, saying this with reasons and authorities. Whether it's the nature of the
land, and which are suitable for crops and plantations are identified, addressed all
species; and what is appropriate and should be done for this knowledge. Similarly, the

 
  

way to know the species of land that are not good for crops or crops, this calls for
vacant (or free grazing).

Chapter II deals with the manure, its species, so that should be prepared. Of its
profits to land, trees and other plants. Use. What kind of manure corresponds to each
caste land, plantations and crops. Tick the trees, vegetables, and quality of land where
manure feel good. Species of land, trees and vegetables that do not support or suffer
manure, or it contributes to preserve (or improve them) are also highlighted.

Chapter III about water species to be used for irrigation of trees or vegetables,
and what sort of agrees to them each caste of land. Mode is also open wells for watering
gardens. The time when this should be done. The way to find water, and make usual
under the doctrine established in the Work of Filemon and other author; and everything
else pertaining to this matter. It also seeks tamping mode (or smooth) the orchards so
that the water can penetrate everything watered.

Chapter IV deals with the orchards or gardens, the best way to have trees that
they shall have been planted, and elections, (or array of practices) that this is observed.

Chapter V is the choice of trees, and fruit species with regard to dryland or
irrigated, and everything else, the knowledge may be useful and interesting to you were
to plant trees. Knowledge of the times should be planted and how this should be done,
either by planting the grain of the fruit, planting a bouquet torn, stake or buds of this,
and transplanting the bouquet out of the squad with its root, called alnawámi; and what
to do when ground cover.

The mehtod for back and sink strains. How is the operation which the Arabs call
astasláf, and others similar to those mentioned above and other than (that mention is
also made) until the strains arrive to repair or improve. Depth and width must have
holes of plants, and the distance to which must be these together.

Chapter VI is the way of planting fruit trees and vegetables, summing up this
doctrine in these compendiums on this matter. This chapter also cover certain
experiences (or observations) on the planting of some trees, its regime or government,
and the choice of times that should be planted them, and planted vegetables. Cleaning.
Of the branches to be cut to pick grafts. Short wood, and the like.

Chapter VII is about usually planted trees in most of the provinces of Spain. Of
their classes and attributes species (or property) of each. How should be planted each

 
  

tree species, and which convenient for every land. Irrigation, manure, and other
provisions or individual operations) with respect to each particular tree. Whether first
trees that grow up in the mountains, after growing up in the valleys or cultivated fields),
and lately those in plains. These are olive, laurel, oak, pear, alhócigo (or alfónsigo),
Cherry, carob, Arraijan, the madroñero, or the masdrufat, chestnut, medlar, hawthorn
(or Majuelas ), pomegranate, wild pomegranate, almond, pine, spruce, cypress, juniper,
juniper tree, fig, cabrahigo, moral (or mulberry), walnut, rose, jasmine, jaiziran, sumac,
citron, orange trees, the zamboa (or grapefruit) , lemon, serval, the dadi, the cacti,
oilpalm, Indian Almond (or quince), apple, hackberry, the azadirahto (or acedaraque ),
white and black poplar, poplar Roman or black, willow, apple of Armenia (apricot),
peach, plum Zaragoza (or Damascus), palm, grapes, hazelnuts, cane sugar, muza, cane
arrows, ash , banana, oleander, the bush, the wild rose, the Rhamno or cambrón.

Chapter VIII deals with the knowledge, manner and time of grafting trees
together have some sort of friendship or sympathy and convenience able to provided
mutually utility. How bouquets, feathers or spikes for the graft should be cut, and how
they should be stored. What should be chosen for the graft, and how they have to have,
debugging for graft them. The practice of Nabatheos in the operation of the grafts,
which is what is to slit the top of the tree, at the foot of it and its roots. From the
Romans (or Latinos) who did the graft between the bark and wood in those places the
tree. From the Persians that tube grafted on top of the tree, and in its roots. Tube graft of
fruit trees.

In the practice of the Greeks they grafted gusset along the way to figure arraihan
leaf, square, and circle. Grafting drilling mode one tree into another, so that still
produce the customary fruit, carrying also one of which tree was grafted, or that being
one its root produce various fruit. Of the mode also grafted by drill in the tree's foot,
either below or on the ground, and in the branches. Blind graft and the like. The same
happy success have some seeds and grains eaten in some species of plants, such as
pumpkin in the wild onion (or flanking), the cucumber in the bugloss (or ox tongue
called borage); the melon in pixacantha Lycio, in licorice, mulberry tree, fig trees and
the like. It refers what has been said about these operations, with everything else, the
knowledge can be useful and helpful in the matter. Lately it is in this chapter of age or
length of the trees.

 
  

Chapter IX is the mode and time of felling trees. Which suffer the felling trees,
and which not. The pruning of vines. The vines clean before pruning. The way to grow
and increase its respective crop trees, alleged the will of Allah.

Chapter X is about the cultivation of the land of trees with respect to their
quality and to plants that have in them. The proper time for this, or provision has to be
the land at the time of the work. What suits much crop trees, to which not, and to what
an average crop. And the choice of day laborers in agriculture.

Chapter XI is the way to fertilize trees, planting land, and calm land. Which
manure corresponding to each species. On the mehtod for benefit the brackish land (or
salty). The respective amount of manure. In which time and how it should be manure,
considering the arrangement of trees and earth in which they are planted.

Chapter XII is the watering trees, and vegetables; at what time should be given
and how much, that is, to what trees sit well much watering, and which do not.

Chapter XIII treat of the trees that are going to be mentioned, and are the wild
fig, early palm, fig, peach, pomegranate, plum, pear, cherry, almond, walnut, alfónsigo,
the Armenian apple (or apricot), olive, apple, chestnut, rose, common palm, citron, the
orange, the black plum. As these trees have grown for its fruits are large, palatable, very
sweet and abundant, with Allah's favor. Also about the trees that have mutual love (or
sympathy), and instead have together some sort of antipathy (or aversion). The way to
do the latter useful, planting them at provided distances.

Chapter XIV is the way to remove trees and vegetables that there's mention the
damage or disease, as the apple, Damascus plum, orange, citron, lemon, zamboa, vine,
fig, mulberry, olive, pomegranate, peach, quince, almond and walnut. Medicine
cabbages and vegetables, and how trees weakness (or detriment), shock and delay
repaired; and tafria (or illness) which does detach * sheet. On the mehtod for chase
away the ants and protect them from harm; and they come from grass and bad air. And
how very old rose bush or whatever flimsy for repair.

Chapter XV is some care or funny thing is done in some trees and vegetables.
Which comprises introducing into the plants certain smells, sweetness and flavor as
treacle, and unite in fruit sweetness with the quality of purgative remedy and the entire
tree by a sort of grafting, or in any of its branches; and so on vegetables, so that the fruit
is noticed and the same smell and virtue of the which it will ingest appears. What should

 
  

be done to come out yellow roses, or saffron and blue color. How have to dispose roses
to throw roses out of time and so out of respect for the apple fruit. What should be the
provisions to make apples appear as sort of inscriptions, and even other images or
figures; and the same in the quinces, buts, melons and cucumbers, to print on these
fruits the figure wishes.

What should be done to come out long grapes and their so tight clusters or
segments, which look like a single grain, and grapes they have different colors. What
should be done when they are planted vines so that the grapes do not have small grains;
and figs to appear in the branches of various colors figs, so that in the same plant this
variety is discovered. How should the wallflower arranged to come out his flower
disciplined with the variety of black and white. How are planted around the pools
orange trees, myrtles and other similar trees. Moreover, what should be done for, born
and rise from the same root a set of lettuce, chard and other kinds of vegetables. Lately
how to be arranged turnips and radishes to occur higher than is commonly known. And
how can you have dill and coriander unseeded their grain or seed.

Chapter XVI is about the mode of lock (or save) seeds and fresh and dried fruits,
and so figs. How they have to keep apples, pears, quinces, citrons, pomegranates,
damsons called black and raisin, cherries, grapes, acorns, chestnuts, pistachios, wheat,
barley, lentils, beans, flour, and the seeds of the vegetables that are to be planted, dry
roses, and distilled water them. Finally how to save or preserve some green things,
throwing them in vinegar to eat them out of their recent time.

Chapter XVII which is the first of the second part of this work, is the manner,
time, advantage and benefit from the work they call earth moving, and the convenient
arrangement that is given to her after tired.

Chapter XVIII is about grains and legumes that make idle land, and the benefit
when it is planted. Election of the seeds or way of knowing which are good through
birth and to distinguish them which are healthy who have contracted for some calamity
or corruption. The convenient air to the crops and species corresponding to sow seed in
each kind of terrain.

Chapter XIX is the time and manner of making the sowing especially wheat,
common barley, pearl barley or cappadocia, whose grain judge be the one called by
Nabatheos (or Chaldeans) cali and ascaliat which is the Greek condros and also I judge

 
  

that is called in Nabatheo huchakt and tharmir, in the same language which I think is
also called thormaki. It is also in this chapter of the seeds are sown for early or late.
Measurement or proportion of seeds with respect to the disposition of the land where
they are supplied planting.

Chapter XX is the mode and time of planting rice, millet, lentils, peas, the
Turkish Jewish of irrigation and dryland; and the land quality that correspond to each
kind of seed.

Chapter XXI is about planting in irrigated and dryland legumes, such as beans,
chickpeas, lupins, fenugreek, the bitter vetch and safflower. Planting time and
knowledge of suitable land for these seeds.

Chapter XXII about planting flax, hemp and cotton, onion saffron, henna, blond
dyers, the saturé (or odorous reed), alfalfa, grass or plant called spina quail, and white
poppies. How should this be planted rainfed and irrigation, and land that suits it.

Chapter XXIII comes to vegetables and land corresponding to them, and how to
plant them. Which should be transplanted; and how long they have to stay on the
ground until having reached (competent) seasoning be rooted out; explaining this
doctrine with common observations (to all), and individuals (or respective to each one).
In whose care it is lettuce, endive (or escarole), purslane, pigweed, the orache (or St.
John's herb), spinach, cabbage, sea kale and chard. Time to plant these vegetables, and
quality of land which belongs to each species.

Chapter XXIV about planting root vegetables (or strain) and the like, such as
turnips, carrots, radishes, onions, garlic, leeks, cariotas (or wild carrots), parsnips and
black pepper.

Chapter XXV about planting cucumber, melon, watermelon, small melon,

cucumber, squash, eggplant, the colocynth (wild pumpkin) calls jíor plants. The time
that should be planted, and knowledge of the land which corresponds to each one.

Chapter XXV about planting cucumber, melon, watermelon, small melon,

cucumber, squash, eggplant, the colocynth (wild pumpkin), called of flower. The time
that should be planted, and knowledge of the land which corresponds to each one.

Chapter XXVI is about sowing plants whose seed use is made for seasoning
meats and for some remedies, such as cumin, caraway, Nigella, cress, anise, coriander,

 
  

lawn fennel and wild, mustard, wild anise, the caraway and Greek ervatu. The time
when each of these things has to be planted, the knowledge of the land corresponding to
each species, and which should be planted in irrigated or rainfed.

Chapter XXVII is the way to sow ocymo (or basil) and other fragrant plants like
the wallflower, lily, the nimphea (or canopy lily), the leading grass (or porthole), white
daffodil, yellow, and Macedonian, chrysanthemum (or feverfew), the dog rose, violet,
lemon balm, good grass, the marjoram, maro, clary, sage or horehound, basil, wild
mallow (or marshmallow), the rosebush motif, common mallow, Cordoba and Sicilian,
acacia and lavender. The time that these plants should be, and which land suits them.

Chapter XXVIII is the position of some plants that are usually put in the
gardens, placing them so that the view to offer a varied prospect. Such are (for example)
the celandine, cinara (or thistle), the rue,* the lawn celery (or parsley), woad (or pastel
dye), oregano, wing, savory (or persian oregano) to the absinthe (or wormwood), wild
rue, lawn asparagus, capers, sumac, dill, moth, the lavender, plantain, guava, the ivy, the
nabkat (or ivy bell), lily, snakeroot (or St María ivy) the tree of the same name,
chamomile and sweet clover (or crown of King) .

Chapter XXIX treat the arrangement (or preparation) of the seeds. Of the way of
know which will go well * in that year, by Allah. The time of harvest. The site should
be noted for the era. Threshing. Of the crops, and how to preserve and store fruits and
grains.

Chapter XXX which is like a general chapter, contains many selected

experiences. Knowledge of where the building should be built. In what the weather will
be cut wood for it and the mill (or oil mill). Mode of dry bushes and other noxious
plants to the land. How to be fences that are made for vineyards and orchards without
walls. The way to transplant the countryside bushes and trees to orchards (or gardens).
The mojarred (drag or harrow) to match the earth. Also about trees and plants
mentioned in the chapter of the grafts of the same work. Some desirable characteristics
to the fields, trees and vegetables, touching his improvement. How they have to scare
the beasts, and other small animals or noxious reptiles. Birds and hunting. Of the means
of knowing if the apple tree, the vine and the olive fruit take long before discovered.

How is kneading, fermenting by yeast or other thing, and bake wheat bread,
How is kneading, fermenting by yeast or other thing, and bake bread wheat, so it leaves

 
  

better and more convenient food. The way of preparing the fruits of some trees, wild
vegetables and roots of some plants, and soften the seeds (kernels or ossicles) of those,
so you can make bread, to serve food in times of scarcity, when lacking the necessary
provisions, until the merciful Allah offers other more cheerful by their fertility *.

Utility or damage of floods. The rain, the sun, serenity, and winds to plants.
Signals to be observed know in advance if the winter is rainy, calm and cold or (putting
the will of Allah) and other patents and visible signs, as noted in this area. Of seasons of
the year; and what labors should be given to the land in each month. For which reason it
is called this general chapter. In which I conclude that proposed in the present work on
what is (own and rigorously) Agriculture attempt.

Chapter XXXI is the first in which it is raising animals; that is cattle, of rams
and sheep, goats. From choosing the best of these animals. The time of his rages. How
long are pregnant females. Time that these animals often live. What pasture and water
suit them. Some medicines for their illnesses and accidents. Of his regime, and other
things suitable to them.

Chapter XXXII is the breeding of horses, mules, donkeys and camels, both
males and females, and so respective to breed, and the use made of these animals for the
cavalry, and so used to the work , and for the convenience of its aid any trip in less time,
such as the legal pilgrimage, and other similar utilities. From choosing the best of these
beasts. Riding time. Until what age these animals are under to generate, as noted. What
grass should be given, and in what amount; and what time has to be given to drink;
Time to fatten the mares, and give forage to their horses after parents and prepare them
for the rides. How they have to exercise or tame colts and remedy the defects that often
noted in some kind of bad, like not receive the brake and others. I lately cavalry art (or
genet).

Chapter XXXIII deals with the veterinary art, or of the remedies for some
diseases of animals, manuals and easy. In some mechanical operations through iron
tools, easy, nothing annoying and very obvious, such as bleeding from the cervical vein
of chest, sides, back on the inside of the outer thigh , the haunch at the top, and sum of
bloodletting in general, and some of the cautery fire. The obvious signs indicating
diseases beasts. Remedies, whose gender composition should after becoming aware of
them kept in memory. This branch of the art of Agriculture, is what is called a
veterinarian.

 
  

Chapter XXXIV is about the birds that are in the garden, in orchards and fields.
In the best of these animals, such as pigeons, geese (or ducks), real ducks, chickens and
bees. Knowledge and choice of these animals. Its regime and government. Their
pastures. And some way to cure their diseases.

Chapter XXXV is about dogs suitable for hunting, and to save the crops and
livestock. The knowledge of the best. The way to care. Medicines for their illnesses, and
keep healthy, by the favor of powerful and glorious Allah *. And it is time to produce
the implied chapters one by one. They contain what I have stated in this Preface, and I
intend to try. To this my attempts are directed: but Allah consists to be happy
performance.

 
  

Volume I

 
  

Chapter I

Knowledge of the species of good land for plantations

or lower medium and fields through certain signs of these things. Mention those
that are not good for these effects, so-called vacant. What trees or vegetables feel
good in every kind of land according to what Ibn-Hajaj wrote about the
advantageous quality or vile of the land.

According to this author, the first level of the science of Agriculture, is the
knowledge of the land, and to distinguish what is good, and what inferior. Who does not
know how this has gone mad and deserves the name of ignorant.

According to Al Razy in his work entitled Physical Auscultation, the stone is to

become muddy field in the speech of a century by the action of sun and rain; For having
in that virtue to dry and dissolve the parts (as does the fire), the rain that comes after,
loosens the already softened, so that corroded and altered in that space of time, they
become mud. It is therefore evident, says Ibn-Hajaj citing this author, whom the sun is
warming the earth disintegrated parts; for which reason the surface of it is better than
other direct heat and softness; and thus we see that the soil from a deep place, as it is
removed from the wells and caverns, the first year is sterile until sunburned soften and
warm parts. Thus, it is constant that the land does not produce as preceding the sun's
heat. Being cold and dry by nature, if it does not communicates heat, humidity and rain,
nothing occurs vegetable in it. Although the land in general is by nature of the afore
mentioned properties, are all a wetter or colder than others.

The warmer earth, say industrious and diligent farmers, is black, and then the
red: the colder is the white, and then yellow. On the way, that the white ground will be
more or less cold proportion to the share of whiteness that enters the temper; and so out

 
  

of respect to yellow and other colors. With regard to the damp earth Degree, which in
color or form was similar to the old rotten manure. You find it flabby be without it
many muds do not harden so that its grounds are very hard, caked, dry and similar to the
hardness of the stone; or cracking or dry; nor is little moisture; or that are disjointed
parts such as sand, which is like a stone that has low humidity, being in fact a kind of
gravel often. Such land as is best for the humidity, and are well few so found; and so
absolutely, positively sure that regardless of the similar quality.

After this land is good, and that is for that reason that the mentions in his work
Dinurita Abu-Hanifa, Author head on plantations. Which he says that the lands that may
be plain, warm, soft and powder-like sand (but not to give them this name) are those in
which plants vegetate; which they are preserved to excavate around and then replenish
the earth. And this, because getting for their softness the rain water or irrigation,
conserving it penetrates to the roots of the plants; which as you are happy about the
extension taken, and because the long-term risks such plant remains. The opposite is
true, adds the same author, when the ground is firm and hard, as it runs through the
water without decline, nor are get wet; and what it is not wet, not occur. Is one hard and
barren land in the center, not sit on it the water, do not acquire the roots expansion.

Another author believes that dry land is two species, one is dry sand degree not
be more than a set of small stones, and therefore similar in dryness in the stones
themselves; in which very little nutritional juice feed plants. The second kind is the
muddy, although too dry, it is much more humid than the sand, and they say that name
is given in view of the hardness of their clods; in which being similar to the hardness of
the stone, no sponge or softens as already mentioned. But if you mix soft earth like unto
the very fine sand, the benefits and features that can expand the roots of plants, and it
absorbs water. This kind of land is much in Mesopotamia *, whose land is the other
advantageous quality to cause the silt that is there, and because the avenues lead,
girdling the surface of other lands, brushwood and manure that softens much and
moistens; although usually it happens that some fine sand mixing with it too softens and
weakens.

About dryness and moisture, this is known by patent signals. Which are similar
to the rotted manure few years land it is fluffy and humid degree. The land which has
slime mixture of very fine sand like Mesopotamia*, if it be dry in highdegree, is rough
that just bind or its parts come together; and one that has no sandy loam mix the wet, or

 
  

where contract therefore sufficient softness; and the same is the rubble of the houses,
similar to lime*. The muddy and dry land, although it is much more humid than the
sand (for their clods harden when it comes to dry, as seen in the narrow colligation and
hardness of them), such as land for its strength and texture is like a stone. But if you
have a powder mixture resembles sand in her little substance, plants may take root in it
deeply. And these are the maximum that should follow a rule or principle sure.

If we examine carefully the land, says Sidagós, we see the need they have to be
moist, rich and fluffy, rather than hot; by the sun and the air can heat them and benefit
them as well; so we need rather fleshy and softness so they can take extension roots of
plants, and easily torn. But if the land happens to attend the same time the two qualities
of hot and humid, the better. Nothing more true than the opinion of Sidagós on this
subject, says Ibn-Hajaj; which referring to the treaty of distinctive knowledge of land
June Review *,Casiano or Casio**, Democritus, and Kastos *** (lead authors of
agriculture) says citing the authority of the first, the best land is black, which felt much
fear and old for the reason that suffers rain; and it follows as the violet. According to
Ibn-Hajaj, this violet is the same as that of the red-sea tie brown land we call Indian.
Such color is the tip or amount of the goodness of the earth, if spongy at the same time;
and trees prosper on it. Returning to the view in June, he says (which is also one of the
best land) which bathe the water in a river, so called silt.

According to Democritus, the land which drunk all the rainwater without
cracking, or that at the time of rainfall does not get slippery, it is of good quality, and so
it is that one that won’t cracks in very hot weather.

On this matter it is advisable, says Ibn-Hajaj, (or prevents) that won't be muddy
or hard land. **** Some as the wise Democritus and others added, they told me I
should not be brittle. But we see it is much the limits of the city of Carmona, from
which however are removed more abundant wheat crops elsewhere. So, in my opinion,
you do not have such kind for disposable ground. But if bow down to a better, provided
the conditions stated above. And also, because this is not exclusively the brittle ground
of total excellence because it is generous, especially wheat in it gets; when many seeds
and common plants do not come good in it, as in fact was not anything special breeding,
out of wheat, but in the black earth, spongy and similar to the old manure all breeds
advantageous is sowing or planting, because of the ease it has; and so it is good quality
Degree. However, we are not attributed as other advantageous own * productions, but

 
  

only certain sowings and plantings; and this after loose or left to grow: which obviously
becomes multiplied as he sows, by Allah's favor.

According Kastos, the best land is which drinks much rain, and the lush and tall
grasses that grow up, and even that produces small and weak. June says that the land is
intended for vegetables must not be white, too rough, or too brittle in the summer. And
the reason is, that the land of that color is easily pressed into the winter, and drained in
the summer; which causes the sun to dry all the plants that are in it, or that are kept
weak and little progressed. Just as suitable for gardens as it is not after working a lot,
and mix the same amount of manure. Which cracks in summer is not good for the same,
or very rough; since neither they raise good plants, or acquire the corresponding force
until the water saturates *. The little rough and sandstone is good for vegetables; and
this is what contains much silt can feed him the roots of these plants. In this you will
know what lands the suit easy mind. If taking a little land in water thou shalt find it is
silt washed most of it, you know it's good to raise vegetables. But if thou shalt find it
more sand, you'll understand that is not provided for that purpose; and the same thing if
the knead your clay with his hands found it, wax-like, or very sticky: the maximum is
June's.

According Casiano has to be sought for the strong and abundant vegetable land
that is not rough, or white, or viscous, or it breaks in the heat. According Ibn-Hajaj,
farmers have for disposable ground muddy and rough, which are the vilest for
vegetables; which itself still wet, and subtle the juice is squeezed from them, compared
with big trees juice not breed good but plentiful, moist and spongy land; and so (when
offered) are pulled easily. But in the muddy, slimy earth or engage in much nutritional
juice, or as we said deepen its roots. However the harsh lands are suitable for trees some
vegetables.

The sandy soil, say some farmers perceived hotter in summer and colder in the
winter; so that both the stones and the surface of it, warming and cooling in the
respective times and then damage to the plants that were there. And such is the maxim
of June which adds just the opposite happen deep in the earth.

According to Galen in his book of Greeks simple remedies, it qualify rough land
of thick mud and so soft on the deck and in the center: opposite and fleshy quality
without giving the name of hard; which it is only good for pottery works: and says that
in the kind of soft distinguish the soft wet; and the squalid arid sandstone. The same

 
  

author says that farmers think, that the fertile land, far from the nature of the stone, and
who fail the arid sandstone surface and not be good for anything. It also says that the
seed lands are of different properties; because some are stout and black, and other soft
without thick and white; two species which are opposite each other. That they have
some other means including, for approaching more or less to respectively one of the
two. He also says, the best land to plant is thick.

Ibn-Hajaj trying in his book the way of knowing the nature of the high and low
lands: Know, says, that the mountains are colder and drier than the plains: the drained
land is this quality to be stony, or because their dust is hard and like a stone, the cold is
such or by winds or by Nieves who is very exposed, according Tabet Enb-Korah. The
land of the slopes is very inferior, so exhausted for the Rains with the lack of toast part,
or attenuated particles (or smoothed) by the sun, which overwhelmed and rushed the
same rains. In the plains it is the opposite: so the fields and meadows where there
remains the water as long as I could, they are of very good quality and a just intonation
by the blackness of the dust that comes from the fermentation caused by the water;
(because everything has already conceived rotten heat). But when water rushed down to
these sites is great, that cold and wet their land overly; and we know that the cold water
is contrary to the heat of fermentation.

Solon said that the meadows or valleys are cold (although not much) by the
abundance of water that flows and is lost in them; and if the cold becomes more than the
heat from the earth, knew the same for two reasons, regarding some of this comes from
the fermentation came into the land of water in it together; but these places compared
with the mountains, they are much warmer and humid. And here the maxim of Solon.
With regard to the other low spots that hide higher and raised, and to the shady gullies;
the land of such sites is extremely cold for not bathe the sun; and so that the plants that
are therein are not fed, it being by nature of the aforesaid quality and very wet. The best
sites for more sheltered and are the foothills of the mountains, which are preferred, and
more temperate and equal temperament. Then follow the meadows, and then the
mountains; whose peaks (or summits) are better than the slopes so that said water take
away their good quality (or substance). The land is the most despicable of low gray
sites, since only produces something useful out of any consideration plants that mention
in the course of this work.

 
  

Solon said that if he were asked about the nature of the terrain that part was flat
and low and high and lifted part, and say what is the most excellent, you choose the
lowest over the high; the reason for whose preference is for lowering the water first and
bringing in its current coating of the high places, that becomes perpetually site more
moisture and softness: as this instead of always heavy and hard pieces, and similar to
the mountains; which is the most common. Sometimes the highest part of the land or
place is better condition than the low; and indeed we find fields or very sandy plains
and low places, where the terrain that dominates more moisture; while the opposite is
common.

One of the reasons that confirm to be the low places best than the highs is that
those whose tops are red in color, in low color strip of land to black; and the land,
whose high places are whitish, in the lower is red or black, which is common. Wetlands
or where water is often stagnant, but otherwise are very fertile, should be disregarded
because the dominant moisture in them will turn off the heat.

Such land can only serve to sow what is usually just before heat such as
cucumbers, pumpkins, corn and the like. Trees do not prevail in them; before they lost,
out of black and white poplars, the Arabs and the like salt, useful trees for timber.

Ibn-Hajáj in his treatise examining the land says that to know nature or generally
available thou must examine early winter, about the smell and taste, others to the eye
and touch, and some by the plant gender they produce. But better examination by the
sight and touch, because having land calm, this test is to miss them. One of the authors
who treat the eye exam is June (Moderato Columella), which says that good quality land
known sight when not crack too much with the drying air and the water in its center,
especially after a heavy rain is formed with a soft mud; but land at last come to imbibe
all the rain water without the cold weather in their consumption and appears similar to
the mud surface.

After this adds said June, that some ancient also discovered another kind of test
that falls under the sense of sight. This is when on earth trees and plants of great
magnitude are kept and retained (or linked) to each other, is clear indication of its
fecundity. If wild plants produced are medium in both its magnitude and its branches
link, this proves to be her medium quality; and if the plants are thin branches that
quickly dry; also cuts the grass; such land is weak. This makes use of the test to taste
(for knowledge of the land), is unwilling to prefer brackish to sweet.

 
  

June says that the earth excavated at a certain depth of this dust is taken and put
into a glass, pouring it also freshwater then try to taste. It is the view of the ancient land
that owners notice to be brackish, must be discarded; which, they say, it is good for
nothing if not for palms, that it prevail and are more productive. According to Ibn-Hajaj,
it is the opinion of many farmers, which also prevails in the same advantage as cabbage,
and is also said to breed good and sweet cucumbers.

Those who usually smell the earth to meet their quality, they prefer to examine
by the scent if corrupted and unpleasant, or otherwise. Farmers agree that it is not a land
of kindness smelly, and one of those who refer this is Democritus; the same is to say in
substance, that the sign of good land to plant, is, that by digging them up to the depth of
two cubits, is taken from the depths of the site excavated some land that putting in glass
where rainwater has driven or river, good, sweet and fragrant, cover she let him sit and
clarify water; which if proven to whatever taste and smell good, the land will be too; if
it is brackish, of equal quality; and if smelly, the earth will be corrupted, to share the
taste and smell of the water.

Kastos says the fetid brackish land and must be discarded; although the latter is
good for palms. According to June in the consideration of the use of the test to the
palate and smell of the earth who wishes to sowing and it is quite appropriate to dig into
it as to the depth of one foot; where it is destined for plantations vines up to three feet
and up to four in which they will try to plant trees. The odor says, that must run entirely
by not being good for absolutely nothing.

Sidagós says that when thou inquire about two different species of land, which
one more wet with salt; take a glass, filled with powder and one of them put it on the
weighing plate and then run the same with the other land, and that this is only consumed
without moisture states.

According to Ibn-Hajaj, some are guided to know the goodness or baseness of

land by weeds raised therein; by whose signal barely runs. Such is the kaichar mo,
which is called cardal in exotic language (or thistle), and odor of wild fennel stalk called
bistnaga; whose two breeds of plants commonly and most do not grow in places but the
most remarkable quality. In the land of inferior quality, wild zaatar or axedrea known
to us by donkey or oregano grows. Also the anrutin called in barbarous tongue Mostal,
thistles, the Hieracio which tends on the ground, and wild wheat, called among us as
partridge; whose plants are found only in lands of inferior quality. It is not like other

 
  

plants, of which we bred some indifferently land advantaged in containable: for which
reason they should not serve in government. Such is the wild onion (or albarrana), harsh
vegetables and various other plants.

Some say that the wet and soft ground, although some years pass without
cultivation it doesn’t become a forest; but the land of inferior quality, thin, thick and
hard soon become such, producing trees and tangles or squat, glastos, cypresses and
others who are usually found in forests, and are not made in the thin lands.

We argued, says Ibn-Hajaj, the maximum on the quality of the land with respect
to the usefulness of them can be expected; and perhaps someone will say, that these
lands who fail the wise, found to be appropriate for certain species of plants that were
growing up in them abundantly, they are both good quality. This is the sand where we
see the tree called Egyptian breeding excellent, and so the plant called ahdj (or African
gorse) and woad that grows in harsh lands. But answer to this: although it is true that in
regard each land, some plant species are advantageously raised, that out of them lose
many more; and that out of it are the wise opinion that the land is excellent in moisture
seal with heat regardless dominant, or not wet only; respect to plants in general need
these two provisions; and therefore disapprove the contrary quality: and also because
the preference and praise that make land is in regard to their suitability for raise wheat,
barley, beans and other legumes that men have most in need.

For the same reason they appreciate the land suitable for trees such as apple,
pear and plum; and have at it is advantageous for vegetables such as eggplant, garden
spinach, amaranth, coriander and the like.

According to Solon, in the damp earth, by the ease that is, almost everything
prospers, whether sowing or planting; by whose excellence is very significant, and does
not deserve to be here prefer the sand because lupins flourish here; as this should be a
derogation of their fertility: and if good land is planted thereof, also produces beautiful;
but not one who sows wheat on sandy be caught, as is constant to anyone: not because
pine is also convenient to the arena, it should be appreciated, when the tree itself is not
much appreciation; and not found, adds the same author, be it suitable for apples, pears
or plums. The land must be taken by superior, which prosper more plants, seeds and
other things that men have more urgent needs.

 
  

Ibn-Hajaj says that although some plants often grow up in sand, like apricot,
pomegranate and quince; but the same thing happens in orchards without the aid of
much manure and continuous irrigation, unlike those; which not being of good quality,
are to get a new one fostering manure and moisture communicates the water, the juice
retains much sponginess that is in them, and receive water more easily when irrigated,
and consequently, are provided to more deepen the roots of plants.

But always by their first constitution they are vile and exhausted of any
substance; unless it be that they are referred helper with fertilizers, and are mix lime or
juicy land, as we said. Even should give them too many risks by not having them
analogy (or correspondence) with water; and maybe even some ignorant in the science
of Agriculture imagine that the sands do not get the juice, or what is therefore water, by
the ease it is to moisten; and for this they are devoted to water them carefully; but is not
that reason, but argument destructive as well as recommend by to be the cause of the
dryness of the sand the same parts or little stones that are made, of which only serves to
pass water without penetrate its center, as is evident. And here Ibn-Hajaj trying this
matter in his book entitled Enough.

Nabathea Agriculture in the treaty on the same subject: know, Sagrit says, that
the lands are several different even in the sense of the cold, dryness and humidity; all of
which they need to know the farmers, the land still really like the beginning of the
vegetation of every plant. Farmer known the nature of the land, must devote each to
whatever is convenient, and for planting trees, for sowings. In this is the summit of
Agriculture, and fair knowledge of this science. Sometimes it happens altered land,
contracting taste somewhat detrimental to plants, such as saline or others; what usually
comes from the sun burn a lot with the help of other causes; as a without vice and
healthy land is provided and suitable to all kinds of plantation. Adam of blessed
memory say, that good and healthy soil is the darker and well soaked when it rains, no
water to pass through it, or press to join the powder with water, so that construction is
between dense spongy, that is the quality of the most significant and best of all.

According Yambuchad, the most significant land is like violet, so that is why it
is called purplish. As more is discovered this color after some time covered of
freshwater reservoirs, with some sliminess from the water that makes it eternally sweet
taste. According to the Nabathea Agriculture, if for rainwater in the lower parts of the
land or in the fields bring to them the sums of the highlands, the surface of these

 
  

contracts certain blackness as violet, to call the color ashen; which provided that it is
discovered indicating that land be thick; whose quality, being excessive, it is not
advantageous. It is contrary to it which makes it the arid land surface and dusty as
almost always; which it is evident at the sight. I'm not the earth that hath mixture of
coarse sand or large rocks.

Yambuchád says that the purplish land is in good quality, that the color being
very powdery is fluffy and sweet the dust without mixture of other flavors: then comes
the one that Adam of blessy memory calls hot and one of their cualitys is to be soft;
such is that when spends a lot of cold or snow, remain unchanged in the extent of its
surface   ; and whose lumps easily crack to shoot them down: then follows this kind of
ground the strong call of a color inclining to low whitey or dusty, not pure white but
middle between this color and powdery.

Such land is all but hard, yet easy or docile of plowed, and turning; which is not
good for planting of fruit trees, and if it is to sow seeds, which it prevail. Sagrit is about
that of the contrary opinion; he states that in this land are better trees, grown more and
more fat fruit. The blonde land has nearly the water is good for all kinds of seeds and
trees, out of the palm and sweet fruits. But the other good qualities described lands are
suitable for all kinds of trees and plants.

The land called deep by the smarts (or crumb) is good too and suitable for all
kinds of off vegetables, which do not prevail in it. The author or Nabathear Agriculture
says that land of crumb have an average way between the fat and the dry surface, which
is what we call sdhalat, soft or docile. It also says that the earth shall appear on the
surface extended in winter,a color like white, shows this to be brackish and poor; or just
good for Palmas, barley, beans, spinach and the like.

The land of altered taste, not being of that breed that Adam calls hot, it is good
for planting vines, pumpkins, melons and other creeping plants ((or lying plants) on the
floor that do not rise above the trunk, and also to fruit trees. It is suitable for food grains,
and it is not for fragrant plants. Such are the distinguishing marks of the goodness of the
land, says Kutsami; and so much thereof as may from contrary qualities is corrupted,
and has need of fertilizers that improve.

ARTICLE I

 
  

The signs of corruption or wholesomeness of the earth, according to the

Nabathea Agriculture.

Goodness and wholesomeness of the land, saith (the author just mentioned), is
known to the sight, and this is one that will not crack or crumble with rigorous much
heat or the cold, or the so whatever strong dryness that do not fall rains autumn and
early winter or where when it rained a lot then, a very viscous mud underfoot is sticking
to the feet or hands to the touch; but that it will being drained the rainwater and whose
surface, when it stops raining, not discovered a whitish color; as there are some on the
surface, not being quite good, it appears to have rained day after, or two later, as a white
flour in separate parts or joints, especially without the high and low fields discovered;
which are not in any appreciation for this cause. One of the signs to be the land of good
quality and substantial, is, if not the cold by shaking its surface appears like clay, which
is not purely white. One test to see if the land is not of good quality or is this.

Take a piece of land the weight of two to three pounds, and put into a bowl and
covering the mouth into this very well, bury in a pit four cubits deep or three at least, in
which state leaving the space of fourteen days, which is half moon period, then remove
it and register; and if the outside of the bowl is discovered slimey, open; But if result
not be, returned to the pit cover it with good ground, and so letting himself for seven
days, after which time, sticking and opening will be found to be in it worms or other
insects that produces much the same corruption sites where no air vents. Examined the
color of such insects, if they are black, celestial or green, the land is not good or worthy
of apreciation; and if dyed, yellow, dusty, brown, light green or white; that land is good
and valuable nature. The land contained in the vessel also smells, and if the smell is the
same, or nearly the same as it had before, it is entirely good: but if there be found
altered, see what smell is this alteration, if sour, bitter, brackish and this test will form
the field trial; so if not exhale the odors mentioned will be there for good quality, and if
you discover any, will be judged by that sour smell that either declines or the other that
he be discovered. Lately try on that land to taste to the half hour removing it from the
hole, and if it tastes like hot mud and reddish extracted from the wells after dry, that
land is good and substantial; and if altered and seems brackish, bitter, nasty, too
miserable to another corrupted or smell; judge by the smell that it is discovered.

 
  

Another way know the earth in less time than the first; although not as
demonstrative and secure.

See if the plants, or weeds, thorns and other plants that are raised in it are robust,
and if soil is very linked up with each other; as this proves to be healthy and fertile land.
More if they are small, insignificant and somewhat stunted *, it is not land free of
damage.

Kutsami says; that some are content in examining the ground with attending to
what it grows, even a single species of plant, such as lilies, wolfberry, thorns, briars, and
crushing its branches and leaves from the middle collate their flavor with the other
raised in such land free of all vice and corruption, and thus lead the opposition or
convenience they had. He adds, also happens to be a guide to know if the land is good
quality or contrary, that species of plants that in itself produces.

The same author says, that men do not benefit nor have good brackish land nor
swampy, neither dock, neither too thick, neither styptic, sour and hot, neither too fluffy
or hard, neither too lumpy, or any other adverse to those of good quality, although they
thrive on his plants such as pennyroyal, wormwood, hyssop, the artemisia, wild endive,
hellebore (or black vedegambre) (the plant placed Nabatheos in the class of venomous),
the alcapara and red hawthorn *; because these and similar plants are cultivated on land
corrupted. Hot odor produces nothing. On nitrous called chai thistle grows, (which is
born at the foot of the palm and suffocates) and the low hardness docile marine
wormwood plant is born and that the Arabs call Kisum (or abrótano).

According Yambuchad, thick and hard packed earth usually produce lilies,
daffodils, called bulb onion and similar plants that shed ingrained after the sheet which
when discovered on land springs, streams and wetlands, it is known that such lands are
good, or are close to those of this quality. In very hard ground that sort of caper small
leaf grows, and sometimes that breed large onion latins call achktJa or Scylla, which is
under suddenly kill mice, whose name is called by this cause, and is the same as the
ansal or flanking.

Also often grow up this kind of onion and the like in the middle of a very hard
and tough terrain and tight to plasterer by nature, which in respect of Cascajales they are

 
  

closer to the quality of the land of arid mountains and high hills. Thorn trees are better
raised in hard than soft ground, and among rocks in mountains, and more in dry places
away from moisture. All other plants are grown and prevail well with this, and very few
with the dry and arid as mentioned mouse onion. And wild vegetables are just born but
good and free land of corruption every contingency except brackish, since in the jungles
are grown abundantly.

To many vegetables is beneficial the mentioned salt land, and indeed it prevail;
while growing weak and tasteless. The quality or state of the land by plants that produce
is also shown; and so when they usually grow up in saline land born elsewhere, they
indicate that there has come to dominate such quality. The same subtle, thin hawthorn,
as hdsah (or African gorse) is plant thorn hard, if born on good ground, indicating it
being tired and weakened by repeatedly have sown, or other similar cause.

ARTICLE II

What lands need proper cultivation and fertilizers, as Nabathea agriculture.

Such are the thick and heavy; whose two species have much resemblance to each
other. The dock is too thick, and juicy spring nature, and usually a color inclining to
black, and fluffy. Whose properties were touched when it came to the land purplish. The
fertilizer and cultivation of both is to flip them in the heat rigor with peak or similar
instrument twice each month, so come to roll six times (or seven is best) every three
months, crumbling earth with the butt and tip of the instruments that will be turned,
which makes this dust is very hot and sutilice, and dim * his fatness; to whose
consumption still attends the sun with its heat removing some heaviness and excessive
fatness.

It is not the attempt to remove entirely the work, but only part, and correct the
excess: in a word wipe away and decrease the volume, not remove it entirely; which if it
happened, we would see the need to replace the previous one. The greatest manure for
that can be given to these lands is the referred to flip them and crumble in the rigorous
heat. The thin soil also has need of fertilizers which will remove its thinness. This,

 
  

according Yambuchad, is like a thick land, even over and so is the land that regardless
slimey permanently; three species of land which are therefore of a reciprocal similarity.
Some farmers are of opinion that the thinner the wellspring; but they are walking in this
regard to the average re slimeing between the wellsprings and thin.

Indeed, the land very thin is corrupt and contrary to the thick; and such is that of
a medium taste between sour and tasteless, and so weak that this quality is not capable
of fertilizer. However it benefits in some way to turn it in the heat of the sun to make
this the roasting something, and not excessively; which if it happens, it would become a
productive nothing but sand rogue.

The same Nabathea agriculture author says that Yambuchad calls thin to the
thick ground; what is funny thing; because between us these two species of land are
contrary to each other. Advised that at the vernal equinox the earth thin sometimes turn
to the plow, and is paid very well with any manure any, other than the bottlenose;
because it is their improvement and promotion in order to succeed in what she sows.
For what it's best this land is well-oiled to vines; then they breed her with much
freshness, of big branches, large root, juicy grapes and good wine. Also it agrees this
land for all sorts of similar nature to plant vines, either tree or small plant.

The same author says, knowing the land called thin, being weak and of little
strength, till it less; which if repeatedly execute, it would weaken more if fluffing.
Shoudl be sown barley especially after the end of tilling; and since then must be
irrigated more; as well abounds very prosperously said grain; and that the same will
happen, if before born it rained.

He adds that the brackish land of few salts is often called thin (what my life is
very probable), and weak; and that this is one whose weakness is corrected itself with
what is, namely, mixed with manure and another good land. It also improves it, if
burning sebestén’s leaves and branches with its fruit, and pumpkins, with all this ash
mixed with soil or compost is fertilize sometimes at different times. One of fertilizers
for thin soil is to plant vegetables and other plants whose roots do not penetrate one lot
on the floor, like ivy, rocket, cress and the like.     The sandy soil (which is several colors
according to what were mixed with the sand) should see and examine it a lot to know
what else this mixture is; making it easy to discover. She is always soft by the fluffiness
given for the sand, and so it comes across; While other small, thin and weak roots.

 
  

It's really convenient for many species of vines; and such is the land, whose dust
having sand mixture is free of harmful accidents together. Its subscription to prepare to
the planting is according to what we said corresponding to such gender mixing,
illustrating the point of the various qualities of land. It is necessary then to prosper what
he would plant or sow, turn it and mix you a good portion of donkey dung, incorporated
with other vegetables such straw, barley and wheat; thus you'd better arrange it by the
autumn. Species of hard earth, a white ground so that it is in this radical color; and
another having any mixture mentioned. The first or dominant whiteness is called yesera;
and (last), or the less white solbat (or hard); in which absolutely prevails or palm or
smelly plant, and grain legumes suffocate.

Elsewhere in the Nabathea Agriculture being said, there are also hard earth
(though not as much as the antecedent), shooting a bit white together with dusty;
shooting a bit dusty white together with; to which is added there, we call stronger. The
hard ground is particularly good for wheat, millet, millet, chickpeas, lentils, and large
trees, such as walnut, hazelnut, olive and the like. The fertilizer can be increased to this
land it is to remove hardness turning it much with the plow; which is beginning to do
since early second tichrín, which is November, executing every ten days, and crumbling
clods well with all care and diligence to a powder.

It introduced the cattle and sheep that fertilize it, and not ignored that the pigs
come and go repeatedly until this dust is moisten and soften fine. It must also walk men
with the cattle; and if possible to come to crumble as well, is this better than the bovine
and human excrement together. Sheep manure spread for her, along with her powder,
also benefits. Stony ground (also called Thekla) is those very cold places of Babylon:
but according to the Nabathea Agriculture, the Thekla is one whose middle ground and
dust between the hardness of the stone and smooth or loose earth; stony and is harder
than it.

How to benefit the lands of similar quality is style them in hot weather with
large and heavy peaks, turning the part that is necessary and in the appropriate way
according to prescribed by the ancients; after continually watching crumble with
mallets; respect to that if it is not by this work do not expect it any product. He has to
cultivate such land at night since the beginning or from midnight until dawn, or even
last two hours a day. This is the best; because cooling all kinds of land, starting with the
night, both to it as hard should then give the necessary work to the fence that are given

 
  

later. Which is then executed, and the juiciness we told you communicate the oxen, and
that these do not work in the sun or sick warming up too much.

They have to join in groups of four in each plow to work, not in pairs, in
response to the hardness and toughness of the earth; which will turn the second time
with strong and long grille, whose work it may be the deeper the better, without being
good or skip undo all lumps crumble entirely. And because the oxen fatigued when
plow that land, agree that drivers must have a glass of water close to cleanse and
moisten their faces, necks and head; with refreshments which they are relieved of the
burden of work.

The reddish earth needs no fertilizer withdraw any bad quality, but must carve
itself in mid-autumn with small gate; whose work is not necessary to be deep. Ashy
land, who is shooting a dark or low white together with that color risen, is not said to be
corrupted, it produces about certain things and prevail in it many trees, palms and vines;
if not by the dryness that may have, or his distance from receiving moisture (as long as
it is planted palm trees or vines you require continuous watering for their very dry and
arid area) *. It is not some vegetable seed; except rice, as we said already exist between
the grain and land like some mutual convenience for water which has in it the foot. It is
because this is the most suitable land for rice and for wheat, barley and peas; but it is
not for millet, lentils, beans, chickpeas or beans.

In too much barbaric or robust black earth (or slightly less), but by no whiteness
of slimeing surface and tilling as tough as the ashy advantageously, it prevails in this,
and what should it; although is best for palms. With much watering is much improved,
and approaching the quality of cinderella is suitable for vines, and for all plant lying on
the floor like them, for all plant species and delicate tree, and particularly for all
vegetables more size as cabbage, spinach, chard, lettuce, cauliflower (soldanela or sea
kale), and cress; and it is for their peers small vegetables such as good mate, ocimo,
celery. Everything should be planted and sown in this land should be irrigate a lot, and
in no way left to dry anything that is in it sown.

If this strong ashy land stay in places that introducing, water remains in it a long
time, it will be very good on that sow after moisture cucumber, cucumbers, melons and
vines; all of which is left there and then transplanting seedlings to which is best. The
clay is the surface swells in the summer, and is similar to that of the alfahars in
consistency and color, (which usually throw like this to a little vermilion) should benefit

 
  

from the work of profound give back, and shred with mallets to mix toast party with
whom question is not ready to repeat this operation second and third time; in which
state it spreads beans and barley straw, dung revolt.

The heleborian land, which issue a hellebore-like odor, is smelly and the most
corrupt of the three expressed; and by heat as it breaks has sown in it, unless beans; for
which it is itself good. Loose or soft, but average between source and slimeing, it is
immaterial how to benefit them. At two intimate vice corrects them with ignite in the
middle, to the sides or embankments, and in many different sites including a continuous
fire of any wood that is, which withdraws the vice of water flow and slimeing. But is
this risky choice for such lands, as they tend to move or slimeing springs that were
exhausted and hard, so that what befalls is worse than damage which is withdrawn. For
which reason and up a different mode l indicated benefit them. Such lands are good for
some things, like collards, myrtle, soldanela or cauliflower and plants of equal status
and quality.

The brackish earth is of various species, saline, one whose taste is sour mix,
another bitter, another styptic, and one that is a bit brackish. The signal to be brackish
earth is whether certain whiteness appears on its surface; or that happens from start to
getting that quality. In this land called Sagrit layer (or crust) salt for being dimly cover
the surface salts. The land of vineyards, it is benefited by planting barley around and
near the foot of the vines to pick her salts. The land of vineyards, planting barley is to
benefit around and near the foot of the vines to pick her salts. There is a general remedy
for brackish ground, and another specific and relevant to each species of the same.
Sufficient general and which become the land of the genre (Whatever it is) is the palm,
which in all are raised well.

So it is plowing after the first rains, which are expected if coming in early
October, plowing is delayed until after eight days thereof; and if you do not come until
the end, this work is done on the last day. The pure salt land, or which has another
flavor mixture is tilled in early November after the second or third day, but leave it for
later, turning with small gate and throughout her after plowing spreads quite stems
amount of the last year planted beans, clean, dry and as shredded as the chaff, then
rolling it with water to all, or part of it if it be of much extension: and this is the best
fertilizer for such land.

 
  

Online quality continues to bean straw of barley, then the wheat, then crumbled
chaff from brambles, and ultimately crushed leaves and dried marshmallow; whose
operation cannot be omitted, being his easy. Of all these species of straw can be use,
either mixed well with each other, which it is best, or each by itself, but the brambles;
which are not used but any of those mixed with straw, which is the beans and barley
best. In this state, this land is left without anything on it until the summer come by it is
spread some manure moistened with water, which is help for improvement, it gives
softness and sweetness. In the autumn of the second year to the first of October manures
mixed with the same horse and donkey dung, no mule in any way and then planting
barley, beans, lentils or chickpeas, scattering some flaxseed between these seeds; which
is planted which is watered well, all of which must be raised abundant harvest of good
quality land.

Used the opinion that to fertilize the land mentioned, using the branches, shoots
and leaves of every tree of oily fruits such as walnut, almond, olive, alfonsig, hazel,
warble fly (fig tree or do hell) and the like because these things corrupted fertilizer for
all earth, and have particularly excellent virtue and to improve whatever brackish.

The opinion that used to fertilize the land mentioned using the branches and
shoots, leaves and branches of every tree of oily fruits such as walnut, almond, olive,
alfonsig, hazel, warble fly (or infernal fig) and the like, for being this things fertilizer
for all kind of corrupted earth and have particularly excellent virtue and to improve the
one that is brackish. This operation is performed by said land spreading a lot of those
leaves and sticks thinner said after shaking trees and everything until it crumble as the
more subtle and chaff; after which plowing and giving a light spray of water is left in
this state. He adds that if this is done in all corrupt land, as fertilizer, less to that of
scathing flavor and pungent, which is fertilized in very different ways.

Are of the opinion, said the same, so the purely salt land as he hath another
flavor mixture is paid by spraying the surface with vegetable water taken from those
olives squeezed on that has not been thrown any salt; so that it is not brackish or have a
different flavor than that of the olive only. This dew is given to the earth once before
and two after flipped, and then spread through it pretty much dung, leaving it for a few
days in this state, and then giving it to another small grid to work it back, shallow but at
ground level, it is sown barley, fenugreek, chickpeas, spinach, pumpkins and
marshmallow, and is planted with palm certain distances of separation. Sowing it with

 
  

said seed, collect the salts that were there, which also removes continuous mixing
manure and vegetable water. Dung having an average between fresh and stale is the best
quality for this purpose.

Another fertilizer for brackish land

Give him a job back in early October that the rains would wash the salts that has;
and the same to the styptic and poor quality land. Which by nature was bitter in
dominant degree, being as it is the most altered (or worst of all) and that far more of the
healthy quality, is harmful to every seed of any kind whatsoever, before and not after
birth old.

But there is a choice to reduce it to be perfect quality or a little less, which is to

guide the water as comfortably as could be, starting to run from mid-April and not
before, or at the beginning of May, and handing the reservoir time that may be: and will
be very good to stay in this state all the months of summer to mid-September, not later.
If there is no water to irrigate dry gourds shattered all his flesh and pulp, bindweed and
dry branches are taken, all of which ground is mixed with fresh water in a skiff made of
leather, so that the land be sprayed after but slightly shallow plowing. Ten ajrabat (or
forty cahices)* of similar corrupt land are quite twenty water skiffs that those things
were mixed, whose operation is executed at the end of the night or early in the day until
after three hours of it, it's best ; and likewise it will be, if the dew be of more water.

* The cafiz, as the Arab called, is a land area of 129 cubits or 384 bushels of
seeding.

It's great to repeat the same operation on the ground sometimes, anyway after
plowing and moistened. It also sprayed water mixed with fresh powder good land that
does not have strange taste or smell; cava and once or twice each month, repeating the
same operation it six times in the space of one or two summers: which benefited in this
way is usually held by good quality, especially if that alteration or corruption was not in
her dominant nor old.

 
  

The same author says, that very brackish land and excessive elasticity outside
term usually sow benefit of slimy things as cotton seed, fenugreek, beans, barley, beans,
cress seed, lupine and the like. Likewise it benefits to stagnant water for a long time, or
with the following remedy, namely, the occurrence of being clouded the sky forty days
as it is in the climate warms and similar places on the bitter land, sour, stinking and
others that also offer hope of improved corrupted; thus hiding from them the sun space
of time referred to without in any way they discover, very good quality contract without
requiring any corrective. In them after this fertilizer referrals and similar viscous grains
are sown, which no doubt capture all the malice of bitterness in it left. Usually sufficient
to sow once such things, and usually must sow the same repeatedly. Also grain sowing
in that land of acedaraque, bitter almond, myrtle and laurel, take away all the bitterness
that hath until it fully heals.

Our view, says Kutsámi, if the things mentioned in this land are planted together
planting apricot branches and marshmallows, and the same in all corrupt land, fertilize it
collecting much of the corruption that has one. In sour soil, being source and slimeing,
which is thin, it tends to be emanating or permeation of this same taste, which manifests
itself proves that the taste, though she is pure or after putting in water. This benefits
until retiring and removing all the bitter, and be entirely good to fertilize repeatedly that
kind of manure identified as suitable for this purpose; and what is also removed entirely
sour, it is to fertilize with manure noted for source and slimeing land taken in its
generality; which it consists of ash pomegranate, human excrement and dung.

Know, he adds the same author, that to every corrupt land, either by what may
be its corruption, brackish, hot, pungent, fetid, thin, heavy, sticky aspect, sour, for too
styptic, fertilizes the murky water of the streams , impounded it sometime, much dust or
silt that lets you; the more turbid water which it may the better for the earth, because
that washing and cooling it (though he needed this drink), leaving it a different sweet
land (for no other carries water but more subtle dust and better ), with this strengthens it
if it were thin or weak, it has a place for her good manure. If it is salt cleans and loosens
the salts with moisture, takes them with her sweetness, and her coldness off the heat. If
it is hot, this is properly the best fertilizer of all to her about her coldness that will turn
off the heat. If foul-smelling, corrects this vice sweet and turbid water is introduced, and
good and soft ground that this lets and mixed with it; and that is to miss the whole, if
these avenues are some years in a row ; Although you should give to the ground after

 
  

deep plowing back, and fertilize with some soft and sweet manure. If it is source or
slimeing, dust fertilizes it makes murky water; but it has to turn four times, once each
month from early June to early September; as well as the sun and the earth that is mixed
completely consume one or other kind of secretion.

According to the author he cited the general remedy for all land declined any
good and regulate their temperament is light and gentle twenty-four hours continuous
rain: at which follows fertilizing the gasal call or laundress, which is more abundant at
twice; ; which improves brackish soil, bitter and sour when it comes to fall on them.
The third fertilizer is the storm of the avenues if left in the same land that brings other
ground; which fertilizer is also for every caste of land in general. Although, mediate
Allah, be fertilizer for the land said two rains; but do not benefit fully, unless very often
repeated, that is, having rained twenty-four hours, and stopped after rain, strong winds
shake the earth for two or three days, then return to rain as much as before continuing
this alternative sometimes.

ARTICLE III

Of fertilizers according Nabathea Agriculture the soil mixed with stones, bricks,
pots, plaster, clay and debris that have pieces of cloth and various other things it
benefits, such as collecting in the house, of the ways in which small stones and gravel,
diverse and contrary to the taste of the powder substances such as salt, vitriol, different
cuesquecillos (or nuts) is contained; whose dust is very cold, very hot, or part very dry
and wet part to the extreme of getting an external manifest corruption and absolute:
and so it contains any other foreign substance powder as prosaws, chips cane, stone
fragments carved, plaster gravel, limestone and similar materials; whose amount lot of
things being in and forming a part of the earth, they make too corrupt.

Nothing prospers on such land out of the palm trees and large. The payment for
which any flawed for some of these mixtures, is to bring to her land of good soil known
for such; and the best that you can take is the viscous red that when touched by hand
stick to it like glue *;which it is incorporated by throwing it over after donkey dung and
manure mixing it all with that sort of corrupt land from your deck to the center as to

 
  

deepen the mites; since the good land together with such manure is a fertilizer if it is
incorporated it deeply.

After mixing is irrigated so back water that may stagnate even as a cubit high,
and so leaving it for a few days until it drain, then returning it to mix the same things, it
is sometimes irrigated, and then planting eggplant and all kinds of vegetables; among
which if most regardless of good grass, it will be very advantageous fertilizer, except
sea kale, cabbage, radish, turnip, carrot, leek Syriac and the like. It is good for
vegetables and eggplant this land; but it is not planted in it any odorous plant,
vegetables, and fruit trees. The land tainted by the crowd that contained human corpses,
it is such an excessive degree; and the remedy for this corruption is the same as for sour
and fetid earth, which should be invoiced in the fall as winter approached to come to
receive the rains soon this improvement.

Know, fellow brothers and my friends, says Kutsámi, that all corrupt land,
whether she or corruption of whatever kind, is improved fertilizers described qualities,
considered and in particular with respect to the benefit of certain plants and seeds , or as
generally in relation to the plant genus all together; except the sour odor and land
improvement never any fertilizer, unless it rains a lot and getting that water or another
such repeated years.

ARTICLE IV

The qualities of the porous land, dock, tough, tight, compressed * and other than
those mentioned above.

*   These three castes of related land, but each slightly different, are called, in the
original motálazez, motálabed and aktánaz, or moktánezat.

The packed earth, says the author of Nabathea Agriculture, not on purpose for
planting; whose quality is known to be doubtful doing in different parts of her three
holes cubit and a half deep each; whose land kept apart respectively and carefully
collected in earthen vessel, it brings another porous compact soil from which no doubt

 
  

not be of such quality, and balancing it with the extracted from the pits to be equal in
weight, is thrown into the thereof, and in them is stepped and board feet; which if left
some, it is understood that the land where such holes are made is lumpy and very hard,
and not provided for plantations; But if it is to grow vegetables and grains. But if the
second land enters the site occupied by the first without her absolutely nothing left, it is
good for planting of trees, such as the porous soil; and not the hard and lumpy, which is
only purpose for sowings.

The ancient land distinguished dogged tight, because although they are almost
equal status with each other; but the first is the most tucked into each other more tightly
locked to the second, and is closer to the hardness of the stone and the same lumpy.
Even little to differentiate themselves these three species of land, yet tight and lumpy
have some closeness and mutual brotherhood that has dogged for being something
different.

With regard to the soft and porous, is not the same as the other. The porous
approaches the fatuous, and the difference between the two is that the porous
pARTICLEs is discontinuous in composing, whose meaning considered is consumed
parts; well yes these are some well hidden or locked with other soft-absolute continuity
is what the constitution of its parts resembles the tough, having served softness of their
gender combination; in what clearly he is opposed to that. Already mentioned above
that all land is soft sandstone by the sponginess that communicates the sand; and the
thick substance is very soft due to their condition (or nature) or whatever wet spring.

The land has an average between very tenacious and porous is apropos to vines,
the signal that is such is whether stops in the center with some of the water it receives,
and evaporates after the speech of the stations. The land has an average between very
tenacious and porous is apropos to vines, the signal that is such is whether stops in the
center with some of the water it receives, and evaporates after the speech the stations.
Such it is not a good land for vineyards. The land is particularly porous to the most
convenient of all vines; and if I had together with this quality of being thin, it is best for
them; which they are raised in it very robust and very good lineage. The land of very
tough and tight texture to the hardness of gravel, whether that is by its very nature,
implies the retention of water on its surface; which cannot imbibe much quantity or
engage it at the center. It vines are lost; but it is ideal for vegetables and similar plants.
The one who drinks all the water hiding in its center and depth, and it is dry on the

 
  

surface, it is not good for vineyards and softly or muddy, such as it may be introduced
into the center for some water and some remain on the surface.

ARTICLE V

Of the signals to see if the ground is wet, we will say something in the third
chapter of this work, where it will be the properties of the land indicating its proximity
or distance from the water, whereby also known moisture or dryness the same.

We have explained fairly and competently, says Kutsámi, differences in species

of land, convenience or inconvenience of some for certain plants; which come near to
understanding which has already understood what the main plant science, respective to
their cultivation and conservation.

Sagrit appoint in the Nabathea Agriculture, cultivation and planting of trees and
other plants, and how to preserve them from the calamities is not equal in all regions,
but this varies according to the diversity thereof; and so on it is advantageously a
breeding what other fails equal prosperity. He adds that it comes in this book, as
appropriate to the climate of the Chaldean in particular also for the climates and regions
of similar temperament. For which reason I have copied of the work into the present
what has seemed to agree on the west side of Spain; and also that the Chaldean is in the
fourth climate, and it is said that part of Spain also it is; and also because attending to
what is said in that work on most dominating temperaments there, I have found that in
our region are equal with short difference. All this because I moved to transfer in this
book the content of the work.

ARTICLE VI

The signs of good or poor quality of the land according to others authors than
the two aforementioned books of Ibn-Hajdj and Agriculture Nabathea.

 
  

African Anatolian says that, is fertile ground in which there be large and tall
plants with tender, thick and green leaves, linked together and thick roots; and this is
also very good land that you see large wild trees that nobody has already planted, which
though they be medium, it is also the land; and feeble, if you saw that the same are of a
diseased vegetation, small, thin leaves and branches and thin roots that quickly dried.
And also it is not good in which any thorns and wild joyos, whose trees were small.

According Kastos is a sign of good land if they take much increase their trees are
of the kind that may be; middle, if not grow much or have linked branches; and less if
they are thin and weak, according to the quoted Anatolian, the best land is that which is
not much rigor cracks in the heat, or the rain with the many slides or softness are made,
or where the water dries quickly, or does not stay long time on the surface. The same
author says, it is good land, and even better, the black who suffer the many rains and
waters it is not on purpose for vines. According Kastos is a sign of good soil if water
saturates the continuous rains and does not crack with the heat.

Jah said common Writers of Agriculture indicate the different species of land
described a white called, to other black, and to the other sandstone; and they say it is
thick as that of a viscous mud and wax forms, and dock the same thick mud which is not
of this viscosity. Discarded in much the white dock and sandstone; of which the first is
nevertheless better quality than the second. Other species must be more or less that or to
this approach, and others who have a perfect medium between the two. But this has
already been tried up with some timely extension.

Show yourself also the quality of the land by their smell and taste after pitch and
soaked in water; This is done by taking a handful of her surface if soil for sowing, or in
deeper until both cubits or something but when it is planting, and throwing in a wide
mouth glass or new glazed clay, it is covered with rain water or sweet, and bobs to
dilute it. Then allowed to sit that dust or dirt on the bottom of the glass, and if
registering it then floats in it by way of gross filth or murky, the land is good indeed;
and if not, is weak it can only be improved with the much manure.

Also, if testing it to taste and smell is found sweet, so is the earth; and it is said
that if the water is soft and sweet, the land is pleasantly soft sweetness; bad, if it
whatever bitter or brackish; and of equal quality and absolutely nothing good, if it be
fetid. Kastos says, though it be salted land is fertile or liberal.

 
  

According to Abu-el-Jair, if the smell of the water and dust shall please and soft,
that land is very good because he signal his good temper; and bad, if be ungrateful odor.
Also, the languor and corruption that are therein indicates to be corrupted and altered
their smell. Flee entirely, they say, of dirt, sand and salt water; whose material having
discussed above, there you can see these maxims; it would be redundant to repeat them
here manifest. Also, if the mud of the earth mixed with the water is tough like wax, it is
a sign of being good thereof; and inferior, if it were not.

They also say that one of the means by which test whether the earth is thick and
dense, and if it differs from the thin and exhausted, is digging in which he wishes to
make this test a hole in one cubit deep, and after having cleared to return to him all that
excavated earth; which if something is left over after filling, such land is thick; if
anything, of average quality; poor and thin, if after entering all, would remain part of
the hole to be filled. But according Ibn-Hajaj is not sure this test, look for vegetables the
land that is thick, substantial and non-rough, and in no way the white, viscous or which
resquebrajare in summer. In another, the most suitable for them is not harsh or weak,
compared to the first does not suffer much water, and the brittle and weak softens in the
winter and dry in summer; which it causes it to wilt quickly (or narrowing) vegetables.

Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel says that whatever good land on the surface and in
the center bad seed is sown; but if compels the need, it is only planted those trees extend
their roots at ground like peach, apple and the like; although these same sterilized and
lose, then that rooted in bad ground, and even the grass that she was born at the
beginning of the year and dry air becomes heated; unless to be preserved through
watering.

Digging the earth with all diligence and care or deep plowing, the bad comes to
the surface; some say that staying with her flawed and incapable of wetting, must
benefit rotted manure good: which is indispensable for him consist fertilizer such land.
It is said that good land should be used for seed, and inferior to plantations.

Doctors Abu-Abdallah Mahomed Ben-Ibrahim, Ibn- el-Fasel and the wise Abu-
el-Jair trying knowledge of the nature of the land on beam with respect to their
suitability for sowing or planting with fertilizer requires everything, and trees and
vegetables that thrive in them, talking about white, says Abu-el-Jair, that this earth is
naturally cold and dry, Abu-Abdallah, Enb-the-Fasel, who is petite the grass that grows

 
  

on it even in the time of his greatest strength is when throw and preserves the flower;
which produces in abundance, unless otherwise thick and fertile part.

That otherwise need this much land cultivation to be hard; that if you work and
dig repeatedly and benefits with much manure (as required quality cold) trees that are
therein will be high, robust, large, cup-shaped. If still level after shaped and benefited
from manure is soweth, thrive on it any seed, which plants require lots of copy hot and
muck, and much work; but that does not suffer much water back because of his
coldness. In this same land thrives fig, olive, carob, pears, pomegranate, almond,
quince, pistachios and grapes.

Almond grows particularly excellent, and so fig and carob; of which the fig and
almond trees here have no need much work, or are of such magnitude as the other trees.
Although well bred fig and vine in other lands; but this grape is very sweet and juicy.
Also species of wild dill, woad, indigo and blonde dyers are advantageously raised in it.
For this kind of land is much fertilizer the palomina without thereby resulting to the
trees that are in it any harm, as says Abu-el-Jair.

This land is qualified with several qualifiers, according to another author; as it is

called from mount white earth, white bare of grass, white juicy, thick, strong, meaty,
sweet, salt and white; which it is not an advantage, and must be dampened after wiping
water; whose quality is known also by testing to taste.

This kind of land is another, according Jah, parts of slimeing, not thick, powdery
color, which is a mixed vermilion, white and black which again appears in it; which,
according to Abu-el-Jair, is amenable to cultivation. There are also thick and stubborn
fat as usually found in the plains and in the mountains; which it is better than white, nor
need much work. It prevails olive, pomegranate, oak, carob, alfonsigo, pear, loquat
aronio, common medlar, almond, vines, fig red long, hairy mixed * figs, and all black
fig tree species.

Also there montesina and flat, that being tough, strong and unruly to the work,
before using it much toil and hardship has much growing need for attenuating toughness
that has softened; which thus improved after once sown without preparation of manure,
and suffers much water, which retains moisture long time. Far from it need a lot of
manure, says Abu-Abdallah Ibnel-Fasel, we throw so little, attended his heat, which just
is discovered, and so out of respect to the trees any. It is enough for a single work; well

 
  

if any seeded repeatedly add some manure is irrigated before being it: the very same
copy of the substance and weakens; and the opposite happens, they say, if it were little
and beasts and two years rotten. If you remain uneducated, alone it produces that kind
of grass that lacks greenery.

According to Abu-Abdallah Ibnel-Fasel prevails in this land fig, walnut, almond,

Mulberry Tree, pine, juniper, cypress, citrus, carob, alfonsigo, the myrtle, the jujube, the
aronio medlar, the serval, apple, plum and common porthole (or black), and rose; which
here leaves a vivid flesh. It is maximum cited author, the reddish soil is good for
planting and not for sowing; although it is said that this same color and stony tree is
more convenient, as well as the too black. It also says that the reddish land is good for
vegetables and in it the onion, garlic, eggplant, radish, carrot, turnip, mustard, cress, the
axenuz, caraway, rue and similar plants prevails.

The land called the ris, which is reddish with little sand mixture, is weak and
thin, and nothing in it prevails; It olive out if much is manured with pigeon excrement,
and its till sometimes. There is another kind of viscous reddish who does not drink
water fast, also known as the ris, and in it the olive, fig hairy, carob, oak, pear, serval,
the medlar aronio prevails, chestnut and the like. This requires the same work and
fertilizer than the last.

The black earth, say Abu-el-Jair, naturally hot and suck is a little bit docile
cropping and plowing; and in which this (gender) does not prevail any cracks tree,
unless after very tilled, irrigated and cultivated diligently.In the same from mountain
tilled good, it prevails olive, carob, oak, chestnut, serval, pear, plum, cherry trees and
the like; But the fig tree and the peach are here durable, and very fruitful. Here prevail
the crops of beans, barley, lentils, millet, millet, cumin, caraway, black cumin and the
like, and also cress, coriander and mustard. Another from mountain, hard blow that
resists peak to break with her; another similar to the brown colored ash; and a wet. The
too black, says Haj Granadino, it burns up its decline to just intonation lacking moisture
coming he had, that the decline of the trees still. The payment for these and it is the old
manure therefore ceased to be warm, keeping only moisture.

According Jah, which this kind of thick and viscous whatever is released quickly
with water. And according to another view, which is cracking in the hot season the trees
do not prevail; but wheat, some vegetables and many thorny bushes as alcarehofa,
cambroneras * and the like; although it is of poor quality which will abound much

 
  

alcarehofas. The lands of this kind that they be good, medium or vile known by signs
listed above.

The lands of this kind that were good, medium or vile known by signs listed
above. The almódanat earth (or oiled), so named for being along or near villages and
that this has mixture of manure beasts and the like, even the bottom is good for this
cause, and the color of its surface becomes very black . But if it is of good quality,
damaged one this much manure to plants after the heats yesterday. If sandstone, white,
Thekla sucked, rocky or rough, or of those species of land that benefits much manure, in
this case a lot of them fail the copy.

The land contrary to it is called barániat (or countryside), and which is far from
the villages. The almódanat (or oiled) must be plowed repeatedly so that the top is
incorporated well with the lower and acquire a good temperament; in which the grains
and vegetables that were planted prevail; and vegetables being irrigated land. All trees,
that should and can suffer much manure prevail advantage in this kind of land. But
those who do not suffer as hazelnut and the like are not here long life, and so the peach,
which is not very fruitful.

The yellow earth, says Abu-Abdallah, is by nature such as cold and dry as the
white, The yellow earth, says Abu-Abdallah, is by nature such as cold white and dry,
although inferior, and it is compared to the mountain black; which she is most fertile. It
is therefore weak and soft, but not improved by dint of many tasks and very large copy
of ancient beasts and sheep on that one year has passed without which produces
absolutely nothing useful manure. They say that there is no goodness in it these species
namely the mocddanat which is similar to tanned leather, and moist; a tie to the white,
which is muddy and is called elbir, which cracks, and is softer; and the highly viscous,
which is not of good quality. Of these, according to Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, it is
good only the first, in which there prevail trees root but robust, as theft algar, almond,
medlar aronio, oak, chestnut, walnut, palm, citrus, the Mulberry Tree and the like, and
this tilling and fertilizing too much.

The harsh land called mosdrmena and mohdyena says Abu-el-Jair, is by nature
cold and dry, and is two species; one with a mixture of coarse sand, and other plaster or
of little stones. Also there mountain and simple: the mountain that under its surface with
a large amount of stones hath resists work together and not good quality. The flat, which
hail person was at ground level, it has plowed repeated times to join it with the earth

 
  

from the center; thereby it is improved. Making fruitful the work is necessary to
cultivate and irrigate a lot, and enough fertilized copy of sheep manure and pigeon
excrement; and so all mountain land. On rough earth prevails walnut, alfonsigo, the
cabrahigo, the dikdl fig, rose, plum, grapes, (which is extremely robust breeding),
apricot, almond, bay leaves, juniper, cypress , myrtle (Myrtle or arraihan Moorish), the
Aromatario, common medlar and all the big and small trees that usually grow up in the
mountains.

According to the Nabathea Agriculture, prevails in this land the red fig.
Vegetables, pumpkins (planting before the tasteless), eggplants, species pennyroyal,
rue, the lily, the Almoraduz, the maro (or Stachy) and the like. Legumes lentils, beans
and chickpeas, especially late planting these beans; whose plants were cultivated with
all diligence and care, because cultivation as it will shorten the product will be much
less; and they may also suffer from the difficult times and contrary winds. According to
Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, if this molted to another moist earth, pumpkins are grown,
they are early and tasty achieved.

With regard to the sand, there are three species, according to Abu-el-Jair, a very
small, soft, another thick without consolidation that is not of good quality and nothing
occurs, and another petite with much soil mix, known as the land hartrat (or hot).

According to the Author of the Nabathea Agriculture and others, the wet sand
gets his weakness any alteration of the air, and so in cold weather cools, and in hot
weather warms. Otherwise it is cold; and likewise declines to such quality sandy soil
composed mostly of sand, even without altering much the air, they say; which, if it is
the best part, gets less cold, whose trees are quickly fading leaves and fruit, believes
Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel.

The best kind of this land, says the same author, is composed of equal parts,
which benefited with lots of copy softens manure cultivation: does not suffer much
water, and it is best to dry to give irrigation in this disposal. Since fast drinking water
that is irrigated correspondingly on the surface is dry and moist in the center. It prevails
palm, pine, tamarisk, cypress and other trees that breed in moist sand, and vegetables
purslane. The harírat land is to margins of the great rivers, whose dominant color is
powdery in fair proportion, has soft sand mixture without being this much of which is
made up.

 
  

The land of this kind as may be moist and tender is the best temperament, says
Abu-el-Jair, the more docile to the work, and to give more anágola to plant, to all air
and to all water. Does not suffer from much manure, and only fertilized in cold weather.
It is convenient to the old and rotten, either pure sheep or human excrement in the same
form, or mixed. Here prevail the various species of fruit, arraihanes, ocimos (or basil)
and jasmine, all kinds of vegetables, dikál fig *, White Cordoba and open, hazel, apple,
citrus (or toronjo), the orange , jujube and pomegranate.

Also it prevails in this land (and other) Lupin, and Mulberry Treeity, rose,
walnut, jujube, medlar, peach, zerezo; Although this tree is not here long life ready to
reach an end, and because its branches being a little gnarled, surprises and cold damage,
while still tender. Also, the mature fig here late so that the rains to surprise him.Also it
prevails in this land onion, wild leek, linen, Henna, rice, indigo, cotton, beans, sesame,
millet, millet, saffron and all Lawn vegetables. In short all those genera and species of
vegetables and trees are planted and planted in orchards prevail on this earth.

The land called thick has, according to Abu-el-Jair and others, the white to
yellow, and is crass, strong, viscous, without moisture. The work is unruly, and cracks
in hot weather as deserts or barren land, although close to their slots when it rains. It is
hard and does not penetrate water by much grass and having viscosity. Copy suffers
much water, and there is no doubt that the manure that is appropriate oxen and sheep,
rotten.

The thick earth, says Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, acquires ease with ash, dung
and crop to quibble and soften. Some say that this land is good (like all that cracking of
large cracks) to seed and not for planting, radishes, turnips, onions, garlic, caraway or
similar plants.

Kastos says that no tree is planted in healthy soil but without harshness or
stones, or the cracking of that; and the same is said of the fields that may be found to be
of the same species, and consumed at most.

ARTICLE VIII

Of land that are not good for sowings or plantings, and none of this prevails.

 
  

Such, says Abu-Abdallah-Ibnel-Fasel and Abu-el-Jair, very yellow (or ocher)

land that is used to color the wood and dyed cloth; the land of a vermilion ocher loaded
call; three species of land of the same name called burka, which are a tight yellow to
white, and exhaled an odor of alcribite; the gravel pit or stony, which is below
containing white rough limestone (or Calinas) thick, rough and sand blinded torrents;
the land of blue that mixed with colored clay pottery jars for oil and wine are made;
yellow skin color similar to the wet stone of the same color; the brackish land, mineral
orpiment, alcribite, copper, iron and the like; and so those kind of very viscous mud,
like the soft, Armenian, Roman which is the main (or thinner) and the bricks are made;
saluki land; the mud, the mud of the rivers and the like.

Some call this máhmalat land that is useless or insignificant.

Attempts have been made because of the thick fertilizers lands, slimeing, source,
salt, sandstone and other species that together mention was made in the previous
ARTICLE, according to the doctrine of Nabathea Agriculture has been extracted;
maxims which you can see and join with the alleged above, taken from the books of the
two Doctors Abu-Abdullah, and Abu-el-Jair; in which you'll have far enough in this
area with the help of Allah, who is the convenience and utility commands with the
influx of secondary causes. He is the supreme Lord, whom alone adoration and worship
is due.

 
  

Chapter II

Of manure and useful species, preparation, method of use or apply.

Referring to trees and vegetables, suffering, or not,
all manure from the book of Ibn-Hajaj,
that under the name of sirjin is about manure.

Dung says June makes the good land of better quality, and to the poor the
benefits a lot and strengthens. The quality does not need much manure, and a just
intonation unless she needs something, let the weak and thin. None of manure the earth
at once, it should do this gradually and at different times, as well as land not manured
remains cool, so it burns the receiving as much manure which it corresponds.

Whoever fertilize the plants should take manure to the foot of them, covering
them with earth first, and then the same manure. In doing so, plants do not burn with the
immediacy of manure; whose heat is gradually penetrating the roots behind the middle
ground and the other covering it, and preventing this heat evaporates, turns it down.

Says the same author, that the best manure manured the earth is all birds except
the geese and other aquatiles; which corrupts by its humidity, not being mixed with
other species of beneficial manure. The best, he says, is the pigeon droppings by its
heat; it has the advantage of fortifying the weak earth, and her influence on vegetation
and robustness of the fruit it produces, and also to kill the lobster (many insects that will
abound). After the manure is taken for good quality human excrement to be similar in
strength to the pigeon droppings, and have special virtue to kill some species of herbs.

Donkey dung is third in quality, and this because by its nature promotes and
strengthens the fields, and is good for all kinds of plants. Goat manure is the fourth
order for its excessive acidity. After the sheep that is thicker (or fat) than goats; and then

 
  

the horse. The weakest and vilest of all is pure horse and mule, which if mixed with
other species strong manure is however good and helpful.

Such is the specific graduation that June make of manure. Kastos says, the best
bird manure is the pigeon droppings, which kills weeds with its heat: then the donkeys;
and then the sheep; and ultimately the ox. The best ever for plants is the common horse
called clumsy (or steam); and mixing manure is good for the olive more than any other.
Cassian gives preference in an article of his work to horse manure, celebrates and care
of their use to the farmers.

According Sidagós the Hisphahaniense, heat or moisture of manure is in

proportion of animal’s temperament, because if they are warm temperament, the same is
also their dung. For example, pigeon droppings is warm and dry, because this
temperament are animals that shed. And this rule will guide you to know the quality of
all other manures.

The usefulness of manure is that revives (or excite) the natural heat in plants and
widening (or open) with his pores of the earth to penetrate to the roots. So far Sidagós:
who then returns to send us to the view June, claiming to be convenient to all things
avoid the use of manure from a year, and this refrain the farmers for not being helpful at
all, and because together has produce damaging insects. But that is of very good quality
three or four years, because spending time for him, and ceasing to be recent, lost
(contracting new smell) all roughness had and softens. We said (adds) enough in the
matter. Till here the mentioned author.

The aged manure, says Solon, is soft and cold, and then (or in this provision) is
best for vegetables; and so from that manure should use for trees about which he spent a
year or less, as these and the weakness of those may suffer with respect to that of fresh
manure are many worms that occur, damaging to vegetables.

Also says this author in an article of his work that greatly influences pigeon
droppings on fruits, and thus who claims that the tree could fructify should abundantly
fertilize with her; it causes this effect by branches flowering good. And that intends the
tree to take root, especially the weak and old, the dung with cattle manure and compost,
as they have a special virtue to this effect.

Dung, says Kutsámi in Nabathea Agriculture, is applied in two ways, pure and
mixed with something else, that is, a different manure, or soil provided. The most useful

 
  

among the simple to the corrupt land ceased to be of good quality and lost its sweetness,
is the cow dung; whither still goodness for the same effect or deer dung mountain goat,
wild donkey goat, sheep, buffalo, horse and domestic donkey; and also pigeon
droppings, which is among us all the best manure. Other poultry manure are disposable
for being less virtue; although good quality are made by mixing other.

Human excrement is better temperament and warmer than the manure of pigeons
and other birds; it softens or subtilizes all manures, and incorporating well with land,
encourages and takes its hardness * and much coldness and dryness. It is very helpful
for the palms, trees, vines, and many small plants; thus making them vegetate, the
redeemed of damage. The aged human excrement, mixed with tiny black earth is more
useful for some things than other manures; which they are for other than him: all of
which explain in their articles, by Allah.

These are the simple manures; and so it is the straw of some plants, leaves, stems
and fruit, all dry and ground. These are the simple manures; and so it is the straw of
some plants, leaves, stems and fruit, all and ground dry. The first and most useful is the
straw beans; after the barley and wheat, pumpkins, brambles, hollyhocks, roses,
wallflowers, violets, lily, marshmallows, turnip greens, carrots and lettuce, sticks and
leaves to any fig branches, common palm leaves and called walnut India, and the fruit
often called bolja or dates to mature.

To manure and straw continue the ashes; because of it, which straw is taken to
fertilize, burnt after dry ash is collected useful to benefit plants and fertilize the land.
And so every tree ash applied to benefit those whose species was. The same is said of
the vineyard, palm, legumes, vegetables, and sum of all large or small plant, to which
advantage and gives strength. These concepts are as the foundation and basis of this
chapter.

According Kutsámi is essential that maximum cultivation of all plants, whether

small tree or plant, some of it is mixed in with manure that fertilized respectively. Also
says that the ash of burnt bones from the fruit of the trees, the branches that bear no
bone and other plants, makes prevail very well that tree species will fertilize her: and
also heal plants and trees with their ash of their same parties together with the manure,
as indeed is the vineyard medicine with ash of her branches, and the kernels or grape
bones; and so the other trees and plants. All of which, in the absence of this ash, well
rotten with convenient manure, also it serves as manure.

 
  

It is a universal principle, .dice Kutsámi, which is helpful to use manure from all
animal kind, and so the ash of every plant. But we have named these three simple
basics is more virtue than the other; which, when mixed with them, are
corrected and improved. Sagrit believes that the best manure is
generally all the pigeons, and every bird, except the aquatics and the duck.

Says that in most Chaldean climate, mix pigeon dung, dove and wood pigeon
advantageous for wheat, barley, millet, rice, millet, lentils and beans; and that with this
manure they sow the seed when they want to born and bear fruit quickly; especially if
the land is thin or weak, slimeing or source: and the same effect arises because poultry
manure on fruit trees. Bear in mind (adds) that kind of fertilizer for the land and all
kinds of plants, human excrement continues to poultry manure, as is constant from
experience.

It also has special virtue to is not born grass, thistles and other herbs contrary to
the vegetables, and even the other gender. Susado describes how to prepare human
excrement before applying. He says, to be dried his first moisture to be perfectly thin
and black; and then placed in a hole which will be discussed later, and spraying fresh
water twice to stir a lot, and mix until incorporated: after dry there will whisk ash
branches, and fertilize with him vines , being the thing that suits them.

If the same were used to fertilize other trees distinct of vines, vegetables or
plants, it mix part of the mentioned ashes of the same that you want to fertilize. He adds
that this is the best manure; and that if the farmer is offended by the smell, it break with
hot reddish earth dust of good odor mixed with bird excrement; which built with human
excrement, removes the bad smell that has, after many days remain dry.

Donkey dung follows this online of good quality fertilizer for trees and
plants; although it is not suitable for vines and olive trees and so these trees should be
avoided their use, with regard to whether they are cast forth below, they would be born
at the foot of them within two or three days plants lousy quality that would hurt a lot.
Such as manure must be mixed with another different if necessary to apply to those
trees, with as much of human excrement, bird manure, soil, manure or with others. This
follows the sheep manure; which it is especially useful for new trees and other fragrant
plants, and vegetables that are transplanted from one place to another.

 
  

Know (still the same author) sheep manure is the thickest of all, and therefore
the largest fertilizer for, brackish, bitter, hot and sour, and to plants that are in such
lands. Then follow the mule and horse manure. The common people prefer dung
manure of goats and sheep, and placed after the donkey dung. Experience has made by
pig manure and has found that burns a lot the roots of large trees, palms and all kinds of
plants; so it is no advantage.

The best manure of all, says Susado, is the pigeon excrement; which continues to
manure from other birds, except aquatics. Then he follows, and is the third human
excrement; the fourth is the goat dung; the fifth the sheep; the sixth the one of donkeys;
the seventh cow dung; the eighth horse manure and mule. The remaining following
these are regarded as of equal quality close together, while doubting his nature, or in
them no reason preference is discovered where they are gradually distinguished.

According Kutsámi, these manures are made (or prepare) with straws and ashes,
and rot until being as drug compounds that men use to medicate. With them the tree
heals, palm, vines and all kinds of plants from all calamities and harm; certain remedies
for plants with blood and urine are also provided, as blood has prodigious virtue to
revive (or return) some trees and plants.

ARTICLE I

The way to make manure

According to the Nabathea Agriculture, whoever wants to make profitable

manure for trees and plants in general in the appropriate land, and what manure must
use to preserve plants made calamities, do some deep ditches (which the more wide and
deep they may be, the better it will be), and pouring on any manure it with human
excrement, pigeon droppings or manure from other birds (except aquatic and ducks
whose manure is unusual in some way), stir all well, by adding a few sheets of marine
and branches cabbage, and also black and wet slime of some river or well, and
scrambled all with a long stick, so that they are incorporated parts, sprinkle on it some
lees and human urine , which it is the best manure especially for vines; and then stir it

 
  

well every day, or three in three days until issued a foul odor, and then when it became
black and then stir it well every day, or three in three days until issued a foul odor, and
then when I was black, adding ashes of vines and branches, stir and continuously
incorporate it every day in the manner stated (whose ashes as it were greater the amount
will be much better); and then there is present all mixed, leaving it in the same place,
then why is there every day urinate without intermission, till it came to smell very bad
and blackened and does not distinguish at sight anything that is separately mixed; in
which state I spread it on the ground, and the remainder in the same hole, so that
everything is dry, exposed to yesterday; which verified, and reached the end of its
perfection.

Such is the manure that fertilized the vines free of calamity; to which repairs,
strengthens and reserve much damage, by Allah.

Manure for fruit such as pomegranate, hazel, apple, pear, loquat aronio, peach,
apricot, jujube, the sebestén (or serval) and similar trees, whose fruit regardless of cold
quality, is made the same ashes of them and any black mud below, lying above and
stirred well with her, incorporating a lot of dung of wood pigeon and home pigeon and
bat or swallow; which is incorporated with a long stick or wooden paddle until well
mixed, and is infused over camel urine, or men urinate there, stirring continuously until
it is black and rotten.

Then you mix a lot of ancient human excrement of the same color, incorporating
all with shovels, and urinating on it every day until more rotting, smelly contract. For
which purpose the camel urine is better than human; which if there is no hand-over
amount of the camel lie down, adding stems and leaves of radishes; which makes
quickly rot and stink everything involved with it.

After rotten, it stirs up and down continuously, and extends through the land to
be dry or remain with very little moisture; with whose manure covering after the feet of
those trees or similar, it is improved and restored.

Indian dung convenient to round melon and other species of the same figure, the
dung is mixed donkey dung and thorn’s ash, often raised in uncultivated land; on whose
mothers mixture infused wine, stirring everything so that moisture is incorporated with
it, and so is left until it rots and black: in which arrangement will mix other distant land
with petite soil, or rising dust from all dusty site; all of which built with shovels, it is

 
  

then thrown into the bottom of the melon; to which plants are sure to benefit and
strengthened.

Manure for fig, citrus, almond, alfonsigo, walnut, bitter almond and other trees
like warm fruit, consists of dung, of what remains of wheat and barley after the harvest,
the dry grass born from these same grains and the tare’s straws and other small plants
all of which together is left well spread in the stables (or pens) where cattle is collected
so that they wet and dirty it, and stepping on it, it crumble so that it looks like salt and
incorporated with dung; and no doubt well and soon rots; whose layout and where it has
been blackened, stir with iron shovels or wooden fort, incorporating red earth of good
smell; whose whole mixture is left extended so that it remains wipe or very little
moisture: and such is the manure with fertilize the above mentioned and similar trees.

Manure generally helpful for all small or large plant, consists of ash from the
short straw with its roots in the stubble of wheat and barley, thorns, briars, sticks and fig
leaves, adding to this as much dung, and pigeon droppings part, bean’s straw,   wheat,
and barley, and dry stalks pumpkins, all in the same species and unburned branches and
some sticks and roots of the vines, aquatic moss collected from rivers and the shores of
ponds and ditches, and small straws with its roots torn.

All this together in the trenches as above described, the rainwater it rots (in
which arrangement the peasant people also urinate there); so it will make this water
flow and go to stop in such places being known that such currents cleaned roads
manure, silt, mud, subtle and thick earthy substance, which coming to give in that
manure , there remains; and stagnant water which has been absorbed into the earth turns
what is contained in those trenches, and shaken with sticks to it well built, everything
rots perfectly. It already blackened, and dismissing him a rotten smell, with blade
moves continuously, stirring up a lot until remains incorporated their stay as a mass
party. And such is the useful manure to every tree and plant, and with it all manures,
except melons.

The same blend of old human excrement manure befits cucumbers, pumpkins,
turnips, carrots, leeks (or Damascene) and similar plants bred underground, like the
roots; Although cucumbers are also fertilized with cow dung, donkey manure and
human excrement, all mixed with another portion so soft and good ground.

 
  

Eggplants, the soldanela or sea kale, the common kale (or cabbage), kale,
radishes, onions, garlic, and similar wing, fertilized with human excrement mixed
donkey dung and ashes, whatever (although it is better willow), adding to this leaves
some thin branches and roots of chestnut, and then put everything into the referrals
moat, where it infuses and sprinkles fresh water to rot well, stir and pulls there after
rotten, extending well spread as trite thing. And this is the manure to the
aforementioned levels, which rise and prevail.

Manure for small vegetables such as peppermint, endive, the snakeroot, chard,
Nabataean leeks or Chaldeans, rocket, cress, taro (or actual basil), purslane, celery and
the like, comprises human excrement, pigeon droppings, donkey dung and cow dung, so
that human excrement is the majority, adding to all the other both good and petite
collected in such places dung and earth; all of which is put together in the trenches
mentioned and therefore any blood that is infused; although better human, the camels
and sheep.

It is also sprayed with fresh water mixing and turning it well so that it is
incorporated; and if any rain before, so and so much stir, corrupted and quickened, and
it incorporates each other to rot and black. After having done silt and dried, mixed with
any tiny dirt or dust it, and thus the mode referred vegetables are fertilized; putted
beside which sustains and makes greening.

Lettuce are fertilized with manure composed of human excrement, pigeon

droppings, chicken manure, lettuce leaves, some swallow manure, tamarisk’s ash,
acacalis and the like; so that one half is of human excrement, and the other of other
things, as a conjectural, not mathematics. All of which put in the mentioned ditch, and
infusing blood (whatever it is) and rain water, is left until blackened, rotten odor
contracted; in which arrangement moves the dry ditch and applies to lettuce manure
through their roots, sprinkling their branches together with the same in the way that
after say, by Allah.

Such are the modes of dung that rot enough to know in this area. Things that
occur to rot ferment them is the chairdrek or swallow manure, urine and human blood,
which causes things like manure effect on the yeast in the dough; thus benefiting them
and increasing their heat strengthening or the rot and make good temperament.

 
  

ARTICLE II

Goodness of manure over time.

According to the Nabathea Agriculture is very good two-year-rotted manure,

better three and four that lost its foul odor that smells nothing, is better than all these
manures short time. For this the custom, Kutsámi says that any kind of manure a year
earlier to avail themselves have built and rotten, about which if applied before going
through it a year, hurt; and even after last this time, there is not be perfect quality.

The oldest of three or four years is the most advantageous. The more time is not
used for lack of virtue, having lost force. The damage from that used before the year is
completed, produces bad bugs and worms of various sizes; and sometimes if it is
fertilized with much watering plants, spring water or land and eats feet (or stems)
thereof; so it should not apply until after one or two months, completed the first year.
The manure that came to the five, or that pass this time is not good for anything.
However, it takes place from that manure mixed with powder that brings water from
other land; although this is of better quality. Manure to seven years ago and pure
powder is held by good and substantial land as has been the open; But if any has been
under the same roof under the manure, since it retains its good quality until that time,
and does not become dust to last ten or twelve years.

ARTICLE III

In the way of manure trees and vegetables and manure dust to some of the latter.

All these trees that have been mentioned, says the author of Agriculture
Nabathea, foot dug little or much in proportion to his size or smallness, were filled those
excavations with any of these manures. But none are given powder; because while all
respectively advantage to the trees and plants being at the bottom; but they are harmful

 
  

to the end if they fall on the leaves and branches, particularly fruit and vines; of whose
plants to suit any powder but is eggplant, cabbage, sea kale and vegetables generally
large; to all of which should dusting lightly with manure out to be particularly small
vegetables, and also fertilize the foot with some portion thereof.

In the Nabathea Agriculture it’s refer various opinions about the powder in
vineyards; because some say that fill them with manure dust is for them a useful
statement about Refer powder various opinions about the vineyards in Agriculture
Nabathea; because some say there that fill them with manure dust is for them a useful
statement about being this the same as other land bring different place, and thus dust fill
them, and helps them fail to bear fruit. Others say that is very worthy dig the earth and
put it together; others say that fill much manure dust, they cause extreme damage;
others that wont give dust to the vines with manure but just those vegetables and small
plants so that it be convenient, mixing before with petite land; which benefits them, and
others say that before you must spray water so dust can settle on them.

Susado say, when you have to fertilize the tree’s foots or stem of the others
small plants with these manures, specially warms, do not throw it inmediatly but
bringing and droping first extraño dust of another land to the foot, then you put above
the manure, in the way that it be between two layers of said dust; which follows the one
that mix with manure and in the ruins of deserts houses.

According Sagrit, the land that stops manures warm is brought it from of vacant
sites and wilderness for being the most convenient and profitable for all kind of trees
and palms, and for all small or corpulent palm. For this places that Sagrit calls
wahchiat, understands the same, Abu-Bikara ben says, are the spacious fields where the
winds blow a lot. Also says, (this author) that troeing the manure between the two dirt
reserves the palms and trees of the damage it could cause surrounding them. Eggplants,
cucumbers, cucumbers, melons, and all that we call big vegetables, need the dust and
that fertilize in the roots. Adding, says the Nabathea Agriculture, to the big vegetables
cabbage, sea kale, chard, lettuce, spinach and cress, first you throw the manure between
the dirt before covering with dust, which must be from another good quality land and
also the one that mis with the manure and ruins; further the one collected from the
jungle and deserts, as Sagrit said. Also it is usual to throw the manure in the water that
flow to the vegetables, to introduce it this way in these plant’s root, whose practice has
the people as better.

 
  

Many farmers want to make manure while pouring some water on the roots or
the skin of trees, and that they are irrigated and manured later, as customary. Nabathea
Agriculture says that if the manure retains its strength and roughness even when it
dusted the leaves of large trees, are heated much more to give them the sun, which cause
burning and chipping them, they loose with this, part of its robustness.   So vegetables
and whole slender plant as the root or foot of the large plants are to be covered jointly
of livestock manure: this is befits small plants throw it in the roots and branches, and to
the great only in the roots and not on branches or leaves; being this the media that the
leaves and branches of large plants receive the utility of manure at the same moment.

ARTICLE IV

Of the utility of the manure for the lands and the time that must fertilize,
according to Nabathea Agriculture

The manure, whose quality and utility above mentioned, Sagrit says, are
profitable indifferently of the land where they had, and for the bare of any tree or plant;
because if it is throw in a bad land they abandon it, and if it is good, it make it of better
quality and robustness; and the same happens when to the plants and trees, having them
cover of the bad impression of damage airs, too cold or too hot, dryness and the
corruption of much irrigation. It is also profitable to the moderately good and the fetid
land, some strange accident reduce them to their good temperament. Ultimately, it is
necessary the manure in those kind of sick lands, called thin, source or slimey.

ARTICLE V

The above mentioned manures benefit generally to all corrupted land, and
further this common utility has the particularly respective to trees and plant. The weak
land of grove and other big or small plants must be fertilize to many times, and still

 
  

must need continuous fertilize from autumn till early spring. Which consists, on that
land plowed every two days, the third will take manure for ten, fifteen or twenty,
according seem good about the degree to which corruption had come, decline of good
quality; since if the amount of manure over usually be increased, this would corrupt
both land plants, burning and weakening that and apply these to be necessary to remedy
this corruption. Unlike moderate use corresponding amount will not burn in any way
soil or plants: so if throwing much manure on a stretch of land so that everything he
does seem otherwise, shrink so much strength and heat spoil to many plants to be
required to repair such damage that land mix quite another copy quality that benefit, or
freshwater irrigation, which produce the same effect, it remove the fortress. It should
not need much manure for the earth; whose usefulness is to help the heat of the sun and
air, and to oppose to cold or cold excess plants contract from land or water. Manure
communicates its usefulness to all united under the tree, palm, vine and other large
plants; thus warming the earth until his deep, thence the roots and foot (or stem) from
the tree and the plants extends to branches according to the Nabathea Agriculture
manure heats the surface of the earth in cold weather which clogging it comes from the
air, and also a cold deep warming it in hot weather, causing damage to plants and trees.

According Sagrit, the land of perfect quality, as well continue, you should not
need to fertilize; but and in full amount to his manure, the fetid, as the degree of decline
of good or bad quality. The land between good and bad must have continuous manure,
as we said needed to repair the thin soil of his weakness and be strengthened. Some
manures also have utility ward off insect crops.

Kutsámi says that if mixed with poultry or swallow manure, which is the
mochairarek and dried blood, shredded or ground this, the seeds must sown together,
mostly in thin soil, weak source or slimeing, is this benefit the same and to plants;
whose vegetation and increased also ahead, and preserves them from harmful insects
that eat them, such as mice, bugs, worms and other insects that corrupt the seed or take.
Whose mixture falling into the ground and receiving slime from tainted water, and the
same land that is incorporated, and the same land that is incorporated, and toes or stems
of the plants, extending the soil surface and dismisses himself an unpleasant smell of all
kinds of birds and to every other kind of bugs such as mice and various insects.

 
  

ARTICLE VI

Of virtue and strength of manure

Some are warm, and other fresh, greasy and soft; and respective use of each
species is done to medicate the earth or ground contrary quality; that is, warm with
whatever fresh or cold , the cold with warm, fat (or juicy) with consumed, and so do the
rest. According to the Nabathea Agriculture, with the warm manure it is composed of
human excrement, of so many parts of pigeon droppings, sheep dung, manure swallows,
turbid oil (so amurca or vegetable water), all mixed up rot and reared in it worms, and
drying after, it fertilize the vines to fought the cold and similar calamities. The soft
manure is he who has no mixture of human excrement or pigeon droppings; but the
compound of cow dung and manure of sheep along with the small dust of the dunghills.

When you need, says Kutsámi, aggressive and strong manure, mix them with
ashes of warm things, and so shrink too hot and such quality; as ash peppermint,
jasmine, canines roses of axedréa (or wild serpol) real basil and celery, which has
special and prodigious virtue for this effect. From whose ashes, or other similar warm
plants, it is used, mixing, rotten and incorporating them with the manure. And these are
the ones that must be applied to the affected plants from the cold and similar calamities.
The thick manure, also called sweet, consists of manure, straw vegetables, green leaves
and plants mucilaginous part of them.

Cold quality manure is made by mixing and rotting with him as much leaves,
sticks and roots of two species of wild poppy and Hortense as could collect. It is also
said that rotten it with human excrement, manure donkey and cow dung, is made of all
this a profitable manure to every overwhelmed of calamity from strongly heat plant, or
of that disease called hictericia or combustion usually happens to trees and vegetables
by the burning of certain high winds; for which purpose it is, by Allah, in a useful and
powerful virtue, as cold and juicy manure make up, you can see it in the ARTICLE of
rice seed; and how hot manure in the sowing chard.

 
  

ARTICLE VII

With these warm manures you won’t fertilize the vines because it burns their
roots nor contract that disease that dries the fruit. For every tree or plant that don’t
suffer the burning manure has to appeal to them instead of, rotten straws, edible grains
and livelihood; of which the more convenient and useful to the vines is the beans, barley
and wheat without them prove to be feared that the vines of scorching manure.

Abu-Abdullah-Mohamed-Ibn-Ibrahim-Ibn-el-Fasel and the wise Abu-el-Jair and

others say, that animal manure that is made to agricultural use, are seven species, which
offer testify later. The condition of manure in general is to be warm and juicy; in the old
stands latter quality rather than new, and in this most the first. That latter manure, not to
be good, no use is made until last a year or more; but if the necessity compels him to
make it ferment mix it with pigeon droppings or ash, which also has the virtue to cause
the same effect on him; whose manner of composition will be discussed onwards, by
Allah.

Manure from all species of pigeons and francolin are extremely hot and dry,
both old and new; with which cure the plants of the damage occurred from the cold.
Offended plants from the heat, are cured with human excrement. Manure moisten
parched ground, loose hard (or thick), warms the cold, in the exhausted thick, and does
best quality. Straws beans, barley and wheat together or by themselves or rotten, are soil
fertilizer.

ARTICLE VIII

Of the birds manure

These, according to Abu-el-Jair, are deadly poison for the plants, except pigeon
droppings; which leads to all, and is by nature too hot and dry; While Abu-Abdallah-
Ibnel-Fasel denied the quality of dry, attributing the excessively warm and very humid.  
According to Abu-el-Jair, manure from aquatics birds, chickens and geese is harmful to
plants; and with the pigeon droppings it vegetate, grow quickly and the same rise, if the

 
  

cold or ice has been delayed after the born; in which are repaired throwing it dissolved
in the water with which it is irrigated. It is also suitable for every tree and vegetables,
and is prodigious virtue for Alena and olives.

According to Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, it is help for plants stunned by the

force of cold, throwing it crumbled into the water with which it is irrigated. Which has
only executed if necessary. It is said that also avails the flimsy ground, and by its very
hot belongs to the second class of advantaged manure. Kastos says that all poultry
manure, ducks, among others, avails every tree, lentil seed and fertilize it with him. But
the most effective and removes to them and to the other plants the calamity which they
have contracted, is the pigeon droppings by force of its heat. And this is where it says
that Tasmid is the same that fertilize. Accodring to Nabathea Agriculture, the pigeon
dung, turtle dove and wood pigeon birds are equal in quality.

It is made used of the human excrement from the sewer according to Abu-el-
Jair, dry and crumbled. It is warm, moist and fibrous nature; or moderately warm with
these two qualities, believes Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel. The rotten is said to be cold
and wet; whose ultimate quality is, according to Abu-el-Jair, rotten in the sewer. Abu-
Abdallah and others say, that human excrement is good for summer vegetables like
squash, eggplant, purslane, onions, soldanela, amaranth and henna; for whose plants
have special virtue and lettuce; and also it has unique and wonderful for the palms.

It dissolved in the pond water with the vegetables are irrigated in the hot season
is very convenient, useful, and nothing harmful to them; and applied equally to many
arid parched withered plants or heat, they quickly cause the beneficial effect they need .
They say that human excrement is better manured to fertilize the land, being the
warmest manure and that ends more harmful to the sowing plants. It is said that offends
olives; but it is very useful to the vineyards, and online advantage belongs to the third
class, or follows of the pigeon droppings.

The manure of sheep, goats, camels, deer and dry rubbed down the block where
livestock is gathered, they have each other (according to Abu-el-Jair) affinity. They are
hot and humid and below pigeon droppings.   Of them it does not use, unless rotten and
after dead the grass seeds that had. because without being so, would these be harmful
when they got to be born; and it will be more profitable and better for the earth benefit it
with them before sowing of wheat and pulses. Also good benefit them brittle, loose and

 
  

waste ground. They mixed with some other manure and rotten, they are good for them
as it is fertilized, either vegetables or other species of plants.

According Kastos, the best of these manures is the white sheep and goats; then it
is the cow dung. The camel is useful as is fertilized with him, mixed with ash. It is said
that goat manure is hot in fourth grade; the sheep is less strong than him and then
follows the cow dung.

Pig manure is, according to Abu-el-Jair, poor quality and a deadly poison for the
plants. It's bad, says another author, for every plant is fertilized with him, except the
bitter almonds, which in this way becomes sweet. Manure of animals such as horses,
donkeys and mules, says Abu-el-Jair, are of a kind, hot and humid nature. Although
significant, they are inferior in quality to those above mentioned and use them as they
become, before cleaning to straws, dry grass, stones, bones and the like that are mixed.
But according to Ibn Abu-Abuj Dalah-the-Faselalthough manure worthy of
appreciation, should not be applied but simple and after cleaning and rotten in the
winter, unmixed with other, tables or pictures of pumpkins, eggplants, cucumbers and
similar plants; and properly apply juicy (or recent) according to his natural disposition.

Kastos says that the best manure is the one of donkeys and then the mule and
horses. Others claim that the latter beast is best, as it simple and pure unmixed with
anything. But this author add be of good quality, if it mix warm manure. It also says that
the mixture of manure from cattle and sheep, camels and birds is the best with the olive
manures, and the same manure compound of garbage from homes; which although less
than that, is however, according to Abu-el-Jair, good for trees, vegetables and crops, as
it is rotten, loose and clean, and has been a year for him. It has special virtue for
purslane called farfán, for yarbúz (or amaranth) to the sarmak (or armuelles) to cabbage
or carnab, for halimo or similar plants.

The compound manure, says Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel, is hot, humid, brackish

and rubbery; and some of it is equal to much other. But it is not used until one year of
its composition and after having cleaned; for otherwise produce weeds and pests
noxious to the plants that were surrounding to these or to those. Even the best and the
most profitable manure to the land are not much but after they passed one year. Who
passes on this time is of regular virtue; and well over within two years. They say the
three is the most adventageous of all. To rotten fast and benefit, say some, to be added
as a third part of new sand; and others to sixth pigeon droppings ash. This is nothing

 
  

more, according Abuel-Jair, than manure mixing with ash and debris from the rooms,
which is brackish, dry and lacking in moisture, and applies only to give freedom to the
thick earth, or expand their pores if it be of this quality or rough. It is not convenient for
vegetables, neither use it alone is good, but passed it after a year or more, so that
moistening the air becomes less brackish and warm. Before corrupt and rotten has
special virtue to kill insects that are born on earth as the worms called tarthán, and
others of a similar nature that corrupt the stems of plants.

According to Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel, pigeons ash for being dry and brackish
reserves the roots of the land the damage caused to them vermin that breed in gardens
and other places, like worms and insects, making her tables beds of the thickness of the
palm up and throwing manure after planting the seed in those tables; for seeing the
animals lying under ash plants, fleeing from it, which is like an intermediate fence
between them and plants.

Ash gives freely to the thick ground until soften; and it is said that it takes the
cold to hot to all that is fertilized with her. June quoted in the work of Ibn-Hajaj says
that the ash is better than all the manure for vegetables. And the reason is, because being
subtle and very warm by nature, feeding off them, also kills worms and other insects
that are born in the land of manure or other things. But Ibn-Hajaj feels that June’s
review wraps error (or wrong); because the ash being exceedingly dry lacks moisture,
and it is still hot; and so when spread over land to reach the point of exhaustion,
attenuated and lose some of their moisture, producing no other effect proper
consideration to kill the insects and worms; for which reason should throw it on the
ground, mixed juicy rotten manure to remove it dryness damage.

It is the opinion of Cassius, that the best thing that vegetables are fertilized is ash
because of the heat, and that kills the worms and herbs. Online after convenience pigeon
droppings follows, provided it is not in a large quantity; and so sheep manure; that
outside these manures use of others only when force you to dip into them the need and
in order that the manure cannot be wet about what produce insects and worms.

According to Nabathea Agriculture, sheep dung and cow dung are good for
sows; the beat’s for trees, and human excrement for palms. The pigeon excrement is,
according others books doctrin, profitable to all kind of trees; and if it is mixed with the
seed, this is sown with it at the low moisture land, it is really helpful for the sown; as it
is not good for the dry lands. Also it is used some manures; which are applied when you

 
  

cannot find the common others: and Abu-Abdalah, Ibn-el-Fasél and Abu-el-Jair explain
the way to do it.

They say that joining the chaff from the ground of lofts and dry grass, put all
together in a pit proportionally to the quantity, mixing with it ash and also earth; as
Abu-el-Jair say. And cover with some of this latter, spray it with hot water if it is
possible, or with cold water till the rain season; and also if it could be, with human
urine; and leaving it after it passes a year, then it cut and stir a few times, and clean of
stones or other things that hath mixed, stirring much; which contributes to its early
rotting and recollection, and to dismiss to bad vapors; whose manure used after the year
is desirable, not only to the vegetables in all seasons, but also and more profitable for
trees and olive trees. The manure is composed of more power than this, believes Abu-
Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel.

Other way of manure

Put variety of mixed manure in a pit with ash above and drained all the sweet
water, stir sometimes till it rot; which is a really good olive and lavender manure. So it
is to the fields, if a load is added and incorporated it three earth.

Other way

Take, says Abu-­‐Abdalah-­‐Ibn-­‐el-­‐Fasél,   a   freight   of   manure   compound;   or   according  

another   author   says,   any   manure   that   is   a   load   or   more,   and   mix   with   three   goals   of   land,   and  
according  to  Abu-­‐el-­‐Jair,  a  part  of  ash  and  sand;  all  of  which  cut  and  well  incorporated  in  this  way  
let  it  go  through  it  a  year,  and  spray  it  sometimes  with  hot  or  cold  water  if  any  rained;  as  well  as  
cutting   it   sometimes   becomes   a   very   kind   and   applicable   to   all   land   manure   or   plant   that   needs  
fertilizer.  

Other

 
  

Take, says Abu-Abdalah-Ibn-el-Fasél, a load of pigeon droppings and twenty of

earth, according to Abu-el-Jair, another from olive pits, and mixed everything, cut it
sometimes; and so all this will become a good manure and prodigious quality, helpful to
trees and vegetables that fertilized with it, passed a year. I have had experience in
manure, says Kasros, one thing that does not make mention of the Nabatheos or other is
that having used the ash of burnt common manure, found to be the perfect quality and
fertilizer for trees and vegetables. And it seems to me that pigeon’s ash that may have
been burned manure will be of equal quality.

It is the opinion of some authors, according to Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, that

do not use the manure before it àssed a year. But whoever wants to use it before having
reached the time, collecting the appropriate amount of manure, spread equally in one
place, and doing among different shallow holes throw in each pigeon droppings of
which have a part to twenty or more manure, and covered pits with the same, leave it for
a month, and will be collected to the point of being like three years. I put together an
evening manure of cattle, garbage room, black earth soil of dung and ash compound and
spread throughout a large wattle of reeds on the ground, after having rained cut with
shovels while still retaining that humidity, wiping stones and other things that had
mixed.

Thus gathered in heaps, and stepped well, and a few days after having
scrambled, were found everything to break and crumble their piles in the same color and
constitution as the pigeon droppings, and exhaling that same smell. In this arrangement
I took to him an average small charge each of olives large trunk, and to the medium or
small, fewer, and I saw that it was this much advantage having thrown the fruit very
early and much abundance; whose operation having executed many consecutive years,
always found convenient, and that little of this was equivalent to a lot of manure simple.

ARTICLE IX

Manure time by the Arabic months

 
  

In the Nabathea Agriculture, says that it is not convenient fertilize the sow,
palm, tree or any small plant on the first day of the month or after until passed the full
moon. And then fertilize the land and each plant, in the waning of the moon or since the
tenth or sixth day of the lunar month till de last. But the vines say they have to fertilize
in crescent moon in the early to mid-month; of whose practice, find it useful manifest
and not hidden, like the night of the full moon appears in plants, both in strength and
increase them as the most elegance and good view: which would not happen if this were
done waning moon.

ARTICLE X

Manure time by the solar year will be discussed later in their respective
ARTICLEs and the general chapter, insha Allah.

ARTICLE XI

As was said above, some trees and vegetables do not suffer manure and others
suffer. Trees and vegetables that do not suffer, nor need, nor prosper with him, are,
according to Nabathea Agriculture, walnut, hazel, acácalis, the Syriac carob, oak,
chestnut, laurel, cypress, wild olive trees, which gives the fruit very often, the rose and
similar plants, which in itself is much raised in the forests, and are rough and coarse
nature, and to which also appropriate thick and rough land. Such plants have no need for
manure; because although they fail you fertilize with manure any of the aforementioned,
but not for this it is necessary even if it is omitted and raising robust as agreeing to these
trees the warm earth, hard and whitish, have no need of frequent cultivation although
this does not stop benefit them, if they are applied.

Nor has need of manure, as Kutsámi, any oily tree, although the manure
advantage it, and nothing will harm. And such are those who receive the insert of other
trees that do not suffer manure as the root, jasmine, citrus, orange and muse. The trees
that lose manure, and this is poison to them, are quince, cherry, apple, rose, laurel, pine,
apricot and all four rubber trees (or aromatic). Fragrant plants, also losing manure, are

 
  

the muse, Almoraduz, violet, peppermint, the arraihan and real basil; and vegetables,
radishes, turnips and carrots. Trees suffering manure are olive, fig, almond, palm, pear,
pomegranate, jujube, the alfonsigo and the like.

 
  

Chapter III

Water species with trees and vegetables are irrigated;

and which corresponds to each of these species.
In what way have opened the wells (or wells) in the gardens,
and atraillar (or match) the earth so that water can run and watering all.
Refer signs where it is known if the water is near or far
from the surface of the earth, and everything else on this matter.

Describes in Agriculture Nabalthea, held that drinking water is called sweet, and
in which no flavor whatsoever stands, and whose sweetness is certain blandness.
Crappy bitter water; then the salt, and lately in projecting the taste of any mineral.
According to Abu-el-Jair, six water species; of which the sweet is lighter and more
convenient to nurture men and plants. The rain water is a blessing, is good for irrigation
thin plants such as crops and legumes, vegetables and all that rises above a stem, and
whose root person was at ground level; and also for irrigation and to increase the
transplanted trees. According to Abu-Abdallah Ibn-Fasel, it is the most significant and
excellent water, and with it for its sweetness and humidity prevails every plant, and so
cabbage (or cabbage), the oraches, eggplants and the like.

The fresh and crystal clear water of the rivers, says Abu-el-Jair, water is good
for all vegetables like squash, eggplant, garlic, onions, leeks and all kinds of vegetables
Lawn, and for some field crops such as flax and every kind of fragrant seed and
caraway, cress, and the like. For these vegetables it is much needed water from the
rivers as has been manured them much; and also for many vegetables that have weak
roots and earth flower; which they have need much water and manure back and more
prevalent with river water to a different.

 
  

Says Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel, the water of the rivers is of various nature on

drying, moisture or roughness; and taking the soil moisture * need the flimsy
vegetables, which they were watered with it, lots of copy manure as a result.

* This seems repugnant to the nature of water. But it is not because she stop
absolutely moisten the earth; but because leaving sandstone puts state after losing all or
much of the moisture. Trying to this subject says Herrera: "Because the water destroys
and dissipates much land, that the flower she wears, "Leaving only sand, earth and stiff
and hard and hardened, so the land is irrigated has need much manure, and even remake
of good land." Lib. 4 c. 4, p. 183.

The brackish and bitter, as he says, are good for some vegetable gardens as
carfah or purslane (otherwise called) Rijlat or bákalat el-yemániat or yarbúz, for bakálat
el-dsahábiat, or spinach, to lettuce, endives, violets from invading the halimo (or
salgada) and similar plants. They are also good for watering flax, pumpkins, eggplants,
henna, basil species and ocimo, and the like.

The freshwater sources said Abu-el-Jair, is good for watering all planted in the
gardens; plants outside mentioned before. According to Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel, this
water and wells are suitable for vegetables and large underground root, as long carrots
and turnips; whose plants are raised them only with perfect quality. Moisten or not such
land (plants) with rainwater; but the wells and fountains is in the rigor of the cold
shakes vegetables, if then regasen with it; which healthy breeding.

Vegetables as they have necessary spring water in three seasons of the year, (to
wit), in the winter, autumn and spring. In the winter vegetables such water shaking with
moisture and subtlety, the heated watering them also with her then. For which reason
the absence thereof must fertilize more copy of manure. It is also consistent advantage
received by watering them with such water vegetables in the fall and spring seasons.

Salt water, says Abu-el-Jair, which is that salt freezes, and seawater, are not
good for watering a plant; before losing all tree species and vegetables. I add, water
from iron ore, alcribite, copper and the like, are not suitable for plants; and so the best is
the sweet as aforesaid.

 
  

ARTICLE I.

Signals where it is known if the water is near or far from the surface of the
earth.

One of the signs, they say, to whoever wants to attend open the gun well is to
plant species that produces the earth; to the color, flavor and odor of the surface of this;
and the rest that were then say, by Allah. It is said in the Nabathea Agriculture

in the plains and foothills of the mountains where there is plenty of water near
the surface of the earth, a certain juiciness which clearly perceives the touch and sight
appear to way

slime or dew, especially the first and last hour of the day; and so when wilt make
sure that you take a little dust, with which, if dusting the surface of some stones of the
mountain and of the earth itself, and watching for water, thou shalt see that there has
been moistened, is this sign that the water in that hill is near the surface of the earth;
because according to the copy of it in him and his closeness to the surface, it will be the
lot

that dust moisture; which will be little or dimly wet, if the water is low at this
site, or far off. Keep this understanding, which is also known for water in the caves of
the mountains by the murmur is heard of it; and also it is shown by the same powder
quality the surface of the earth, smooth, rough or different disposition.

Also, as to the ordinary fat that shall appear on the surface of the earth, or the
lack of this fat, which is the outer aridity know, that if the surface is watching sees be
the fatness of the earth dark colored or very dusty on the site of exploration, the water is
nearby, if it happens it; and also that this is a land of water, and contains much at its
center and depth. But if being viscous, black, thick is found, amassing a little dust, this
gummy be even much more water is contained therein; and if harsh, arid surface, be
understood that the lack of water is much greatly.

Also, if you saw the lumps of the surface are loose each other, and very arid, and
besides this the dark color of the surface is a tie for light colored straw, assumes,

 
  

missing in the land the water entirely. If you see the color of the lumps that are in the
arid land is so dry mud alfahareros, know that such land lacks water; and if the mud
from their land regardless as mentioned, this is the safest short of moisture and water
signal.

About know the immediacy or distance from this for the taste and smell of dust,
dig a hole in the land of cubit deep, and taking from the depths of some and putting it to
soak in fresh water in a clean glass, try on after and examine again and palate; whose
taste, whether bitter strip indicates that such land lacks the water at all, and the same if
pulled to a sharp brackish; but if this light that barely taste it may be perceived, it is not
far from water, and the very close to the surface if there is no such flavor is; and the
same area of the plain of the earth indicates the tie to off-flavor.

Dust that also smells; and if the water surface is far from the short side, there
was found to smell the same way that land has extracted streams and rivers where water
run continuously. Also, the smell like rotten eggs or thing shown to be near water. The
author Nabathea Agriculture, Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel and Abu-el-Jair say in their
respective works, which is also shown to have water in the spring near land, cypress,
turpentine, or turpentine trees, brambles and small thorns in it give suck. Abu-Abdallah-
Ibn-el-Fasel said, the latter plant is called Halabi; and according to Agriculture
Nabathea, especially the small hawthorn is indicante water plant, regarding the big rises
in her troubled and distant land, and the small and thin in the damp earth that has a
shallow depth.

The tamarisk, the Papyro or junk India, zumanque, yellow dock, plantain
breeding sites that are both wet and brackish, the reeds, the drunk, the pennyroyal,
chamomile, marshmallow, maidenhair well called Tarchia -wichan, the rush, the
program, the actual sweet clover or clover, the infernal fig, reed mats that are made, the
malca, the clover or trefoil born in the meadows, the lowest knapweed, and small
always-alive ; all these plants and the like, although breeding in damp places little
water; but its robustness, plenty of leaves, branches and roots, and permanent green
water back manifest in the interior of the earth where are born, and so its proximity to
the surface; and vice versa. Also the reeds and grass are indicative of nearby freshwater;
a copy in the center of the earth especially stations indicated in summer and autumn,
according Kutsami the crowd and firmness of the roots that remain on this same land.

 
  

According to Nabathea Agriculture and other books, one of the signals which
shows and knows the area and taste of the water is, which made a hole about three
cubits deep, especially in the land who produces the first mentioned plants, eaten a glass
of copper or lead a way to accommodate large bowl of ten or nearly ten pounds which
according to some is to be mud, and by way of a ball half, according to the Agriculture
Nabathea, and twenty Fitted site and a pound of water, and taking a well-washed wool
vellonde until absolutely remain taste of anything, lean and dry it is tied with wire in the
middle of the vessel or to one side inside, without being able to touch the ground put the
cup upside down; for which they say has to be smeared inside with melted tar, fat or
butter, especially if mud; which admits of no doubt.

Then they say that since the sun, this glass is placed face down in the depths of
that hole and be covered with fresh grass and earth like an cubit, or land only to be a full
hole; and that if I removed this morning before the sun rise, and recording the bare glass
wool, this wet he were soaked in water, it is a sign of having close at that site; if only
moist and juicy, which is the medium; and if another provision, which is distant from
the site; and if you found that lean, there is no water at all, or that there is filed under
hard rock where cannot copy a lot of water, however there maybe.

Also water wool indicates proven to taste the taste of water in that place;
because it is similar or almost similar. All of which having proved and experienced,
says Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel, we have found as to what the authors report. And
about knowing the taste of water from the well before opening, we have also seen that if
the site where you want to open a hole in one cubit deep is made, and taking from the
depths of him a piece of land you put this in a large bowl or pot of new green with fresh
water as rain or other similar, or well in which it is dissolved, and allowed to stand there
until the next day; if tested after that freshwater is found, the same flavor is what would
in that place, and this proportion if it were different flavor.

 
  

ARTICLE II.

The way to open wells in gardens and homes.

Says Abu-el-Jair and others, round bottom, and extended through the opening
well known for Arabic, and blind in both parts whatever the latter figure. It happens that
the round hole of the bottom water contains more prolonged, as the roundness is
equivalent to that length, by reason of being wider mouth.

Describes in Agriculture Nabathea that if doing well last saw land, do wider than
usual; and narrow, if the earth were loose or soft. I discovered the source of water, a jug
of it to be taken if proven there is found to taste sweet, work should be continued; or
suspend a little, if there be found another flavor. Like that back then, and if that truly
altered taste brackish'll throw it, it ceases to work for it without taking it. Though it be
bitter salt, cover the pot until the next day, then turns to him to finish blinding. The deep
well, says Abu-el-Jair, big mouth yourself, in this form or proportion. If depth is five
states, or ten yards, the rim has sixteen feet long, so that it enters the plane and two
cubits, leaving out nine spans.

If deeper, more become the curbstone to manifest major figure in the circle of
twelve hands. Kutsámi says that if digging the well few springs or springs be discovered
and as contained or entrained water, and wilt this in greater abundance, do the digging
too deep without neglecting or omitting to do what was said above on this subject. If
you want to increase either water, you do another well off, but not next to each other, up
to find that, as shallower cubit and a half than the first, by then another something
separate well and shallower cubit after of water found, concluding the operation to make
a fourth well, so that the former is deeper than each of them; whose waters gathering in
that communication ducts must made in the background, to come to double that of the
first and principal.

Says Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, if the springs in the well come by between

little stones, water flows abundantly of them; with less force, if sand; and if by
persistent or packed earth, not out but by slime. One of the things that greatly increase

 
  

water springs or foreign sources, which is good also do little water wells, is to take a
little common salt by measure, and last night watchman in the open mixed other both
phlegm taken from a dry river, then sprinkle in the morning venerate, or throw it in the
pot every day only seven scattered handfuls; fact which clearly is the water flow more
abundantly. Other than that, if you want to dig into the well to increase with the water
by this means, ask yourself this when they come down or sit waters in September and
October before the rainy season in the seventh, twenty-one and twenty- Two lunar
month.

Says Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel and others who seek to do well in the top of the
garden or vegetable garden near the door or in the middle of it, if possible; the first for
which there can be watering all; and second, that those who go in, you have immediate.
The well is open in the months of August, September or October based on the quality of
the land from which any immediate to the place, its depth and back water, or signs
which they shall show any.

Excavators when they bring up water, take out and continue their work to find it
in abundance. If in the depths of the pit give into hard, yellow, slightly moist soil,
something tight to white, yellow or white tie to call almothbal, water will be low. Also,
if the land of the depths of the pit regardless thick or stony, or manare water by way of
slime sides to sparingly and not then, caves to break that covered the springs and reach
the water flowing through between the little stones. He says the author of Agriculture
Nabathea, that if in the stone pit to prevent the excavation is discovered, it lights the fire
to break with the force of its heat and smoke.

Abu-el-Jair, that's well done quickly rather than slowly in the soft earth says; and
if ark shall need, be it twenty feet long and twelve wide; of which the smallest should
have twelve feet long and five feet wide. If you recelareis says Nabathea Agriculture,
which is in the pit evil vapors that deter entry to the jobs that have to be made in it, this
will be known within getting hung a lighted candle; which if not I'll put, it is a sign that
is free from them; and if otherwise, they stir the air with a big blanket or any such thing
(what is known) will be extracted, tucking inside tied a rope and pulling hurry towards
the mouth, and lowering the same way to the depths repeatedly; running this same by
many and some blankets, regardless if the well width, depending on the area any. After
which the test is done with the candle, and if this does not go off, it indicates that those
evil vapors and vanished.

 
  

Or do yourself a bundle of reeds or such a thing provided the scope of the barrel
of the well, and putting his hands on some tied to a string in the depths of it with restless
movement, upload it to his mouth, then let it fall headlong into the depths, If they wish
to grind there as anything, still moved or shaken that way going up and down, and down
and up; and then dropping slowly into the depths of the well, then upload it rapidly. And
this is the way to extract the bad vapors well stand up to the wellhead ten men or more,
depending on the scope of its circumference, having hands full glasses of cold water and
place ten pounds each and pouring them all together and even time, immediately stir the
air with what we said, or something similar, and so will the vapors, by Allah.

It is said that water sheds that there must be very hot, and then plugging the
wellhead with a thick cloth, removed this then come away vapors. It is also said, that
getting repeatedly into the pit some glasses filled with straw burning and smoking, the
vapors go along with the smoke.

Says Abu-el-Jair in every state or every two yards of rope to the waterwheel
there are five aqueducts, pails or buckets, and that the more were teeth on the small
wheel together with the greatest circulates said rope, this will become lighter and lighter
machine, and so if the crossbar post was long; which harms not nearly thirty or twenty
feet.

Easy course that is also given to the double rope to cut off the right post what
stands above the crossbar Horatio; and the same if the slices are or where lie the heavy
wooden were aqueducts; for which purpose they have to be thicker and heavier than
usual, with respect to that effect is achieved as well. They say that to hinder the meeting
of the steps of the ladder with the aqueducts in the well water is made to each of these in
the background a small hole, thereby swaying, are free to break with each other, or the
expansion of the well; which also emptied to stop the rope, for this reason it lasts a long
time.

 
  

ARTICLE III.

The way to level the ground with the instrument called the-marhifal (or
pendulum) or another so that the water flow through it.

This instrument is well known, said Abu-el-Jair; and mode match with it the
earth is this. Look straight three or four sticks of equal length on a table shaped table
with their bases also equal, and placing the right one without decline near the wellhead
or the tapping of the pond or pool from which to draw any water for irrigation, will be
the second front and away from him, and so the third, and the fourth in the ends of the
pipe that desires to match with the wellhead or with the runner pond. These sticks are to
be distant from each other equally, and their bases were loaded with stones or anything
like that do not fall or twist. Then I pulled a thin, very strong cord from the head first to
the last, this instrument of him hangs in the middle of the first two sticks; and if looking
to lead assay balance, falls on this perpendicular line dividing into two halves that
instrument, the portion of pipe comprehended between these two poles is the same; and
if either declines towards either of these same rights or perpendicular sticks, it comes
from that part of the depression, and the elevation of the other; whose inequality is
removed soil from the site taking up and throwing more at the lowest up to equalize and
drop the thread level or assay or on the dividing line through the middle that instrument,
and was all the same. The same operation is performed between each two of the other
clubs. And matched the land to the place at this level, it will serve the land from shore
to where any of conduct water remains lower than the immediate to the wellhead or
runner, at least six fingers on extension hundred cubits, which is the measure that sets
Filemon in his book of the Directorate of waters.

Levels gives the land in this way, it also matches well with the astrolabe. Get to
the wellhead or a table runner pond same, and stand in it the instrument so that its end
or tip up and drop one of the two holes in the sides to the part of the wellhead or tapping
the pond, and the other to where it was intended to go water. Then take a table or square
wood and in one of his paintings make up and down a large, together circles, of a size
and in the same series; or go forth therein different signals with anything any to hand, so

 
  

clear that the viewer can see them from afar, and look after this table, or tree stand,
without turning or to decline any of the posts to be equalized to give effect to the water.

Put those circles in front of the astrolabe, the man put his cheek between the
tapping of the pond and the astrolabe, which itself approaching, look through the hole
he has at his side, and the other will face towards the circles given color straight line,
until the hearing, which will tightly and equally by those two holes at the ends, to play
in one of such circles; which known and noticed by their color or distinctive sign, going
after him will be known as far from the surface of the land at the site where it is secured
that post; and therefore that this elevation is the same as has the hump of land from the
tapping of the pond.

Thus at that post the lift as it is necessary to lower removing land from there to
throw in the low place until entering the line of sight of the viewer through the two
holes in the sides of the astrolabe, is known to reach in the first circle of those close to
the surface of the earth, which is the signal to get just the intermediate site and from the
tank to said pole stick. The same operation continues both front and sideways left and
right in proportion to the distance of the sites; and the intermediate pipe equals earth
moving higher up room for the low end there pave ground space is wanted. And these
are the maximum that among other similar Filemon brings in his book of the Directorate
of waters.

Astrolabe other is pulled through a long table in a side with a thread in a straight
line, and making two holes at both ends, in either two rings of iron nailed equal in width
and elevation, so that their eyes come down facing each other on the line; which use the
same instrument Astrolabe by pulling the eye between the eyes of the rings toward that
same suit is made.

Also take astrolabe instead of two tiles and placing one's back on the floor, the
other is placed on top so that it is formed both as a conduit drilled; and looking through
the top hole in the side of the runner to the other, hence the post, the rest was said above
is executed. Equaled the earth, as applicable, are identified and open it in the usual
distances corresponding ditches along the tables, ensuring that they are lower.

The pictures must be leveled well, so they are not lower or higher than the top of
the bottom; lucky because otherwise the water would take from that to this the seeds
and manure. According to Abu-Abdallah-Ibn-el-Fasel, the picture should be twelve

 
  

cubits long and four wide, (whose measure is always understood to be mentioned in this
work); although it is not bad to be smaller. If you want to ditch out right from the
tapping of the pond (ie any other) takes three stakes size wilt and setting one on earth
with that site so that it was like a foot, nail on his right the second by the wall of the
pool at a distance cubit or more of the other, and left put last just as the first, and an
equal distance from it to the second.

After taking a slender thread, made a loop at one end, and start one of the two
side poles extrude it to the other and tie a knot right there, and he grabbed figure half
circle on the left; and then moving to the same stake loop, the thread extends to the
other where it was before, and half circle to the right another figure, so that both come
to be in front of the stick from the middle to the runner.

After tying a rope loose bat Environment from the runner, spread it to where
they are or touch the two circles, and likewise the stretch from this point of assembly
without separating it from him; as well it goes straight to the term you would. You do
the same operation respectively to include ditches must exit the other.

 
  

Chapter IV

About the Orchards and the disposition or order

of the plantations of trees on them, according to the book
where Ibn-Hajáj works this subject.

According Junio to the orchards of seedling must be chosen, the places with a lot
of water, close to the owners house, if it is possible, so it is appropriate to keep the air
healthy, and the same to the eyes of the specters, beside the happiness that causes lay
the eyes on them. Won´t be plant the trees mixed, but with separations between each
species, because the sturdy don’t take violently the irrigation that will decay on the
weak. Also the distance between the plants must be proportional in virtue of the quality
and sturdiness of the land; in which matter, with the grace of Allah, will face latter.

According the same Junio and Kastos, it must be know, that the plants putted
from seed are commonly the weakest of all; very good the transplanted; and the best are
the trees plant by branch. Kastos, that concurs with this on Junio, adds, that each species
of trees must be plant with his similar, and not with those of contraire or different
nature; and that not even the smalls must be with the tall, because giving this big
shadows and covering with it the small neighbors, will hurt them by taking away or
avoiding their sturdiness.

According Casio, the best spot for the orchard, is flat that allows to irrigate
having water in the high spot. Good possession is, say some farmers, the one from every
tree that can be irrigate in the summer; the ones must be cleaned by hand from the
offshoots that will grow at the feet or around, when they are early before getting hard,
until they begin to give branches so in this way all the strength finish in there or the
nutritive juice that causes that freshness.

The tree that rise twisted straighten, says other author, with sticks or cords, until
already harden they persevere straight; from which they are very susceptible while
young. Also they must be served with manures several times.

 
  

Look preferably, says Abu-el-Jair and others, for orchards and gardens the best
kind of ground, which underground water is very sweet, and regular, besides this; it will
pave before plating equating later so the water will on all over it at the moment of
irrigation; that if is executed after the plantation of the trees, they will show some roots,
what will damage them. The orchids, been possible, must be facing at east, and in them
will be put the trees by order on straight lines; in which the big ones won’t be plant with
the ones that weren’t , and those that become naked with those that don’t from their
leaves, been this more gentleness and beauty. Of this last kind must be plant close of the
door and the pond the laurel, the myrtle, cypress, pine, cedar, jasmine, the orange, the
zamboa, lemon, madroñera and those similar.

The pines must be plant where is of dense shadow, and also in the middle of the
orchard; and the streets, angles or corners from squares, cypresses. In that way close of
the well and pond or pool must be plant rowans, margosa, dadis, elms, black poplars,
willows, pomegranate and similar, and in the biggest must be hanged vine trees, in their
shadow the water will refresh, in reason of the convenient and useful that cold water
irrigations are in the summer. The trees of big shadow, and the thorny as the jujube, and
pine, hackberry, elm, willow, and similar must be placed next to the walls of the orchard
to the north, and also at the entrance so their shadow don’t hurt the vegetables. Each
spice of tree must be separated in the big gardens, and those who give fruits by seasons
will be plant together in a place that can be custody with less job; and those are as
example the apple, plum, pear and apricot. The rosebushes will be plant at the sides of
the orchard. In places humid, spacious and exposed to the dew will be planted elms,
willows, bananas, citrons, hackberry and laurels; taking care that citrons are in a
reserved place of the north wind, west wind and exposed to the east. In the chapter
twenty-three, will talk, by Allah, about the choice of good lands for vegetables, in
which matter was say something before that you won’t omit remember.

 
  

Chapter V

Of the plantation of trees in drought conditions, and watering the gardens.

Refer that there are trees whom the gardener shall not water if he plans to
partake a direct benefit from them

It is known that some trees are planted for their fruits, others by his aesthetics
and/or the smell of its white or yellow flowers; others just for the utility of its wood. All
of them are planted from the seed, for those who had them; from the fruit, for those who
didn’t had the seed; from the best ripped or broken twig, coming from a good part of its
body; from the leaf bud of the twig’s upper part; from a stake made from the lower part
of the same twig; from the sprouts that are born at the foot of some trees or near them,
from the most exquisite way named nawámi (asleep or taken down); and from united
twig (not cut or separated from the tree). The plants, including the perséa, taken from its
roots and foot are moved to the place where they would take a rise in these, and if they
didn’t had roots they would grow up until they have some; from their respective
regimen named tagtis and astasláf, and whom it particularly has each species in its
planting and crop we’ll talk about later , by Allah. These plants pinned, they later grow
roots and their wood hardens up, what comes to happen around their third year or
almost; in which status the move to the place it believes it’s useful to lay it’s fruit with
Allah’s favor.

Junio named in the book of Ibn-Hajáj, about the species and similarities of trees,
that not all are planted the same way; which means, that each one is planted by a seed,
or a twig torn from the tree, or from a stake; choosing for this purpose the ones who
looked big, for these the ones who grow vegetation or bloom better. And as long each
plant has its special nature, it comes into convenience having utmost attention in this
test. The trees, whose planting must be done from the seed, are the walnut, almond,

 
  

chestnut, peach, plum, palm, pine, cypress, cicely, bay, and the male pine. In this class
there are also taken into account the apricot (by Demócrito) and Kastos adds the
alfonsigo. This author says that, when the seeds are pinned in its place, they be moved
to other one searching for the best; which, according to Demócrito, must be done at the
two-years mark; and Junio also speaks of them being transplanted; and in the same
converge, according Ibn-Hajáj, the smart and industrialized farmers.

The trees that are advised to be planted from a torn twig are, according to Junio,
the apple, cherry, hazelnut, myrtle and the aronio medlar; in which Kastos also counts
the serval. Junio says, that some take twigs from these trees while they’re still
connected with them and put them into the ground until roots come out, and later
transplanting by the plant’s nature. The form of this operation will be described later, by
Allah.

The trees planted from a stake, says the same author, are the berry, citron,
quince, olive, tamarisk, and the white poplar; the ones whom the author confirms best
up when they are transplanted.

The trees, by Sidagós, that do not rip apart from the leaf or that remain too long
in the ground, and that don’t grow old until a long time has passed, or that detach the
leaf slowly, we know to be of thick and gooey matter, and not subtle and rare; and
likewise, that the tree of low subsistence, and that doesn’t takes long in detaching the
leaf, are of thin and subtle matter that doesn’t grow weak. By said reason I am of
dictating that the planting of thick-matter trees be by a smooth and new stake than a
tender twig or green, for the last one’s matter being more dense, more thick and richer
in glucose than the first one. Of these there are the berry, quince,, olive, pear, citron,
pomegranate, and myrtle; those that if planted with said stakes of thick matter, the roots
to be born are the ones most suited for these trees to have. You will also be able to, if
you want, to do this twig planting; as the expressed method it’s the best and the most
comforting. The trees that take a while to grow, and the ones who anticipate to the
bloom, we know them to be of subtle and thin matter, like the almond, peach, apple,
cherry, and similar; whose planting is done by the means of a tender twig. On the case
of the fig tree, even though it is a tree of slow vegetation , it is suggested that, for the
bad quality and weakness of its wood, the planting be done by a tender twig method,
because if it were made by the stake method, being this one big, the wind and humidity
of the rains would penetrate to the core of it by the place of its cut, and reach its still-

 
  

weak heart (called marrow) , wouldn’t grow roots and, dragging like this, it would be
lost. So it is by the author.

Says Solon that the stake of low sweat and lean by nature the torn twig and the
renewal are preferred for being juicier. Carmáno says almost the same; but Kastos
explains it more, and opposes Junio; whose max are reduced to this: That it is better to
know which tree is planted by seed, and this one must be planted broken up using the
hands: and the twig plantation to be done, using from these the ones who are born at the
tree’s feet. All of it varies (or opposes in between); because sometimes the seed planting
is best, and others it is best to do it using the last twigs of the tree, each one of these has
its particular method, and doesn’t have another one on purpose. Like this, the trees that
are planted from the seed are the alfonsigo, walnut, hazelnut, almond, chestnut, peach,
cherry, pine, citron, bay, and the palm; the ones for it’s good to transplant to another
place once seeded. Of torn or broken twig, the ones planted are serval, myrtle and the
apple: for it’s good to all of them to be transplanted to another location after being
planted the first time. The ones planted using the twigs born from the buds and the
stake, are the almond, pear, berry, citron, apple, olive, quince, myrtle and the serval;
whose transplanting done in the same way is very good for them. The trees from this
species that requires extreme care are the berry, citron, olive, pomegranate, white
Montesano lotus and quince. The plant species that, taken from their feet, are later
transplanted by hand are the Barbados of the vines, pine and willow. The trees whose
plantation comes best be done from the seed are the apricot, all the species of cherry,
almond, alfonsigo and bay.

Says Ibn-Hajáj that, according to what has been seen, Kastos points that trees
from these be planted in a single way mentioning them in a particular ARTICLE in its
bokk: that in others it acclaims the ones who are planted with two different ways,
explaining after together in an special ARTICLE about the benefits of each way, having
repeated it already nevertheless.

About the way of planting, says Ibn-Hajáj, that Junio attempting the use of torn
twigs and stakes, orders for them to be put on a place named thormadanát to transplant
them there after; and that thormadanát, according to what this same author in its book,
it’s the name the Greeks give to the place where the plant is first put on and from its
transplanted after; that the first operation is best be done in fall like this: dig up the
place first, put some manure on it and then apply whatever you want to grow there, be

 
  

them twigs or stakes, at the distance of an elbow one from the other; these will be
covered up with dirt and then watered until they are transplanted to the desired place
three years after. They must be cleaned up with a sickle of the little twigs that they
may have around them; and, when transplanting them, it is convenient to tenderly dig
up the ground in order to avoid harm to them with the digging, and to also avoid mud
falling over them which, to accomplish must be tied up in the surroundings. Likewise,
this same author claims rules about the seeds; and those are: that some plants are left to
dry too much when they are taken to faraway lands, some do the planting this way; to
know, that, seed taken from the seasoned fruit in the tree, they leave it to dry, and in this
disposition it’s planted; warning that isn’t convenient to leave to dry in the sun but in
the shadows; to which effect some spread up a handful of ashes: and that it is important
to water and apply manure to the place where they would be planted , and dig in those
the holes, each one of the size of a seed; the one, which covered with dirt, is watered
each day until the rain season arrives, so that when two or three years have the plants
endured, and some aridness appears on them, they are transplanted into holes with its
roots, before their stem sprout; and leaving out of the dirt only their hearts, some stakes
are put at its sides. But some affirm for this method of planting to be tenderly done.
The aforementioned author adds that, it must be known, a tree grows of the type from
which its seed was taken, except the olive, from which it blooms a wild plant named
carthanum acebuche that does not have a fruit.

Sidagós says, about this matter, that it is convenient to spread ashes in the seeds
when we want to move them from a region to a faraway another for them to not be
swamped with humidity; which if it weren’t done, many would never sprout or get
rotten: nor a part of them to be left exposed to the sun because the outer aridness would
not damage them; given that, losing its subtle humidity and juiciness, they would get
sick by this; except the seeds with a shell like the almond and the hazelnut; ones whom
the sun doesn’t affects, but it’s better to leave them in the shadows nevertheless.

In another part of its book it says that, when the plants are transplanted from the
tormadanát to their final rooting place it is convenient that they be taken along with its
mud, without removing it; and that, when we plant them, bury three quarters of its body
leaving the remaining quarter outstanding of the dirt; experts in the matter assure it’s the
best at that point.

 
  

Junio says, that the planting ground must be done in a never-plotted land, this is,
one where nothing has been put to grow before, and also exposed to the rising sun and
winds. That it must be able to turn accordingly for the roots of the herbs to be well torn.
That the plants be put one feet of distance between each, and half foot deep in the
ground, which, if done, makes them easier to take out with a gardening shovel; if it may
be well for these to be wide and not too shallow for the sun to bathe them all the time.
The canes or sprouts that are to be collected for the planting are those of thick buds for
them to lay roots, and must be at least foot and a half of length. Some are dictated to be
planted one each month for around six months, starting from the first; and for it to be
done with very small instruments to avoid meddling with the ones already rooted, being
these one right beside the other.

He adds the author that the twigs that’d be born from these plants along with
the buds to be cut down while still green in color, before they harden up, to avoid extra
difficulty of said work. It isn’t convenient for the plants to have more than one foot out
of the ground; and if that were the case, they’d be cut down for them to grow thicker;
operation that must be done with the hands and not with a tool. At the second year, the
holes are dug up another six times in the same way as the first time, leaving two buds
in each one, and the same respective procedure to their twigs. That, correctly done with
them where they are planted, be moved to where they are to be transplanted; action
which some execute at the third year, because they would take long to grow up if it were
done in the first year. For this cause, the good farmer won’t move these planting pots, a
year past; because it would make them weaker and cause a lack of steadiness if they
were transplanted when they’re just beginning to lay roots and growing up.

Says Junio that some water the plants while they are on the pots; but it isn’t wise
to do it until after transplant; which, according to Ibn-Hajáj, confirms the rule of
Sidagós that claims that we must exercise utmost care to not move the roots, twigs or
stakes placed in the watering spot or of continuous humidity but to another equal in
conditions to the one where they were. According to Ibn-Hajáj, it is of common talk in
the farmers that it isn’t bad to water the plants in that first planting ground, being too
much the heat and the dryness of the land.

Junio, again, states that there’s difference between the planting using the roots
and the branch that are cut by the time they are planted, called heady ; because the one
that’s left with all the roots and then planted, it is said that transplanted after it bears

 
  

better fruits, and Katos comes up with an almost equal suggestion. The same author
says that it is convenient to clean up the places where the plants are to be placed, of all
the plants that are rank or vicious in the vicinity, not only by digging them up, but
sometimes plotting them; throwing them out of there, specially the hard ones. And the
reason is, because the stones that are over the dirt burn the plants in the summer with
the heat they get from the sun by this last one lasting more in the hard materials; and
also because in the winter the stones that are frozen damage the trunks of the plants
growing near them; besides they cause a contrary effect when they are found in deep
ground, because the refresh the tree’s roots in heat seasons.

He adds that care must be taken into account into plotting the land as soon as
possible. Other than this, it is necessary to test the land before hand to know if it suits
the type of tree that’s going to be planted there; it must be well plotted sometimes when
juicy and tender, cleaning it from the herbs and other stuff it may had, leading to the
conclusion that the more dedication it is given, the better it will be; and the same if
these were deep, because that would make them preserve more juice over time: in which
in given disposition , were of watering, are planted after the trees, with Allah’s favor.
The time in which this should be executed and other stuff related to the matter are going
to be talked about later, by Allah himself. According to Nabathea agriculture, for the
transplant of trees and seed, places with large quantity of soil are to be picked, soil
where nothing has been planted for over a year (if possible) or two, not plotted, and an
area where winds pick up regularly. It matters that the dirt holes where the plants are
going to be are closed or similar in quality or disposition to those in which they were
first planted, avoiding a transplant from good soil to bad soil.

ARTICLE I

About the times to do the torn twig, bud and stake tree-planting, by Ibn Hajaj’s
book.

Sidagós states than in warm regions it is convenient to plant the trees in fall,
especially if the land were low on water, in order for the rains to hit them just after the
same fall, winter and spring. It is also usually done after the rigorous cold has passed,

 
  

and when the branches are next to blooms. The planting of these trees will be a valuable
possession if the grid works, and together with the grooves; because like this the earth
retains the humidity in benefit of what were in it. In the cold regions it is convenient to
do the planting after the cold has lowered since winter when the branches were near to
revive and bloom. But if you want, you could do the planting in fall, paying deed to the
opinion of those that claim that in this station the roots get vigorous and strong. Soften
the land in order to undo what the sun does with its heat; and if the colds haven’t froze
it, it is softened after being prepared for whatever will be thrown into it; which
disposition it’s the best for this effect.

Says Junio that many are the times to do the planting, according to the variety of
climate and regions. Some advice for the planting to be done after the harvest and when
the branches gets torn from the tree. Others do it in the beginnings of spring, or the 7th
day of February. But it is better to do it in high places in lean and flimsy, after the
harvest; in tender and plain or semi plain fields, in the starts of the spring, from March
1st; and in the other seasons, in the temper fields. In the brackish lands it is convenient
to do it after the harvest because the following rains wash the land from its bad
properties. When taking care of the dirt of this species it is good to throw manure
towards the plant’s trunk, which removes its brackishness. The lands that were to be
thick are known to be left to be sunbathed and then softened with the rains to receive the
plants. It isn’t convenient to dig beforehand the thin dirt because it would leave it
vulnerable to the sun’s heat. It’s supposed to be dug up in the moment of fall, for the
planting to be done in that land in order to take advantage of it.

Same Junio adds that others think that it’s generally convenient to do the
planting in fall in the warm lands starting from mid-October until the firsts of
December; and leaving them there until February 7th, when it should begin again then,
when there’s some heat already. In cold climate, especially in the mountains, it must be
done in the beginnings of spring; to which places, if the plants were transplanted
without letting the air heat up, would be lacking the energy to grow vegetation. It’s
because of this that the planting should be done in fall in warm places, because the plant
would not be busy trying to grow out but extending its roots; being in spring, with the
hot air, when it focuses in exactly the opposite. We must do the planting starting in the
3rd hour of the day and finishing in the 10th for the vehement winds that usually rise

 
  

up in the morning or afternoon. To do it, the land must not be humid or muddy, but
neither dried up.

It’s already been mentioned, says Junio , from the planting of olive, and it has
been said in several other places that it’s convenient that the land be humid and warm;
because if one of these were missing, the fruit in the branches would not get its best
flavor. It’s because of this that’s convenient to do it in fall or spring; in which last
time’s the land’s warm due to the sun, and humid thanks to the rains, or It having heat
and humidity for the good pacing of the air in these seasons; and, equally, starting in the
spring beginning to heat up with the cold that came from the atmosphere being
suspended, and the sun rising the water the land had, with the diminishment of its
humidity, boosts the plant’s growth. It’s important because fall it’s the best season to do
the planting in order to get this effect; one which must be executed by the time of the
rains after the sunset until the clod strikes; from which moment it’s suspended until the
start of the spring before the leafs resurrect and the branches bloom because of the time
since there to the spring being one of much cold; in which it begins anew being
executed in days with abrego wind and suspended on days with a strong north wind.

Kastos sayings go as far at this point as to say that fall is the best season to
attempt planting, mostly in low-water landscapes in order for the plants to receive all
the humidity of winter; in which wise men agree: It isn’t bad to do it in spring. Very
same Kastos says that in other lands planting is done in fall; statement that I support,
and is also followed by others; people who are delighted with the success of this
method. The wise men prefer the planting to be done in fall rather than in spring;
because the vegetation of the upper part of some trees, and others with their lower part
(according to the times when they were planted), verifying the first in spring, and the
second in those planted in fall; the best time to do the planting will be in fall for the
plants to grow both roots and body in equality. And here ends the citation from the
author.

So much is the opinion, says Ibn-Hajáj, of three famous wise men in this field
about the plating done in fall; these which are preferred in this matter over those
aforementioned. The trees, which planting we have described, are to be planted (says
Marsial the medic) not in the cold days, but in the warm ones of spring, starting from its
fecundation moment in early February. But this, says Ibn-Hajáj, is contrary to the first
opinion, as visible; because it forces the planting to be done in spring; if it well says so,

 
  

that the trees planted in fall bear more fruits than the ones of spring. According other
authors, the hard-wood trees like the olive, alfonsigo, jujube, holm oak, elm and similar
are planted in winter. Those with medium-hard wood like the apple, peach, and apricot
and alike are planted in early spring; which must be before they grow leafs. Other
suggest the planting of all kinds of tree to be made when it’s time for it to fecundate
again, which, would be, in the middle of January; making the almond and similar ones
the exception because of their early blooms, those that must be planted before. These
must not be planted after the tree has renewed its leaves, the pomegranate being the only
exception, which prevails being planted that way. It is also said that it doesn’t affects
the plum nor the fig tree planting them in the same way: the fall season being the best to
do it, winter after it; and that plants placed from the early spring onwards, getting them
to get warmer when green and tender without having been rigid, are corrupted and
loses; and the ones who escape, the cold applies the same effect: That in the warm
countries the planting is done earlier, and the same in the cold landscapes and farms,
particularly in the meadows; because here and in the lands with high water humidity
isn’t good to do in the fall nor winter; and it is good to do after the water has dissipated,
leaving only the earth in an ideal temperature: to summarize, after middle spring no tree
shall be planted in high lands. It is also said that, the first thing to do is a bud, stake and
torn twig planting because of the winter in high lands or dried ; and that of all the other
watering trees in the three remaining seasons, especially in the early spring,
particularly the one where one extracts all, or most all, of the plant with its roots from
its own land, without skipping on the watering. Says Abu-el-Jair, that the best airs and
winds in our region to do planting are the one from the west and the one that covers the
sky with clouds and …….; but that no tree be planted in a rainy day, the olive being
the only exception; and that it is necessary to transplant the seed and granite a second
time from the place they initially were. I’ve seen trees, says the same author, of almond
that did bear any fruit because they weren’t transplanted. Be done as said, that the
planting must not be done either Friday or Sunday. The time the planting of each kind
of seed, granite, twig and stake, will be discussed later, with Allah’s favor, in the next
ARTICLEs.

 
  

ARTICLE II

About the time to do the planting of trees with seeds.

According to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél the time to do all types of planting is

generally when its respective fruit is about to bear, after having a good growth; and
also in November, December, January and February, being the very last moment to do
it. The ones planted after this time are lost due to the heat or burned because of the cold.
Most of the seed plantings are born in March. The ones regularly planted in our regions,
like the peach, apricot, almond, walnut, plum, olive, carob, hazelnut, pine, cherry, palm,
alfónsigo, cypress, holm, chestnut, aronio medlar, margosa, and similar are planted this
way. Let their seeds be chosen fresh and healthy, not harassed by some calamity, of a
mature fruit from a known tree or own . The ones that weren’t of similar quality aren’t
good. According to Abu-el-Jair, the fruits must be from the first harvest, and be planted
in corresponding holes, that has been said, and also in big new holes of mud. Those
must’ve been plotted and befit with manure and water: in which the seeds are to have
two third parts of its body buried into the ground, or a little less, later covering the
surface with dirt. The distance from one hole to another will be that of an elbow, if they
were to be transplanted with its same mud: and higher, if they were transplanted in that
way, that will be said later. After that they are watered, avoiding bleaching of the lands
because of the poor watering, until they are born and are as taller as a hand or more;
reserving for later its ulterior regimen. In the next ARTICLE it will be said, by Allah,
the way in which the seeds are to be planted in the holes.

 
  

ARTICLE III

The planting of granite into the fruit of trees that lack seeds like the quince, laurel,
grape, cypress, pear, apple, citron, orange, cherry, fig and similar ones that have it in
its fruit.

From these beans we will take those that correspond to the qualities that were
spoken in this matter, which must be ones from the first harvest of the tree for being the
one with the most flavors, and will be planted in the aforementioned months in order for
the plant to have grown and hardened by the time summer starts; fearing that the heat or
cold from their respective seasons nullify the plant’s growth because of their
weaknesses.

The method to plant them is to put the seeds from the desired species of tree in
big and new pots of mud, with holes in the bottom, with good-quality dirt or other of
similar quality, mixed with manure, in a way that the pots are a little below the “full”
mark, because of the watering that would later be applied. The seeds are to be planted
according to their weaknesses or sturdiness; this is, thicker the flimsies because of the
fear of some plants to rot; y thinner the sturdy ones because of the security that they will
prevail after being covered with manure as thick according to the power of penetration
that they could have over it by the time they start to spread roots, and throwing over
them cut chunks of wood or esparto in the same way to preserve them from drying up
because of the air. After, they are watered by means of a piece of esparto, or similar, to
avoid that water moves them to another place; and, if it is possible, water them before
sprouting by spraying them with the hand, which is very good. This is done with the
weak seeds from which are cypresses, resume, cherry and similar; and the same is done
with the weak seeds like the ocimo and related species; the delicacy in said operation is
proportional to its sturdiness or weakness. The watering must be done frequently until
they start to sprout; less, near the winter; and totally suspended if the rains are
continuous, because they would get enough water from there; and the watering applied
before the heat seasons must be light for them to grow hard and less vicious; which, if it
came up to them while they were still tender, would damage them; and even if they

 
  

managed to live through the heat, the cold would burn them later. If the seeds are
planted in the mentioned way, their procedure should be executed the same way as
talked about in the raising boxes, and it would be good to cover them up with sand.

ARTICLE IV

They will not be left in the basins for over a year, and from them they are to be
transplanted to where they are supposed to grow. Leaving them in the basins for longer
would make them weak; and the same would happen if they are transplanted before that,
especially if the trunk hasn’t got hard or neither lost its green looks; and from the
raising boxes they are transplanted to the place where they would get their
corresponding size.

According to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, the tree planted from the seed reach its
maximum, and bears fruit at the age of seven; and seeds at the age of four; from which
they are transplanted at the age of three when they reach perfection. Says Abu-el-Jair,
the orange tree isn’t transplanted until it’s as tall as a grown man, because it would
slowly rot if it were transplanted before. From that it must be observed with it in its
successive, we’ll talk about later, by Allah. If you want the tree to hasten its harvest, to
be useful in shorter time, and that that wish that the raising boxes where the seeds are
planted not to be idle, plant right there some vegetables before these are born, like the
coriander and similar.

ARTICLE V

The planting done from torn twigs, and the choosing of the best

According to Ibn-Hajáj in one of his works titled “La Suficiente”, is of common

opinion in farmers that he who chooses to do planting from torn twigs, or cut stake, not
to torn any of these, but from the part of the tree that faces the east. One that refers to
this is Junio; whom says that twigs torn from the upper part of the tree must be two

 
  

years old, and that the planting be made of these plus the ones torn from the face of the
tree that looks to the east. Marsial says that the torn twig and stake must be taken from
the face of the tree that looks to north. But shouldn’t be in any way from that first part
because the best torn twig is the one that faces the east; then there’s the one that looks to
noon and the one that faces the west; making it seem like the ones that face the north
provide no advantage.

Sodobún says, that when you are to do the planting with your chosen method,
you should only choose the pots that have been receiving sun light, that being because
the heat has already prepared them, and for this they are the best ones, the ones with
higher possibilities for sprouts, and those that harden their trunk while blooming several
new buds; which are preferred over those that grew in the shadows. By that, the pot that
looks north must never be taken, for having low possibilities for the plants to grow roots
and good fruits.

It isn’t convenient, according to Junio, taking for the planting the branches born
in the mid of the tree, and the ones from the upper part are. They loathe the farmers, say
Solon, what was born at the foot of the tree for being low on sun light and not ready to
receive it since having its source naturally blocked or sunkened with the humidity; in
which disposition barely blooms. He adds, that it is common opinion among the farmers
that such pot of weak and few fruit is like that because of the dominant humidity and
scarce heat that it has in the beginnings of its planting. And I said, continues the same
Solon, that even when it blooms, the few fruit that it lays are going to rot; because
planted and bloomed manifesting itself to the sun, and dominating this one the heat it
bears, takes the same pot, too much sturdiness and growth; which shows refuses its few
roots, especially for being of few heat or lazy and not having a total fermentation or
corresponding digest.

It was already said before which trees prevail with the torn twig planting;
leaving for the election the planting of the others, the thick ones and also the ones that
carry fruits, of knotty trunk, of soothe and healthy crust, and form the trees that bear the
more fruit. The twigs exposed only to the shadows aren’t good; and even if the lay a
bloom, the fruits are few. Be taken the branches from the middle of the tree and not
from the upper part, the ones that aim to the east, if no available, then the one that faces
noon; and when these two are missing, from the face that looks to the west, and never

 
  

using the ones that look to the north because of them being low on blooming fruits; and
because, if they were, the fruits would fall before even reaching its mature stage. The
same goes to the ones that aim to the west. The time of picking them is after being
sunbathed: and are picked by hand, if possible, or cut up with a sharp tool, which should
be at least two elbows long, not affecting anything if they have more. The time to do
this is when its veins are filled with humor, which is when they start to fecundate again
and flourishing, and when planted in the pots they are given its corresponding watering.

The method of planting them is to do holes in dirt placed in squares, longer than
wider, and with the deep of two hands, if they are to be transplanted; or more deep,
proportional to the magnitude that the torn twigs have; which are to be placed in a way
that the heart is hold up with dirt, dug up and refilled , that is his signal; in a way that it
stands out from the earth’s surface by a distance as big as a finger, mixing in it some
dirt with manure, and leaving the hole a little less than full capacity after being well
compacted with the feet. The torn twigs are also planted besides the irrigation ditch in
the mentioned way, to know.

In the chapter about the planting of big trees and vegetables will be about these
dried branches with everything else relative to this matter and also the care that must
later be held to it. Said branches must have a distance from one another an elbow or
more, if they were to be transplanted without its defensive pack of dirt; and if they are,
should be planted a greater distance away. OF those that must obey this and the ones
who are to be planted dried we’ll talk about after, with Allah’s favor.

ARTICLE VI

The planting of the buds of the branches of the trees, such as apple, jasmine, fig tree,
vine and other fruit trees of much humidity; and the choosing of the best for this effect

Haj Granadino says that, for this, new knotty buds are to be used from said trees,
observing the other stuff addressed in the planting of torn twigs; and that the time of
planting is between February and March (in the same way as torn twigs and stakes) next
to the irrigation ditches in lines.

 
  

ARTICLE VII

The planting of stake and torn twig, and choosing of the best and of greater gentleness
for this effect

According to Ibn-Hajáj, the torn twig is to be taken from the two-year branches,
and it’s also good for the stake which can reach up to three years; the which, planted
right above the earth, lays bloom. If it is necessary to bury the whole branch, it isn’t
convenient to put it too deep or leave it nailed to the ground, unless it’s going to be
transplanted after that. The small stake blooms and starts to grow; and the big one don’t
have enough energy, says Solon. Another author says, that the form of the stake has to
match the form of the torn twig, looking for it to be as thick as an arm and longer than
an elbow; it must be cut with a sharp tool, watching out in order to prevent any damage
to its crust at the moment of the cutting and when planting in the time mentioned above.
The orange tree’s stake must be planted into manure. The way of doing this is taking
one wooden stake from a holm oak or a similar one in sturdiness, a little bit thicker and
longer that the one being planted; the one which fixated in the place where the stake is
to be planted until buried into the ground or the desired dept, in its place the planting
stake is placed, being fixated a little, around her the remaining dirt or sand is spread
until intermediate holes are filled, if there were any. Watered and then let to be, it’s
repeated after the same operation to avoid any empty hole. The stakes should be put in
lines, with equal distance between them, as with the torn twigs. If nailed with strength
into the ground in an attempt to fixate them there, care will be applied in avoiding the
crust being damaged, especially the citrus’s stake and similar.

Another method

You’ll dig the holes for the stakes next to the irrigation ditches, each as long as
the stake; in which, stake placed and ground replaced, what is about to be said in the
ways of planting of vegetables and trees will be done, placing them in order lines

 
  

having the same distance one between another as it was said that should be between
the torn twigs.

ARTICLE VIII

The planting from twig named el-nawámi (asleep or lay down), lafát (inclined) and
lawáhek (or related)

See which are able to be torn with its roots, and be torn with that, be planted in
another spot of the ground, or in that which they should bear fruit (if the place was
cared for that exact purpose), in the corresponding time to the planting of that same
species. If it’s not available to torn with its roots, they will be inclined for them to grow
the said ones by means of an operation called al-tagtís (submersion), or by another
operation named el-astasláf (loan), choosing the best method for the situation.

Of the operation el-tagtís, also called el-takbís (incubation with submersion of heart)

In first place, chosen or signaled the most sturdy plants from the
aforementioned, the longest, the straightest and free of any kind of damage and
calamities, are preferred the ones with these qualities that were mentioned in the torn
twigs section, saving those that are plants that grew in the foot of the tree. Likewise, the
torn twigs, buds and stakes must be well cared if they bear fruits. The best and main
planting is the transplanting of the barbate. In order, to the branches, for each one, a
hole will be dug up that measures two and a half hand, and as long as the branch itself;
one whose extreme that has a bud will be left out of the ground, that is its signal; and
without separating it from its foot it is left to feed, the earth treated; remaining like this
until its roots are grew, then doing the transplant. This operation is done in every stem
that is able to; which if it were a branch, and you wished to extend to where it can reach,
it will be done with him what was exposed above; or if you want it to remain on its
same vine, and feed with part of that juice from where it fed before, you’ll incline it a
little by the part that is joint with it, you’ll sink it then in the hole. Said operation is

 
  

really advantageous to do with new vines from the dried and in all the watered plants; in
which the branches sunk one year or more, after a slight incision be made with a sharp
tool for them to lose some of that lushness that caused the feeding matter of the vine;
and from the tree to five years, according to the vigor and sturdiness they manifest, they
are to be separated from the from the vine to feed on its own foot; or transplanted, if
necessary. The branches that don’t reach the corresponding place will sink again the
following year; action executed in the vines that carried fruit the same time, before the
bloom of the buds; it isn’t bad to do it after. In the other trees this operation is made all
the time without separating the stems from its respective feet. I’ve sunk the resume and
jasmine (says Haj Granadino) in summer days and in winter when hot air was present,
and they preserved very well. And he adds, that if they are cut from the ground near the
foot, some trees don’t bloom again because of some damage been done to them, for old
age, or just because of another accident, they vegetate throwing new branches, with
which the process made is the same as with the pots; such trees are the orange and
similar.

Another operation similar to the last one

Let a green, and bearer of fruit, branch be taken from the tree that produces lots
and juicy fruits, so long that it reach the ground, and that gathers the qualities expressed
in the torn twigs section, or better; and knotting to its stem a string of palm leaves or a
strong thread, it will be inclined until it reaches the ground, and the thread will be
knotted to a steady stake to avoid the branch from rising until what we wished to do
with it is done; for the heart one large hole as deep as two hands or more, in which dirt
is thrown again, that is then very well compacted with the feet according to that said in
the operation of takbís swelling (from which this comes to be the last species); and
care is applied when watered and harvested until a year has passed. After its fecundation
and sturdiness it becomes visible that it already fees from the roots that it laid in that
hole and that doesn’t needs the supply vine of its first foot, it’s separated from the
same with a sharp tool; and if it’s the contrary, naught is done until a change is visible.

After a year from the separation it is transplanted moving it along with its roots
safe in that chunk of earth, if it were from those trees that need this defensive way, such

 
  

as those that don’t let go of the leaf; and later transplanted in the corresponding place,
where they are to bear fruit with Allah’s favor; which is accomplished advantageously,
being place of watering. It would be convenient that this operation be made in the fig
tree inclining the branch until it reaches the ground, and doing with it what was told
above. It is also torn from the fruit tree a big branch that stays united to it without
separating it; whose heart, reaching the ground, it’s buried in said way to avoid the halt
of its feeding from the tree, until it doesn’t need it anymore due to the new roots that it
lays, and then it would be separated with a cut. This branch prevails better than renews
born in the feet or close the tree due to the reason that it bears fruit sooner. Also, the
renews that are in the foot or far away from the tree that aren’t able to sink by said
operation, they are covered with dirt again, gathering a pile so big that they’re able to
lay roots on it; which will be watered frequently until this is verified, doing all the other
stuff expressed before. And if the renew is put into a new mud pot by the operation
astasláf (loan), in which the one full with dirt is frequently watered, is also good.

The operation called el-akláb (turn or reversal) and also tagtís (submersion) are
done in the branches of the vines and in the vine if it were tall. By this, if the vines are
very wide with big holes in between them and with many branches near them, the holes
will be made with as much capacity in them as it requires to totally hide and to where
it’s desired to sink, if it were necessary; avoiding cutting the foot nor the big and main
roots. Exposed that and the other big roots, the holes are made towards those sides from
which it’s pretended to pull them out, and later taking down the vine in that hole
without tearing it up, in it it’s hidden and branches are pulled out toward the empty
corresponding holes, or in the same place of sinking; from which the (cut down the
unnecessary ones) are replaced and earth compacted, as done in the planting; whose
branches, not stopping in its feeding from the vine and this from its roots, take a big
growth and bear fruits within a year, vines being produced in short time, the first one
rotted; and the same must be understood from the vines.

The main thing in this operation consists in attending to where to do the cut,
especially the one of the main roots. The time for doing this is before the first trim, and
the same that it’s recommended for the planting, that being the first fall season. Same
operation is done in the vines, laying their body in the hole, and doing the same with its
other branches towards the empty spots, leaving their corresponding extremes
outstanding from the ground: and that’s how they prevail, doing in them the

 
  

aforementioned. I add, that if in the sturdy parts of the body or trunk of the vine some
branches were inserted before covering it up with dirt., leaving outside their extremes
where it corresponds, with some changes done to the operation described in the chapter
of insertions, they also prosper (by Allah) advantageously just for being planted and
inserted in the same time; and because it prevails well the whole branch because of the
takbís operation and similar, as long as they’re frequent. This operation is done in fall.
Likewise, if some vine, when sunk, is left out or inclined where it shouldn’t be, they are
to be left like that, and after some time will be cut.

ARTICLE IX

Operation called astasláf, by which trees are multiplied and one where everyone is
used, similar to the last of takbís

Let new mud pots be taken, saucepans big in the mouth or similar,
corresponding to the number of branches in which this operation is wished to be made;
and doing in each a drill of a size that it’s able to enter through the branch of resume,
jasmine, pear, citrus or any another species of tree, go after to that whose operation is
about to be applied; the one which, if it were a fruit bearer, the renew or branch will be
picked in the best way, corresponding the mentioned in the twigs section, taking it
from where it were available, be it the upper part of the tree, its trunk or foot; an
clearing it from the little branches that it could have, it will be reduced to a single bud in
its heart, which inserted in the drill via seating of the pot, it will be out over the mouth
of that same drill going down until where it stops; or until the place one wishes,
sticking all or part of the branch; or until the ground if it were in the tree, or be born
from the ground. A seat will be made of thread for the pot for it to rest where it should
reach; and if the tree could not carry it or is feared that the winds move it from one
place to another because of its distance from the ground, a wooden bed will be done
below it that measures four feet, or the best possible, with a table over that holds the
pot; which will be tied from it and the close branches with strong knots to avoid being
moved by the wind; after which, the drill being finished from the inside, done in the pot

 
  

to stick the branch in, with wooden slivers, plaster or sticky dirt, from this same taken
from good grounds and mixed with old manure of the same quality will be put in a three
quarters way, in a way that it has some space remaining for when it is watered.

The branch must be in the middle of said ground, compacted with the hands
regularly, will be watered with sweet water. The foot of the branch and the earth inside
the pot are to be watered frequently without letting this to be left to dry, continuing the
watering long time until, roots grew, the transplant is done. Which, after, the branch is
cut up with delicacy below the pot without letting the earth in it loose, and then be
transplanted into the hole that’s to be its new ground in the same pot; the pot method
usually doesn’t let plants rot. If the pot is in the ground or near it, you’ll find that (the
branch in it broken) in the same spot there are one or two new sprouts from that same
foot, the operation on them will be done after they reach the same qualities as the first
one: which won’t stop being repeated until you reproduce one tree into all the ones you
wish. If that branch were in the upper part of the tree, in the trunk or in the place where
the pot couldn’t be buried, it will still be strongly tied to the neighboring branches or a
wooden bead be made below it as expressed before, because of the fear that the winds
move it from one place to another, and removing whatever part starts to rot. Likewise,
watering will not be avoided nor it will be left to dry up in the time of a year, watering it
at least two times per week in cold seasons; and also the pot must be checked in order
to ensure that the winds do not move it from one place to another; which, if it happened,
would pile up enough quantity of dirt around. After a year said branch should already
laid its roots below the pot, which indicates that roots are a common sight inside the pot;
and also shows that she has vigor to attract the nutritious juice from the earth of said pot
by the means of the roots born in it.

Be careful when sticking the branch in the earth, that part of it remains green or
knotty, from where the roots would bloom. It’s also good to separate the tree from the
pot after two years have passed. Kastos and other authors talk about this, mentioning
another way of operation that they describe like this. Separated from the tree the branch
of this species, and already a barbate, it is put with its whole pot in a hole that resembles
a grave, in which lays this, and that same sunk or laid , and straight up its extreme
along its dirt pillow, earth is compacted again. Frequently watered, and discovering the
pot two years after, realizing that enough roots already grew inside it, not needing now
the ones which were planted with him, cutting the plant from the trunk upwards to do a

 
  

transplant and re-taking care of the pot with the chopped trunk for the second plant to
bloom from there by means of frequent watering; with which the second plant finally
blooms, plant that’s going to be objective of the same operation.

Pot again back into the ground, the third plant is born; and repeat this until you
have the desired number of trees. These mentioned operations of sinking, reversal and
loan are done with all trees, and in both warm and cold seasons. If over these pots a
bigger one is hanged filled with sweet water with a subtle hole from which a slight drop
will fall in order to maintain its humidity regularly, it will prove to be the best method
for watering these plants, and also the inserts, form which matter and similarities are
going to be talked about later, with Allah’s favor.

ARTICLE X

Disposition of seeds, torn twigs, buds, stakes and branches, and the regime and care
plant that they need until perfectly raised

Says Abu-el-Jair and others that their planting concluded an extended watering
is to be done, not allowing the ground to bleach due to dryness; but that it gets watered
alternatively one day and one day not as long as eight days, and from there, four days
for each fifteen days. That discovered the sprouts in the stakes, these be watered each
eight days until the rain season arrives; those that, if missing in the winter, are watered
in the same way in that time every fifteen days; and every eight, this season already
passed. They are to be watered when the ground whitens; and four months after its
planting, when there are no doubts about the roots and sturdiness of these , a good
digging done and a well-treated ground, those that have difficulties will be applied with
manure, ashes and human feces in third parts, mixing it all with the earth obtained from
the digging (excepting the orange and its species, which should only be exposed to
human feces with their dirt); and you’ll water each eight days, after that the watering a
plotting will continue. In all of this (that has already been talked about, and also the
article for the planting of each individual species) consists the well-being and growth of
them, by Allah. With the stakes of the quince, pomegranate and similar before they
manage to bear fruits, those species of vegetables that need lots of watering, like

 
  

eggplant and similar, which take advantage of the stakes, because they get defense form
the sun if they cling to it. It has already been said up that in the boxes of seeds coriander
be planted, and all other similar that stay in the ground and are born directly from the
ground. The quantity of watering that corresponds to the plants mentioned will be talked
about in its individual sections.

ARTICLE XI

It is very good to plant in pairs of two the seeds, torn twigs, stakes, buds and
branches in each hole, so that if one rots, the other doesn’t. The stakes of the
pomegranate are planted in a threesome way or more in a same spot: wanting these trees
too thick would mean the grenades would be less and not sunbathed; which would
happen, if they were afar one from the other. These stakes and the ones from the olive
and quince aren’t damaged when planting by sinking or laid down and or with torn
twigs; it’s said that, also, to no tree that were similar to them. All that was mentioned,
after it has acquired the perfect and corresponding form with visible sturdiness (which
would be at the age of three), is moved to the place where it would lay fruits. The
regime of the plants while in the pots has been already said before; with which, and with
what is wrote in this same ARTICLE, come to join in its size, with Allah’s favor.

ARTICLE XII

The space or capacity that is necessary for the holes of the plants to have

The length, width and depth of the holes is varied, according to what’s going to
be planted in them, and in proportion of what’s about to be planted in them. The depth
is the first step, for the works that were done there or the air to not reach the roots; and
to avoid that the winds take down the trees, especially those that are planted to be
watered in that same spot summary, not being transplanted . To the torn twigs, stakes
and similar that are meant to be transplanted, their hole mustn’t be too deep, for when
the sun’s heat creates a need of water, it reaches it accordingly, boosting its growth.

 
  

About the hole of the olive planting, the widest, longest, deepest one is the best for it; it
is done one year before the planting, in a way that it is planted in the “second year”,
something that came with very good results for me. In thin soil, it’s said, that the plant
is to be put just after the hole has been made, to avoid the sun removing the humidity
from it, becoming weak. It’s also said that he who would wish to fast-forward the
planting in the hole before a year has passed, light a fire in it, and leave it like that until
the rains come; and the planting should be done right after this. The plant must not be
put in a hole without good and rot manure, mixed with ground from the surface, which
should be spread above the roots. According to the Nabathea agriculture, la depth of the
hole for the plants should be decided according to how deep the heat of the sun
penetrates in that ground. It is also said that the holes should be one foot deep and one
hand wide. Other assures that foot and a half of depth plus four fingers wide.
Meanwhile, other authors state the same width but with a three feet depth. Others, who
say that the important thing is the hole to be at least three foot deep.

Others, that in warm regions the depth must be of four foots, and three foots in
cold regions where it usually snows. According to said agriculture, the sun goes down
in porous earth to bigger depths that in hard earth; for which reason in the extra soft and
thin ground, and in the cracked, the heat goes down up to five foot deep, and, in those
that don’t, three and a half foot are its maximum. It is also said that in all terrains the
depth of the hole should be of an elbow and a half. But in the following sixth chapter
things will wrap up about what has been said and illustrating the points where doubt
could arise; if there were to be repetitions, they’d be in order to attend to the best
convenience of the reader. In the ARTICLE of the planting of each tree we’ll mention
the capacity of the holes, and about what must be done in this matter.

 
  

Chapter VI

Of the plantation of fruit trees and vegetables, according to reciprocal

convenience in some common maxims, with the explanation that need to be
illustrated. The way of benefit and cultivate the land before make in her a
plantation, and pull out the noxious plants. Of the capacity of the holes for
seedlings and torn. Of the plantation of seeds and their transplantation. Of the
distance between the trees. Of the choice and transplantation of the same. Of the
airs that are appropriate for the plantations, graft and sows. About the
irrigation, manure and cleaning, and the best moment to do all of the mentioned
operations; on whose subject was treated up; to know that it is better to plant the
fruit trees in autumn, according to the Ibn-Hajáj book. Of the way to do the
plantations. Of the capacity of the holes to each tree. Of the preparation of the
land to this effect, and the distance that must be between the trees.

I have read, says Ibn-Hajáj, in some agriculture’s books, that the one that want to
plant, must start tilling the land diligently, with three or four deep and together furrow’s
plowing, which work as more it be, more advantage and force they will have; and also it
must cut the grass, thorns, cañahejas and other such noxious plants, letting the air thin,
and warm their pARTICLEs; which one, if you leave it for an entire year to the air,
sun’s heat and summer pass through it, will be so much better.

Casio says, that the holes to the trees that you want to plant, must be done a year
before, so the sun, air and rain that reach them take root and deepen best in the land.
Almost the same says Junio, which maxim is that the better plantation is the one that is
made in holes excavated a year before the plantation; which if you execute, the land will
have a beautiful color for the heat of the sun, the rains and the variety of air: what will

 
  

cause the plants to grow quickly and also burnt the old grass, and the land acquired
permanent softness.

In other part of his book says that it is convenient dig the land that you want for
planting in hot times, and that behind the diggers go some collecting the roots of bushes
and grass torn, extending them up to dry, which must do in June being the sun in
Cancer, and sixteen of the moon, being in Capricorn; in the way that dries the grass,
also acquire removing it from there; which executing in the mentioned days anything is
left to take root.

Kastos says, that for clean the grass and other noxious plants in heat times, must
sow Roman caterpillar calls lupins, which when born are pull out from the root and
throw to the harmful plants to the land and sows, and letting them there for twelve days
till rotten, then thrown manure above, and tumble the earth, the one that after planting
Allah will free from those harmful grass. And till here the maxim of the
abovementioned author.

According to Ibn.Hajáj, how more you dig and till the land that you want for
sows, it will be better, which is the more exquisite way to clean it. When you want to do
the transplantation, the holes dig for the plants will be deep enough to hide a man till the
hips putted on it, if it is transplanting trees. For three reasons the farmers review that the
holes to transplanting must be deep; first, so it do not surprise them the lack of water in
the sun’s heat; to when the cold come to their root won’t be offended; and also it can
stay firm against the strong winds. Torn from the trees will be put into the
establishments, until being large seedlings form holes a span up to cubit deep,
depending on the variety of regions about air, digged the land sometimes before, after
which it won't stop the benefit of the holes, cleaning and cutting the grass so they can
preserve the moisture. And therefore does the fear that dry for the heat if its excavation
was at ground it is also appropriate to make this much deeper than usual.

About the seeds and eatable grains, it is better for them (according Solon,
Marsial and the ones that follow their maxims) planting in big pots or jars after filled
with old rotten manure, that after a few years it has refined, mixed with surface land,
and from there it is irrigate till it born, always separating the bushes they had around,
without stopping until they are ready to transplant.

 
  

According to Ibn-Hajáj, the farmers prefer plant the seed in pots because they go
with their defense when transplanting; this is, for when it is the time to execute it, put
into the planting hole with soil contained in the pots; which must break, staying them in
their own earth. Defended well (as they are youngsters), then must throw the earth
above according the way that we will explain (by Allah), concluded this ARTICLE;
which executed this way do not spoil. Solon talking about the land that is throw above
the pots where the seed are planted says, that must be a mix a third part from another
good land, from other oh trodden dust at the roads in good soil of sunshine, and another
of rotten manure without production virtue of some vegetable. And till here the maxims
of the mentioned author.

The cause of moving the seedlings from torn branches, seeds, cuttings and other
from one place to another, is to be the best to do so, and harmful leave on their site (as
all those authors agree), with regard to seeds, cuttings and rooted does not torn because
of its smallness as we said above how deep should be the trees: therefore there is no
need to repeat it. It is important to move them to deep holes (for the said reason) also
taking them trimmed of ground for this operation.

And if someone ask this question: What then is the purpose of making the use of
stakes and small torn in the planting, after having taken care work and transplant?
What? They would not grow in height? Thus, leave it in the same place, not being
necessary this operation. To this we answer, that that is how it is done with some (as it
will be said at its time), for example with the long stakes and olive branches that are
planted in places where it do not need to be translated, having put them really deep. But
the most secure and successful is to make use of every tree planting, small torn and
small stakes; the reason for the maximum (held by essential among farmers) is because
the new branch of two years is that it should be torn, according June.

The green stake of two or three years set at ground roots quickly into the contest
subtle matter lowering it with the more subtle parts of the thick, warm earth; whose
branches are little remaining and firm, if they are cut from hardened tree; which if one is
to be cut off, much of the slime would flow would be small because of it.However, we
keep on planting use thick and long branches that may be found in a good turn, putting
entire, that is, when we see that are very successful.

If it is convenient to plant the entire new branch, is not bad put it deep in order to
remain in the same place. Beyond that, albeit small body short branch, making increase

 
  

soon to perceive the nutritional juice land; which dividing by the body of Long Branch
cannot communicate much virtue to sprout, as to the other, as maximum of Solon.

According Sidagós we should aim carefully not moved from the camp started,
branch, or stake seed and grown under irrigation or continuous moisture on site but in
another similar place; about which if moved to earth whose plants did not have more
irrigation than rain, far from taking it increase not flourish regularly; and this is the most
common: neither is there any harm in that the transplant will have been to do what we
do in irrigation.

But what is appropriate at this point is transplanting from irrigation to irrigated

land, and from rainfed to dry land, and that this is the appropriate for the work is not
lost. And here the author quoted maxim.As it regards the plant, and this is placed lying
on a long hole (or trench), which (if not one branch) must have a deep cubit, having to
remain there without transplanted. The other groups that may have been transplanted
should be at the same depth of an cubit, making it exposed them up until the time of
transplantation. The choice of branches to extensive planting and dutifully be treated in
a separate chapter should occur as I say on this matter, with Allah's favor.

About the variety of holes in point of depth with respect to the differences of the
land, says June in the chapter that deals with the holes for planting vines, which in high
places and hills that are intended for this purpose, just with three feet deep, and in the
plains it should be his depth of four feet; and this because we want (say) that the plants
are so deep that it gets the sun’s heat. The ancients said that does not lower the heat (or
not penetrates) rather than to that extent exempt very hot lands. So if you put your
seedlings to less depth of that, no utility vines were formed them be achieved; because
not getting much land nurturing juice would dry in summer, and quickly be lost not
getting the moisture in the center.

June also said, trying the olive tree, which should be the capacity of every hole
according to the nature of the land. In high places must have two cubits and 12cm deep,
and the same in width. In the plains it will be deeper, and the same width as the
aforementioned author says. Ibn-Hajaj says, that June does not explain exactly
shallower in the highlands, and the largest in the flat; and yes Sadihámes which he
states that the hole to plant it deeper into the plains, except in the highest places in the
mountains or hills to, and at least one third of the hillsides.

 
  

The reason for that is because the depth of the plants should be such that does
not reach the roots dry air, or the offense to the heat of summer; and the mountains are
cooler than the plains nature. And also, because the water penetrates more the latter sites
because of its softness; and less in the mountains because of the hardness of their land;
and because water down the slopes so precipitously that diminishes or takes part of that
same land, no plants would get wet with rain, if they should do the deep hole; and also
because if we came to stony and exhausted ground deepening, it would not have roots
that feed nutritional juice.

Someone will say, that if you do not deep holes for plants that have set
themselves on hillsides, carrying water from the little land covering their roots, just
these would be discovered, so you may come to tear the trees. But this is answered, you
owe to take care of them often visit and replenish the earth rains had detached, throwing
it on the roots and the emaciated sites also putting under and the decline part, mixture of
shrubs and stones. And here the saying of that author.

Then will indicate (by Allah), added Ibn-Hajaj, measuring distances in planting
trees; which it is various, and corresponding to the size of them; of which some are
more pompous than others; and should be proportionate to the quality of the land, of
which the best produce large trees and breed them exhausted or weak consumed.

So I try to distance that must exist between them in the lands of good quality and
in the low substance; which is set according to the teaching I have seen in the books of
the Authors who have treated this matter , or by comparing the same principles, when I
do not find maximum of decisive that end. Equally it will be the same case at the end of
this book. It should be known that the undesirable provision that shall be placed trees
the often prove two damages; One is that if the branches are close to each other,
obstruct the Sun enters the interior; and even the same from the outside should be very
linked, so that charge less fruit; many of which do not air out for its multitude same in
the tree, are too flexible, and not standing up straight, before declining towards the
ground; for this reason they lost in much of the fruit.

The other damage is that roots being near and neighboring each other
reciprocally extended to search oppress the juice that are attracted to the earth. There are
also third calamity that if the land is not thick not toast with the hot sun for very grim;
untying whose parts do not thicken and thickened, and contracting coldly, comes the
land corrupted much, if not manured. Mind having known, says June, the winds dried

 
  

plants and every fruit; and that as the strong are those that do well also a temple like
blowing with softness are convenient to many trees: and I say that to all kinds of plants
especially the olive, whose distances should be spacious for easier entry of the winds.
Said Author says in another place, that the distances of the trees are equal on all sides
by also agreeing to this effect.

He also says that some older making it subtle about plantations, looked at the
position that the plant had that wanted to move from one place to another, and so they
placed, that is, each side opposite to where it had this or that wind; so that the eastern
side look up to east, the west to the West, and so the other two, because it flourish so
greatly. Which adds June is not difficult business, smearing red ocher side of the plant
falls to east before starting and while some do not observe well; but it is undeniable
straight in the practice this shows great diligence and accuracy in art.

All farmers, as Ibn-Hajaj, agree that only throw surface soil in the plant pit
without mixing of another one, being soft and warm. In others they disagree much on
having enough land for one, or in mixed manure; whose last review is Kastos, and
Solon's first; which adhered to it for the reason that trees torn away from their sites
when they move in others are weakened too much; and thus the manure then fell on the
roots, perhaps the dry up and leave them certain impressions on the strength of its heat.
For whom June is to appear must throw first surface soil, and over aged rotten manure,
to this way go with moderation and gradually penetrating heat and substance of it to the
roots behind the layer from the earth.

This maximum would be for me the most neat and admirable, if Kastos was not
of the opinion that the land should mix with rotten manure. About the pressure, the
authors also vary. June says that the roots should not have much weight on himself, or
that the earth is to be burnt or too tight, so that it will penetrate to them as continuous
heat from the sun, but rather vegetate and flourish; for which reason, he says, the plants
must be a foot or so deep in the seedbed to flourish shortly by what we said in the heat
of the sun: and this is his opinion. But Kastos says that the planter must strongly push
the earth with your feet after filling the hole, leaving them moved to the surface
surrounding the plant. For me it is wonderful, says Ibn-Hajaj, the maximum Kastos; and
this is what we intend to do when we started to gather together course or tighten While
the earth with the roots, as she is his food; do not convenient temple there is any empty
between them and that: which how could agree? And as you saw above one of the

 
  

causes of this emptiness the future weakness of the plants from their roots and earth,
where the juice feeding attract. Thus matter it is stuck to them the land, and also has the
corresponding intermediates with respect to the regular entry of heat and air, so that
these do not increase their languor and weakness; But in attention to not pressure and
earth connection with them, no longer get through the pores in the same heat from the
air that is enough for them to turn.

His expression that leave moved with his feet the earth's surface, is very good
maxim; in which follows the view that it is working so that the plant does not dry out.
They all agree that to fill the hole earth must bring the best quality and that does not fill
at all, but remaining one way to empty a big bowl where water coming together, from
there to strain the roots. The more wide were holes the better compared to that being the
land of the best of the surface and in sufficient quantity (that can never be missing) to
fill, throw away the plants roots everywhere.

Monharis also says that when we want to do the tree planting we wished and
propose, the hole becomes a state or two yards deep, round and four to five feet in
diameter, that filled half earth good surface, it put the finishing plant fill with the same
quality of land; whose tree, turning to cast good, thin soft earth to deepen and extend
its roots everywhere, and soon takes height increase. And here the author quoted
maxim.

This is because the time (or appropriate location) to set the spaces that there be
among the plants. Olive to olive must have the distance from fifteen to twenty-five
cubits, which is the least they can be, about not being far less prevalent among
themselves advantageously. Almost at the same distance should be the fig. The vines
ten to fifteen cubits. Small vines six to eight spans. The pear trees fifteen to twenty
cubits. Apple trees from eight to twelve. Plums five (that's the last they can be) seven
cubits. White poplars from fifteen to twenty five. Almond ten to fifteen; and so the
hazel. The Mulberry Tree of fifteen to twenty. The cherry trees fifteen to twenty five.
Citrons ten cubits; and although also are planted at equal distance to the cherry, but this
is the best. Pomegranates from eight to twelve cubits. Apricots fifteen to twenty; and so
the pines. Quinces six to eight. Palms five to seven; and so the murtas.

The hackberry to fifteen to twenty. Chestnut trees twenty to twenty five; and so
the oaks. These distances are the most that can be arranged planting in gardens and
orchards, considering the purpose for which the trees are placed. Small of these same

 
  

species planted in the more open countryside good were the better and become more
corpulence; while some authors of Agriculture are not of the opinion that among the
citrons and pomegranates are the wide spaces; whose matter will treat later, by Allah.

According to other authors, Ibn-el-Fasel, Abu-el-Jair, Haj Grenadian should be

chosen for planting the most fruitful trees, and more delicate fruit. But if the care and
cost of good planting species and grow them discomfort or fatigue were the same, the
best planting to be the first to know, the more the trees that bear fruit. Which are not
planted but the offspring of courtesy, not moth-eaten or weak.

Of those who are transplanted, they will pick the one that produce tasty fruit,
vegetate well, and they be of medium height and one foot; which sit, if long green like
the olive tree and the like, the bottom will lie down in the depths of the pit, that for this
is to be by way of the tomb and raised right top near the nipple or mound excavation,
otherwise expressed above will be executed; whose practice is the same as seen in the
planting of the branches.

With regard to large trees; if they have many branches are cut off leaving only
one and the most right, or if they be more robust, in proportion to their strength, so the
matter and juice of the cut will go to the rest. The branches were cut with sharp tool,
and if the site of the cut might fall into the hole they are planted, be this very case. A
olive seedlings were cut all the branches; because there is no doubt that planted them
and their leaves are raised wrong or miscarry; which I have proved by experience.
According to the book of Haj Grenadian and others, the hole for the tree to be formed so
that the standing and roots of the baggy coming in and two feet or more of the trunk.

The hole must be wide so that the one who does the planting can pull the land
over the roots with his foot; in which since the tree, firm, right and without decline, it is
poured some land above those of the surface, pressing his foot in those gaps.
Everywhere must be discovered the hole, filling of land halfway or more; and if the site
regardless of irrigation, will give a good watering point, and so left for a few days, then
watering second time and third time last equal; after which the hole is filled with good
farming land, squeezing right foot.

In the drylands is left hole halfway bare in the same way until washed up well
with repeated rains and so left the land, then equals or is filled entirely of peasant land;
whose operation a month ago after running the plantation: which have experienced have

 
  

been achieved happily, having disposed in said form, without irrigated in the hot season;
in which, if nevertheless needed irrigation, it must not be given by the foot, but at a
distance, so that the same comes under ground water; regarding otherwise, lowering the
water between the roots and the heat of the sun to enter those gaps, damaging thereto.

We have experienced, says Kutsami, the Nabathea Agriculture author, that if the
manure is thrown dry in the plants holes and the wet, or throw right there in having high
humidity, it is perfectly profitable. But it seems there is some subtlety. Kastos says, to
be put under the tree two new clay pots filled with fresh water with a small hole in the
seat of each, where the water flow subtle and followed. Without the drill touch the soil
so the clay does not cover it, and then that either them missing to fill water, continuing
to do the same in the course of two months. A year that the tree is usually inserted in the
same way if it had remained in first place, often irrigating with the other trees; to be in
this good practice to moisten the graft site with fresh water.

ARTICLE I

Every tree and plant must be transposed with all its roots, if possible. The rubber
tree is kept tearing them, especially older. Does not damage to the aqueous cut him
some; and the olive tree is not bad cut them all. The aqueous tree seedlings thrive more
and soon comprise more than others, and so their torn and stakes. It must not move any
tree of good and freshwater site to another bad and diverse water.

Every tree used to freshwater irrigation has not irrigated transplanted brackish or
salt water; which would be harmful and nothing helpful. Nor has moved the tree good
and fat land to sandstone and weak; or from cold to warm earth, sweet or brackish, plain
or mountain. More if necessary to move him into sandy soil to retain moisture long
rains, the hole is filled to good land that he brings.

I have put olive seedlings in Alxarafe in very sandy soil sites, where there was a
lot of moisture by rainwater, with another good land that took there, and advantageously
prospered; although earlier it had planted sometimes the same kind of plants in the same
land sites, and did not grow up in that quality. Describes in Nabathea Agriculture, which
filled the bottom of the bearded vine planted in sandy soil brackish taken from
freshwater rivers, the land is removed of salt damage.

 
  

Some farmers are of the opinion that the trunk of the planting, of rough and
coarse bark, you peel as two thirds parts of the land which is to cover it up to the thin
bark and then plant; which especially it runs on palm bark if there is had coarse. No
immediate land at the foot of the tree is to be moved, even with blunt instrument; which
offend the roots by the weakness they have, especially the olive planting because having
them near the surface of the earth, until it affirms and fortify before which, fading
weaken. And indeed some roots while the work would be cut, particularly the olive
planting and the like; so it does not touch on the digs and the work of the olive ditch to
the planting shortly planted by fear of cutting off the roots; which I have seen myself
have harmed it.

According to Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel, and others, some seedlings must move

trimmed their land attached to the foot and surrounded her roots. And such are those
trees whose leaf does not fall in the winter, except the olive tree that needs no such
defense; which it is held by juicy and greenery. Execute mode is go to that plant species
that require crossing, and also the tree already fruitful in the autumn season or make the
appropriate tree planting that same species, and watering the soil around the foot of the
plant after it was wiped something the surface, extend the land around it tamping with a
thick, heavy wood, or something similar, so it is tight, then digging away the trunk
where you are not able to this work cut any roots. This digs around the foot must be
deep as the roots extending through the center of the earth while approaching it beneath
him and stretched its roots at ground level, reaching most of which fall center, driving in
this with such gentleness that reaches readily started.

It burying land that has to cover him and taking her roots everywhere and below
this defense is extracted from the hole with touch to this will not peel from those; whose
defense must become lighter, if any, to be carried far site so that it can be easily carried
with him around a firm tying with ropes matting that he was not detach the earth.

Having put in the planting hole, right there you remove the mat, running after
her plantation and regime in the expressed above. Is also very good move seedlings of
the other trees, fruiting to non-fruiting, with the defense of their own land. Haj said that
having started in Granada peaches in May with outbreaks, and replanted regard forth
above in this field and frequency of irrigation and regime, were not dropped their leaves
or buds, and fruitful; and also having transplanted citron, arraihanes and jasmine for
irrigating by August, running the same in them, they did not as plump or weakened. He

 
  

adds that having done the same thing twice in a fruit tree and flowery, running the
expressed above, fruit that year without knocking out this year nor be rushed of disaster.

Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel and others before making transplantation is planted

and sows in the earth species of vegetables by reason of the very shady that it needs;
and the same is made run after transplantation, if irrigated, planting or sowing you need
little water, if there were seedlings that need much. The trees they move from the jungle
to the gardens have to be with some of that land that is raised (and the same wild seeds),
transplanting in autumn with weight or fruit that is left to them. The wild pear
transplanted likewise prevails; but he is having transplanted in early spring, renewed
and their buds by fertilization, did not prevail in some way. They say that if the trees
Hortense land where they were contracted and its specific or individual temperament,
advantageously prevail.

ARTICLE II

The regime to be observed in plants.

Says Haj and others, that when you plant a tree shalt put entire care to irrigate it
(be away from your foot on dry land, or near heavily irrigated) in which lying land on
the bonded or glued to the foot of the plant remain so there is no gap where between air,
and left this provision until mid-March, the ground next to the grass that had grown,
through a shallow trench is then cleaned, and they are covered by earth. The plants are
dug in autumn sunsets four times around his foot, passing twenty days between two
works; which they have to be as deep a span.

To the planted, after this time it is not given a similar dig until they have set and
entrenched, At this time planted after such cava it is not given until they have set and
entrenched, keeping time to cut off some of the work on account of weakness; if it be
mostly olive tree or similar those whose roots are laid at ground level; which always
have to carve grating or other similarly until those security ruggedized not hurt them

 
  

with the tool to dig them available; whose work should be so deep and wide spade. If
you want the plant fecundate the year of planting, peel it slightly in August to the
ground, if he has sheltered place, and to achieve this effect. Which if omitted to make
immediately comes to fertilize the second year in April or around that time.

Which if omitted to make immediately comes to fertilize the second year in

April or around that time. The buds that are born to them at the bottom and forks are
torn with the hands, not with tool, leaving the corresponding on top, so that the full
force of juice directed to the high branches. Do not touch the tree with tools that may
have been sterilized until two years or more; otherwise it will cause serious damage or
that know out. I have seen the same in the olives trees, which were burned in the cut
part with the tool before fruiting; because they were lost and blighted, especially the
transplanted the first year after born. But this and similar matter was addressed above,
where you can see it.

ARTICLE III

From the air it as experience are good for planting and sowing insert.
Irrigation, fertilizer and logging, and the best time for these operations.

Many Ancient farmers and others agree that you should not plant, start or insert
any day of especially pernicious cold or windy. Similarly they should not be grown
legumes, seeds, or seeds nor planted anything on very cold days or when running the
north wind; just as prevalent as it is planted or sown with such a wind, especially the
olive tree, which stood at ground, the body part of the plant that look up north would
dry up: and the reason is because when they run such cold winds and harmful dissipate
moisture from the tree roots and earth. Thus we take care to do these things when the
south wind blows in temperate day and in the morning; or the west wind passing
through the seas to the west of Spain and such places. Everything sown or planted with

 
  

the wind grows healthy and good. If at time of planting happens to be wet or drizzly
day, it is good to plant olive stake especially in drylands.

Suspend the planting of trees to get up and run those winds that are not suitable
for the above, or when he turns very cold air, burying ground that any torn seedlings to
good temperament achieved. They should not be placed in water in some way; more if
they had been buried a long time on land, posts will have in that one or two days and
then planted with some moisture. Which is not to run on Fridays and Sunday being
contrary to the practice. The principles of the Arabic months or rising moon and the full
moon are also the best times for planting.

According to some, the moon is cold and wet, and gives the name of badra the
perfect full moon, which is the fourteenth day of the lunar month; at which time it is
noticed take increased sowings and vegetables, such as cucumbers, the melons,
pumpkins, eggplants, beans, flax and the like arraihanes flower, and the fruit of the
trees; and also they take extension branches of plants expressed and the like; which
suffer diminution in the waning moon of the lunar month and the end, so wanting Allah.
Cause, because they want rather to make some planting vines and all the trees and the
crops in crescent moon; they say that what is planted or sown in this time, is more
graceful and better than what you sow out of it; and that more trees lit and soon sprout,
they grow in height, greatly thickened, and charge much fruit, if they have been planted
at that time; and the opposite happens, if the planting or sowing was waning moon.

Thus, they are of the opinion that the planting of trees in the growing is done;
and with regard to flax seed does not prevail on you or dwindle in the last days of the
month, and we have experienced ourselves and clearly seen, says Abu-el-Jair. They say
that the best time for some is from the fourth day of the lunar month until the end of the
fourteenth thereof. They also say other than the twenty-fourth day it is a blessing for
planting in irrigated from birth until the sun sets. Other disapprove the planting done in
the new moon to falls in the month of March.

In the Nabathea Agriculture, Kutsami says, which is David-Nidan maximum, In

Nabathea Agriculture says Kutsami, which is maximum David-Nidan, Lord of Bachdr,
not insert any plant or tree, nothing is planted, and that nothing but good vegetate plants
is growing moon until after five days of the waning; so that in his judgment extends
more time to make the plantations; the maximum (that is also the author of glorious
memory Adan), added Kutsami, having made her experience, has come true and sure.

 
  

Know, continues the same author, that the best time for all operations of Agriculture
relating to moisten with water plants and trees, whether by means of spraying or by
other modes of moisture, is it in the crescent moon or from after their conjunction and
disjunction of the sun until a few days after the opposition; of which the first is the
thirteenth and the sixteenth the last; After which time absolutely nothing to be done.

Says Kutsami, if planted or sown trees and palms that we wanted on the first day
of the new moon until the moon reaches the site from which the sun there are ninety
degrees, which is the fourth first, almost nothing is spoiled, he turns around well,
always bears fruit much; and the same happens with the manure, if we make this
waning moon. In effect we see in these plants some strength and extension that is not
noticeable when manured in crescent moon.

This has to be the time of the operation if the highest point, which is the mansion
(or grade) fourteen of the zodiac. If it is in the water signs are Cancer, Scorpio and
Pisces; or windy, which are Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius, is extremely good. If any of
the land, is also good but not both; declining fire signs, which are Aries, Leo and
Sagittarius, at birth, or if in them the moon. Which if the time to cultivate these things is
in opposition or in conjunction with them, or any of their methods or directions is the
best and most advantageous.

But some ancient cared anything about this, stating that it may plant and sown
from early to late month. Others said the planting of trees would make the first and last
day of the month. Which other disapproved and prohibited. According to Abu-el-day
Jair distributed empty of the lunar month with this order. Five vacancies, and the
following five occupancy. Four vacancies, and as many of occupation. Three will sing,
and the same occupancy. Two seats and two of occupation. One vacancy, and the last of
occupation. Such was his opinion, believing that the work done in the days of the first
class is not managed; and other (by Allah) the facts on the second.

ARTICLE IV

Some older preferred to do logging, the cutting of branches for the insert, and
the vintage in the waning moon, fearing that too much slime and those grapes are filled

 
  

again increased; and felt no moth-eaten wood roofing houses or other uses were cut off
in the waning moon, especially in the last three days of the lunar month.

 
  

Chapter VII

About the trees that are usually planted on the Spain provinces. Aptitude
of each specie and description of some of them. About the planting of each tree,
and specie of ground appropriate. His irrigation and praise, what is the manure,
with everything else that is required for each one in his respective regimen.

ARTICLE I

About the Planting of the Olive.

Two are the species (of this tree); one wild that is born in the mountains, and not
at the margin of rivers or where his roots reach a lot of continuous water; and the other
domestic, which gives more olives and oil that the first.

Juno quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj says, that the thin land is exceedingly good
for the olive, and in that way are raised excellently in the Ástigi (or Ecija) territory, been
such land alike on quality. In which if they are planted, they produce more than they
could in a different; because according Ibn-Hajáj, what is required on this tree is, not the
multitude and freshness of the branch; but the abundant copy of the oil.

As well the white land is good, according to Junio, to plant olives, especially if
is soft and wet. And indeed those who are in such land carry the fatter, tinder,
substantial, and with lots of oils olives. The dark land, the scree especially. Is also good
for them the salt less sandstone and whose lumps where whitish. The deep land must be
discard for this trees; which is good for seedy, which fruit is raised on it with big size:
but the olive grows with lesser oil and with a lot of slime, which without retarding his

 
  

maturation increases a lot the Amurca in the oil. Further the land exceedingly viscose
is not good for olive trees because of their coldness, and because also gets too hot in the
summer even more than the others, also the big cracks it is use to get make it colder in
the winter.

Demócrito says, that the olive must be plant on land with white soil, bare of
grass, dry and without moisture; and shouldn’t be planted on the soil of rose valley, or
sand with lots of salt, which is the brackish, or land that gets too cool when is cold, too
warm in the vehement hot and don’t ventilate air on it; neither on cracked land.

The best place to plant the olive, says Kastos, is the samá (or hard) land, bare of
grass. The samá land is the dry without any moisture. But it shouldn’t be plant in
brackish land, or deepness red clay which gets too cold, or that narrows too much with
the hot; neither cracked ground. But is used to be plant on good quality thin land.

I have plead, says Ibn-Hajáj, the most I have found of three famous agriculturist
over the land that must be chose for plant olives; which are similar between and not
opposite. For me the most exquisite of the same and others that have published works is
the land that gets discard because of the quantity of water and the amurca which
provides to the olives of trees transplanted on it; also because his oil been highly thin
gets disturb easily because of his amounts of slime, and more in very wet land. The land
they mention as suitable for the olive is against the qualities referred. The big olive from
the best specie prevails on low lands of good quality.

Kastos says the same, and in this point ends majorly: that the olive keeps his
freshness early with land aiming to the sea and continuous moisture; but (the olives)
grow more in other grounds. Where he asserts, that the excellent place and best to plant
olives trees is the dry land, bare of grass.

Agriculturists agree that ventilation is worthy for the olive, and this is why it
must be planted on mountains and hills with bare snow, ice, cold winds or excessive
hot, because the warm keeps is the reason of their fecundity. Is easy extract the oil (from
the raised olive) in warm places; which is hard for those raised on cold places, or it can’t
be done unless by lots of work. The oil benefits from the air a little cold; because of this
they suggest to put it on ordered jars in rooms aiming to the north, with this the oils gets
a good or sweet taste. The hot from the sun causes in it the opposite effect, as says
Casio.

 
  

About the time for planting the olive and space that must have the holes, says
Ibn-Hajáj, that this topic was embrace before in a general way: but that generality must
be reduced (been inadequate ( his doctrine) mostly ) on this specie; ( according to this);
says Junio, that (although) is convenient plant the olives in autumn or spring; but the
first is better for this planting, which must be done then at the time of rains until the
rigorous of the cold; in which is suspended until the early spring, beginning again then
in days when the north wind blows.

Further, says that the best planting is the one of hole; that the best of this is the
formed one year before as was say up; and the space of everyone must be proportional
to the nature of the land, as was also said, about the depth and width of two cubits in
high lands, and more capacity in flat lands.

Some, add, do the hole big for the olive in the flat ground, because raising it
quick in those places, and loaded with a lot of fruits for the moisture, is a risk that the
winds will overthrow it.

The same says, Ibn-Hajáj, confirms the most of Kastos that the juicy land makes
the olive get load with lots of olives; and because of this the quality of the oil in this
land is usually more appreciable and the best of all.

Another’s, says Junio, cleave the root of olive, and that cleaved part is the one
they plant. Others put the seedlings of bearded. And others plant bunches that rip up
from the tree; which specie of planting was used a lot by the curious agriculturist and
diligent anon; this is, take the bunches and planting them in the place that must be
breed, moving it later after they sprout. Every seedling must be taken from the best
species, and must be smooth and take from a new trunk; this is, of new tree. According
to Demócrito, bunches of olive must be very smooth taken from young trunks. Mostly
Chamayos, puts the olive from seedling, of stake, and of aajár. The seedling (is made)
of the stake, and this is take from the expressed tree; which is cut each one with once
cubit of length, and the thickness of a full hand. Corresponding to the aajár, this is like a
species of egg that is found in the big olive, fruitful and very old; which cut with ax (or
sword) and booted from the foot or root of the olive, (this way) is plant. The bunch
related that uses to have, cut with it and plant, is the best stake, and the one that sprouts
in lest time. And the maximum from the quoted author finish here. Karur-Aafantaaus
says that the stake of olive must be plant lying, inverse, and also straight and fixed.

 
  

I, says Ibn-hajáj, planted a piece of wood from olive that haves aajár (or egg),
which lying in the hole, and filling this with soil and letting nothing outside, sprouts
very nicely and fruitful. Also I have seen bunch so thin as the little finger fixed in the
ground (not as is usually done in the planting) that sprout very soon without aajár ( or
any egg). Some against the use of this specie in the respective of this tree, are proposed
to take the thick bunch with aajár, which cut at 7 cubits long more or less, bury in deep
hole, and when sprouts is not transplanted. And they don’t mind if is smooth; before
they plant the very rough (or rude of cortex) and thick. But they want it to have aajár,
having on it in a condition of egg. (With all), I have seen bunch’s of this roughs ( or
rude) without any egg, but with a piece in the bottom part booted from the trunk by way
of sole, which when was planted sprouted. And in this way I have seen other branch
very smooth and new in one side, which cut by the other one piece of rough wood,
planting in this way, also sprouted.

Lets get back to what Junio says; which maximum is that the one that makes the
planting must transfer the land from the depth of the hole; and that the best is to irrigate
this two or three times before, then throw it in the soil mixed with manure, like four
fingers, and smear the seedling with cow manure.

I have say before, says Ibn-Hajáj, that must put sand in the holes of the seedling
with no roots, as the dry stakes and similar; which practice is really good, according to
my opinion, respecting that the sand doesn’t make them weak because they are much
more hard that the bearded; they use it well before, and is a help for they to root, if there
were moisture that undoes that manure, coming from the irrigation or rains.

Is not convenient, says Junio, irrigate to much the olive because do it too much
is exceedingly prejudicial. But it is important plant it at the moment to rip it of his place.
The seedlings that were taken from the trees must have two legs long, ripping with it
along some of the trunk of the tree that sprouts more, and must be smooth and healthy.
Healthy, in Junio language, is the same that not having any clave in the cortex. The
branch been of the referred quality grows and raise in short time; then the olive that
becomes corpulent and even, is because the way of raising it was according to what his
nature demands; by the other side the one that is thin or weak, is because was raised in
the opposite way, this is, vilely.

According to Junio, the old plants and with cleave cortex are difficult (or takes
long) for vegetation; because (according to Ibn-Hajáj interpretation) Junio points the

 
  

plant without the aajár (or egg) referred; because if it have it, sprouts fast and well.
Junio adds that the stroke that was planted in high place has the longitude of cubit, and
52 centimeters, which must be plant in low. Solo says, that must be small the stroke of
olive that will be planted in mountain grounds and high hills; and even bigger the one
that is plant in flat grounds; because, the seedlings are attracted from the high ground
because of his toughness and less nutritive juice in comparison to the flat land. To this
practice is similar to what loggers see, the ones in the good quality land and more fertile
they leave more forks and more longs; and less and more small in the weak land. And
here finish Solon. Returning to what Junio says is not convenient plant upside down the
branch because then the plant will spoil. In which maximum, according to Ebm-Hajáj,
is opposite to the opinion of Carur-Atifo (and others), which incite that the bunch of the
seedy must be placed inverse in his planting, and this is the practice they prefer. And I
by myself have see tree that prevails very well and fruitful the inverse stake.

Some people advice, says Junio, put rocks next to the seedling of the olive, and
stand on them by one cubit of deepness, putting soil over them after because on this way
the cold of the rocks will refresh the roots in the summer (been this helpful for them),
and foment in the winter; which both effects will cause (respectively in each season):
which must be done in the sandstone mostly than in others, beginning to put the stones
from the depth of the hole. Adds (the quoted author), that bury in the ground three
quarters of the seedling, leaving the rest outside; and in the place of the superior court,
cover it with mud of white clay kneaded with straw.

Also says, that is convenient for the good farmer to know the exact proportion of
the olive rows, and that this besides the fertility of the terrain (consist) for the tree to
become more fecund; since his fruit comes to be more abundant and rich, entering the
winds in the well sorted rows; which direction must be from east to west, y and in noon
to north in equal distances; respect to that planting in that way this trees, makes easy the
in and out of the winds of east and noon, that are those who grow healthy plants. Also
says, that the thin ground planted with olives mustn’t be plant; because this will weak
their toughness. He adds, that in this land must be the plants more immediately than in
other different (not having to plant as we have say). Also there is another reason, says
Ibn-Hajáj, and is that the plants must be put in that ground at distances more close
because is not growing in them fat or pompous olives.

 
  

As much as Junio says that the plants grafted are better and more fruitful, the
best will be form the seedlings from the cothinón or ranbúh (which is the acebuche(wild
olive tree)); those which taking root and growing more quickly carry their fruit graft at
the third year or the next; and grafting in them fruitful and rich olive trees(as we said
before), they sprout much more quickly than the others. The same author says, that the
most part of the trees planted from seed produce the fruit according to their specie,
except the olive, which from his olives sowed in strong land grows the olive called
cothinó. This maximum, says Ibn-Hajáj, I believe is truth; because our lands of Sevilla
in the mount of Alxarafe, because of been to close and in quantity the olives, and fall in
the ground lots of olives seeds, I haven’t see another thing that wild cothinó in between
the small trees and others bigger that already gave fruit: what does points, that the crow
of trees, comes from the seeds of the olives; of Allah knows (the real reason). But
nevertheless, not because of it, I affirm that all the wild olive trees that are there come
only from the olives (that felled). But I do admit, that a lot of them grow in the mounts
and hard lands, in the same way that other trees like the oak, carob and similar. Also I
don’t deny, that grows olive-trees too, as Junio says, from this seeds (and I have seen
them in the village of some friends of mine), because I affirm are cothinó the majority
of them, as Junio said (the same). Returning to what is said about this author, a lot of
people are used to make the holes they want for this planting, wide, square, and big;
(although very wrongly) in each they put for seedlings in the angles; from which when
they all sprout, let the better in there; and if we want to move one or two or the three we
can also execute that. But even if that way of planting is very used by us here in the
mountain quoted up, is not good (says Ibn-Hajáj, according my opinion), not even in the
olive-trees schools.

Is convenient, says Junio, that the branch that where put in the schools where
take from good, news, and very fruitful olive-trees, and they should be of proportioned
corpulence; and shouldn’t be take those born in the trunk, but in the superior part of the
tree; which must be cut oblique by a saw avoiding the cleave of the cortex. At the sides
of each one is fixed a reed that works like a signal to the one that have to do the digs,
executing their plantation in the way expressed before. The ancients dig around of the
plants one time per week, if the ground allows it, not cluttering the mud. In three years
are raised this plants in those places, cleaning them in the fourth year from branches that
where cluttering, they are moved after to the land where was planed their plantation; if

 
  

is take with them some of the ground in where they raise the planting of the branch will
be the best of all. This entire maximum are from Junio.

About the frequent cultivation of the transplanted olives, says the same author,
been this the way in that the seedlings putted in autumn on the land they want, letting it
(without moving anyone) until spring; and that digging with hoe, at least four times,
where made grooves around them to the water of rains reach quickly the roots, and
doesn’t get lose on the sides. Those planted on spring, he adds, must be after dig
around; because we are persuaded that they will root better irrigating them in the first
year, especially in the summer, if it is possible; those which, after root and reinforced ,
they were ripped with hands the bunch’s that were clutter; which, been still tender, is
easily done. The second year by autumn (keeps) digging around the plants, you will
manure them throwing soil before the manure, so it won’t burn the roots; and if coming
the rains before the winter you ding in the same way one or two times, I will be very
helpful, forming in that way grooves for those waters flow to them. At the third year cut
them with tool, most of the superior branch letting only five or six of those who sprout
more and better, manure them later, and repeating the operation at the fourth year.

Keeping the same topic says Junio, that the manure convenient to the olive is the
one of goats, sheep’s, and cattle, ass, horses and more beast but the human excrement is
not suitable; and that won’t throw manure over the roots, but a little far from the trunk,
in this way mixed with soil, flows slowly his heat to the roots. Adds, that the good
farmers are those who obligatorily throw first soil over the roots, and then manure and
over that more soil.

Says (the same author) that manure (this tree) every three or four years,
particularly at the time of irrigate it. That in moist places should use very smalls
amounts of manure, and lot in the bare grass ground; and the dry places where the plants
grow slowly, is helpful use more quantity.

Kastos affirms, that all the manures, but the human excrement, is worthy to the
olive, and that the manure should not have fence at the feet, or manure it more than once
each two years. All the manures, says Demócrito and Casio are good for manure with
them the olive, besides the human excrement, and this manure shouldn’t be done more
that once every three years. Whose opinion, says Ibn-Hajáj, are all smart farmers for
reprove the human excrement, and the same the excessive in the manure of the olive;

 
  

(whose doctrine) is illustrated in the dark way that Marguthis (or Muricio explains
himself in this topic).

(The same author) says, that the immediate manure to the olive hurts it a lot, and
slime (alpechin) in his fruit; been also bad for it the excessive moisture that his branches
acquire again after. The reason of this is, because with the manure at the foot the
branches lose, once dry, a lot of the slime for the dryness of manure; causing that the
winds will chop down or cut many of his buds, according to the impulse that wiped
them, letting only few and bad… .(This way), the ancients don’t disapproved make the
planting of the olive in juicy land, wet, and soft, but for the reason we just said before.
And here finish Ibn-Hajáj. Who adds, that the cleaning and cut of this trees will be
treated later in his own place with Allah´s favor.

According to the Nabathea, the places convenient for the olive are those that gets
close to a temperature equal with declination to the cold, and which ground is viscous,
very sweet and spongy; but even if they don’t hurt them, they make them thrive, even if
decline from such temperature to the hot one, as long there is not a lot of hot. The time
to do his plating is since the sun is placed in the last half on the Pisces until Taurus
raises, and this in days of crescent because those are the most convenient for this effect;
in this way the olive will become darker (in a healthy way) or discover his truth and
own color, and reach over the thirty years old at one big age that any man get close by
healthy or robust it is, especially if is farmed with effort. Táher have is opinion infused
in the feet of the olive, when is planted, two ounces of good oil mixed with another bit
of sweet water; which improves and removes all calamity. Also is infused in the same
place (after begins to fructify) any oil mixed with water taken with the mouth and
spraying it as if were spinning around the tree, which gives a quick growing, raise and
good quality to his fruit in the successive, and freshness to his branches.

Planting to the branch smooth with the thick of a leg; the one saw in different
spots at cubit distances and half at two, (not at all but the third part), and done a groove
in the ground, there is placed lying covering with the soil the long of a finger to spans,
and placing it around to irrigate it once at day. In this way is how it sprout by the saw
place; which is renovated removing what will be weak, reaching the height of one cubit,
let the fresh and robust to transplant it when reached this disposition. Otherwise, to the
olive is convenient a dry land, and raised, even and not too moist. And if was planted in
good land of sown not crackly, beholds and is abundant and with a very tasty fruit; even

 
  

if this is of little oil, alterable taste (and that is corruptible), passed in little time. In the
land wild, sandstone and haze does not prosper the olive as in other different qualities.

Says Abu-el-Jair and other authors that the oily trees refuse the very moist land;
the same that the oil declines because of his smoothness the mix with water. The olive,
that is a tree of blessing, is planted in many ways. Bearded or not, from branch at any
thickness, and from stake without bunch or any leaf. The seedlings when are fixed must
be at top down with his defensive as mat with the height of a men to keep them from the
damage of animals, so in this way the beast will not reach to eat them. Also is sown that
piece of foot ( or root) where it feeds (the tree), that is a not that they use to name aajár;
that is like is say where translated the olive-trees from Africa to Spain after the big
dryness that make perish all his trees and plants. I have some experience of this
(planting genre), says Abu-el-Jair, and his good success makes me approve it. The
deepness of the hole for the seedling of the olive must be proportional at the size of the
tree; which will be six spans, or less or more, if was necessary. But anyway must be the
hole big, depth and thick for any tree that will stay on his place without been
transplanted. If it was small the plant, big and depth the hole, or the soil in the down
part where bad (of quality), will be put there another good in the surface mixed with
good manure crumbled in the corresponding quantity. Says the same, that the distance
between the olive-trees, ordered in straight rows must be of twenty four cubits or little
more, so that in one marjal (equivalent to 528,42m^2) that Is about thirty fathom, have
nine foots of them. Stretch this measure is leave idle land, so tighten will hurt the trees.
In the flat land, called (arable or) of sown, must be at the same distance until fifty
cubits; or of four to six olive-trees in one ground of the same extension; which must be
equidistant by the four sides. About the fifty cubits is opinion of the Syros and the
Coptos; those who don’t stretch more this measurement, but they do narrow it until
fourteen cubits. The principal to be attended is the good quality of the ground; in which
raising the trees to much pompous must be at ease; and the opposite in bad quality
ground.

Even if I already treat this topic upside with extension (where you can see it), I
am of opinion that holes must be made for the seedling of the olive amply capable and
bigger than the expressed, because it is convenient not reach to it at gain with the
digging, and don’t cut it with the tool the roots, been weak and so close to the soil;
because if the hole of his planting were big enough, is not hurt with the work for been

 
  

free the soil on it. Which practice I have found been praiseworthy and convenient for
experience.

Says Kastos, that the olive-tree planted in spring and not rainy times must be
irrigated every day two or even three times until it sprout. That the branches that must
be planted were keep (after cut) in dust soil seven days, and at the eight day be planted
without more delay. But I have put a seedling of Olive after two months of ripped
without any injuries. Is best to put the seedling, the stake and branch before it throws his
fruit that execute it after picking it up.

ARTICLE II

The olives bones are planted by October, watching in this the same way
expressed upside about the plantation of the bone (in general). This, according to Abu-
el-Jair, must be as said Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, and must be grafted (his seedling)
after four years. Is said that this must carry, at plating, puddly at the feet with fresh
manure mixed with ash of Holm oak dissolved with water, they also says that is worthy
throw in the depth of hole some wet gravel, and over that soil from the surface: that will
grow quickly if are throw around some lime beans; and that must not be manure before
the two years of planted. Is also said, that committing the order of this cultivation and
regimen of the olive, to a honest male, pure, free of dishonesty and corrupted habits,
will carry for this more and plenty fruit; and if the owner was happy and contented with
the will of Allah for him, because of this will shower him with all genre of goods, and
will be propitious to him. Don't get close to this tree, particularly when is planted,
measured dirt, or male with legal impurity, single or adulterous (or impious), because it
will give little and small olives,( salutes Allah's will); neither the oil already defecated
don't get close but caste person. Doesn't hurt the olive the absence of water, neither the
irrigation. Must graft in his same species, in the cothinón and other trees; (which matter)
will be speak in the chapter of the Grafting, Allah's willing. The graft of escutcheon is
done in it after the cuts of the top by January the tree that is wanted to graft, doing it in
his second branches what was done in the first fig tree, and in his graft what was done to
the fern tree. The time to do this operation is by Mach

 
  

ARTICLE III

If happened to the olive-tree be burned at the feet, will be cut that part with
sharpened tool, removing also the land who was burned too; because according the
Nabathea Agriculture, this takes the fertility of the tree. If the tree were ripped by the
winds in his superior half, the middle or part of it, will be leveled and equaled the ripped
spot with the cutting tool, and when it sprout the weak stems must be ripped off by
hands, leaving only the enough robust ones, without touching it with tool until passed
the two years or more. If where ripped by the feet (burning what is left), must be done
on him what was said up.

ARTICLE IV

Never wipe the olives in a rainy day, because it will hurt the tree. The time for
wiping the olive-tree planted in mountain, especially those who are very fruitful is
around January. The sing of been seasoned the olives is when the slime on they is red-
like. The planting in the flat lands mainly on farms must be wiped when the olives are
red-like without waiting for it to become black and finish the growing. Is in the month
of January when the oil gets perfected in the healthy olive from the mountains; which
wasn't withered or dried, must be wiped on February; which practice (approved by me)
is very good.

Says Ibn-Hazén that the olives are eat when there is an obstruction and not
diarrhea.

ARTICLE V

About the plantation of the laurel called gar and also dahmest

 
  

According to Abu-el-Jair, there is a lot of unfruitful male, and female that

sprouts the seed black and out, which (specie) there is another very leafy. According to
the Nabathea Agriculture, this tree is raised in mountain grounds is not convenient to
him the brackish land in any way; such is those who haves more sand than dust. Is from
a beautiful prospectus, and adds grace to him the fact of been close to smelly trees and
of some myrtle . One of his prodigious virtues is that runs from any poisonous animal
without even getting close to the place where the tree is, and the same about any specie
of snake.

But to the places bathed with the smoke of this tree, this last animals come up quickly.
Hanging a stick of laurel to the place where was the breasted crying kid and scary, it is
very helpful for him.

Otherwise, is suitable for this tree the harsh and stony ground, and prevails very
good in soft and warm ground. In the brackish gets damaged. According to Abu-
Abdalah and Abu-el-Jair, the planting of this tree is done by the offspring of the foot
ripped off with all the roots, and doesn't thrives planted in other way. This one is placed
lying in the hole with sepulchral shape next to big ditches. Also is put his branch of
bunch (or inversed) in the same spot to transplant it later. They say, that the ripped is
planted next to the big ditches, doing on it the exposed up. In a way of planting his seed
is sowed in autumn, but also is say that in February and March. The seedling is fixed in
a hole of three spans depth at a distance of ten cubits in between each others, doing this
operations as was said before. Must not get close to it any manure, because harms it in
cause of his heavy odor. The irrigation won’t hurt it. Is grafted in his own kind; the
olive-trees, the walnut, the mastic, the chistan (ash) ,the terebinth; which are all oil
trees; also is said that, the almond, the quince, and the apple-tree, according to Abu-el-
Jair. His leafs are throw in the pickle of the olives make them some aromatic smell.

ARTICLE VI

About the planting of the carob-tree

 
  

According to Abu-el-Jair, there are some species. The Spanish that haves two
castes; one male unfruitful, and other fruitful, which carob is long and wide. Those very
smooth. The mouse tail. The Syrian, which fruit is small and round. The golden shower
tree; and the wild carob-tree. They are destined to those lands in the flatlands that are
alike to the ground found in mountains; and is discarded to him the one of vantage
quality and the thick. His nawami sprouted with his roots (without ripping it) is planted
inversed in his own place to be transplanted after. His seed is sown on the land of
mountains mixed with sand and rotten manure in third parts, with this mixture is cover
to the thickness of two fingers; irrigating it immediately is transplanted at two years by
January or February, putting the seedling in a hole of four spans of depth at a distance
of twenty five cubits in between each other, making in this operation the expressed
upside. Don't prevails (planting it) ripped off. Is grafted in his own kind, and outside of
them no other tree. The operation of his grafting is particular, and about it we will speak
(with the will of Allah) in the chapter about this topic. The mosquito doesn't get close to
the trunk of the carob-tree.

According to th Nabathea agriculture, the pods if the carob, green or dry, jolted
(or well crumbled are mixed) mill with his own seeds; which incorporated with some
flour of barley or wheat is kneaded all with flour yeast, and half fermented (this is,
sometime after the kneaded), is baked in a pan, and (prepared this way) is eaten with fat,
oils and sweets. The carob is eaten (only) says Abu-el-Harzen, in calamitous times.

ARTICULO VII

Of the planting of myrtle called el-álas

Says Abu-el-Jair, that is from mountains, hairy and haves two species; wild and
from orchard; the one is subdivided on many others. The hachámi that haves wide leaf.
The haiar and the yarsafi, which is of funny and tender leaves, and more aromatic than
the hachámi . The charki (or from the east) that haves a very slight leaf. The cháari (or
hairy) have three species, one of wide leaf which gets darker,(another called) mór,
which exist of wide leaf, and slight as the charki. All this species generally are raised in
way of wool ( or hair) very white in the summer by May or June. Is said, that of the one

 
  

from the orchard there is a specie called the hamir and onisa that haves a round leaf. In
the Nabathea Agriculture is said, tha the myrtle (the principal one) have three shapes
with three colors. One is green, which is the vulgar big. Another turquoise (or light
blue) with the same shape than the last, called by a few romano; which, have this same
color very vivid, is from a very sutil leaf. The last one haves a color yellow (or straw-
colored), and haves three genres. The smelly with a soft and heartwarming odor have
two species. The zarnnáb and the chôrasánico that is from wide and big leaf; and the
third with turquoise color and is the one we said be the romano. Because of his shape,
the one with subtle and wide leaf haves it big and long, which is the vulgar myrtle (or
common). Of those with subtle leaf is found with long and short.

The myrtle is born in all kind of lands, except in those very brackish; and is
(plant that) suffers some dryness. According to Ibn-Hajáj, is convenient the sandstone
ground; even if in the other quality of lands he uses to remain. Last planted from ripping
and of stake. The moment for plant it is on February to half April. The ripped after it
sprout is transplanted for what (as we said before), is better the stroke. The time for
they to sprout n our regions is on June. Another author says, that is convenient the
flatland alike to the mountains in where (some) specie (of the same) born from it, as like
the gravel, the hard land, and the sandstone. Prevails in soft land. But in it gets hurt
quickly (coming) from the cold; of which can be defended by burying stones around it.
Also in the same is offended and burn by the heat, the one can be fight with lots of
irrigation. Plant it from stroke or rip, in his bunch (stem) related and from seed. His
seedling ripped by the root with his land is placed in proportion. Also that bunch and the
branch tender (or fresh) is planted from a shoot; which is placed also in vessels by the
(the operation) astasláf (described up) until become seedling. From stake is plant at mid
January, and his seed is planted on vessels; which effect is picked by November black
which mature seed, and well dried is keep in a new vessel of mud in a place with no
moisture to sown it later in the expressed form by early January until mind April, in
vessels full of soil of mountain mixed with sand and over rotten manure; which two
things, they say, must be mixed also with ash. Been how it is his seed small, shouldn’t
sow it on water. But born must be irrigated every week three times; which seedling is
moved by the year lined of soil in the places that will be raised at a distance of three
spans in between each other; after that at three or more is translate in the same way to
his corresponding place, planting it in a hole proportional at his size by early February

 
  

until half March, or (as is said too) since half February until half April, or in November
according to other opinion. Abu-el-Jair says, that the good time to execute this operation
is on January; and on respect to this the fact that this plant throws a lot bunches, will be
very good put them close between them so they grow at the same size.

The operation in this is all conform to the expressed up. Suffers the myrtle of the
excess of water and should not cut him but let him complete because his beauty consist
on this. Must not who take care of his plantation touch it in excess; which sterilizing it,
also stops his grow it. According to the Nabathea Agriculture, is not necessary in his
cultivation more operation that clean the ground from brush and the variety of grass that
embrace the neighbors plants. With the myrtle seed (that is the fruit it carrys) are made
some buns; which is pick after very mature and black, and very dry at sun, crushed after
by mortars and dried again at sun again for one day, finally smashed in a stone is made
with it a delicate bread; but before dry it is necessary scald it well and drip the water and
this must be renewed sweet, in which is scalded long time, after that, is dried with the
sun, milled and kneaded with yeast of wheat (letting it like this by a few hours) is baked
in a oven or a pan, that is the best; which bread is pleasing to the palate, and food to the
body eaten with fats, fat meat, lard, and sweet things. One of the properties of this grain
is that is sowed in bitter land, takes this quality picking the (pARTICLEs that cause it);
since the roots and feet’s (of the tree) use to spoil the land, causing on it the expressed
taste. The utility of the grain for the hair is common knowledge: for this is smashed
green, and then after dried, milled, and wet with oil is glued to the hair, which gets
curly, dark, gets longer and keeps from any damage, taking away anything that may be
prejudicial . Also the mass of their leafs milled and of his burned wood, mixed on equal
parts, glued to the hair makes it a lot longer and even more if is moistens with common
oil with ten drachms of mirobalano, and placing it (all) at the heat of fireless logs, use
to be very good and perfectly defecated. Which smearing it on the hair, dyes it black,
making it strong and longer and also curls it. Making continuous use of this juice, which
was mixed with alcohol, make them black. According to other author, the fruit of the
myrtle drunk with wine works against the bite of the venomous spider and the scorpion.
Says Háj, that the wild myrtle must not be planted close to the house or the orchard;
which will bring him ruin.

 
  

ARTICLE VIII

About the planting of the Strawberry, called madsrúfat in the exotic language and the
same that the athláb o kathláb, which fruit called alhenalármar gives the vulgar name
of kabel-omah (or receiver of his mother).

This mountain tree, that never is naked of leaf. In the Nabathea Agriculture is
said to be the tree of orchard land. More according to other authors is convenient the
flatland and soft land similar to the mountains in which is born. Planted on valleys (or
low places, out of) give seasoned the fruit, it keeps with his greens leaves.

According to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél and others, the seed of his grain is put,
sowing it on mud vessels and mountains land, moving it by the year, translating it by
the two years guarded by his own soil. Also the mountain, been plant again and gentle,
ripping it with his own soil and covering with it his roots, is carried to the orchards; in
which holes, that must be of four spans of depth, the soil is placed brought along with
the ground where it was raised to be plant on it by January at a distance of six cubits
each other; those will be irrigated frequently until they sprout; and the same the other
trees that were transplanted. They said, that the principal and best is to transplant the
wild tree on the orchard by autumn, dressed with some leaf, and it the little irrigation
won’t hurt it because of his wild nature. This tree shouldn’t be planted by inverse
branch, ripped, or from stake. His seed is sowed and transplanted in the way said before.
According to my observation in the same way is transplanted from the mountain to the
orchards the mastic, the burning bush and the terebinth, that the wild myrtle.

ARTICLE IX

About the planting of the Chestnut-tree that is the Chah-balúth

I have various species, according to Abu-el-Jair. One of chestnut big and wide,
know by amlisi (or that one very smooth). Another of small chestnut knows by the

 
  

name of borji. And other which chestnut inner shell (or membrane) is glued to the pulp
and peeled without fire. This tree says Junio quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj, grows
well in the thin and high land; because if it was necessary plant it on a flat place. Will
be better put it on sands. The margins of rivers are the best place over any other that are
convenient for this tree, been this trees lovers of the cold air; and (reason because it is
fruitful) on this ground where the north wind blows. Planting it bearded and from seed
since the autumnal equinox until the vernal, and also as the olive; this is, from branch
ripped from the tree, and bearded.

Some adds the same author opine that his fruit carrying in the middle of the shell
called fanáfed (or hedgehog) is the best (can be used) for the planting, and that must be
bury twelve fingers depth, placing his tail up, which operation is executed (in the
expressed time) since autumn until the equinox of spring. And here finish the maximum
of the quoted author.

Demócrito says, that the chestnut is plant from his branch and fruit, and his
seedling is moved at two years by March when the day and night are even. Kastos Ben
Amtsál says that the place of the chestnut must be firm, high and cold. That planted
along with seed and branch, will be fruitful at two years. Anyway, the time to sow his
seed is since autumn until spring, placing in the hole his thin side to the sky, as is
planted the walnut and the almond. Ibn-Hajáj says, that Kastos refuses the first
maximum, how will be saw in the ARTICLE about the planting of the walnut and the
almond-tree. According to other authors, the chestnut-tree is a tree from mounts where
was moisture (coming) from the water. In the cold weathers prevails in mountain land
where the winds blows a lot; not is bad, even if there are on it some stones and won’t
prevail in the hot weathers. According to the Nabathea Agriculture, is tree that is born in
the deserts and scree; and is said that delves in rough lands and fields of red soil, and
naturally refuses the white land. Is better plant it from branch than from his fruit. From
the mounts is translated to his new seedling with all the roots trimmed from his own soil
around November in a hole of four spans of depth in which bottom must be placed think
sand or gravel with the mix of mountain soil of the surface.

The chestnuts are planted fresh and well grow in new vessels of clay and sand
mixed with mountain soil of the surface, like the one where it is raised (which is
executed on November and also on January on crescent), placing his points down, (even
if others say, that must be up watching the sky); and moved at the year to the seedling

 
  

where it must grow, both are transplanted on early March in the corresponding place at
distances of twenty cubits in between , because it will be a pompous tree; which
planting is as how it was said upside, or (according to the Nabathea agriculture) this and
the one of seed, same as the Walnut or Almond-tree.

This tree, says Haj, must be irrigated with lots of water, (if it is possible) at begin
of September until the moment of recollection of his fruit. And if happened to have
water at his feet by day and night, gives fats and pulpy chestnut; as is said, that been
wild, won’t hurt him leaving it without irrigate. Grafted with his own kind, (as long as is
done) while were small; because when is big wont graft. Having a lot of time in the
water the dry chestnuts, are become wet and soft at good temperature, and are a healthy
food. Also are eaten cold with honey, or hot with sugar. If you want to do, says Enoch,
breath of chestnut is not necessary more than put them broken at the sun one day along
with a little panic grass, which milled and kneaded with wheat flour yeast can make a
very good bread, and (according to other author) best than the one from the acorns. Ibn-
Hazén says that the chestnut is of maintenance.

ARTICLE X

About the planting of the Holm oak

It exists in various species: of long acorn, and not long; sweet, and bitter, which
is wild that won’t grow in meadows (or valleys) o at the margins of big rivers. The
planting of this tree, opines Demócrito (as reported Ibn-Hajáj), that is done by February,
and those from the high hillsides suits them cold places, and with thick and strong soil,
manure with cow excrement mixed with dust.

Annon says that the target ground for the Holm oak is the dry and strong as the
one in the mountains, and the sandstone; and also the red clay, that staying hard after
the rains, is similar to the slag of the iron. The Holm oak of good specie is planted in the
orchards, if is irrigated in the summer and manure with cow ding, produce good and
sweets acorns.

 
  

Mauricio says, that if someone won’t see necessary do the planting of acorns, do
it from the seedlings raised in the mounts, putting after another group of those who
where advantaged, if he wanted and were more easy to him. The Holm oak is a wild tree
that is born itself on the mounts between the stones and in hard grounds or soft; witch
feet roots more and becomes more corpulent on land with water. Others say, that is
convenient the land alike the mountains where they born; that is placed from his
nawámi (way to call the seedlings raised on seedbeds); and in the vessels of his acorn
fresh, healthy and perfectly matured with the point up, subtly cleaved the shell; and his
seedling must be translated too from the jungle, executing in all regimen the expressed
upside; which grows in height, and won’t hurt him the irrigation.

According to the Nabathea Agriculture says Enoch of glorious memory, that

must be who wants to do bread of acorns, pick them from the tree after well grow, not
letting they dry on the tree, or been picked before growing up, peeling they (because of
his freshness), with the hands or with a wood tool; and that the acorns of rough taste
cause that the one who eats them in disposition, such enormous damage in this health.
That this bread is made cook them at slow fire by six hours the acorns on sweet water
after have them swimming in the same one day with no salt, and cook them again in
another water; if proved by taste (warning) must have lose his rough flavor, they don’t
need more cooking; if they haven’t lost it , they must be keep cooking 4 more hours in
new water (which is a lot); then draining it; lying the acorns in a spacious place where
very winded get dry, and mixing them with a third part of skinned chestnuts (which is
the most useful remedy find for them), after that, they are milled with stone until is
become flour; which kneaded with yeast and wheat flour makes after a very good bread

ARTICLE XI

The acorns to white and sweets, not new and greens, or to old and dry, cook on
water are easy and quick to digest; and one of the thinks that take the harm and make
them eatable is put them skinned at soak on hot water. Rasis says, that the one who eat
continuously acorn bread, especially not been used to him, won’t be free of injuries
unless that eat it with lots of fat and sweet things, drinking wine of this same flavor. I
have experimented, say another author, that because of the acorns been of thick

 
  

substance, dry and cold, are obstructive for the liver and dangerous to him. And Ibn-
Hazén says that they only are eaten on dire times.

ARTICLE XII

About the planting of the tree Kumestra (pear-tree) or vulgarly called el-ajás.

Says Abu-el-Jair that haves two genders: wild and from orchard; and that from
this exist species; sweet or bitter, pumpkin like, upright and others. According Kastos,
there is a pear-tree sweet, bitter, little juiced, with a lot of juice, big, middle, and small
(fruit). Junio quoted on the book of Ibn-Hajáj says, that the pear-tree wants generally
places, cold, fertile with lots of water. That there are in many species and is planted on
many ways; from bunch ripped from the tree, translated seedling, stake, and also
prevails as seed.

Junio adds, that some of them, execute something better, and is more like they
graft them before planting them; because bringing it from the jungle with his roots and
planting it in the expressed way, they graft after it sprout all they species they want.

If you planted a pear-tree says Karur-Áthikos, dry where he can’t be irrigated;

execute it in early autumn; and if on irrigation, plant it since the eight of February until
half March. Is tree that wants places wet and cold or fresh, and not hard land Is
convenient, says another author the good quality ground, the thick and upraised, and the
cold with some mix of sand. Becomes a lot fruitful in the flatland not sweaty or
brackish, and refuses the black land and the pits. Some say that is not suitable for it the
rough land, and others affirm the opposite.

Is maximum of Demócrito, that clean the hole (where will be planted) of the
stones and other things that were in it and placed the seedling, cover it with screened
soil and irrigate after. They say, that this tree is planted from the bunch born at the feet
or between the roots, which is ripped off with the owns before or after planted inverse in
his own spot. That also is placed from seed and stake of three spans long and ripped is
planted on January and February to the big droughts; out of these places, on land where
the wet of irrigation is never missing been this fully necessary; and it take advantage of

 
  

it or even more from the common water that of the continuous flow of water. His seed
that is from a weak (delicate) class is sow in vessels; which seedling is put after in the
hole of four spans of depth or more respect to his corpulence. Is said, that when is
placed in the hole and this was wet precisely, and that must be covered with soil of the
surface. That the time to plant the orchard specie is from October to January, and the
wild in autumn: in this way, as the one from orchards planted in the early February until
the first day of April be on the record that quickly it prevails and roots.

Is maximum of Haj Granadito, that if the pear-tree was planted the third day of
the lunar month, fructifies at the third year; if is the day five, at the five year, if ten at
the tenth, if twenty at the twentieth and like this until thirty (with this proportion).
That’s why the most accurate to be proposed is to do the planting the third day, and not
after this time, so the fruit won’t come late.

Been this tree, says another author, of late fructification, the quick way to make
it give fruit is graft him in the wild specie; also (is said, that) grafted the seedling born
from his seed in the one that already is fruitful, can get the same effect. Receives then
the graft, and he also is grafted in the quince and the apple-tree; in which, if cut one
branch and is graft in that place pear-tree, prevails without hurting the graft. But must
be irrigated and manure a lot, in what must not have any omission because his wild
nature. His branch to prevail must be planted before the hardening of his cortex, because
it will be spoiled in other way as I have experimented.

According to the Nabathea agriculture the pear-tree is the tree that quickly
receives the graft, and makes it prevail any that was executed. From the pears is made
bread on this way. Taking all the matured and to be mature, sliced all with a knife, at let
them dry by sun, after that clean the seeds and peel them, with or without do it you can
mill them, without need of skin them with hot water or keep them soaking; which flour
kneaded with hot water mixed with some oil sesame and yeast, is leave like that until it
ferments well, after that put some wheat flour or barley that wipe it, is done eatable
bread, Insha Allah.

 
  

ARTICLE XIII

About the planting of the anáb that is the nábek and the same zifzif (or jujube)

According to the Nabathea agriculture, the anáb and the nábek are two trees.
Abu-el-Jair says, that there are several species: one that gives a fat fruit and very red,
another that haves the size of a Sabina grain, and another smaller. One of the specie of
the nábek, says the author of the Nabathea Agriculture, haves his fruit very incarnate,
fat, oblong, and very sweet. Is a tree highly fruitful, and exist as orchard tree, and wild
too, which is grow in mountains, desert fields, and hard lands is thorny and with a long
live, and mountains ground suits him and the hard too. His longevity is close to the
olive. His roots must reach the water for his insatiable thirst. In the orchards doesn’t
need manure; but if is throw to it manure from sheep’s and pigeons, filling a hole of his
moved land and irrigating after, improves it and gives short increments; and his rot
takes a new vigor. They say that you can’t cut a Jujube without it stops drying in a few
days.

Samanós quoted in the Nabathea Agriculture says, that the Jujube is planted
from sucesor (that is an offspring raised with separation but close to the tree), and that it
wants soft and juicy land. Says Demócrito that the branch that was planted taken from
the Jujube, was very fruitful, it will sprout. And is said, that this tree is shouldn’t be
planted by seed, the reason is that if it reborn from it, won’t give the tree his fruit, but as
the way the wild olive-tree does (this is) small, with a lot of bone and bare meat; and
that is better plant it from a good branch so in this way (wont retrogress) gives the fruit
of his own specie every year. Which plantation is executed every Thursday in waning
moon in a hole of tree spans, placing again the soil with no manure, irrigating it every
eight days since the early November until firsts days of March. Is said, that from
cleaved bone is sown in vessels around September and January, cracking it out a little
and covering with soil with the thickness of two or three fingers, and that irrigated until
is born, transplanted then after two years. Is also said, that his seedling, and relative
(offspring born close to his feet) and the bone are plant on January, February and
March; and by stake on May at a distance of fifteen to twenty cubits in between,
watching his plantation the exposed before. Is not graft in his own kind or any other,

 
  

neither can graft anything to it because of his lack of material (or juice). Is the first tree
that loses his leaves, and the last to give the stem and fecundate. Suffers the high
amounts of water, and if is not irrigated is not harmed neither for this lack, thanks to his
wild nature. Is said, that is suitable the rough land and the scree. The planting of cypress
is similar on every aspect to the Jujube.

ARTICLE XIV

About the planting of the pistachio (or alhocigo).

Says Abu-el-Jair, that there are two species thin and thick, they both are farmed
in the same way; also (says) there is male and female. Junio quoted in the book of Ibn-
Hajáj says, that the alhocigo is planted from his fruit without peeling as in the dry fruits
mentioned before and in the same moments. Is maximum of Kastos, that the pistachio
that was planted were fat and was cover in subtly carded wool, that guard the seed from
insects and with his cleave pointing up.

The sage Sadihámes says, that the alhocigo receives well the graft from the
walnut and almond; and is convenient plant this trees and the walnuts close to each
other. Solon (repeats the same maximum from up about) the pistachio that was planted
must be covered in carded wool to protect it of the bugs,(claiming the reason) that many
of them not been hard, are opened in the middle letting their guts uncovered; and for
this reason, been cover with wool, the bugs won’t reach it. (Adds) that the suitable
ground for this tree is the red mountain ground.

Musál says that even if the alhocigo planted in dry place is not rampant, his fruit
is very taste. Other author affirms that even if it prevails in sandstones; other grounds
are more advantageous and convenient. According to the Nabathea Agriculture, the
alhocigo is like the hazel in the way of growing on mountains and hard grounds even
lifting the rocks with his roots. Yet, some people plant it on orchards, and prevail.
Sowed from his seed; and also is transplanted with all his roots, taking along the piece
of ground where he was. And that is best to graft it than plant it from seed, because

 
  

going the grain with all his shell, takes long time to sprout. But if is sowed of planted,
always takes long on give fruits, as the walnut and the almond-tree.

The time to plant it is on early March until the first days of April; as the hazel, a
tree of gracious shape. The alhocigo (according to other author) is planted from the
grain, stake, and seedling; which grain is placed on vessels (full of) White Mountain
soil mixed with old manure, or wild red clay ground; also in orchards of similar ground
(soaking the grains first two days with their nights), placing them at a distance of tree
spans in between each other, and covering them with three fingers thick of slight sand.
Placed then in each one of the holes made orchards four grains, two of them pointing
up, and the others two down, are irrigated at the moment of it plantation. About the
planting with inverse point down, the plant that will born is an unfruitful male; and
planting it with the point up the tree that will grow will be female that carry fruits; even
if some people says that there are males born with the point up. Is a tree susceptible of
male, that means that a female won’t be fruitful until it haves a male close enough, so
the air can bring her his effluvia which is convenient with the palm.

The male of this tree is vulgarly known as barkán. The time to sow its grain is on
February until middle March. The plantation of his stem or stake is done as was side up;
even if some say, that It won’t sprout from a stem (because it doesn’t have), unless that
is cut or break the tree by his feet, in that situation sprouts itself, and placed backwards
his shoot in any potsherd according to what was said in the article of astasláf (or
borrowed plantation), two or three years later is moved (in any way it was planted)
without taking the vessel, or chopping any root is planted in a hole of three or four
spans of deepness (according to its needs), at a distance of twenty cubits from each
other; right after planted it must be irrigated according to the exposed before. The same
process is done with the cherry-tree, and the hazel. Some people says that don’t prevails
any tree of this plant by stake or ripped bunch, and that the male and the female can be
grafted in between each other. Also is said, that can be grafted in the terebinth (which is
the male of the alhocigo) the mastic, the sheep bot (or infernal fig), and the almond,
which they say worked when they executed. Also they affirm, that must be planted on
discarded rough ground, without taking care of it if the terrain is wet; and finally, that
the red clay mountain ground suits him, preferring strong and wet places; and that is not
worthy for It much care or irrigation, because been the first useless, and the second the
cause of his roots rot.

 
  

ARTICLE XV

About the planting of the cherry-tree that is the royal grain.

There are two species of it; of black cherry or incarnated, and also there is from
orchard and wild. Some people give the name of royal grain to the big pineapple.

According to the book of Ibn-Hajáj, is opinion of Junio that, for the cherry-tree
are good the very cold places; and gives bigger and more delicates fruits, if it was
grafted. Sadihámes says, that the cherry-tree is plant on January and February, and that
is tree that prevails well in mountains and very cold places; and his fruit is thick with a
delicate taste, if is grafted. Adds, that the planting that’s done in the months mentioned
before must be from the stem born at the feet, or ripped off; and that is despicable the
planted by seed. According to other author, the cherry-tree is raised on wet, flatlands in
cold mountains, and sandstone or stony grounds, and high places with strong fatty and
red clay. Is not convenient the black toast (by sun) land because his lack of moisture.
His planting is done by seed, shoot and ripped off branch, (warning) that the second
won’t grow from the bottom, but far of the trunk; which planted inversed, after his
transplant. Also the same is transplanted from the mounts by January or November been
very careful when is ripped that is not cut any root; because it won’t vegetate. The same
practice must be done in the seedlings of rubbery trees. They say that, to plant it on
orchards must be pick the shoots smooth from a good spout and six spans long, and if
ripped off must be planted on holes of sepulchral shape with three spans deep and
fifteen cubits of distance in between. The seed, must be plant on big new vessels of mud
by June (which is the time were the fruit is eaten) until early January, after have it in a
brew of water twenty days not letting it dry before plant it. That planted in autumn or
winter is born on March, and sometimes takes until the next year; finally, at two years
of been transplanted, executing the operation mentioned before.

The seedling of branch or of seed shouldn’t be irrigated on excess, but once

every eight days, which is when by his dryness suits it well the big amount of water,
opposite with the manure, which make it lose the plant even if is close; and even gets
dry if receives too much manure. Who wanted to brag about having a pilgrim specie of

 
  

this tree, plant it inversed, placing the superior side of this in a vessel (in the way
expressed before) by October, without moving it until past three years; which operation
will be done on early November. Graft this tree with his own kind, marjoram and peach-
tree; which also can be grafted on the cherry-tree. Is also said that can be grafted on the
almond and the medlar. Which brought from the mounts won’t reach a good quality,
must be grafted after two years, when should be vigorous and robust.

Who wanted a quickly fruitful cherry-tree planted by seed, graft the plant born
by it the next year, and after two years will reach this effect, is better if is done with his
own kind.

ARTICLE XVI

About the planting of the medlar called záarur, according to Haj Granadino,((or
the mostajo)

According to this author, there are two species. One which fruits matures in late
June and does not get harmed by being kept for forward; and another, which fruit in any
way is seasoned until winter; which picked green in October and hanged it is getting
seasoned successively, with a quality that makes it one of the most delicate fruits. Some
use to keep the medlars from June making with them lamps (or clusters). The early
medlars have much more branches than his brother of winter. Raises from the trunk and
finish (as pyramid) like the pine. The land that is convenient to it is the mountain,
sandstone and the warm and soft; the last one works better to give flavor to the fruit
than making it on abundance. Planted by seed, branch, and ripped off new of six spans
long; which is done on January and February and the same about the stake. The mixture
with will be used to manure it must be composed with good quality soil, over rotten
manure, ash and sand. The transplant is placed by January in a hole of three spans of
deep at the distance of fifteen cubits in between seedlings as was described up. Must be
planted close to the ponds for his gallantry. Slowly fructifies, and won’t give big fruits
until the twenty years of his planting; which fruit they say is not eatable before been

 
  

seasoned in the houses. Raise this tree by Granada its vicinity; which cannot be grafted
or can’t be host of any graft.

ARTICLE XVII

About the planting of the hawthorn (or espino de majuelas).

This is a wild tree that looks alike to the buckthorn. His fruit is incarnate with a
lively red color, with the size of a fat chickpea, sweet and please the palate; which
contains inside his belly, little grains alike those of the Herb Paris. About the incarnated
nature is said: that is more incarnated than the hawthorn. Planted by stake, seedling, and
seed by September in ground mixed with over rotten manure and ash. The seed that was
left to be plant after this time must be placed on a brew of sweet water by one day and
night to sow it in this way; which plant will be translated by the year in the same way
that the medlar. His fruit is not of a good quality of abundant until is grafted, or eatable
until been matured on houses. Does not suffer this tree the lack of water because of his
wild nature.

ARTICLE XVIII

About the planting of the pomegranate

Is said that there are various species of the pomegranate; hairy, smooth, obese,
and the oblique also called dalui (or juicy), costisí (or aromatic), lenticular, murciana,
rosy, citron-like. Which species are all of sweet flavor. Also there is the moruna that is
corpulent, pulpy, and with a low incarnated grain; also there are bitters. There is a male
pomegranate, the jalnár (or balaustria). They add that a sister of Abd´-el-Rahmán el
Dájel send this as gift to Spain, the hairy pomegranate in between others, that forwarded
from Bagdad, or Medina (as others want), and that was the same pomegranated that
Mohammad planted by his hand on that city; which was the reason of the imposed name

 
  

of safri (traveler). Although others say, calling it with this name sáfer o mosáfer some
male that planted in Córdoba this specie of pomegranate, by this reason was imposed
that name. Finally is said. That all the species of this tree are cultivated in the same way;
Junio quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj affirms, that the pomegranate loves the white
clay ground.

According Kastos, the best spot to plant pomegranates is the dry places, free of
moisture; and according to Solon, is the mountain land and the others dry grounds; even
if the thick irrigation of the rains is good for them, because, if is not irrigated, produce
their fruit with their skin cleaved. Lanacio says, that in the wet fields are raised big
pomegranates, and the planted in dry mountain land, if they are very irrigated, give a
very graceful pomegranate, but acid in taste. Is maximum of Sidagós, that the mountain
land with a lot of irrigation is suitable to the sweet pomegranate; and the fields and
valleys suitable for the bitter pomegranate, which loosing on them some quality will get
close to the sweet flavor. Another author says that the pomegranate of this last kind
prevails on the sandstone, without missing his irrigation. Common opinion between the
agriculturist including Kastos and Junio, is not convenient transplant any tree after the
sprout of the leave from his buds, except the pomegranate that is planted in this
disposition, because his nature peculiarly claims for it.

The pomegranate, says Bandon, is planted by stake or ripped off by February

and March, and also is born planted by the bone of his fruit. Sadihames had the opinion
that the planting by stake, must be done since March 15 to forward, in reason of the
little moisture that this specie of tree contains.

If you want to plant pomegranates says Demócrito, put them from braches of the
tree cup because those are the first on be fruitful, making them roots profoundly on the
ground. Also adds, that been between the pomegranate and the myrtle some
brotherhood , if you planted together, they both will be very fruitful and their roots will
join together.

According to Mauricio, some people want to plant in close distances the

pomegranates to make his fruit be guarded by their shadow; which skin if was exposed
to the sun will burn (or toast), and the grain become whitish and bitter. According to the
Nabathea agriculture, the seed of the pomegranate must be sow in small holes by
February, throwing on each one from seven to fourteen, which will be irrigated, manure,
when they have a span high, with sheep and pigeon manure mixed with slight soil on

 
  

third parts. Cared like this with short and continuous irrigation until the high of to spans,
after that gradually are increasing until they are moved with their foots and root and the
mud it haves around, throwing in their holes some portion of the mentioned manure; for
this the land must be juicy and wet, suggest Sagrit that should wet this holes with
human urine, and camel or ox which is even more useful than the manure for this kind
of planting.

Adds, that consisting the life and increase of the pomegranate on been very
irrigated, should give to this every day since its plantation, and after born until It gives
fruit, and also after this time, because it is necessary. And that planted with a separation
between holes, about six to nine seeds or twelve maximum, irrigated just after the
plantation; and even a little at the beginning.

Is maximum of Susado, that the branch that could be planted, should be crushed
with the teeth the point to sprout the fruit and tree from where it proceeds. Adds thatone
of the things that give more increase is throw in the hole at the moment of plant it by
branch or put the seeds, a handful of milled lima beans with their skin, or milled
chickpeas moistened in recently milked (or fresh) milk. That if is smeared under the
bunch to plant, four fingers of good honey or throws the honey over the seed and plant
it, sprouts a sweet pomegranate without bones, and the bugs and snakes naturally won´t
be at the feet of this tree, specially the black stained snakes, the snake, and that specie
stained with black and white; which animals we have saw to have aversion for the
pomegranate, and also run the snakes and other species of bugs just to not been close of
it; those which even the smoke of his wood, shell and branches, scares them. One of the
proprieties of the sweet pomegranate is to take the taste of smoke from the vianda;
(because of this) if the cooked of the put would have smoked, take a pomegranate of
this quality, throw its grains on it with some cow lard, what will take that smoked taste
and any disgusting taste.

In so far everything else, is convenient for the pomegranate that kind of soil that
declines to sweet, and soft red clay, the thin and moist, and sweet sand. Prevails in thick
soft land and moist places, in the grounds of good quality matures well the
pomegranate; but the tree will give less fruits. They say that is showed by experience,
the good raising of the pomegranate and olive in arid places; and also is said, that the
seedling of the pomegranate and the balasturia (or male pomegranate) must be placed
on dry spots, and irrigated at the afternoon of the second day of his planting with a

 
  

pigeon dung brew. Plant it from branch ripped, stake and bearded extracted with his
roots, and also inversed from those shoots or stems born next to the feet. Also place the
bud in the middle of the operation called astasláf and the others ways quoted upside,
and from seed. From stake is planted by January placing tree or more in the same spot,
if wasn’t going to be moved; which, if were the need of transplant them, must place
them with a separation, and in the same way it is by ripped bunch. Also is planted by
March the stake of the pomegranate; and his rip off by February. From branch inversed
is planted on December and not more deeply than two spans. About the seeds, de
grained and squeezed the mature pomegranate, best of his specie, washed them with
water, and well dried after, are keep in a new vessel; which as are of the weak seed
class, are sow by January in new pots and good surface land mixed with old manure,
sand and ash. Which transplant is made after three years in proportionate place, placing
the plant in the hole of three palms deep; about this been one of those trees which roots
extend at ground level. The land where was planted must be mixed with some ash, and
from a seedling to other will exist the distance of six to eight cubits by the high weight
of his fruit and for the reason Mauricio expressed up. Is very good move the plant
guarded of his own soil; which will be manure at the year of the planting with crumbled
manure, with a mix of pigeon dung and sand in the way said before. The stake that were
plant must be an old branch, and new the bunch ripped so the pomegranate, won’t have
a cleaved skin, as they say, even if others say, that plant them in this way the trees
barely keeps their fruit which falls easily, without a way to fix this issue.

I have see pomegranate, says Ibn-Hajáj, grow well and fructify quick from
inverse stake, and fructify his seedling even small. Should not cut this tree while
carrying a good fruit, because isn’t convenient let this exposed to the air. Neither is
good plant eggplants next to his stakes, meanwhile they stay without raise (any height).
The pomegranate wants and is convenient to it, a lot of farming and irrigation. Which
even if is short won’t hurt it; and for it to be very fruitful must be farmed with the
biggest effort. Receives well the irrigation every five days at late June until late
September. His fruit is picked up at middle Octubre, and is not convenient the sand.

Is a tradition said by Mohammad: take care of the pomegranate: eat the

pomegranate; because she vanish all the rancor and envy. Also refers of Ali-Ibn-Abi-
Tháleb the same words attributed to Mohammad; and this: “eat the pomegranate with

 
  

his bones; because is the tanner of the stomach. The grain that falls in the belly of the
men ¿by fortune isn’t it the light of his heart? And what guards him from the malign
adversary by speech of the forty auroras?” refers to Járets: “I saw widen the heart of Alí
after eat one pomegranate, and asking this, he answered: it can’t be, ó Járets! Come this
from the pomegranate without having it any grain of paradise. ¿When someone has eat
too much of them and needed a doctor?” also is tell that Ibn-Abás, that having found a
grain of pomegranate and eating it, said: “¡O Ibn-Abás you have found a grain of
pomegranate and then eat it!” He answered: “there is not any pomegranate that doesn’t
fecund with any grain of the paradise, even from this one”. Of Abu-Abudaláh is said
that he spoke: “not having a pomegranate that donst have a piece of the paradise, I don’t
want to give to anyone a piece when I eat it”.

ARITCLE XIX

About the planting of the Balaustria (or male pomegranate).

This specie of the pomegranate; exist as wild and from orchards. Is leafier, and
gives more thick and red flowers than the female (pomegranate); which some are pink,
and others white. They say, that with them is fecundated the pomegranate. As it lacks of
seeds, is planted only by stake in the same way as this tree. Who wanted to make a
Balaustria pomegranate, must plant its stroke inversed by November without sharpen
the ends, and rip it off at the year, cut the little bunches that it have with sharp tool and,
then plant it again inversed, repeating the operation four times over the years, stop at the
fifth year, and in this way will give more flowers than the pomegranate, without jellify
on any way. To what is necessary place several stake, because in the overall process
some are injured.

ARTICLE XX

About the planting of the almond.

 
  

It exist of thick almond, and from sweet and small pistachio size, and all must be plant
in the same way. Junio quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj says, that the almond requires,
soft land; and Kastos affirms that the best places for it are the islands (meaning the
Mesopotamia). According to Samános, the almond is planted in mountains because of
his love to cold; and in the soft lands the tree grows too corpulent, and gives abundant
fruit on here.

The almonds that will be planted (is maximum of Junio) must be three days on
very wet manure, and will be planted one on each hole after throw in the bottom of this,
surface soil, placing them on narrow distances in between. Its tail will fall pointing
down without touching the hole bottom but the soil throw before, covering them with
manure mixed with soil; which deepness shouldn’t be more than one span. Next to them
are fixed straight sticks for the plants climb up. Also says, that the almond is planted by
branch, taking it from the middle of the tree. Is varied (according Kastos) the practice of
plating the almond; because some plant it from the seed with his shell, others bearded;
others from a ripped off branch, and other from the superior branches, (which genre of
planting) is the one that he prefers (Kastos). Is maximum from other Author to Plant it
from the stem that is born around but separated of the feet, which is done on autumn,
and not on spring because the leaf sprouts on this season; but that from seed can be
planted on both of the mentioned seasons.

The time to pick the almonds, according Demócrito, is when the outside shell
begins to open; which must be placed on brine and exposed to the sun, are then dried so
in this way they become white. His seedling is placed on at middle November.
According to the book of…, the seed won’t born from the almond that was bury on the
ground more deep than four fingers. The almond-tree is one of the first trees to sprout;
and needs to be manure with cow ding mixed with his leaves and some branches (all
rotten), with slight soil, and some human excrement, pigeon excrement and some birds
manure; which if wasn’t available, should mix with the cow ding with almond shells
and leaves from the same tree in a hole, and over it will pee the workers until rots and
become blackish, which after dried and mixed with slight soil is manure to the almond
in his feet after the rains, and not as dust; which operation will be executed on
December only in the sweet, because the bitter must be manure just once. There is

 
  

almond bread, mixing with it some of the eatable grains; that when is all milled gives a
very good bread (of a delicate taste).

Others books say, that the almond is raised on the tops, cold and high mounts,
and its slopes that look to the noon; and also is good for it the irrigation land that was
similar to the before mentioned, excepting the black. That is planted from seed, and
seedling ripped with his roots, of an inverse branch lying in a hole if sepulchral shape,
throwing on it and under it soil and sand at equal parts, irrigating it every four days on
November; in this time is also planted by stake to the big dikes or in places of common
water; and if before plant the almond were they placed three days on mead, will born
from it sweet almonds. The almonds, according to other author, are placed in pots, with
his point to the sky and his base to the ground; according to Anatolio Africano, must be
placed three on each hole and fix them straight. Which seedlings according to others ,
are moved after the year by November (also is said that on January), from the pots to
the orchards where they will raise, transplanting them there after the two years in
corresponding sites without cutting any root at the moment of rip it of; be careful also of
touch it with tool, and placing them in proportionate holes to their size, at a distance of
twelve cubits each other. Is maximum of some that is very that is very good to not
transplant it; (even if others) affirms have seen almond wich tree not been transplanted
was not fruitful.

Does not suffer the almond the chop or cut, or the excess of water because of his
wild nature; which is the reason that also doesn’t need too much cultivation, (but in
fact) better do what was said up. Graft a bunch of shoots by the autumn on cherry-trees,
apricot, peach-tree, black plum, any rubbery tree and the pear-tree; in which tree grafted
it gives a lot of beautiful and big flowers.

 
  

ARTICLE XXI

About the planting of the pine.

There are three species of it: one wild, that is the female and that gives thick
fruit; another infertile called male, and also érez; and the last that is the késdem of the
Koraisitas, alike to the cypress; all of them are plant by the same way.

Demócrito quoted on the book of Ibn-Hajáj says, that the pinion placed three
days before on water is planted in the first half of March, and that transplanted after
two or three years, prevails very well on not farmed fields. Solons assures, that the
sandstone are suitable for the pine been this a seaboard tree; and even if he can be found
on orchards is more common the first case. Marsial affirms that it prevails on coast and
fields.

The pine (says Junio) is planted as and in the same time that the hazel; and been
(according other authors) a sandstone wild tree, is convenient for him the ground of
similar qualities, the rough. Doesn’t have flower, but (a kind of) spike, in which place is
discover after the pinion. Plant it by seed; his seedling is transplanted from the mounts;
and does not prevail on planted by rip, bud or stake.

To plant it from seed (they say) is taken from the same bone hitting it with a
rock, or with a tool designed for this, and without fire touch it is planted on big new
mud vessels with surface soil mixed with manure, covering it the seed with two fingers
thick of it and irrigating it after; what must be executed in the first fifteen days of
January and also on February or the last fifteen days of this one, according to other
author, without letting it for later; even if others says, that if was pass the occasion, do
this planting by early March and in this way will born by April.

Is maximum of Demócrito the roman that placed the pinions tree days in water
throw three on each hole, placing one of it inversed, even if others say that must be
planted with the point up. Is maximum of some, that before plant it must be placed on
kid’s urine during ten days or five according to others. That at the year should move his
seedling guarded by soil of the vessels to the orchards and after two or three years
transplant it equally guarded to his corresponding place. That the one that is

 
  

transplanted from the mounts, should be do it by January, ripping it off when it throw
lots of roots, and that treated carefully without chopping any of them, be planted in a
hole of ten spans of deep and a distance of twelve cubits in between, more or less, to
grow in height. Others adds, that eight days continuously after their plantation be
irrigated, and after that at the third day the same the same amount of time, and every
eight days passed the month; and that the squares where they were, shouldn’t be manure
been this harmful for them. When they sprout the branches, straight them up every year
by spring, with the objective that his cup finish at the same way of the pinion; with this
regimen the tree grows bigger, irrigating it every third day. They say that spreading
grains of barley next to the pinion, or at the feet of the seedling when is fixed, this
increases his vegetation and fructification, growing in height in one year more than
others on three without the barley. That in the hole where it will be planted, throw
manure and from the késdem of the Koraisitas, which is similar to the pine, and gives
fruit of small size as the pine of this specie; which is planted as the same way as does
the others.

ARTICLE XXII

About the planting of the Érez, that is called cypress.

There are two species; one similar to the taray, and other to the enebro; which is
know by Chinese, and is common tree, called érez in Syria. Kastos quoted in the book
of Ibn-Hajáj says, that the seed sown of the cypress, should over sow barley, and that
his plant will be transpose when were ready for it, and that is convenient plant it by
seed. I have read, (says the same Ibn-Hajáj) in some agriculture books, that the cause of
sow barley with this seed is because is attracted from the soil to sustain his viscous
moisture by the hear; the one they want to extract by the barley, so from the tight and
arid land reach some of it to the cypress for the convenience and proportion that haves
with its nature.

Another author affirms, that is good for this tree the rough and sandy land,
specially for his plantation of seed; that this should be done by this and not strake, or
offspring burn along or close to the feet; and also can be done of low branches, which

 
  

bud touch the ground, burring it in grooves done on porpoise, with two or more spans
deep, by the month of October; and in this way can be planted by inversed branch
(fixed) in the vessel, by the operation called astasláf. Those about its seed take the fresh
gall and mature of the tree in the last ten days of February, take of the grain and sow in
red rough sandy land, or in sandstone as the squaw mint, covering it with screened sand
with the thickness of the cover. That been this seed of weak class, his plantation should
be done as the myrtle or similar; and that those vessels must be placed in a place
exposed to the sun; even if other author reproves this practice, claiming that only
should be defended of the rain before born, and irrigated two times at week with sweet
water.

Sown it, says (another) this grain with some barley, and when his plant reach the
height of the barley, move it ripped off at the year to the orchards until been available
guarded by his own soil, and bundled his roots around the feet, fixing it in the hole
proportional at his size, at a distance of six cubits one plant from another; where should
be irrigated every four days frequently until they finish their growing. They say that at
the year dig around the feet, in autumn should be manure with human excrement dry
and crumbled, and irrigate after, also is said, that in the same spots should be hurled
manure and thick soil, and should be shaped constantly according the regimen
established upside, cleaning the trunk when one cubit of the branches close to the floor,
which will made a very good foot wear. In the Sabina and the enebro will do what
seems convenient; which trees are the male of the cypress; of which the last they say is
the same wild cypress, and of him there is big and small

ARTICLE XXIII

About the planting of the tree fersád, that is the mulberry-tree, o the called arábigo or
of silk

Kastos quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj says, that the Mulberry tree is planted at
early spring or by autumn, and that the planted on the last one should be done after the
harvest. Adds, that the planting by seed gives fruit only if is till. According Demócrito,
is planted by stake with the thick of a cane around February; and according to Karur-

 
  

Áthikos, is plated ripped off, and from a very thick branch since the twenties of that
month until late March; and is suitable for it the sandy land exposed to mist or dew, and
the soft and wet: further prevails good in thick that doesn’t lacks of water because this
tree naturally requires irrigation.

They say, that there is a specie of mulberry-tree that carries a whitish fruit and
middle sized; that there is also the same with colors, black, yellow, light blue, dusty and
from several flavors, sweet, bittersweet and insipid. The manure is very convenient to
this tree and don’t ask any determinate specie of it, they indifferently take advantage of
all, whether or opposite qualities, which he uses to increase its size and become more elegant,
the best mulberry is born of the grains of the very mature berries eaten by the birds, and tossed
with their excrement at the margins of rivers or places with moving water; which plant if is
manure well at the same time, is raised more quickly; what also helps the juice that is extracted
from the close water. They use to rise naturally big mulberry-trees in the fields, but the raised on
places close to water or at the margins of rivers are more corpulent, pompous and elegant. The
mulberry-tree is susceptible to grafts of trees similar or analogous to his nature. Is brother or the
pear-tree says Susado, which in the raising is very similar in many things… is convenient (as
maximum of other authors) the dry ground with little moisture and not very exposed to strong
winds because his lack of feet; those that if blow even harder than he can resist will turn it
down. Further is convenient, all genre of grounds but the one with dark color. Prevails in the
very wet, and also big amounts of manure are helpful to him. Suffers with lots of water; and
been planted with his shoots close, from ripped of bunch and without cortex and smooth of four
spans long, and from stake thick as a cane or the ankle of the leg; and also is sown by the
seed that contains his fruit. With stakes or rip offs must be placed in order or rows the
ditches.

In this way chopped the thick branches on three spans long slices those who were too
think must be sown cleaved in the orchards by the month of May; which covered with
one span of soil must be continuously irrigated, watching in them what is also seen on
the olive and trees alike, transplanting them since early November until mid April; even
if others say that on February until middle March.

About the seed been a part of the weak class, must be planted as was said before
with its similar. They say that picking very matured the berry, wash it with the hands on
water, and squished and dried at shadow, keep it until the moment to sow it; which will
executed in vessels, in where after the year will be moved to the orchards, and from
there to a guarded seedling as the first, with his own soil and further the bearded and the

 
  

inverse planted branch and ripped off carefully so it can go with enough roots what is
done about January. What is done around January fixing it on holes proportionate to the
size o, distance of twenty cubits in between each other (according to the pompous that
this tree gets) irrigating it continuously until they sprout, and one time every eight days
after that.

At the second year of his plantation, the mulberry-tree gives leafs to the silk
worm; but must be left with some buds because cleaning it all may harm it. Is very
useful to this tree clean it every year; tear the enlaced branches to let him breath. The
old one can be renewed or fixed by cutting by January the top side or whatever higher
than men, smearing the cut with white and sweet mud, and taking it off the new and
weak buds, letting only the more robust and better, leaving it continue his labor. Is isn’t
common to the mulberry-tree dry; but falling or breaking is something very usual on it,
as the opposite respect to the olive.

ARTICLE XXIV

About the planting of the walnut.

There are various species; of smooth nut, fat, and thin of shell, also tarhin or
small nut and hard shell. Junio quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj says, that the walnut
wants spots with continuous water, also wet and cold grounds, nothing hot.

According maximum of Sadihames, the mounts are suitable for the walnut if it
were on it water or (slime) so their roots will extend. Sodion says that the walnut
requires cold temperature grounds. But Demócrito in on the side of not putting his
seedling on places cold of warm. His nut is planted on February, and by autumn, to
transplant it when there are disposition for it. Also can be planted the walnut, according
Junio, by branch ripped off from the tree to make a bearded (after is transplanted).

Marsial says that the best planting of the nut is if the two shells are placed up
and down evenly.

The wise Barur-Akthos, says Kastos, had the habit of crack subtly the nut, taking
it off the guts complete and healthy, covering it on wool to keep it from bugs, he planted

 
  

it like this in the spot where it should sprout and fructify; doing the same in every fruit
with double shell.

The seedling of this tree is placed before the spring and before the sprout, also in
autumn or February (according to Demócrito) n the same way as his nut. The one of
wilds trees raised naturally is planted on flat ground to transplant his seedling after,
sowing two or five nuts in each hole, in wet land, even, clean and free of bad tastes;
which covered by soil grow with a few irrigations. The moment to sown them is in
March until first days of April; and in the same time is done the plantation. This tree is
very procerus, and gives out a nice smell; as the dream of whoever decides to sleep
under his shadow which is very soft. Is not necessary to work a lot in his cultivation,
and is hurt by all the manures. But if was from orchards, is necessary to dig the feet, let
it like that two days and then cover it with the same soil. The eaten nut takes away the
bad smell of the mouth, and banishes at the moment the head vapors; also have the
virtue of drive away any poisonous animal of stinging tail. Fresh food is less warm, and
with a delicate softness because of the meaty that it is. The dried placed in water a little
warm is softened and like new. Throw it in the pot with the meat takes all his bad smell.
If the cooked had too much salt, put on it a little of milled nut mixed with honey and
this will make it lose the salty flavor.

According to other (books), the walnut raised in ground next to water prevails
with a lot of robustness in the cold regions. Also is good for him the red ground, the
rough, stony and sandstone having close the water. Is said that planted on wet cold
ground; and that the black ground is not convenient to it, that it grows slowly in the
sandstone; which; if was placed by seed on it, cannot be transplanted: that the place
more suitable for is the cold arid of surface ground; that prevails placed from seed in a
soft ground, soft and rusty; and that if, when is chopped or cut by the feet, if happened
to have any shoots, should be done the same as the other threes mentioned before.

They say…, that taken the nut from the best specie, big, healthy, and thin of
shell, of a whitish color, of smooth taste and new, be soaked on urine of boys that
haven’t reach the puberty, or in good and wet ground by five days, and after is planted;
from which tree is born gives the nuts thin from shell: and that the same operation is
done in the almond. Also say some authors that soaked before plant it on mead, turns
sweet with a good taste; which planted after on big vessels or squares of good ground
mixed with old manure, is covered with the same thickness of four fingers, planting it

 
  

with his point to north, and the two cracks one up and the other under, and next to that a
wide rock or something that works as sing. Planted in a place capable and wide and
won’t move to another site; and in each hole must be placed two or three, because if one
is spoiled, the others holds in there, pointing his respective spots until they are born,
irrigating it later until they sprout.

The best time for this operation is the month of September; and that if it was too
late, in October when the fruit is picked up, and will be born on March. Also is planted
some after that time in February and spring, which seedlings if are available are moved
at the two years, or more, by January in holes with no less of four spans of deep after
ripped off completely with all his roots without brake anyone (because this is the reason
of his good prevalence), and at a distance of twenty four cubits in between. Say, that
transplanted with their own soil are irrigated and farmed a lot until they sprout; and that
is very convenient, dig the feet, mix the soil with some ash to replace it in this
disposition; which contributes also to the growing of the fruit; and also is useful for
them spread ash over his branches. Others affirm that breaking the nuts with a touch, to
take his guts, and plant this one covered on wool or in a pompano in early March in soil
mixed with rotten manure, the tree that will born of it will give nuts of thin shell;
executing the same as the almond and the pinion, as was said before. Also is said, that
the walnut transplanted three times in three years is raised very beautiful and fruitful.

Hemáirah says that the irrigation loses and dries the walnut that was small or
big; but that four or five copious by year will be useful. That it doesn’t suffer from
chopping or cut because it shouldn’t be touched by tool. That all the trees planted
around him are bad to it, but the fig tree that have concurs with it in some things. That
in him or from him can be done any graft and that lives two hundred years. Adds, that to
keep it healthy, chop the feet (or roots) when it was available for it; which if is omitted,
spoils blackish, and damage the fruit, if it is on hot grounds, with only dust, without
mixture of sand or rocks; because in the stony, rough and sandstones, there is no
damage to do this operation by long time.

The way of execute it is by cut the roots that were going over the trunk without
letting anything of them, because if there was let something it will rot and do the same
to the walnut. Which cut done in the tree, make to this to sprout better shoots; even if it
stays weak six or eight years later, after the raising, a lot of cortex and those roots are
followed by another one that are much better. Without cortex, is replaced their soil,

 
  

and right next are gifted with a copious irrigation, especially if were on summer. And if
you rip from rennet all the roots of the walnut with the cut, you will also have to chop
all his branches, because if you don’t the wind will make it fall. To dry the removed
cortex, is hang, opened at the shadow of the house, and close of a place where the winds
of east reach them, been this very suitable for it, keeping it from the west wind because
it turn it black if was exposed a long time. The best cork is the one debarked in the
autumn and early spring, because those debarked on winter become black, and the same
gets rot.

ARTICLE XXV

About the planting of the fig tree

Although there are a lot of colors and species, all of them are cultivated in the same
way. Kastos quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj says, that the fig tree is planted on autumn
and spring; that the legitimate places to do plant it are those of strong and thin ground
with moisture that comes from exterior water, because the excess of water and moisture
is harmful to the fig tree and its fruits; which get weakened until they fall off with too
much manure; and finally that is convenient to the fig tree the sandstone because of the
sweetness they give to the fruit. Other authors agree with Kastos saying that these
grounds are convenient because of his freshness on the summer; for which reason even
if an excessive heat comes unaware it won’t get harmed by the hidden freshness that is
communicated from the rots of the tree to the top side. (The fig tree) takes a big
extension in good quality ground: in white ground and very thin red clay gives a very
sweet fruit; even if the tree won’t reach a lot of height. Plant it from ripped branch in the
way said before and also can be sow by the seed that keeps his fruit to transplant it later.
According to the Nabathea Agriculture, is worthy for this tree the soft land and barely
porous that (can’t be called) hard.

To place it by seed are picked the best figs from the specie wanted, mature and
dried on the tree (on young or middle aged tree) and soaked in fresh milk of young
sheep or woman (that is the best) until they are acid, after that are sow three on each
hole covering them with little soil; which is done since the ten to the twenty day of
February and whole March until the ten of April. Irrigated with little water until they

 
  

born, until they have one cubit of height are moved (which if is not omitted they prosper
as the other plants), and are manure without dust filling the ditch with cow manure,
mixed with ash of mulberry and resale, and covering and evening with soil if were
missing space; which makes them prevail very well. Some use to plant the seed without
soak it on milk, and manure it with cow ding mixed with pumpkin leafs (both rotted);
which gives a big plant that grows healthy, irrigating it constantly and been manure
continuously after the transplantation. These and its plantation by branch are done at the
same time pointed to sow the seed.

Often is happens , says Sagrit, that the fig tree born by soaked on milk fig
cleaves his feet on the ground; but this can be remedy with moving the soil of that place
after dig it and throw there another soil in equal quantities. At the beginning is
profitable for the fig tree, been copious of water, and harmful when old; requires to be
cut on the same moment as others trees.

(Are Maximum) of the quoted author, that mostly the fig (and other fruits) are
not eatable before the complete maturation of the tree (because it loses the most part of
his pernicious quality); and that must be peeled because his skin is hard to digest, but by
his nature is milling and laxative. Be careful those who eat it, of drinking wine because
when those two things are mixed on the belly cause illness. That the dry or green stick
of fig tree hurled in the pot, makes the meat to cook quickly; and equally three mature
figs hurled in a pot make tender what is on it. That if three figs, soaked on oil by twenty
four hours are tossed to the pot with meat that needs be cooked with anticipation they
cause this effect. That the green stick coagulates the milk, if placed in the fire don’t stop
wagging with it; and that if a dried fig picked from the tree in this way, is milled until
make it dust, the more slight as it can be, and is sprayed over the fresh milk, letting this
last in a tempered place, it coagulates perfectly. That scrubbing the teeth’s with ash of
fig three, they become white taking away the yellow or black color: and that also can
whiten and polish pearls by covering with it and cleaning it after.

An eatable bread of fig can be done in calamitous times; that picked first the yellows,
that are the hard, and with them is done what we said with the acorn and similar fruits,
soaking them first on sweet water, cooked in the same, and dried to be milled after; with
this (Insha Allah) they lose their regimen of ardor, sharpness and acidity that they have
along their sweetness.

 
  

Says Rasis, that shouldn’t be stew or roast the meat on firewood rods of fig tree,
oleander, sheep bot (or infernal fig), or similar; neither with it warm the oven. Others
say that the fig tree born naturally on mountains and scree and transplanted to flat lands
makes the tree as the humid ground; and as long the moisture increases by the irrigation,
more seasoned and delicate will sprout the fruit; unless that the alteration of air harms it
on some way. Don’t mind to make his planting on good and fertile ground because
raising it with delicateness, when the cold reach in will burn it finding it on that
disposition, and make it live less time. That is good to it the ground that is alike to the
austral region of Damasco; and finllay, that if is done his planting in high discovered
places, place them with a long distance in between.

According to Abu-Abdalah, Ibn-el-Fasél and others the fig tree can be sow, by
seed, rip off, bud and stake and from the shoot born by its feet, and ripping it off with its
roots, or placed before inversed in the same place until raise another’s, according to
what was said up about the topic. Sowed in dry lands and irrigation places; which
ripped off and buds are placed by January, when they can be saturated of the common
waters, in holes of sepulchral shape. Of stake is placed before of this time. If each fig is
penetrated with a bramble thorn, it matures after a day. According to Ibn-Hazén, the figs
are a healthy food.

Along with the Nabathea agriculture, the hamír (or red) is a kind of fig tree and
is subdivided in another two, which fig is warmer, with a more scathing taste than all
other species. The way of planting and sowing and all his cultivation is the same as the
common fig tree,(even if) is more corpulent that it; but his fruit is harmful to the
stomach, purgative, and easily molded in a bilious slime. The male fig tree (or
cabrahigo) is plant in the same way as the female fig tree, but from seed which it
doesn’t have. This last is grafted in all the species of fig trees and himself.

 
  

ARTICLE XXVI

About the planting of the Rosebush

It was said by Abu-el-Jair, that there are rosebush of different colors, incarnated,
white, tawny, and lapislazuli (light blue), and this same color outside but tawny inside.
Also there are many other species; wild, double-red, double-white, and Chinese. The
wild also haves a deep white without any mixture of red; and another color know as
magical; which is from orient, also from Fenicia and Syria that carries a five leaf flower.
The double (that is the superior species) displays the rose without open it completely,
which is white with a mix of red more deep than the wild, and each one haves fifty or
forty leafs at least. Is not exposed at any harm and is the best specie for (distilled) rose
water, because of been the most pleasurable smell. The bunch of the double is more
thick that the others rosebushes but the wild; which planted in thick ground gives thick
branches. In orient there are yellow roses and light blue roses, and yellow inside, which
rose is very common in Trípoli of Syria; and the other yellow can be found in the
regions of Alexandria; which are all cultivated in the same way with little differences.

According to the book of Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, are four the species of

roses; double white with an exquisite camphorated, know by that generic name, and that
from only one calyx displays more than one hundred leafs; tawny of the color of the
yellow narcissus; obscure violet; and incarnate, that is the most common. The white-
incarnated haves an soft smell and penetrating, and is more juicy than the tawny and the
obscure: which whole species require the cultivate and irrigation. According to the book
of Ibn-Hajáj, for the rosebush are suitable the flat lands of mounts for being similar to
the bramble; and I the sandstone sprout roses of a very penetrating and aromatic smell.
Plant it from bearded, and also sprouts planted by branch. Those who stands out too
much on his place, is necessary mow it, or burn it (as some practice). Giving light
diggings prevails well, and sprouts a big part of his flowers by April.

According the author of the Nabathea Agriculture and others, prevails the
rosebush advantageously in flat lands, mountains and valleys of soft and wet soil
without dust, and irrigation in any place; also prevails in soft ground, wet fields, and
cold whitish ground.

 
  

It Must be planted (according to Abu-Abdalah Ebm-el-Fasél) from his seed,

ripped of branch, complete or in pieces, from mowed bud, and bearded. Also is planted
by inverse bunch to transplant it after raised the roots. And is done on it the same
operation, laying it by the place where it was wide and comfortable. Is very extended
the (space of) time in which can be done its plantation; because the early is planted from
bearded is planted bearded since early autumn, October and November after the rains,
and when the land was landfall from them, in dry land or irrigations, which blossom and
gives a lot of stems that year; and is not bad that carry some leafs at the moment of
planting. The last time to execute this operation is at early spring when is close to
sprout; even if others say, that the last moment to plant it is January. The buds mowed
are planted on October and November without any delay; which operation of mow can’t
be done on January because the harmful it is for it, the same that if it was planted n the
next. By seed is placed in a irrigation by August which according to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-
el-Fasél and others, is sowed in vessels by January in the same way that was told for the
weak seeds.

They say, that sowed as the wheat and the barley, must be cover with one finger
of screening manure, over it and irrigate it at the moment, do the same two times each
week until autumn when is not necessary anymore the irrigation, and that must be
translated with the flowerpots in the ground when it was robust and grow. That sowed
in the squares and staying there, or transplanted (if is wanted), blooms at the third year.
That the high bunches mowed by October and November, and planted lying by the
summer in wrought land, become very beautiful plants with continuous irrigations. That
chopped his branch in pieces of four fingers long or more each one, and planted straight
in holes and in corresponding rows, be irrigated right there. That when is fixed the
seedling, the rip off o bunch, let the bud outside of the surface of soil the long of a
finger until a span, planting everything in wrought ground squares and holes of
sepulchral shape, with a span of depth for the long, and less for the shorts, or in rows
with a distance of two steps one from each other in good quality ground, and more
narrow in other different; with a cubit of distance in between holes. The bunches of the
rosebush are transplanted in bunches of three or six bunches each, or more if was
possible; which, if were long, are placed lying, and straight, and if shorts; and replaced
very well stepped on the soil, are irrigated in the moment after it’s planting. They say,
that in the expressed squares were placed three rows of them by wide, and ten by long,

 
  

and that if were irrigated in the moment of the plantation, Allah will give them increase;
which is done from there two o tree times at week until it roots, and then once every
week, keeping like that until August, and after this time every four days when they were
thirsty; stopping the irrigation by autumn, and in the winter because the rains feed them
in those seasons. Which were sprouting by the month of May (after) the twenty four of
June are dig by hand.

About his plantation in dry land, very well wrought the ground, done in the
holes, and shaped the rows in the form expressed before, with a distance of a cubit so
the plants won´t be clear. There are placed the same in the way mentioned before; which
operation is done early (especially if are not bearded which were going to be planted),
which comes to be at early autumn to be feed by the rains.

The rosebush double is placed inversed if there was space for that, opening
grooves in the empty places of a span deep, and the length according to the size of the
branches of that rosebush; in which knocking those who were around, and taking out
their buds to the empty places, in those is executed the same that the takbís mentioned
before. The branches of the rosebush or woven plants simulating a crown and planted
(in this way) give roses in abundance. If ripped the rosebush to be transplanted in other
place, or ripped for been very procerus should be plow and irrigate to the point that soil,
born from the strain and roots that there will stay a lot of rosebush that will bloom at the
second year. If were in dry this operation is executed earlier, evening after the ground to
eliminate the remaining roots with the autumn and winter rains, and bon from them
many rosebush, Insha Allah. The rosebush is plow with thin grid, which work can’t be
omitted (in any way). After which, passed some time, is spud and clean of grass, which
operation will be treat, willing Allah, in the general chapter. The old rosebush lost his
robustness, grows in height, and gives few roses; that’s way if in that place were another
tree of any specie, rip off the rosebush, executing in that soil the expressed; and if it
wasn’t, burn it up by October, staying dry, to plow it after with thin grid and washed up
after with the rains, it rejuvenates and gives lots of roses. Also for decoration of the
orchards is planted on them by October in different spots as bundles make of six or
eight feet: which after sprouts are threaded by the superior half some aqueducts as the
vessels called anabiths (or the dwarves), full of color, of two cubits long each, so over
their mouth protrude a lot; in those vessels (that must be fixed straight and fill with soil

 
  

and sand) irrigated sometimes the rosebushes, when they sprout they look like painted
trunks trees.

The excess of water doesn’t harm the rosebush; having I placed them bearded
over big ditches prevailed well; and in the same way some mowed bunches, planted in
irrigations fields. Is said, that the rosebush is grafted from thorn in the apple tree; and
grafted too in the almond, gives big roses. According to Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasél, is
grafted in the jujube, apple-tree, almond and alike trees; taking the underground thorns,
procuring they be from rosebush of thin branches and the gentle and thin, been dig
already, are cut the thorns in the harder spot; which grafted together and kept on vessels
full of soil with some sand, prevail with the continue irrigation and the participation of
the cultivate of the tree they were fixed.

ARTICLE XXVII

About the planting of Jasmine.

According to Abu-el-Jair, are five species of this flower, ; one of white flower,
another yellow, not aromatic but alike in his smell to the apple, another brown, and
another purple which are from orchards. The wilds are two; one of yellow flower and
other of white flower that is the thsián, know in the Africa and Syria by harámi (or
holy), which are all planted in the same way.

I have seen, says the quoted Abu-el-Jair , been one standing up taking shadow
under a jasmine as t can under other pompous trees. According to Ibn-Hajáj, is
convenient to plant it on April by branch raised the de past year, which is irrigated
continuously until it sprout, and the same in summer, and when it reach the right height
is transplanted. The jasmine must be covered in cold time, because the snows burn it.
Never is without flower; but in summer is when it gives the most of them. Is suitable for
it, according other authors, the rough land; and is planted by seed, ripped off fresh and
green, stake and seedling by February, March and early April; and in the cold grounds
is planted at places that look to the east. The rip off must be take of the new sprout in
the branch last year, planted in big bowls by April, or before in template regions, and in

 
  

rough land mixed with manure and wet sand, is irrigated right next, keeping the same
irrigation until it sprouts and grows. The stakes are cut in the referred time from old and
whitish branch, and must have two or three knots because it sprout from them; what
wont happened if don’t have any, placed on squares (also in big bowls), at three spans
of distance in between, are left out of the land as a third part of a span with a knot,
burying the rest, then are covered after the water; which operation is repeated when the
soil has become whitish and cracked in the surface; and the same at the fifteen days. At
the three months of ripped and weeded the grass, is manure with a compose of four
parts, with pigeon manure, and human excrement… incorporating it all with a hoe to the
soil; and irrigating it every four days, are manure with the same mixture at early
October, and also at early June of the second year. Prevails well the jasmine planted by
stake in big boils, placing three on each one, irrigating it several time by week to
transplant it at the year guarded by his own soil in the squares, where after raised are
ripped and translated with equal defense to the corresponding spots.

Says the Haj Granadino, that the stake of the yellow jasmine formed as was said
up, and fixed to the currents of water gives the buds in very short time; that if in it is do
what is done to the white one, is done as wanted, and that must be transplanted with soil
and without t: but when is ripped from the seedling must be guarded by his own soil
(which is done by February until early April), and sowed in a hole according his size,
with a distance of five spans in between so they can enlace. His seed is sow in bowls or
similar vessels, as was said up about the other class.

The seed of the jasmine is, according Abu-el-Jair, that some black grain that is
similar to the grain of the juniper in size, with little shells inside. The jasmine requires
mid irrigation, and little manure over rotten. Sown it, with good success to the ditches,
using sticks to reach them. Is harmed by cold and snows; but can be defended covering
it during the whole season of winter; and blooms almost the whole year. The thsián is
the wild jasmine, and is transplanted from the jungle, doing the same that in the jaizirán,
that will be treated latter. Is alike the jasmine, and have the branches linked. His flower
is yellow the same size as the jasmine but more slight. That is the wild jasmine. Is said
that exist with white flower, and it hangs sprouting all that is close of it. The thsián is
called also hawáa, and in exotic language farik-ekárted. According to the Nabathea
agriculture, the jasmine and the nisrín (or Chinese rosebush) is so alike that they seem
to be brothers.

 
  

There are two species, yellow and white; and also there is a species of one and
another that have the bigger flower of the both called jasiáin through having under
(other) species (subaltern). The called jasirán have the rose white, and bigger that the
one called nisrín (or Chinese rosebush). Te bush of the jasmine is thorny as the rhamno,
and is suitable for some the sweet dust ground and soft mud. The first takes advantage
and enlivens the sweet water, soft and little weight; which been different on quality,
destroys it and looses it.

ARTICLE XXVIII.

About the planting of the Jaizirán

It haves two species, says Abu-el-Jair; sylvan and wilde, which genre is the
majlúb. The leaves that haves in its tinder branches are of the size of nails and sharp;
along with them they have little grains red and rounds, as the kermez; and his flower
don’t born on the where the leaf do. Doesn’t get so high in our regions as the majlúb;
and prevails a lot in inhabited fortress. Is said that the jasmine grafted in it prevails, and
that can be transplanted from the jungle to the orchards because of his beauty. For the
grafted jasmine is suitable the flat land similar to the mounts as the rough from those
places. To transplant it is ripped off the ground by February and March, and kept in the
same way is placed close to the mouths of the ponds and currents of the waters ,
because it needs it on abundance; which planting is executed as was say upside. The
sylvan should be raised in salty places close to the sea, it takes the same extension that
the jasmine.

 
  

ARTICLE XXIX

About the planting of the citron.

The citron, the orange-tree, lime-tree called (zamboa tree) and the lemon-tree
safari are, according to Abu-el-Jair, the same specie and they all are planted and
cultivated in the same way. The citron is known as tofáh-elyémeni (apple-tree of happy
Arabia). There is sweet and sour, the difference in between them is that the sour one
gets his leaf, leaflet and wood darker and has big and long thorns; and the sweet
becomes yellow in all the quoted parts, and his points are small at short. There are
several species of the grapefruit; big and pointy, known as cordobesa; round, big and
smooth, know by kosti (or aromatic as the costo); plump with the size of an eggfruit,
and sour as his pulp; which receives the name of Chinese grapefruit. (Further) there are
round and red oranges, that is common, and another specie golden with the size of the
grapefruit round, plump and pointy.

About the lemon there are round by the size of the colocynth, or bigger, which is
avirolado with a yellow color; and other specie of the same color, smooth of skin, with
the size of an egg of chicken; the other specie is the bastanúa (or bastambóm), which is
bigger than the pointy lemon with some mix of red color lower than the orange. The
azahar (or flower) of citron is uncovered in the spring, summer, autumn and each
month, so him and his fruits reach each other. The flower of the other referred species is
white, and is uncovered by spring by the months of March and Aprl.

Junio quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj says, that the citron is plant by autumn,
and in the vernal equinox, and that is of the trees that take advantage of the noon wind,
and that the north wind harms it; because he adds to be convenient plant it close of walls
that guard him from this last wind, covering too in some times when he was with
flower.

Kastos says, that must be plant the citron in early autumn and in the spring on
template places and exposed to the noon wind, and not the north wind; that acquires his
natural height where there is a lack of water; and that must be defended with walls of
the north wind. Tharicio and Sadi say that a lot believe that in close places exposed to
the north wind should be placed the citrons at close distances so they guard each other

 
  

of the ices and cold winds; and also because if they were planted too far away, the wind
will rip their flower, shaking the branches one against the other. And until here speaks
the quoted author.

According to Demócrito, is plant by stake with a cubit long by March; which

according Séfanos (or Stéfano) must be juicy and green more than dry, hard and small;
and also (according the same), is planted by tender branch ripped off with the hand.
Adds that planting it by the seed on his fruit, as is executed by some, prevails and grows
very well. That the land suitable for it is the flat land alike the mounts, a little hard and
tight; finally, that shouldn’t be let without irrigation, and must be richly irrigated
because been one of the trees that mores needs the water.

The Romano Varron says, that is not convenient let without irrigation the citron
in any of the four seasons of the tree for been an aqueous tree that suffers his lack. The
manure that is more convenient to it is the one of sheep. That in the rigorous of the cold,
dig around his feet, and fill that round hole with hot rags and soil over, and guide it
there the water after, as we have say little before.

Solon say that should not be plant the citron by stake, unless is spring time;
because if this was done in autumn, as many opine, will be weaken by the colds and the
ices that come soon after.

According to the Nabathea agriculture, the citron (that Adam with glorious
memory give the name of pure tree) is suitable in weathers that get close to a medium
temperature, and is good to sow it in September or February; which if have sprout and
vegetate, barely gets hurt. His cultivation consist in the continuous care of cut the
branches, ripping and lightening of the branches (that overwhelms it) with his weight
and length and excess of foliage. Neither the fruit after seasoned, yellow and grow must
be left on it because otherwise it will harm it by sucking his juice or substance. (and so),
when the citrons were of a size that can’t hold the branches, will be helped with sticks
of wood as with the vides that hold big clusters. The contact of the menstruating women
is offensive to the citron, even if is by cutting it, shaking some leaves or fruit; because
that no women should be close to it unless she was pure and free of this and others
aches and pains.

Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél and other authors say, that is convenient to the citron
the flat land of good quality soft and manure, and not the brackish; and also that is

 
  

suitable the black and hot land. That the planting that best prevails is the one of stake,
then by seedling, and finally by seed of his fruit. That about the stake, must be one cubit
long and as thick as a handful, and be plant on March and April until mid May in
worked orchards and beneficed with manure, at a distance of three spans one with the
other, and that irrigated, move after two years guard by their own soil; which operation
as maximum of Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, can be executed in every season, because his
own heat keeps it. When is planted the stake is good if it is cleaved and open the cortex;
the same with the orange-tree, lemon- and bastambón (or zamboa).

Adds the same author, that the grain of its fruit should be sow on bowls or others
vessels by February as was said up before about the weak grains, and that this plant
should be moved at two years or more after September to late January guarded by his
own soil, (planting it close to walls and (spots) similar that keep it from the north wind,
been this contraire, and not the east wind that is helpful to it) in a hole proportionate to
his size, and at a distance of six cubit one from each other, because placing them more
close will affect their fructification (the same for the orange, lemon, and the zamboa),
watching in their planting and regimen the way expressed up. Don’t prevails by ripped
off bunch, and if (Insha Allah) by stake and bearded placed close to ditches where can
be bathed with sun, watching in this planting the regimen pointed up.

The citron needs fresh manure and wet, as the rotten human manure, with which
loads with many fruit of big size and soft pulp; and if is not manure, it will weaken.
Also is worthy the manure of goats and if it wasn’t, any soft rotten manure; that mixed
with a six part of pigeon manure is the best way to manure them in autumn and spring.
Must not be touch this tree by tool three spans up the feet (neither the lemon); and if it
gives a lot of fruit, throw away part, letting stay the biggest, the healthier and best
quality. Is said that f the grain is plant next to it gives red fruit, and if this is smeared
with gypsum kneaded with water, this conserve it the whole winter in the tree without
harm it; which also is kept with a defense of stalemates and reeds covered of mats,
because that it lost the calamity for it.

For the operation astasláf described up, are placed on vessels, and also by the
nawámi, (or of pulling down), the same that the orange-tree, lemon-tree and zamboa, for
which especially is cut the tree by the feet, and doing in it the inversed nawámi as
expressed up is guarded and cultivated with all the care until become seedling with
roots by this way. (as regards) branch, placed in a vessel full of soil, or around of it until

 
  

raise the roots, after is transplanted, executing this operation with (the pertinent)
delicateness, without omit cut along a piece of the body of the feet if it was possible.

ARTICLE XXX

The planting of orange

The orange, says Kutsami in the Nabathea Agriculture, it is an Indian plant, and
prevail properly into many regions, especially in warm temperaments. This tree grown
in heights and have smooth, soft and green leaf, and their fruit is round, which juice
have the citrus tart, from who is son every orange, as it show the similarity that have
with it. It suit every kind of land, except the corrupted mixed with ash, plaster, white
lead, brick, knackered, or the like. Which does not suit to have besides the foot, for the
reason that their root would not extent in it. Take advantage of the east wind and the one
of eastern and midday. Their flower is white and fires a soft smell when it opens. In
some particular cases, results to have flowers with a light blue, which is of softness
smell than the white; whose flower is usually oil removed as the wallflower and violet,
extremely soft as the Jasmine in the tree, and joint fortified for the virtue that have to
expel the air. It is usually left some oranges on the tree for the set and variety of colors;
which is not benefit (like any tree) because when they are picked, they got strongest
consisting robustness to download them and their corruption, weight and damage leave
them.

According other books, the black earth, greased with manure, sandy and rough,
are good for the orange. Plant it from seed sowing it in big clay vessels through January
in the said way; which must be irrigated till it is born without letting dry the land, and
the same in the one where will be transplanted, until had acquire the according
robustness. The vessels must be put in sheltered from the rain places, and the seed will
be born in March; whose planting transplanted at the two years or more it moves lining
their own land in three feet deep holes; which according Háj the Grenadian, should not

 
  

be executed till at least have the tall of a man, six cubits putting away a seedling from
another, and making their plantation and irrigated regimen and more, the said above.

Adds the same author, that this tree must be plant from stakes in this way. It had
cut this from a smooth stick along two and a half spans, from it will hide the two spans
in the soil (stay a half outside) in the worked and benefit with manure land; what must
be irrigated in the next eight days four times alternatively, and then it is irrigated again
each four in the course of fifteen; where having started to sprout, will make a light dig
without getting close or move the immediate land; after what is irrigate when the cover
turns white. To the four months of their plantation, make a good dig, it is manure with
pure human excrement, mixing it there with the peak and incorporating well with the
land and left it like that for eight days, irrigating till the winter. Coming the spring and
making another good dig, full it with crumbled excrement from quadrupeds, with whose
regime give exquisite fruits, by Allah.

Their transplanting must be executed as said above, and the same the bearded
plantation. Do not plant near the rue or citrus orange, banana, maro (or torongil),
uphorbio, or any similar plant that transmit that odor for being this harmful.

ARTICLE XXXI

The planting of bastambón which is the zamboa.

Abu-el-Jair says, that it is similar to the orange, apart from the width fruit,
pimply and yellow; which is all eatable, (the inside and outside) and strongly sour. It is
good for rough ground fertilized, and seedling and reverse branch, and also say that
stake; whose move to sit two years, standing in locations exposed to the rising sun, in
the hole provided to its size, six cubits distant from each other, in the manner stated
above. It is not inserted into any tree, or any tree is inserted into it.

 
  

ARTICLE XXXII

The planting of lemon

According Abu-el-Jair, it is similar to the small and pointy citron; even if their
leaf is more yellow and close than the citrons. According Nabathea Agriculture, the
hasia is the Persian lemon, which produce a round, yellow and soft smell fruit, similar
to the orange and citron about being green first and then yellow; and there is another
specie that with the yellow turns a little orange. Although the plant of their seed without
transplant could fructify, sometimes it is move from one place to another. Suit it the soft
land a little brackish, and the porous reddish with some mix of sand; and there is no risk
of getting lost in bloom.

One of the things that suit and robust this tree, it burning some cotton grains
with orange and citron sticks, and mixing the ashes, knead and mix with wine lees, and
after dry and ground, spray with it their leafs and the foot; which repeating
continuously, preserves of calamities, giving it robustness, elegancy and more fructify,
having being profitable until the end. The lime collected from places with loose soil
mixture of black it is also profitable, filling the ditch with it and that it is his manure.
According other authors, the woman who eats oranges, citrons, lemons or zamboa
wouldn’t evil desires (or cravings); and both the shell and leaf small orange species is
antidote.

ARTICLE XXXIII

The planting of rowan who is the sebestén.

This is, says Abu-el-Jair, a large tree with small, whitish leaf, and the same as
the mochtahi, whose fruit is given the name of lofah (or Mandrake). Others say that is
the wild hawthorn, and is also said to be the tree called the haudár barbarian, with

 
  

whose roots are tanned hides. According Nebathea Agriculture, it is the sámet with
which have relationship the Mandrake and it is planted in orchrads. Their fruit, as the
Hackberry has eaten some seasoning, has very viscous sticky and rubbery shell juice,
which quality is all the tree, such its branches, leaf and roots as in their fruits; which is
also cool refrigerant quality. According other author, the rusty, soft and mushy earth is
suitable; and sets of sit, bearded and stake, and the seed of its grain; which it is executed
in January.

The Haj Granadino says that the broken off branches of some bark (that hangs
by way of bearded) without being cut with a tool, the plant sprout in this disposition.
That the grain’s shell must sow mixed with earth, rotten manure, ash and sand in vessels
full of the first one, when this fruit is eaten; whose operation is similar to all the above
mentioned; and are transplanted coming the appropriate time, in three spans deep holes
and twelve cubits between each one. It is planted near the ponds for its elegancy and
beauty when the flower displays. That sprout in March and flourish in May; and it is not
inserted*, or he becomes insert of any tree.

*Herrera is of the contrary opinion; he says that the rowan are inserted in themselves, in
quince, hawthorn and apple. Book 3.c.39.

According another author, the rowan it is mainly raised in desert and jungle, it
preserved with prosperity in hot regions, and has need logging, as the other trees. And it
has the virtue of changing the heart.

ARTICLE XXXIV

The planting of Dadi*.

This tree, according Abu-el-Jair, have a reddish and big flower called
metonymically with the name of the color. It suit the mountain and rough land; it is
planted from a stake, the small bone of its fruit, and bearded, which plantings are moved
in February and March, distant twelve cubits one from the other. It is said, that their
flower throw in wine sweeten him soon; and also says that in the Iraka (or Caldea) it is

 
  

the custom of drink them with pass or dates wine. This tree does not have eatable fruit
and it is planted for decoration; which operation is similar to the above mentioned.

Ibn-Harár says that who suffer acute abdominal pain, dizziness or delirium, if
drinking the weight of two drachmas of this kind of wine called Dadi not get relief, shall
die after four days.

Between us, in the Axarafe is a tree, whose leaf are similar to the quince’s,
brownish bark and reddish flower that is found in the offspring, and come to be two
flowers together in one place; which displays some days before the leaf sprout, and
bears fruit thin as carob with two tiny bones inside, to which the name Dadi is also
given; whose fruit and flowers (with a little sour) are edible without damage.

ARTICLE XXXV

The planting of Kadi*.

This tree is similar to the palm, which is appropriate to the soft and rough earth,
and is grown as the Dadi in the manner was said above.

ARTICLE XXXVI

The planting of the Quince

This tree, said, it is called Indian Almond, and it is a kind that produce a big
round fruit, and also small; and other that produce something lengthy called monhad, of
which

*   Avicenna quoted in the book of Ben-el-Beithar says that this is called a grain similar
to barley; although longer and thinner, or dark brown color and bitter taste.

 
  

* It has all the properties of the palm; although it does not rise so high as it. See what it
says AA. Cited in the book of Ben-el-Beithar.

there are sweet and acid. According the book of Ibn-Hajáj, the low, juicy and
moisture land it suit to the quince; and according Labathio, it suit the sand, provided
that it is mixed with manure and continuous irrigated. Democritus says that must be
planting by stakes and bearded in February whoever has foot; and Annon assert   that
plant torn lying in the pit, as well as successor (or stem) born near his foot; and that time
to execute is it in the month referred. Some will also plant grain contained within its
fruit, from whom trees of great stature.

Have understood that the quince trees planted wants to be close distance by the
fear that if it were exposed to the sun, it would burn, and make him rough shell and
styptic.

According the Nabathea Agriculture, there is a garden and a wild quince, which
is a really small size, for being this tree raised in arid and dry land regarding their
necessity for continuous and abundant water.

The grain taken from rotten quince, does not born or prevail. For which reason
must be taken from a healthy and sweet quince and sow one near the other. Susado says
that the put the quince grain in soak in fresh water to extract its mucilaginous mood will
be the best and most convenient. Adds, that the quince becomes eatable bread in
calamitous times, taking to this effect mature and to mature and making them what was
said above with the pear and the like fruits.

According other authors, it suit for this tree every sun-drenched plain land,
sweet, smooth, moisture, reddish, oiled, juicy places and cold ground, discarding for it
hard and rough.   That planting is done torn stake, bud, seedling, and nawdmi or seedling
torn from its roots, put before reverse until reared in the same manner expressed above;
planting all the mentioned from December till last days of January, and sowing their
seed in vessels in October; and that all those parts prevail in every way it was planted,
right or inverse. That its plantation it is put in three spans deep at six cubit or more of
distance from each other, according to the good quality of the land; which operation is
in the same way as the expressed above.

This tree need a lot of irrigation and cultivation; which if missing would be lost.
You should not touch it with a tool, or manure for being a venom. Insert in the same

 
  

species and fruit trees all similar to him in light mood; which are also inserted in it, as it
receive each of them. In the land where their stakes are set, you can sow vegetables that
need a lot of water like eggplant and the like, working in this according to the word of
the stakes of the pomegranate.

I entered, say Ibn-Abás, in the N..’s house, he was eating quince and he told me:
“ eat from this Ibn-Abás, because it is a thing that purify the heart” It is said that having
also presented to N… from the city of Táyef (from Arabia) a portion of quinces, asking
him what this was, it was answered, they are quince or N…! and then he said: “Take
care of this fruit, as she removes the darkness or obscurity of the heart.” That having
asked, and what darkens the heart? He said: The cloud of sorrow and sadness that
oppresses the mood.

It also refers to Jaber-Ibn-Abdalah have said that presenting to N.. quince from
Táyef and eaten them, he affirm that clean the heart and remove the sadness from the
chest; or as another relationship, sadness faded from the heart and mood reigned; adding
that you should eat them. Lately it is said that the same N… said to Jaafer: Eat quinces;
fortifying the heart and make him courageous. To the one that eat quinces, say Abu-
Abdalah, Allah unleashes his tongue wisdom speech of forty mornings.

ARTICLE XXXVIII

The planting of the apple-tree

They are several its species, say Abu-el-Jair, sweet, sour and tasteless; their
names are the painted, the marked, the azurronado, the marble (for its smooth
whiteness), the chaberkan, the reddish and others. The azurronado does not flourish and
their apple do not have seeds. June, cited in the Ibn-Hajaj book says the apple-tree needs
fresh and moisture places and black earth.

Kastos says almost the same; which maxim is that the most advantage places to
sow apple-tree are the exposed to warm winds in summer. The best places, say Ibn-
Hajáj, (according to the common for farmers) are the moisrued valleys and camps; and
there is nobody who is opposed to this. Plant the successor apple-tree near of it,

 
  

extracted with all their roots; and it also brings torn bunch, according the above
mentioned regimen in the chapter about all the ways of plantation; as well the most
common is the seed and stake sow; which is executed, according Kastos, in spring and
autumn.

According Nabathea Agriculture, it is suit to the apple-tree the same lands and
winds as the quince. Seeds taken from well-seasoned apple on the tree and left to dry in
a cool place, then it is sow in the middle of February spraying so much water over t
until the water had come to the grain; which is continued until it is born. Since which
time is irrigated slightly as other plants; then medium, and when they have grown to the
height of half a cubit, or little more, we gradually increased the water until it just grew.
Sow and plant in crescent moon because it contributes to better raise the plant; which
also fail to manure with cow dung mixed with leaf and some apple-tree fruit if it could
be possible.

It is also good to mix with both mentioned things, some of sweet almond, and
leaf or fruits from one or another tree, all rotten together and then dry; with whose
crumbled manure it fill from the first day of plantation to the last one the ditch that must
have at the foot. According to others books, the apple-tree is benefit from sweet loose
and warm land and reddish from the last quality. Does not suit the black because it does
not prevail in it. It is raised well in coast; as well it prevails more in the cold regions that
the hot ones.

It is not suitable the brackish land. Putting bouquet torn stake, bud, bearded (or
branch planted before) reverse until the roots grow back, and also of seed, planting all
this through autumn and March in the cold places, except the bearded, whose plantation
is executed in November until the last days of March, or according Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-
Fasél, in January or February and twenty spans from distance between each one.

Other saffrims that you should do this in November in the drylands and the
irrigation in February; and that the best place to sow the torn, stake and bud and where
prevail, it is to the bigs irrigation ditches; and there it is inserted the pear for the
nutritional juice from the water that flows together with it, as I have experimented. This
maximum of the cited Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, that while it is in the orchard it won’t
skip the water, and when will be transplanted to dryland or irrigate the plant must be put
in a three spans deep, twelve cubit of distance between each other.

 
  

Its seed, (that is of the weak kind) must be put in vessels, according to the
exposed above. That having to till the soil of the apple-tree, this could be used for
vegetables and the same with the place where it is planted from stakes. Finally, this tree
does not suffer from any manure, or being cut while big, but small.

It is suitable, says the Haj Granadino, that the cultivation and irrigation (not with
too much) while their wood prevails smooth and without worms. Ans must not till the
land and irrigate it continuously when standing out; what if it is not executed like this,
will be lost or does not grown in heights.

The aazurronado, because it do not have seeds, it is planted from its own parts.
It is said, if you see that the apple flower appear before the sheet, it will bear fruit this
year. What is this tree that receives insert, and he also inserted in others; in which his
species like Inserts, or to be nigh a lot. According to the book of Abicena, apple has the
great virtue of cheer and strengthen the heart. It is aromatic and sweet, edible and
medicinal.

ARTICLE XXXVIII

For the planting of hackberry

This is the fatfat and a kind of elm (as it is said) the female of this tree; which
the black is the male. Its fruit is a black and small grain and round with bones, that it is
eaten by October and have sweet. The wood of this tree is good for baby carriage and
horse’s chairs and other uses. Moisture places from any kind of land are suitable for it,
and prevails in every place; but the dark and hot, where it does not subsist,  and therefore
it is not purposeful in any way. Put the bearded and torn branch starting Autumn, and
the shell in similar way.

The small bone that ate thrush with its fruit and threw in the stool, born in the
spring; whose plant (who want to) can be transplanted when it is for it; and it is not bad
leave it in the same place. Which transplantation it is made in the hole corresponding
the size, in a distant of six cubit between each one, to the north part of the gardens and
in the unnecessary places. The wood of this tree is of advantageously quality. In it, you

 
  

do the expressed. And it is benefit from the so much water and logging; and it is well
calculated to build him hanging vines.

ARTICLE XXXIX

The planting of acedaraque (or cinnamon)

According the Nabathea Agriculture, it is suitable for this tree the hard and
reddish ground, the tight, black, white and all strong land. The plant born from its grain,
does not move to another place until it is perfectly grown. Although the transplant it
continues to be strengthened; but it is better the one that was left in the place where the
seed was sow. One of the virtues of the cinnamon is that its seed and fruit has the virtue
of darken, strengthen and increase the hair, whether man or woman, taking off any
damage that it had; to which effect, you must crush the leaves and green branches, they
squeeze the juice, which gets condensed in glass whetstone, or from another specie it
imbibes nothing from him and infusing for every pound his other oil; could be the
common, sesame or flax, It is cooked on smoldering charcoal fire until the water
consumed, leaving only the oil that virtue communicated to him; which in this
arrangement causes the expressed effect.And for how his face turns black so you can
hardly remove this color, if it were continuously smeared, save it for who will used it to
slather the hair.

According others books, it is suitable the rough and stony ground, the thin and
cold wet to the cinnamon. Requires a lot of water, for which reason prevails in low
ground and to the waterwheels in the gardens. Put it with the small bones and seedling
tear it with its roots, and also the stem that stood inverse to that they will breed. First
two, are plant in the first days of autumn, when the tree it has been stripped of its leaf,
and in February too; and as it is said, in distance of six cubit between each one so they
can grow in height.

It does not prevail planted in stakes or torn, and the propose must be planting 8as
the others similar) near the waterwheels and wells, so constructing orchards, the beast

 
  

and the machine can have shadow, and the water so refresh them. The fruit of this tree it
is not eatable, because it is harmful for the chest and sometimes deadly.

ARTICLE XL

The planting of méchmech, called apricot or Armenian apple.

It is from two species, say Abu-el-Jair; of small and fat fruit; which must be
planted and cultivated in the same way, and are the rubbery kind. According the Ibn-
Hajáj book, oyt the seed or bone of successor (or born at the foot rod), and from the
same rod raised with strain at the tree itself; to which it is convenient the wet landand
according Maurice, the sandy, for breed advantageously the cultivation in it, and better
than in others kind of land, although it prevail in them too. The best apricot is the one
planted by seed taken from the fruit that having fully matured on the tree he came to
take their extension (or expansion) of parts, perfect maturation and legitimate color;
which it is sow in the first day of February till the last of March, putting in each hole
four to six bones, which since they start grow they will have covered and protected until
it passes the cold; which plant move to another place when are ready, are excavated one
month after its transplantation and fertilized weekly continuously with one of the
manure indicated for trees. The transplanted bearded and the old tree branch fertilized
less than these plants grown from seed.

Sagrit says that the transplantation or sowing of the apricot should be done in
crescent moon for largest increase, robustness and takes advantage running so.
According Nabathea Agriculture, eat a lot of apricot is harmful and cause fever, but
eaten once in a while, do not cause any damage, for which reason you should not eat it
continuously. It consists of other books that it is suitable for this tree, the rough to
smooth land.

The small fruit comes in the stony and sandstone, and the tree do not come to big
corpulence, and if in this last land had almonds, peaches, black plums, it will be inserted
de apricot in them. Which, according Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasel, it is raised in decline to

 
  

loose earth; and insofar as it will heat quickly overwhelmed, there will be planting only
bone (and other gummy trees) in respect of not torn branch, stake or bearded prevails;
which bones planted for November in vessels and surface land mixed with rotten
manure and in the time that eat its own fruit, it is transplanted to the year on the campus
where acquires its corresponding increase, and both are moved from there to where it
must fructify, caring of not cut any root, as the rubber trees.

It is good, add the same author, move it cover it its own earth and put I four
spans deeps, distant twelve cubit between each one, or more if the ground it is smooth.

The Grenadian Háj says that must move the plant when it have the tall of a man,
and if exceed this tall, should not transplant; which operation is as expressed above. Not
suffering manure for the early damage they cause, and it suit the irrigation. It is said,
that planting stakes sprout if it is frequency irrigated; and inserted into almond and
peach.

ARTICLE XLI

The planting of peach called persian apple.

It is of two species, says Abu-el-Jair; smooth without fuzz and reddish, called
bald, which is Egyptian, who is also called wintry, and the common people of loofah (or
mongoose) and it is similar to the heartburn. The other specie is the fuzzy, called for
this, hairy; which one it closed and the other open, and in all of them is the same regime
and cultivation; and it is said that one of its species is the apricot. The close peach is
better than the open; and the most advantageously, the sweet with aromatic smell, of
soft taste and juicy, kwon as zahri (bright or flowery).

Junio cited in the Ibn-Hajáj book says that the peach planted in so much watered
land, produce a big fruit; as well it is not convenient to irrigate continuously. This tree
grows quickly, and if it is inserted in plumor almond, it is raise cleaner. Some have the
opinion that it is convenient move a lot the soil of the foot; and that if it is inserted in
the plum, produce fat fruits. And till here the text of the cited author.

 
  

According the maxim of Kastos, the better place to plant peaches, it is the
moisture land or running water, in way that the who take care of them, can irrigate it
just when it is necessary, compared to the fact that they produce fat fruits in similar
lands. Maurice says that it suit the sand, as do not lack of humidity or irrigation, and do
no prevail in good land as in the same. And till here is the maximum of this author.

According Surios, the peach must be planted from the seed, and the plant bron
from it must be move after two years, which is made from the first day of January, till
the last of February. According Democritus, the seed of the peach must be sow when
you eat the fruit, in August, and must be irrigated, what contributes to produce a fruit
with bigger size, transplanting in January the plant bron from it.

Sadihames says that planting from torn, sprout very well. According the
Nabathea Agriculture, this tree is brother of the apricot in so many things, but not the
long life; because fructify a little and strengthens at the five years, it is planted and sow
at the same time, at in the same way it is cultivated. It is suitable, according others
authors, the rough and gravely land, because there produce good quality fruit, thick and
easily whiten with some softness.

In the loose and manured earth do not live too much time, and it prevails in the
not stony sandstone; it is not from long duration nor produce a big fruit in the oiled, and
the same with the black. It is suitable the natural reddish land, and prevails
advantageously in flimsy as continuous cultivation does not lack, and also prevail in the
drylands. Plant it from the seed, or do not prevail of torn, stake or bearded, for being the
rubbery tree kind.

The seed is planted from August and September (that it is the time where the
fruit is eaten), and in the orchards in January and February, and in vessels with surface
land mixed with old manure and sand, in thirds parts. Born quickly with the irrigation,
and it is move from vessels to plantations after a year, throwing over the foot of each
plant a basket of that mixture (of land, sand and manure); and irrigated two times for
week, after two years it is move for January (acquire its corresponding perfection)
fixing it in three spans deep, distance of ten cubit between each one, for being pompous
this tree; which do not grow in height or have a long life; as well, some have the opinion
of planting them near from each one so mutually sustain, if loaded much fruit.

 
  

The Grenadian Háj says that the peach plantation born from the seed, must be
move after two year having it tied; and if it is transplanted flourished do not have this
disposition; and that it is good move it cover in its own earth. It is said, that if under it
had planted some rosebush, it will reddish the fruit of the peach. And that this tree must
be inserted in its own specie, the plum, cherry and almond; whose trees are also
inseryed in it.

I have seen peaches planted in good quality land next to big irrigation ditches
that produced too much fruit and of big size, and also lived longer that other placed out
of it. According the Nabathea Agriculture author and others, you should not drink cold
water after eating peaches, which makes them more harmful; or eat them after pure
wine or vinegar. The thirst. After eat any fresh fruit, is a corrective to it, and means for
prevent the damage and speed up your digestion. If you leave this fruit cut with tools, it
will corrupt the smell quickly for this cause.

ARTICLE XLII

The planting of plum, known as porthole

Abu-el-Jair says that this are its species; fat black plum known as thari (fresh
ans juicy); very common black and wintry; of the small black also called thari; of
verdant fat black, called aíayár; white, yellow and pink, and called karmesi (or purple)
and Saihi (or fluted); and that all are planted and grown in the same way.

June, cited in the Ibn-Hajáj book says that the plum wants fresh and moisture
places; according Solon, it is convenient to plant it in moisture wells, in places with so
much humidity and cultivated camps. Sadihames says that pointing the manners of its
plantations, that put of bearded, torn and bones; which operation must be done in
February, according Democritus.

In the Nabathea Agriculture it is said, that being this tree of cold temperament, it
is necessary fertilize it with cow dung, human excrement and dust brought from far
away; and that it is good, excavated the foot, fill the ditch with dust taken from strong
ground; for which dominant viscous juiciness, the mentioned dust is the most suitable

 
  

for it. According other authors the suitabes lands for the plumb, are the moisture, the
smooth, the thick sandy and the loose; in which produce fat fruit, and in the last one
very tasty. It is also good for it the reddish and rough land; as well in the last one and in
the sterile produce a consumed fruit. It prevails in every land except in the warm black
for reasons of the last quality.

It is well breed in low grounds with a lot of juice from the water, and in oiled
white land; and it is also said in stony and sandstone, and if planted in others must mix
this land gender, ingrain the tree and accelerate its fructify. Plant it again, that only
born at the foot, or between the tree’s roots, booted with it; which if were weak, it is
planted inverse so it can raise others; after transplanted.

It is put of bone too, planting it when the fruit is eaten and for January or
February (according others), in plantations benefits with old manure and vessels; which
bones, put in one span between each one, are cover as the thickness of three fingers with
dust and rotten manure, and are irrigated immediately after its plantation, continuing till
it is born, what it is from beginning of March to finals of April. After the year it is
moved from the vessels to the plantations, from where passed the same time it is
translated to the place where will be produce fruit.

Booted too its nawami (or bouquet reborn) with all its roots it is planted in three
spans deep holes in October, January, February and March at twelve spans between
each one; and if to the time of execute this operation you throw cow dung, it will sprout
well and soon, as everything executed as said above. Irrigate this tree two or three time
for week, because irrigating it continuously produce a corpulent and good fruit: the
opposite happens with the drylands and when it is not irrigated frequently. It also says
that must be put of turn bunch and stake in December, and that irrigating a lot the
plantation they are well breed; what is safe and constant by experience. Insert the
apricot, cherry and similar rubbery trees, all of which are also inserted in it.

 
  

ARTICLE XLIII

The planting of the palm dates

There are so much species, and the same their names; barri (or wild); ajuat (or
select from Medina), chahrir (famous or vulgar), kasenat and others. Junio cited in the
Edn-Hajaj book says that the holes must be two cubits deep and other much wide; and
then fill a half cubit of earth mixed with manure, then put the bone of the date in the
middle of the soil, fixing it, not up but lying, and then throw earth mixed with manure
and salt till cover it; that after filling the hole with branches and irrigated everyday until
is born, transplant it to another place.

Some use to leave it in the same place, if the ground is brackish, as arrangement
to the maxim mentioned above. For which reason, if you want to sow it in a diferent
ground, you will throw next to it a great amount of salt (as we said), and the same with
the ditch that must be make every year, according to the fact that with that remedy
quickly fructifies the palm and carry dates.

Democritus says that opened the hole of one cubit deep, fill it with earth and
manure, put the date, sunken its bone in the middle, paste it to the ground, and spraying
earth and manure mixed with some salt, irrigate it until it is born. Some move it after
born. But others letting it there and excavating every year, throw salt in the ditch so it
can preserve. And although Ibn-Hajáj says that he saw dated planted without mixing
with salt in the land and grown until become good plants, all the other authors agree that
the salt and brackish land is the better for the palm.

Beware, say Sagrit, that make this planting vile person, or bad mouth and
melancholic mood (and the same, everything a man do, must be executed with
happiness and joy) respect to receiving the moon, participates of too much strength and
vigor. If you plant a bunch of small bones of a same kind of dates or one palm, the ones
that come from it are of a lot of species, which if replanted produce dates of the first
specie planted.

 
  

The palm replanted produce a date similar than the other fruitful of which was
taken. Of the fresh dates, or its heart unshelled, bread is made; to which effect, if were
juicy, white and tender with finely cut its shell with tool or knife, and well dry after the
sun, mashed and ground, its flour mixed with barley or wheat yeast, let it long time to
ferment, and then mixed with hot water and plenty of copy salt, you make eatable bread;
and will be very good blanch the dates before in salted water twice or three (which is
best), moving one in each. The same operation is executed with the other similar fruits;
which to made bread of them, blanched twice in fresh water and salt, if it tastes bitter
hath mixed, or others; or water alone, if they are too rough or styptics.

According other authors, the palm is born in sandstones and plains of the loose
land, and it is suitable the brackish land, plant it from the bone of the foot renew born
with separate root; and the stake and torn do not prevail. Sometimes it is planted taking
the seed of the better fruit, sowing it like that, as it is taken, sandy or brackish land; for
whish digged the hole one cubit deep, fill it with earth mixed with salt and human
excrement or beats dung, according Kastos; whose mix (according Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-
Fasél must be in this proportion; four pounds of salt for every two baskets of earth and
manure, being the basket of space as a half cordovan cahiz. Put the bone in the superior
part of the mentioned hole and lying in the middle of the earth, and not raised, to point
up the spine, and the peak (or tip) down, the cover the thickness of two fingers together
with the mix; which operation is executed in the months of March and April, and also in
February (according Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasel), and must be irrigated two times by
week until it is born; what do not happen in any way, if it were planted it placed on its
back.

Take the bone, says Mahrario (or Macario), and sagging it in the middle, put it in
a holes, making that the sunken side is firmly attached to the ground with the tip to east;
as well this is another author’s maximum, that the said side fall into this part. The dates
for mature say the planted must be depriving the opposite movie to the peak or tip they
have in the back. Further it is said that having put the date’s bone in water for five days,
it is planted after placing the loin towards the sky and towards the ground point with
respect to the palm planted so prevalent great and is bearable fruit; and if planted one
with the point that covers the film down, I'm male palm of him born.

 
  

The planting of the palm, says the Haj Granadino and others, put in hole not lees
than two spans deep and irrigated immediately after replacement the soil with manure
and salt, and the same every four day for a month, sprout and quickly fructifies,
watering ater with salt every fifteen days, and further to the foot, and irrigated again,
thereafter once every eight days until late spring; as I have seen executed (says
Ibn.Hajáj) in a geen and fresh planting. It is said, that the same operation must be
executed with the bearded, taked from the foot of some palms.

The palm (according other author) it is used to the salt, throwing it in the foot on
time at the year; and if instead you throw mothers of aged wine, its fruit will be softer
and better quality. Others says that having the palm some analogy or conformity with all
the sour and brackish, do not forget to visit it with salt twice a year until fructifies; after
which time some wants to continue throwing salt and others want to stop, while being in
salty land, it is enough. Others say that throwing salt in the foot and irrigating
continuously, give a sweet and seasoned fruit, adding that you must cut the branches in
the vernal equinox at middle March or all the month (occording other opinion) not befor
or after.

Abu-el-Jair says that that to sweeten the styptic date (as is that of Spain), and
making it eatable and soft taste, it is cooked in fresh water (after caught in season) to
extract its styptic, then leaving to dry, that water discharged. The palm fecundated by
male at the time that flourish, produce juicy and tender dates.

Having fecundated a wild palm in the Alxarafe while deploying the flowers with
some male grinded sprinkled on it, cast at that dates of equal quality; ehich operation I
executed just one time in that year; but it is necessary repeat it some successively as it
does to fertilize the fig tree.

As a tradition, Mohammad broke or gave end the fasting with dates. The spirit is
recreated (says Abu-Abdalah) with that fresh and juicy fruit! The same Allah gave to eat
dates to Mary of glorious memory. He adds that eats seven dates of the select species of
Medina palm before bedtime, you will kill the worms in the belly. It is tradition that the
first one planted palm was Seth, son of Adam of blessed memory.

 
  

ARTCILE XLIV

The plantation of the hazel that is jilauz in Arabian, and according to some the
narjil; or the faukál, according to others.

Abu-el-Jair says that are four species: amlisi, tarjin, baarar and mosadi, and all
of them are planted and cultivated in the same way. June cited in the Ibn-Hajáj book
says that the hazel it is planted for the same time that the haudam or haudar, and
require the same regime, and love the white land of much water. And finally, the hazel
can be round or long, and although they are planted at the same time, the first are born
before the seconds.

According the Nabathea Agriculture, the hazel it is raise it grows naturally in the
mountains, and more in the deserts and hard lands for being wild tree. Transplanting the
foot with its roots from the mountains to the orchards, it prevail very well provided it is
in such land to uncultivated in hardness and bad tastes. It do not need fertilize or more
cultivation aside cleaning some branches at the same time than the vines, specially when
it is big, grown and robust. Is said that just take refuge in this tree the worms, snakes,
scorpions and other venomous animals, and that the Scorpion runs away from the man
in hand hunteth one or two hazelnuts for special virtue they have, which is always
effective.

Sagrit says that bondok (or hazel) called jilauz have this virtue; that if you have
three or four hazel hidden in your breast, put some tide where you sit, ot bring a stick in
your hand, the scorpions run away. According other works, the hazel prevail in every
wet land and the running waters (for which reason must be planted in soft and flabby
land through which pores is introduced the mentioned, in the humid valleys, and in
wells; it is convenient the white land. Its plantation is from seeds and plantation formed
by astaslaf (or a kind of branch of vine), thus in the top part of tree as in the low part.

That is planted in vessels in October, that is when it is eaten fresh, putting the tip
down, and it is also planted in January and February, and the same the branch, lying it
in a four spans deep hole and ten cubits of distance between each other because they

 
  

are not so pompous; which requiring so much water, never must have the dry land; in
what case, if it were disregard, it lost, specially the plantation. According Abu-Abdalah
Ibn-el-Fasél, must irrigate it every day, you advantage the cultivation and hates manure.
The Haj says that when the foot branches were cut, be carefull of not letting any cut so
it do not fester that part. The hazel it is discovered in May, and seasoned and taken in
September and first October.

ARTICLE XLV

The plantation of the vines

Theere are so many diferent species of grapes; black, round, long, middle form,
reddish and yellow; earlier, late, and not early nor late. About its plantations and how to
executed; I have tried (says Kastos cited in the Ibn-Haj book) making it all the time, and
I have found convenient for every plant in autumn, especially in land with low
humidity; because the branches planted by this time after the vintage, being hard (or
stiff) and clogged, are free with the next water of the cold damages and robustness; for
which reason must be planted in autumn, and then you are responsible to executed it in
the lands of the mentioned quality, to effect that with the water of the winter root until
the spring, as well as actually it happens. When I executed the new thinking (continuous
Kastos) of make this plantation in autumn, those who were present flunked it; but after
praising the success, they adopted and still in the day.

The same Kastos and June say that some plant the branch in first spring starting
the seventh day of February, and other when it start to sprout; and indeed, Marsial
affirm to be convenient make the plantation of branches, stakes and torn in the time of
its fecundation (or sprout). I like a lot this chapter, Ibn-Hajáj says that, the maximum of
June and Marsial, and I prefer it than of Kastos (though specious) by reason of being
desirable that at time of planting branch, torn and stake go all tender, juicy and green so
it roots by the union of its juice with the land; in virtue of what I have as better the stake
for the plantation, being necessary to breed the roots of the mentioned matter; without

 
  

thereby already held bearded old is discarded. Having set up the respective time to make
plantations, I do not have to repeat it here. About the plantation of the vines in autumn,
having them then very little juice, It will be convenient propose to executed in spring
than in the said time; although (according the Kastos experience and others) you can
also do so.

Some, say June, abstain of do the branches plantation with the sprouted shoots
for being prove that it do not prevail in any plantation made after the sprout (while
others do not refuse to execute it on that provision); at to the time of ill (or cover) the
branch, it is convenient to decline to one side as to which to placed like that yields
better roots. Adds Kastos that in this disposition fructifies with swiftness and
abundance, and the same transplanting it from the first place, after sprouted, in other
different. Guess which together plant several vintages in a single vineyard with the
purpose that if it fool some in the hope of its fructify, do not happen the same with the
others; and you've known than planting its vine of a vineyard just be a lot of weakness
and damage vines; although it is affirmed the contrary.

Finally he say, that although it is good to plant the right vine; but it is better to
plant it in the hole with some declination. This practice (say Ibn-Hajáj) is the preferable;
and the reason is because then the farmer when tread the ground can leave it well united
(which maxim, common in every plantation, as it was mentioned above in the section
on the various ways to execute); and also because being buried many sprouts with the
decline of the branch, the more rooted, especially if you add to this the united soil

When set the bearded, says June, it is convenient for more rapid growth, that
mixing good quality land with dry manure, its roots fill and are left buried in manure.
Which opinion about this two things is common, as it agree Ibn-Hajáj. Who say that
fixing a stake in the soil, introduce in that hole at the branch foot; but the one that
execute it like this, do not do it on purpose or rightly, according Betodun, regard to the
buds of the plant are weakened and the air dry it a lot, which penetrates them for not
having the well united and tight land.

Kastos say that if you plant linked branches in each hole, it will fail the virtue to
the earth to support each one, coming to be like to breast child that raise a woman, that
do not have enough milk to feed them.

 
  

I am not of opinion, adds the same, that to be defeated the vines roots, the hole
must have less than two cubits deep in dry land, hard and without moisture; otherwise it
will aging fast and would yield little. And also because penetrating the heat of the sun
till its roots, will dispel the soil moisture or juice nutrition.

Put the seedlings (say June) some in holes, and others in jaris (or grooves): the
first mode in the field of good quality that does not need a lot of work; and as the
second, in the warm who is not of remarkable quality. The jari (or groove) it is done in
this way. Open a moat along the site that it is pretend to plant, of two foots wide and
deep each one, and then when you think in doing the plantation, you will make in the
bottom of it a little holes of eight fingers deep in the places where it is appropriate to put
the branches, executing the others operations in the first two years, until the third,
registering the land which has been detached from these sites, replenish the sides of the
pit, mixing it with the immediate and stirring one with the other; and filling then in the
little holes of the moat the branches as much of what they were buried, you will throw
in that soil enough manure, leaving equal the surface pf the ground after all that
operations.

This moat plantation (say the cited author) is useful for the thick land, regard to
what is ventilated well and gets mushy like this. Which manner of plantation, mentioned
by June, says Ibn-Hajáj, it is very founded and safe, although our contemporaneous do
not appreciate it for the reasons of the difficulty that is exposed, and thus I have never
seen anyone mentioned.

The jari is properly a big lino, apone in the azadon land, wider than the groove
of the work back. The earth extracted of the bottom of it is putted to its shores by way
of piling ridge, in which deep are done the holes for the plant, not fixing them in it after
the sun heat the land, slimming it the air and rains, and staying the dust in disposition of
receiving them well.

The jari, says Ibn.Hajáj, is a greace diction that means the lino assembly putted
in order, which each one are called huna. I have been assured that similar practice is
observed in Jamat-Saljetnssa about the irrigation over the lands that cannot be irrigated
continuously for being raised. Dig a groove where putted the branches are irrigated until
are well fixed and then rained the land, stop the irrigation since then, returning the land

 
  

to be dry as it was before. June cited in the Ibn.Hajás book says that the place where is
pretending to do this plantation must be cleaned of any plant or grass that were there, as
it was said above.

Is maximum of the mentioned to do a ditch around the vines after sprouted,

passed the first year and then pulled the roots that were al ground flower with the
billhook, for which reason that being habit of the plants extend the root everywhere, this
impede that the same deepen quickly, and finally, that the same work of dig of a foot
deep and three wide, it is suitable to make them around the vine, second years after.
And till here the text of the cited author. And the same must be executed in the
entangled parrals in the trees.

If you plant that vines (continue June) to long distance, you could sow the land
every two years. The last elevation that the tree can have to mount the vine must be of
sixty foots (which height do not damage the parral if the ground is good) and in the thin
must be eight foots elevated so the tree do not consume all the earth juice. Adds, that we
must extend the possible the branch to the east and midday, deviating from the west and
north; which should be quite long and bearded stand for. That some take this
disposition moving them from tormadanat (or plantation) to the holes which you
purpose to plant them, and if you do not move them from the mentioned place because
planted from head after; but the first is better.

Must know that when prune this vine, this is, the armed parrals in the trees, it is
accurate to left some branches, less than two cubits. That the mentioned must have
fifteen cubit between each one, in which middle can be little root fruit trees, as
pomegranate, apple and quince, and even olive trees, provided that are planted to long
distance, as well some do not approve this. Others have the opinion that the figs are
profitable to the vines; in which they are wrong, neither happens so, according what the
experience offer. For what reason the best and most profitable will be plant said trees
around or around of the vineyard.

We see in our countrys, say Ibn-Hajáj, figs planted between the vine in good
quality lands, namely in ours camps neighbors at the great river (or Guadalquivir), and
however these are well grow, the same as other very fructifies dinstant from them. But
this happens for being the land of good quality to raise both genders of plants. And in

 
  

fact, I have never seen in the Alxafare mountains, figs planted between the vines, that
stop being very weak among them, for which reason they no longer plant there because
the fig got weak after the acquire some corpulence for cause of the thin land of those
mountains. For being then the land hard and wild grass it comes to happen what June
said; which maximum is adjusted and true, and notorious among us in the farmhouses of
Alxaraf, what the common people do not ignore for observed it a lot about the good
quality and suitability of the land to the vines, says June, that the most suitable for them
is the loose black, in which deep must contain regular sweet water: and the reason is,
because the ground of this specie when receive the rain water do not absorb a lot of it,
containing it in the surface; which dammed rot the foot of the seedlings.

You must examine, adds, the deep of the land, because a lot of time is black in
the surface and white in the center, and also the contrary. The most advantageously
lands are the one that wash the river; for which reason is celebrated the Egypt. In
summary, it is said that every dark soil, not being compressed or tenacious, but
moisture, is for the vine most suitable than any other different. For which reason it is
suitable to plant the vines the dark, juicy or moisture land, mentioned before, that fir its
hardness and density it attracts lots of water of nutritional juice, according the difficulty
or slowness that is received. In the dry, thin and sandy land, it is say, that the vine do
not prevail, but in the thin, it is raised with great quality with more subtle juice than
others. That the grape of juicy quality must be planted in a warm, elevated and dry
place, and the succulent lean on, so the predominance of these qualities compliment
what naturally is missing. In summary, do not plant the vines in thick land that soon or
easily receive the nutritional juicy; but the opposite quality. That is suitable to plant the
weak and dry skin vine in the dark earth, which is unable to attract all the necessary
juice of the land, because it do not take so much time from splitting the fruit that easily
receive the nutritional juice when are plants in thick land, in which further is the stout
branch. The weak vineyard that is in dry land, produce a fruit of the same quality. For
which reasons you should pay special care to know clearly the temperament or quality
of the plants and ground.

You must also know, that the most suitable placed for the small vines that are at
earth flower are the slopes of the mountains, the places a little pending and the one that
are raise a little from the slopes, according that the planted vines in the mentioned
places suffer more the heat of the sun in summer for the ventilation that they have. It is

 
  

also good the ground of big plains extended over the hills, and the same, the inmediat at
the mount foot; at which places flow a lot of nutritional juice of the land that go down
there coiled or precipitated by the rains, and thus it is not convenient to plant them in
the summits of the mounts, by that washing away the same land, their roots will be
uncover without absorbing the nutritional juice. The vine is planted in flat and similar
places, juicy and moisture, specially the warm not exposed to heavy wind, as being
armed in that places over the trees, with the blow winds gently they vented and feed.
Whose maximum are of the cited June.

Who also says that the immediate places to the sea are very suitable for the
vines, for the heat and the little humidity that is there and is useful to feed the plants;
and that also the sea winds are very profitable for the vines. It is a mayor opinion that
shloud not be near the rivers or where are lagoons for reason of the impure and cold
vapors that raise from there, which breed worms that are harmful (as to the sows too);
and that for this discard such sites. Over the form, election and way of guard the
branches, when you cannot make the plantation at the same time that is cut, says
Democritus, that for this effect you do not cut the branch of the old not new vine, but
the middle age, according that the not one or the other fructifies abundantly. Kastos says
almost the same; to know, that so not suit the old nor new branch of the vine for being a
little fructify, but make the plantation of the middle aged. Adds, that it is neither
convenient the wide, light, rough or long duct branch, but smooth, heavy, long and thick
knots; and that in all of them go part of the born in the previous year: that to born
healthy must be planted at the same time that are cut and before the air injure them; and
if this is not possible (having them already cut, bury them in not wet nor dry land, or put
them in vessels where are protected of the air with earth that throw of good quality: that
if you have to move it from a place to another, will be okay if were in the same moisture
land and in vessels; although between its cut and plantation have the time of two month;
and sprout, if after cut and before planted stay in water twenty four hours (what must be
executed in case of hard land and without humidity) but without leaving it so much time
that conceive bad smell in the wet land nor the water; because it will dry and do not
sprout in a similar disposition. And till here the maximum of Kastos.

Democritus says that having cut the branches you cannot plant it then, bury them
tied in bundles in not moisture or dry land; and if brought it from different places,
suspect that the air may injure them, put them in sweet water twenty four hours and then

 
  

plant them. According Junio, does not prevail well in plantation the branches taken from
the inferior part of the vines or born at the foot of the same; neither suit taking them
from the weak part or the extremes, and if to the middle of the vine; which although
must be tender (for not being the hard to purpose fot the plantation) dense shoots, solid,
thick, smooth, and round to be disposable the wide, rough, flabby, (or porous), the
exhausted and separate sprout; must be (also) for this effect very sprout, and carrying
part of the raised the last year in way of a cut of the bone. Adds, that is not good take
wild vine branches, the new ones or that have less than six years for the plantation. And
till here the maximum of June.

Kastos bring other more to the ones mentioned above like his and the others
authors that accompany him. He say that it misses the one who intends to make pieces
the branches to plant about not being suitable for this purpose those without in its long
seven knots from the foot after cut its arrows or peak; adding, that like this it was
practiced by the first wise.

We want, say Ibn.Hajáj that the branches have seven knots; and being taken
from the plantation to go to the bearded, to be transplanted in other place, and by no
means stay where they got first, for the small that they will come to be the vines. Solon
says the same maxims mentioned before, and in summary, it is not suitable take the
branches from old vines, nor vine that have not pass the seven years; the reason of that
is because old with its temperament the spring, and being weak the natural heat of the
second, lack the influence of both heats that (or already lost) or do not have enough
energy. For which reason must discarded the branch of vine-like quality; and what
respect to him of the new, is in the same way disposable by the predominance of
moisture that is smothered or weak by the sun…; for which reason not sprouting in
land, it is not suitable to take it but from the middle vine. As an example for this, the
lamp with a little oil, I which disposition, don’t you see how light is dimming, and the
same is true if a large amount of oil that you throw come to cover it? Is not good to use
in the plantation hoarse bark branches that is so dominant in them dryness, nor light for
being this prove of the little substance and the dryness predominance.

The look must be then, to choose branches that have a lot of offshoot, because
wishing us that from them born a multitude of roots so they can attract the juice from
the soil by them, by the offshoots is where it is quickly spreads. Further, it will be

 
  

important cut the branches (if it is possible) with the twigs that has been born,
respective that by that zone the roots grow fast for the knots, and the earthy substance
there is, thick and similar to the temperament of the same. But if there is no willingness
to cut with the foot of the branch no old twigs, it will be very good (according Annon
and other wise farmers) not only plant the middle, thrown the both extremes up and
down, from being that weak and thin, and this rough, hard and low humidity; and if to
sprout the branch must be moderately juicy, the middle part is most than the extremes:
and if well some not taking care of this, plant it depending on what the found, and
offshoot without none of this it harm, with all that we have said, is for the mentioned
reasons and the best and preferable to root. And till here the maxims of Solon.

I have argued in this chapter, say Ibn.Hajáj, the maximums that I hope (or I have
seemed) be enough to attract attention to the ones that I do no mention, and compare
them with the ones I mentioned in different places; of which if I have repeated some I
was only for please the reader, making see that the antiques where of the same opinion
in the matters that I have explained; and for becoming apparent that those clever sages
carried the same opinions, these are adopted in practice with the conviction of his
authority; and finally, because if I would claim the maximum of one without
mentioning others accompanying him would not believe would be taken for safe
without this confrontation; and so I have argued their maximum as I have found (or
literally), to support well and check more opinions.

Treating the Nabathea Agriculture of the parral plantation and others, say that
the most provided and suit land to sow and plant the vines is the thick (and the one that
in the most part is dark); and that also is without a doubt which mediates between the
very tough and tight to flabby, which naturally receiving and drinking rainwater
contains some at its center. The land whose status throw the hardness of the stone,
retains water on the surface, not suck much or attract it to the center (which lost to the
vines); but that is for vegetables and similar plants. That is not suitable for vines lands
that hiding and embedding water depth at the center and harden on the surface. An
others having some medium between the water introduced in the center and be on the
surface, are muddy and good outdoor; but at the deep of one or two cubit have a color
that indicates that is a bad quality land, and like that, to know the real quality of it, you
should do holes in different places of three cubits deep, which if the depth is the same

 
  

quality of the surface, then it is a land of good quality; and it is not good for vine if vary
the parts, either the color or other signals and provisions.

Demetrio says that it is necessary that the vine have some juice near the foot.
And about the quality land that suit for every kind of vine, affirm that being them
various, each one have their own specie. So porous and thick a little dark land is
apropos for white grape vine, whether long or round figure. And to the round between
white and green suit the smooth, sweat or moisture land; and such is excessively thick.
That for this kind of vine and the mentioned before, it not suit the thin land. The
crumble land in warm and cold times it is not suit to the entirely white vine. That the
mixed with sand it suit for the big ones, provided that they are correct the bad accident,
having to manure them with sheep dung, which takes away the lands bitterness. And
being accurate, the quality land must be contrary to the vines quality; the soft grape
must be planted in strong and har ground; and unlike the grape of this nature, in dock
and soft. The dry or hard (what it is indicated by the roughness of the skin) in moisture
land, and the naturally very juicy in hard and dominantly dry land, consequently being
intended for intermediate to these two qualities the ground between dry and wet.

Sagrit says that for the black grape vines (long or round) it is suitable the dry
surface land; and that the same, which color is more reddish with some roughness, and
tight latter color are planted in thin earth, and also in the land whose dust have a mix of
sand. In the land where grapes flourish black and reddish does not prove in any way the
white; and that among these is a specie that suit the thin and sandy land. That the yellow
grape vine (that is the more juicy of all) to plant it for the same in warm and dry land,
far from the cold and moisture; at which the field is also intended up site, wanting with
this that the place where it is located must be dry and have some distance away the
water.

That the vid of fat grape (which is such graft) do not plant but in thick and deep
land; and plant in the same the porous one, thins a low humidity. The weak vine, branch
and small branch and subtle juice, is planted in dark earth by communicating this juice
slowly and in small quantity, which is what befits such vine; which it is very subtle,
small, hard grapes, in any manner that is in the cluster, either together or separate
grains. That regard to the vine grape quality between black and reddish, si which have
more black than the latest color, as the moderately reddish od middle size grains, part

 
  

separate and part united in the cluster (that is also good), these species befits the not
very hard ground or less ease than hardness. That the grape of these two species that is a
little reddish and round is eagerly coveted by wasps and bees, as a food that is for them
pleasurable and soft; being its skin of soft texture, fixing in it he view, then it is knew to
be of exquisite taste. To these two gender of vines is helpful, thinning and throw them
relieve the branches that are sick; what executed in them sometimes during spring,
summer and autumn, they vegetate very well and take much increase.

The weak vine (the one with small and subtle or low juice fruit) it is planted, say
Kutsami, in moisture places, which humidity consists most in being strong and thick;
which is also good to have a mix of sand; because it the mentioned vine is planted in
arid and low nutritional juice land, will be more flimsy, and fruiting little, nothing (in
the end) would yield. But the robust gets better planting it in the corresponding quality
land.

The vine (according the Nabathea Agriculture) it is transplanted from soft to

hard land, from hard to soft, from thick to thin, from thin to thick, from dark to reddish,
from reddish to dark, from fertile to sterile, from sterile to fertile, from wild grass to
flat, from flat to wild grass; for being natural to the land strengthen and provide food to
what was sow in the contrary land. About the choose of the branches and the way to
preserve them until the plantation, it is say that must take the one that have one span of
elevation from the ground and to the middle of the vine from six to twenty years; and
must have the offshoots together, and intermediate smooth, compact, round and short
beads; being disposable the flat, rough, flabby (or porous) and tight offshoots. That is
also advantageously the branch that going out of the vine have been raised in a wide
place and offshoots similar to the bone slice (which are not of radical origin vines in
them we discover again).

The branches and its pieces must be planted without delay, and if the necessity
forces you to do this operation, keep (until you can execute it) Loose remaining tied in
the basement of the house underground, where they are shielded from the air and the
cold, with water spraying those before.

Enoch says that digging for this effect a pit in the vine where the branches were
cut, put in it with separation, being the boot of the pit without humidity or arid, in the

 
  

perfect temperament. We know for experience (says Kutsami) be nothing vicious

practice to put the branches in the piece capable not take them where the wind blows
toward this or that part, after dry the ground of the same of a light spray of sweet water
that must be given before. Other say that if where so little the branches that can have in
vessels, put water in them, which poured at the two hours, make in the bottom of it a
bed of good soil remaining in accordance medium covered on all sides thereof.

If befall defer planting vines (say Adan) and take care of the air dry them, keep
them in sweet water a day during twelve hours, and then plant them when still have de
humidity of the water; and it is still the better and nothing harmful, if in the mentioned
plantation you see the practice of put two or three in each hole. Mentioned in the
Nabathea Agriculture of the time to cut the branches for the plantation, and the size and
long they must have, it is said that must be done in the first five days of the lunar month,
because it hardly any is spoiled planted in those days, likewise it is its good quality
fruit: that the most suitable season to execute it is in autumn for the big and firm roots
that grow the branches then, and because when start the spring or the warm tome, take a
lot of increment and gentleness for at well entrenched that are; which plantation in the
sandy land must be executed by that time: that the branches for the vine must be cut in
the first three hours of the day, and do not differ planting (if possible) from the time
they are cut, or two or three hours later, or when more, two days and one night
(executing it) in the first four hours that run from the dawning: that this branches are
long from eight to twelve sprouts if were together, or from six to eight if are separated,
and planting them  tilted and not absolutely right; which tilt, according Enoch, It must be
to the east, and have planted in holes two feet deep; and if in each one plant two, you
throw among them land so that you do not touch the other: that when planted in the
holes or deep pits, it is good to let buried or cover of soil two or three offshoots and
other four uncover in the surface: that the vine of white and black grape should not be
planted in the same place; and to plant every branch it is moderately tighten the earth,
not with his foot, but with hands (that's enough).

Masio says that not indiscriminately planted the vines in holes or in pits, in
regard to the land that is suitable for that will make the plantation in the first, it is not to
execute them in the second, for the reason that in the smooth land it has no need much,
and yes little work (which is sufficient for this reason), is where must do the holes;
which have low capacity and be round if it is possible, and two foots deep or a little

 
  

more, with three of aperture: and fixing the branches in them, fill it with earth and
manure without tightening or trace in some way so that it can (being flabby) by pores
vented their land: that the pits where the branches are planted must be in a thick and
matted land (that commonly is the thick), and the same long of the vine where the
plantation must execute, and narrow width or three feet with equal depth; all of a same
form and distance among each one, there is good to plant Lino between the two: that in
the bottom of them make one and a half spans deep where the branches are fix, (which
reciprocally distance will be pointed later) and passed the first year, or starting the
second taking the land from the surface next to the pit where are the plant, fill it with the
same covering it the foots, as the rest empty of the bottom, with some quantity of
manure mixed with dry land until leaving equal its plain with immediate to him; whose
operation is executed at the time of pruning the vines.

I.

Of the space that must be distant from each other armed and unarmed vines (or
the parrals and crawling vines).

The linos of the small vines that are laid on the surface of the earth and are not
assembled on something, must be six foot one from the other and four each other the
same vines. The armed over the trees are twenty foots distant, and these seven each
other; and half of these distances respectively on cans armed, and not over trees: from
which the most suitable to arm parra are (according Sagrit) the ones of a bark, and
(according Kutsami) are better for this effect the first males and elms, and not the trees
with a lot of branches nor too high of just over twenty to fifty cubits high, according
others; which are manure and dig, and they are given the same work the vines; as well
should be less manure and dig. Vine arm is planted with its roots (or bearded), muddy
bottom of it, at three cubits of distance in the long hole (or ditch); which after
continuous work have sprout, grown and got thick, lying it in the ground it is going little
by little closer to get close and hang him as if he wanted to do something that nobody
perceives; and threadbare fingernail the sprouts which they may have sprung, leaving
just one (from all the the little bunch) that part of the parra that must hang from the tree;

 
  

and when it is long past time has come near to prune, you should cut most of the
branches, leaving the robust, that will be a few.

It is said, that the specie of white grape, and pulling to this or another of the
same or another color (except the pure white) is very convenient arm it, that contribute
to the best thrives and quality of fruit. Some have the opinion that the vine arm over a
tree is more robust, elegant and better than the armed over tin and pole. Others give the
advantage over the armed to the lying on the ground (or crawling) because of the love to
land of this plant. It is said, that do not suit the cold places for the armed branches, and
that the not armed must clean of the sprouts, leaving one or two in each one picking out
the other (which is executed the first year), and fix a stick at short distance it rests on
tying to him with palm leaves, so that sustained not come down, in regard to how much
this harm it,  and contribute something to take root more firmly; and passed the year will
dismember the ends with iron nails so this operation contributes to its growth, and to
which the earth attracts juice that vegetate with robustness.

About the move and transplantation of the vine from one place to another, Masio
says that what strengthens and restores is move them from where they planted their
seeds and elsewhere that it was raising them with irrigation, at the place where the must
fructify; which operation is done at the third year, or second (according others) who
claim to be healthier transplanted at that time. The same adds that do not move it from
good to bad quality land; and that do not start fructify vigorously till the ten or twelve
years; or till the fifteen according others. Claim to be constant from experience, that the
transplanted vine it is raise in less time, and it is not exposed to calamities; and that the
same happens, (by Allah), if among his seedlings of broken stones boulders set
themselves.

Susado says that to robust the arborescent vines and plants, especially in the start
of its plantation, the branches come together with their sticks, mixing everything with
squash, beans and marshmallow leafs and since the moisture is removed very well to the
sun is then shake with sticks, and then throw pigeon and human excrement in same part
with some cow dung, and all that mixed and sprayed with water and left in this
arrangement to move its color and odor, put spread the moisture to dry; after which
incorporated with some garbage dust, which meets on the roads compound of manure,
and a good portion of lino straw, all well mixed, you shake strongly and incorporated

 
  

so that it looks the same thing or small dust. From which manure gender must fill the
ditch made for this effect to the vines, spraying in the same way over the water on its
foots after irrigated, for the new force that connects to that land, very useful for the
vines; which dust is also given to new and plants shortly.

II

How and when must sow the seeds of the grapes and raisins.

Demetrio cited in the Nabathea Agriculture says that take among the fat raisins
the ones that you suspect to have three or four thick seeds, that must bury all of them in
little holes from middle October to middle November, and if you are afraid of the cold
to damage them, cover it with mats fixing it at the grating side. According Adan and
Enoch, must sow them from middle to last days of March or first days of spring, and
this in all the regions from east to west; to which effect must take from the raisins, and
(according the first) also infused in oil seven days; after which you put in each hole
from seven to twelve seeds, that are cover with soil like every other seed, spraying
enough quantity of water; and irrigating again at the four days, keeping irrigating in the
same way; with which it is used to throw in the holes any milled or crushed barley. It is
also said that if the raisins were to dry they are infused and put to boil in hot water and
earth. Every kind of vine it is sow, according Masio, in the thirty day that run from the
first to last day of November for being this the time to sow and plant, especially the
first, which must be anticipated some days to the second.

If the raisins from a long time (says Susado), such as the passing of the year, are
open till uncover the seeds, they are speedily born; to which effect putted in capable
vessels and a clean place, spray with water sometimes in the lapse of twenty hours, or
with the same hot (which is best), or are taken in this one hour to fleshing all the seed at
the same time, which in this disposition are sow every five or so on each hole,
fertilizing it at the two or three years with the manure gender that was pointed above,
then are transplanted in its timely.

 
  

About the trees and plants that are usually sow among the vine, Sagrit cited in
the nabathea Agriculture that you can sow cucumbers, pumpkins and purslane, all of
which claim to be very helpful. Other affirm that the best you can sow among them is
broad beans, peas and beans; and also the greens, coriander, and small seeded
vegetables among them communicate them known advantage.

Kutsami says that at the second year sow among the vine in the wet ground,
plant that do not grow a lot nor big roots that oppress in the center of the earth, and that
his very shady hinder them sunbathing and ventilated. That at the first year plant
absolutely nothing among them, also caring that not planting any cabbage in the vicinity
by special virtue to damage them or chickpeas for what salty they are, or turnips or
radishes for that attract a lot of juice of the earth. That neither figs among the vines
(unless by cold ground) are planted, or olive trees and pomegranates; whose last trees,
according to some, refuse to approach them; while others say it does not follow from
any harm, having among the vines and trees space from twelve to fifteen feet. That
about the armed over the trees vine, being the space of them more as twenty feet up,
may well be planted between them every two years all these things, except cabbage (or
kale), radishes, turnips and chickpeas; but the first year should not sow anything. Then
we bring other doctrines with which it runs perfectly illustrate this matter.

By making the site among the various species of land that befits each vine,
comprises another authors books, that the vine prevail in smooth land, and more
advantageously in the one that being white tends to dark or some reddish, and further
humid; and also in white juicy and oiled.

Are Kastos and others maxims, that suit for the black and reddish grape the dry
land well manured; that the thin is for the yellow and green; the very small and tender
grape is planted in plains; and the hard one in juicy land: that the vines also prevail in
warm wet land mixed with thin sand and close to rivers and meadows (or valleys): that
in the thick land more vicious breed than fruitful, and finally, do not be planted in the
land of bitter taste for not prevail in it in any way, either in salty or odor.

 
  

III

How and what day and time of the lunar month in which season should made the
planting of the vines.

Put the vine of his most fruitful branches because of stubborn, or reverse to
transplant it then when have grown roots in the same way of the other bearded. It is also
planted from stakes of fructifies branches, of bunch and of little bones of the fruit,
executing this kind of plantations in different times, and always from the beginning to
the middle or the twenty four day of the lunar month, as said above trying such matters;
although Kastos say that as the plantation as the regime (or works) must be done in the
second middle of the same month. About the seasons, it is said that the vine plantations,
especially in sandy and brackish land, must be done in October by harvest time. The
opinion of the Copts is to be done in February and March (according to others) in this
month and in April in the plains areas.

ARTICLE XLVI

How the vines are planted in Seville and nearby.

Such are the maxims in this note. Take the branches, the stakes and little bones
to the plantation of the more fruitful and better shape vine, and from seven to ten years;
and with regard to the first, they are taken from towards the middle and not the superior
or inferior part of the vine, which they have yielded best bunches, and at the same time
are fairly thick, juicy, heavy, thick knots and strong; from which if are long, plant only
the half. Kastos says that you should not make two stakes from the same branch, but
throughout the entire plant, or just the half. Noting what vines that are bearable and
prodigious output, and attended the abundance and quality of the fruit, the branches of
elegantly appearance are chosen, and marked with ocher are cut later arrival the need

 
  

for planting: this operation must be executed immediately after cut, and if is not, keep
them entirely buried (just the cut extremes) in moderately juicy ground to planting it;
but that had not left in the same, or water until get to sprout, because it do not sprout
planted in that provision.

How the branches for transplantation are planted.

Plant it near one from the other in squares (or campus), beside ditches and
vessels, and in drylands; and after two years or more are transplanted in the way
mentioned above. But if they have to stay on the site of its plantation to fructify, there
will be done this in two ways, in holes or stake, called auger; with which is good to
execute this plantation in the ground flat and soft, dust-like sandy and islet, and near
rivers and similar places. The auger with it is planted is with this way.

Make a stake of dry oak wood and other similar, of five spans long and thinner
than the arm, in which superior part a short stick crosses to have that figure and with it
are made at sites where desires to plant the vines, drills that after full and well-drained
water is reintroduced the same, leaning upon her to hide all entirely; which extracted,
gets the branch in its place after straightening and clean of bouquets (that hath) with
sharp tool without touch its knots.

Fill of earth with the same stakes everywhere until let the drill set to snapping
after (or squeezing) around the surface of the earth with the back foot. Others say that
with this throw on the drill some dry sand, or thin dry dust and water above, to fill the
gaps that leave the stake; and leave it like that, throw again more dust, equally to
obstruct those same gaps. After ten days you give to that land a deep dig, which work is
good to reaches the end (or depths) of the branches (while the middle ground is best)
collecting well the land then, which ditch (although less deep) they are repeated several
times, that is, one in each of the winter months, if possible; because with this they come
to be rights linens (or rows) of vines: whose spaces and distances we will treat later.

 
  

II

Planting of vines in holes.

It is said, that planting in this way is better than with stakes, and that that must
be the gender of plantation in every kind of land, especially in the strong, wild grass and
the like. To which effect sepulchral pits contained are made, in right lines, of the long
and space that must distant among the vines (whose direction some want to be from east
to west), and three spans and a half deep. The distance between the planted branches,
thus in holes as in borehole, must be seven spans in the middle quality land; and till ten
(that is the most) in the very remarkable and juicy ground. Plant two branches in each
hole, so that the exit end of one side and the other on the opposite (each in their
respective line) without get together at the bottom of the hole so it does not become
narrow (or compress) his roots, lying each one right there, if was long; or a part, if
short: its top rising right along the side of the hole, will be out of the surface of the earth
(cut the weakness of the bolt or tip) one or two offshoots, and they tighten the earth with
the foot, as said above.

It is said that in the hard land is good to cover the branch with manure after
trodden and tighten from its lower end to the middle. Regardless if the branch is along
and had together the offshoots, being the purpose to leave buried eight or ten. The soil
of the hole for the plantation must be in the perfect temperament of not being to
moisture or to dry; and that this operation should not be done in windy days. That if the
planting is did on mountain or hill, choose for this effect the thick branches, and the
holes where will be planted have six spans deep, so the roots do not go bare if the land
go away; watching the same in each plant gender that is down in these two places,
especially the drylands, so that summer dryness and land not overtake its roots, as said
above. That the holes of the branches that are going to transplant after breed have less
deep than the said to have the holes for its plantation. That the branches of wild grass
vine or highland planted in moist soil very well prevail. That the stakes be of the
advantageous branches of the cited qualities, and the side of the cut or to that part of or
the middle, and that each one have three or four knots.

 
  

That the ones planted by September in big vessels new clay with surface soil,
have one or two offshoots, and irrigating them continuously without the land goes dry,
transplant them after year cover in its own earth to the camps, the same when they will
set themselves on tablets and irrigation, for being such a good practice.

III

The way of sow the grape seeds

Take the seasoned and best grape seeds after squeezed, and washed with water,
then keep them dry into new earthen vessels until the time of planting; and also take the
raisins in the manner expressed above. The time to sow them is in September when the
grape just mature; so as coming to birth in March, his wood being found hardened when
the cold comes, this will not cause any harm; which sow is done in new earthen vessels
large as of wheat and barley watching in attendance the above scheme up until they
reach, as some would, to made plants. Also planted in boxes or orchards in the same
manner, having regard to said above until the time of its transplantation, which already
said what way must be executed. Who want them to fructifies quickly graft its quills to
the second year of planting parras in armed or in vines and fruiting; executing the same
with the born of the stakes; with which operation it is achieved that effect.

At the beginning of this book was described the inverse planting, whose
seedlings (or bearded) and its stakes and little bones are transplanted from September to
march in proportionate holes to each one. The transplanted vines become in less time
the betters, and more fruitful than which are not; and they say the same thing happens to
most of the trees. The vines that may have been weakened, so sprout again with force,
have to sink in the same place and lie down, or planted in reverse its branches in any
empty sites as were said; which operation must be executed soon after landfall the
ground with the rains through November in the highland or drylands, and by January
(according Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél) in the irrigations: all which having been
explained above there is no need here to repeat. Plant also the largest vine with all or
most of their branches and all its roots in the hole quite capable and proportionate to its

 
  

size for it to be extended by spacious (or unemployed) sites of the vineyard; where is
buried entirely leaving out the branches in the sites provided and executing this early in
early autumn; whose vine is very good to water continuous (and the same transplanting
covered with their own land if possible) about what does not prevail with much
advantage unless irrigated.

The grape vine is softer and more beautiful than the vine, and that more fruitful
than this; always outstripping the transplanted vine to which it is not, although it has
planted first. The dryland parra it is planted at early November in hole sepulchral figure,
corresponding to its size, and four spans deep; in which plucked before sprouting (or
root) too, and cut its roots, which puts strong leaving one finds the right branch with a
stick; and if it be young together take part of the bark. Which part with the branch that is
on top tends and lying along the hole in the manner stated above should executed this
plantation.

The outstanding branch must put lying all of it in the hole leaving out only the
rod; which, if any broken will remain on the surface inch of your body (or nark) to
sprout there, after two years make a dig around it so deep it reaches its roots without
injury, and is clear of the grass and bushes that hath filling her then ditch earth, and
squeezing the with the foot; with whose regime fructifies the second year after planting,
always taking advantage of the irrigation. Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél says that you can
plant this last any time you want: that in the good quality land it arm at the thirty foots
high, and the same in the yards of narrow enclosure and warm atmosphere; and in the
small field, in the cold and windy not be armed at this point, but at six feet, as some say:
that in the good land must distant between each one fifteen cubits, and ten in the one of
inferior quality: that the parra without being separate from its root (or foot) plant it lying
it furrow, leaving its end and its branches in places which have a need out: and on how
to prune, is opinion was left alone three shoots; to the four years, two spinning wheels
(or forks) with four shoots each; and to the six, four) forks to each vine. Pruning of the
vines was then treated by Allah in chapter of pruned (or clearing).

 
  

ARTICLE XLVII

The plantation of sugar cane, also called sweet cane.

Accordong the Ibn-Hajáj book, plant from its roots to the twenty of March. As to
what else is on purpose to it (as common opinion of Farmers Spain) the low land east
having the water nearby. Plant its roots, and from itrself, having prepared before the
very juicy ground with three different cellars, or ten bars (as they want others), fertilized
with a lot of subtle and rotten manure (or cow dung, as others say) and spread on tables
(or orchards) twelve cubits long an five wide each one. If the planting is come of its
roots, says Haj Granadino that plucked and made the corresponding holes in those
tables, them to cubit and a half away from each other are planted, and covered with
earth and manure thickness of three fingers were then irrigated every fourth day and
sprouted at the one span height then dig very good, and sprouted at the height of dig a
foot is fine, and fertilize with plenty of copy sheep manure, and continue irrigating once
every eight days until early October from which month onwards are not re-to water,
compared to that otherwise would go reeds less sweetness.

For planting where this is done of the same they have to choose the most knotty
and thick, since The first are more sprouted, and the second more juicy. These freshly
cut reeds, or shortly thereafter, are buried in the earth entirely, leaving them there until
early March, where taken then cut into pieces two feet long, and three knots according
to some, or six (according others), each one; which peeled by hand, not with tools, are
planted in the eras mentioned, burying of them four knots at the distance of a cubit each
one, and then spraying some cow dung; which is executed in autumn by September or
October, or by December (as some say) continuous watering them until they are born.

The Haj Granadino maximums and others, that opening a square hole in the
shape of a lute, in each four lines are laid, and cover the land the thickness of four
fingers, doing the same with others until complete the planting in places this planting is
done in places facing east and solariums for the month of March, or in February (as
others say); and irrigate them with sweet water every eight days one time: and they are

 
  

cleaned very well in May repeating to the same operation eight days: thereafter that are
irrigated when they have become noticeable brown of green they were; and cleaned in
August, pulling that any weak or stunted to thicken the robust. Otherwise is also
executed the plantation, and whoever wants to can use, to wit, setting right the pieces,
and cutting these by January every year; whose existence (or duration) is three,
according to Abu-el-Jair. Háj quoted says that after cutting the canes are a good work to
its roots and fertilize with manure of sheep, cattle or this walk through the lands of the
cane to the same effect achieved, that soon the earth cave manure and irrigate well in
November to let water reservoir, and it does not omit to keep the same scheme every
year so in this as in manure and dig, compared to the great utility which continues to
execute so.

On how to make them sugar, says Abu-el-Jair, in the reeds reaching the end of
its competent seasoning, in that period of January are cut into small pieces, and that
these well-trodden (or shredded) in wineries or wring similar sites in the mill; its juice
to boil fire clean boiler, and left until be clarified, then cook until it returns to the fourth
part; that he filled containers (vessels or forms) particularly made of clay (or conical)
figure is put to curdle in the shade, and to put it to aerate the sugar up out of there: and
that the reeds residue after squeezed be kept for the horses to be very tasty grass for
them; with which fattening.

ARTICLE XLVIII

The plantation of the mussa

This plant, say Abu-el-Jair, has the extremely large leaves, rounded edges, and
some thin, and each leaf can have twelve spans long and wide. According the Nabathea
Agriculture, it suits land between the dark, tasteless and mushy, and requires a lengthy
and frequent cultivation. It damaging winds especially the west and north, and take
advantage of the noon and lift. Plant a kind of onion that is formed from its roots, and
also comes making the same seasoned and ground fruit with banana roots by way of

 
  

ball; which buried to this effect on the ground must be irrigated continuously. Another
way is there to make it born, that then we will try to please Allah. According to other
books of Spanish farmers, this tree does not prevail in cold regions, it suit hot (or warm)
It grows well in low, juicy and sunny shores of some land. Háj and others say, that
planting is made of that kind of onion you have, and also the stem, like banana sheds his
foot. Are Abu-el-Jair maximums, of the same Háj and others authors, that prepared the
land of cited quality with good work, to be made the plantation near walls that look to
the East, in which it fertilized and moistened with water it is planted that booted with its
roots in the month of March in holes two or three feet at a distance of six cubits from
each other; taking care at tender that are not tighten excessively by covering them with
soil and manure: which is then washed, thereafter they will execute in the same day
once every quarter to end March, and from this time every week.  That more manure and
irrigation have covered at night in the winter to protect them from the cold, snow, and
calamities of that season, leaving uncovered to the sun by day; and that just as onion
planting its roots, that its renewal (or stalk) becomes.    

Others say that this tree is planted on juicy land, and irrigate it a lot to have the
height of ten spans, that is both rising, according to the Háj and others; (the ones affirm)
fructifies two years discovered in their cup a cluster typically weighing commonly fifty
rétolos (or pounds) to a fourth part or a little less of this weight; which cut still hard (or
unseasoned) mature little by little hanging in the rooms. They add that this tree
reproduces a lot; because although the point is dry, then the fruit is cut, another happens
again: that do not plant it in reverse, plant that does not reverse, and that requires a lot
of water, so that not only it is missing or wipe moisture. Others say, born in taro (or
banana whose root is round way to turnip) expressed by the operation, and out of this,
as ingesting it; of which will be discussed later, by Allah.

 
  

ARTICLE XLIX

The plantation of the cane called arrows and other species.

It is said that cane arrows is the same as the shutter, and it is suitable for wet and
sandy terrain near the rivers, whose prodigious margins prevail, and so did the canals
and juicy low places.   But to write cane** suits dry and hard land for at thin that it is
breeding more than in another.

*This kind of Cane is solid, according to Dioscorides, who distinguishes Nastos name.
**Arab instead of pen used in this kind of cane to write his books,whose own name
among the naturalists is calamus, or cane fistula. See, among others, Laguna cap. 94 of
lib. 1 of Dioscorides, who describes this kind of cane, saying it is very fleshy, all full of
knots, and own to write.

Necessary canes for thatching houses and other uses are therefore very useful;
which do not prevail in the very cold regions, as well as sugarcane, they planted
themselves and their roots; which are pulled to this effect in January and February
without defer for later; before which is tilled very well the ground, which formed a
fathom lines distant from one another, and in them the distance to hole two feet, They
are planted in the same roots and soil cover thickness of three fingers, then giving them
irrigation of its planting. Which say that it try to do so and on cloudy days of autumn,
and fertilize with manure of cattle and cow dung, they are sometimes watered until they
reach birth.

Abu-el-Jair says that every fourth day until they sprout, and then every eight to
end of summer; that taking care to clean (or cut) the cane are cut in early autumn
without letting them after October in some way for at harmful that this delay would be
in the following year; nor be left to cut anything off the ground by the damages that this
will cause it. They also planted green cane; which purpose taking thicker pieces and
making two knots each get laid in lines (or rows) observing the regime set up; for thus
rooted and beautifully reproduced (or with much vigor). If you want, add the same
author, without left an idle ground the cane field after cutting the canes, fire boot his
stubble by October with straw or dry shrubs that throw at it, if there are none there with
which to execute; without after digging the earth, planted in her green barley and beans;
which reaped, dig later without fertilize it in any way. You should not plant the canes

 
  

where they smoked, compared to insects that engendering in them, would dry up as a
result.

ARTICLE L

The plantation of the dardar (or ash)

Abu-el-Jair says that are three their species, one fruitless, another to check the
thickness fruit, and one that often occurs, some doctors call language of birds, which
use for effective medicines. Some say that this last tree is just like Ash, and his leaf
resembles the almond.   According to Abu-Abdallah Ibn-elFasél, Haj Abu-el-Jair and
other farmers in Spain, is to aim for it to be moist soil such as by water, or by being
valley between mountains and plain: prevailing on the margins of rivers and streams to
water or near it.

May plant stake planted first reverse branch and plucked later with its roots; and
seedling in the jungle garden with its roots covered with soil are also transferred. Also
you put its grain (or fruit), sowing in pots for January and February; which seedling and
put reverse branch moved in the same provision, they are planted in the expressed
quality land or similar, in corresponding holes, and at spacious distances because of
their pomposity. The stake planted in the eras (or pictures) or beside the canals is
transposed at timely, careful to do this in autumn by the nutritional juice then and then
supply it rains; The stake planted in the eras (or pictures) or beside the canals is
transposed at timely, careful to do this in autumn by the nutritional juice then and then
supply it rains; It is a tree that prevails only with plenty of water for being spring, and
claim to be the same as the black elm and the more corpulent of all.

 
  

ARTICLE LI

The planting of Safira, which is the banana.

According to Abu-el-Jair, we are of many species and breeding near water, the
blade is like the mulberry Lawn with the difference to be somewhat smaller. There are
infertile and fruitful, whose fruit is inedible for being all poison. The Safira dyers that
help us is bring from out. Banana, according to Nabathca Agriculture is wild tree as
hardwood it is hardly amenable to the ax. It takes a lot of height in the winter, and the
fruit not edible or useful. Suffers the water, although not necessary irrigation; and its
wood is strange quality. The incense of the leaves and green branches flee beetles and
bats, and his scent is deadly to all worm especially those who grow in the gardens
between the vegetables, and you are just about most of the vermin.

According to other Spain Farmers books, According to other books Farmers

Spain, at banana suits the ground beneath, the edges of rivers and places where running
water. Also it planted in places where they can conduct the same towards the fences. Put
of seed and seedling; which moves from campus sites to silty rivers. Put then in vessels
and tables for February; which seedling is transpose in the corresponding hole in March
which it transposes seedling corresponding hole in March, and at the distance of fifteen
feet or more each other by the pomposity that has this tree. It is suit so much water; and
not plant stake not reverse branch. No active or passive admits of any tree grafting. Its
seedling brought from the edges of rivers or other places where by October there is
robbed of all or most of the leaf; and the same is done, according to Abu-el-Jair, the
elm, and the like wild oleander trees.

 
  

ARTICLE LII

The planting of oleander.

Abu-el Jair says that this plant is deadly to man, and to most of the beasts, to
which kill the extent that eat; and washing her hair and body with a decoction of the
leaves, nits, lice and the like they are killed. Oleander, says the Nabatean Agriculture,
called for antiphrasis bush blessing, contains certain death for the dog poisonousness,
the mule and the donkey, and does not bear fruit that can be made useful application in
medicine. It has embodied flower (which is the most poisonous and deadly part to such
animals so that they reach the stomach), and has no need of a lot culture not tedious
work.   If you want it grow lush and improve temperament, infused at the foot water
mixed with any kind of urine. They say it's very unfortunate tree; and someone else who
has the white flower and wood ashen, is sterile.

ARTICLE LIII

The planting báchemo, white and dark báchemo, and sifsáf (i.e., sause)

Abu-el-Jair says that the sifsáf or jiláf is the one called salix by latin. About the
jiláf species, say Ibn-el-Jazár that the gárab is called salix in exotic language, and its of
so many species. Of which one has the highest sheet than the almond, white inside, and
a green-light outside; and another that is between blonde and yellow. Willow wood is
porous and flexible, and has consistency so its branches are tied not arming the vines.
The jilaf has rough flower, according to the Nabathea Agriculture, and its leaf is as the
olive tree; though wider and higher. No fruit; but it is useful for use that is made of
wood. According to other books, to the sauce and to every kind of báchemo suits the
low ground, the wet, the pier, sandstone, juicy and where waters run: for which reason it

 
  

is planted into the canals and near the wells and ponds. Put on duty and branch,
choosing to this end the new, smooth and very sprout, and discarding the rotten, the
gnarled, and lacking any good quality. And the same is to be understood with regard to
poplar plantation; which (according to Nabathea Agriculture) like the strong, sweet
land. According to other works, the best time to plant trees in these two regions little
cold is from early February to late March; whose plants are put into the canals (which
are watered every three days) close to each other so that this regime will grow in height.

Its entire branch planting is made of hole as the vine, putting it and fixing it in
the hole that was made, driving this whole operation, according to the above up with.
The dark and pompous willow, which does not bear fruit for being male, and for the
female (that is the abab) agree mentioned sites; and both he and the white are put on
duty, stake, torn branch, bearded, and reverse branch torn with all its roots, and either
planted in autumn when they are stripped of its leaf, or in January to another view,
planting them near each other, or at six cubits away from each other, so that their trees
grow in height; in which executing everything mentioned above, are armed (or hang)
the vines. The dark sauce is sort of white, and is the only tree that is cut for what that it
is harmful to his body (or trunk). Poplar wood of much use in woodworking is done,
and almost as much of the black and white willow.

ARTICLE LIV

The planting of the bush and wild rose to defend the vineyards and gardens, or
to graft roses in these bushes.

The bush is known plant. The wild rose, and the doggy, known among the
medics as nisrin it is (according to Abu-Hanifa) similar to common rose, and something
like the bush in her figure. Its resemblance to the pheniz fruit (wild barley joyo or mice),
called Dalik, is russet and also resembles the fresh phenico-balano (or by maturity date)
While it is pointed, and contains in its center as a species of wool; and its flower is a
white Rose.

 
  

According to Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel, Abu-el-Jair and others, either bush

prevails well in similar to places where land breed naturally. Transplat from its
respective places, as well as branch and seed; which purpose taken the fruit of that
wishes after mature, squeezed and washed with water, and planted seed containing after
drying in dry land by October (when the rains can irrigate) in small grooves as those
made in the hedges (or fences), and covered with a little sand or earth, giving it
continuous irrigation to rain. They also say it can be planted in January. Similarly
seasoned seed and pasting to a rough string (or rope) is sown and burying this lying on
the ground where the ground response above is continuously watered until it is born.

The transplantation of these bushes running on a whole as above cited. If the

roses are born light or away from each other, some of its branches towards the empty by
the investment operation takbis tend sites; which is good execute in autumn by the juice
then communicate them rains that day and the following.

ARTICLE LV

The planting of hawthorn

This tree is breeding in mountains and between rocks and stones, and bears the
very red and yellow fruit; whose grain contains a tender paired bones in pairs. Needs to
be relieved (or wipe) every year (and even the entire tree usually do this operation)
taking away the leaves with figure of a tool, smooth, sharp and cutting, which if it
stopped within the branches some rust would spoil withering. This tree suits not in any
way any kind of manure. One of the diseases that often befall is brought to an all or part
of its very yellow, wilted leaves, and also to discard the fruit; whose vices are corrected
(if lawn) with digging around and fill the earth ditch from another mountain or hard
ground with a mixture of gravel or sand.

But if it were transplanted into the garden of mount or place where he grew up, it
will put around land of the same place, about which with it repaired; or if raised in the

 
  

garden as seed and transplanted into another similar, or from one place to another
thereof, any weak, your remedy will be strengthening it with sprays of hot water and
blood, and strengthen land where was sown and transplanted; which it is necessary to
repeat it several times, digging around and filling the ditch and removing the soil to pile
it up well to the trunk with the land on which it was first, passing ten days of operation
to another.

ARTICLE LVI

The planting of the rhamno (or cambron) to surround the vineyards and gardens

There are many species of this shrub. One has white flower, another incarnate,
and a fruit whose use in cooked stews made; which usually occurs when very old bean a
lively incarnate, the size of chickpeas, and very pleasing to the palate taste. In this third
species of hawthorn called Arab Mosag (or hawthorn Majuelas) that already was treated
above. Planting and regime on that shrub is as expressed before the bush.

 
  

Chapter VIII

About the graft of some trees in others,

reciprocally analogs in many useful qualities
and way of execute on them this operation,
according their particular differences.

Says Ibn-Hajáj in his book of agriculture named el Suficiente, that the graft that
Demócrito calls fixation, Kastos adding (or association), Junio incision, and Marsial
imposition, is of three genre. That the first called by Junio graft of bore, is the used in
vides, as we will explain in this chapter with the doctrine of that author. The other of
fixation is done between the cortex and wood, when the first is very thick and flowing
juiciness in each other, is the one executed to us in the olive; and the third is a piece of
cortex ripped with the bud before sprout and planted in the debarked part of another
branch, is the one used with the fig tree. That specie more common and very used on
other trees, and is executed on this way. Take the tree to where is intended to do the
graft, and from the exterior branches exposed to the sun by the noon part or east that
were fruitful last year, make some pieces of a span or more length each one, which by
the down side are evened with a knife like half span or four fingers, not displacing it but
sharpening it, ad leaving one of the sides with the whole cortex, of wood that comes to
leave each piece, as a kind of knife, with cortex by the side where must go the handle;
executing this, are placed this feathers (or spines) in water so the air won’t harm them,
and going after the tree where are supposed to be fixed, if was new and with smooth
trunk, is cut with a saw over the feet, and in the left piece on the truck is done with a big
knife and stone a cleave, in which placing a pointed tool, that keeps it open, is
introduced in the same way the spine to the cortex part, in a way that their own falls
very firm and adjusted over of the cleaved wood, and after is placed another in the

 
  

opposite side. Removed the tool that was in the middle of the wood, is a adjusted this
firmly with the spines with a rope of some palm leaves (or another string), and kneaded
with some viscous and white mud with a high amount of straw, is smeared in the place
of the cut and the entrances of the spines in the wood, after placed the cortex of the
branches of the tree by (the holes of) the cleave and where the spines get in, smear it all
in a way that only stays uncovered the part of the spines that is not in it, so this way the
water won´t get in and rot them, attach finally over the mud some line rags that were
well glued. Which kind of graft is not suitable to execute but when the slime begins to
flow by the wood; which been something viscous makes the spines join and weld with
it; what finish doing the job, when the slime that feeds from them becomes more
abundant. Further is maximum of Junio, that the right time to do the graft are the early
spring by not having a lot of humor the ripped branches then, or been this subtle or thin,
but dense and viscous; and also are adequate for this effects the cold times, the graft
between cortex and wood (is tone in this way).

Debark the tree, and taking a dry stick is shaped as a feather, and introduced in
one and another with a lot of care of not cleaving the cortex; which operation should not
be executed until the flow of slime by the wood, in attention to how easy the cortex is
separated from it (in that moment); been constant that the juice nutritious, dense and
thick difficult the separation, and is a cause of the cleaving of cortex. After which
removed that stick, in the same place are introduced the spines accommodating their
cortex and wood with the wood (of the tree), and attach strongly with a string of palm
smearing the place in the way described earlier; which spines for this genre of graft
must be cut and isolated as the feathers to write. The graft in the cortex of the fig tree or
other tree is done in this way. Cut with a knife the bud with courted that surrounds it
before open (or sprout), and taken all without injuries in a shape of a small tube with the
size of the thumb, is introduced in the branch debarked of the other tree, that to this
effect should have been cut that year by the winter, and sprouted new, flexible and juicy
branches;(been careful) that the stick to grafted not been thinner than the spine, because
if it was, wont sprout or even join well.

When introducing this in the branch is very useful spread around a lot of milk of
the tree, so this gets glued to the wood and the air don’t gets in. which graft if was
executed in another tree than the fig tree, beside milk use hard and viscous mud to keep
it from air, as we said before. Out of this, is convenient to have it covered from the suns,

 
  

make him a shaded area with the leaves of the tree, placing them by a side of the branch
in were was done the graft; and that is the way as you must drive through this operation.
Also taking understood, that the graft executed in a new branch and smooth cortex,
spouts and joints more quickly that the one done in a old brand. For which reason many
are those who say that it must be done in this and not the trunk, and also because doing
it in many of them even if some spoil, not all are loose; but this still will happened by
mistake or excess. The graft by fixation that is done in the vines is one of those that
prevails the most; which is done in the branches of the vide in this way. Take one strong
of the middle and making a long hole, then is taken another of a good specie, which
isolated equally for both sides, is fixed to the cleave in the first after cutting the thin
part, and covering with the cortex of this for both sides and attach in a way that both of
them become one branch. Bury in this way n the dig before hole, feeding by the other
branch in which it was graft, roots the same and become stronger that the others; which
after two years,(becoming virtuous enough to) extracted from the juice of that soil, the
vide is cut; executing it in all branch, that was grafted. After Ibn-Hajáj pleads the
maximums that he have found of some wise ancient agriculturist about the grafting, so
who read this book can deepen more (in the doctrine).

In the trees, says Junio, which cortex was thick and juicy, and the slime were
attracted from the soil, is convenient to do the graft in between the cortex and the wood
of the tree, placing there (first) a stake of hard wood, and taking it out lather to place it
again; which is done with care and slowly so the cortex won´t cleave, that is necessary
be very careful: which kind of graft is the one that is most needed in the fig tree, the
cherry-tree and the walnut. Further is maximum of Junio, that in the trees of thin and
dry cortex, the graft must be done in the wood because the juice is in the middle of it,
cleaving it first by the side that holds the bud; which must be done in these two ways,
fast and promptly. The branches that were wanted for the graft are cut with tool, taking
them from the trees of the best specie and very fruitful; which must be flexible, fresh,
elegant, straight, smooth, with thick buds and with one or two shoots been this the fruit
of this branches better than the others, and having they fructified already in the tree
from they were cut; and is very good take them to the side that looks to the east and
noon, and not to west and north; which thickness is not convenient to be bigger than the
little finger, so in this way the cortex of the tree were are going to be graft won´t cleave;
which is executed in the place that was smooth, even, thick and without knots.

 
  

And when we look for the best one to graft, will happened sometimes find this
over the ground level. All the cleaved wood and opened in the trunk with the saw must
be flatten with the butteries, planted there in the moment of grafting; (which if was)
bunch will be convenient to reduce the end, avoiding to touch the cord (or heart), to give
it the shape of a knife; this is, complete and thick by one side, and thin and subtle in the
other, giving the cleave of the trunk where it should be placed the thin side; the one
must fall next to the wood, and the side of the cortex with the cortex, having first a stake
of stele placed on the clave at the moment of place it in the trunk, and take it out
carefully after to place the scratched (or smoothed) part of the spine; which shouldn’t be
on there more than the time enough so it won’t dry or spoil. Is very good to place in the
trunk of single cleave two of the bunches that in it were graft; and if these were too big
and were done on it two, should be careful when grafting them about tighten them too
much and suffocate the smoothed part that will be inside them; which must be not less
of two fingers long, and longer if were possible.

Placed this bunches and secured with strings are smeared with not cracking mud;
for this is not suitable the red clay, because it will burn them if they were smeared with
it; but the white does work, and also the mud that are at the margins of rivers; which is
more convenient for the ligaments quoted before, and even for glue them as much as
wanted. Some follow the opinion of not graft with north wind. If it was too thick the
trunk of the tree, will be better one of his branches to do the graft in them in the way
expressed. Must be know, that all graft done by the end of a tree, by bunch or bud,
makes the trunk thick, but that gets old quickly and sick; opposite to what happened
when is done in other place or in the middle of the trunk, which last longer; and that
must be guarded from bugs attach to them some net at the moment of giving the
branches, because been these thin and tender, the birds don’t break them with their
flapping used to stop to rest on them; and further must be know that the bunches of the
graft must be cut of the tree before they sprout.

According Junio, says Ibn-Hajáj, the graft of the vines brings some kind of
pilgrim that I have not seen before and besides him, nobody ever mentions it. Called
graft by drill, which he said to be exquisite by carry the vine along with his fruit of the
other that will ingest it. Which operation is done in this way. Pierce with a drill the
trunk of the vine under the ground and extending a branch of the one that is beside it, is
introduced without peeling it by that hole, so in this way vegetate, so the part of his old

 
  

feet receiving from him the nutritious juice, as the one of drilled trunk which was
ingested, which joining in a lapse of two years, is convenient in this disposition cut it
and serve it from his old feet, further cut with a saw whatever was outstanding in the
drilled spot, called cuernezuelos: and like this is how they can be introduced branches of
several species in a single vine to give bunches of equal variety.

Treating about the graft of the olives (says de the same author), because not all
these trees are of the same nature, about been some of thin cortex, others of rough, some
grow quickly, and others slowly; those with thick and juicy cortex should be grafted in
their own kind, and those of thin and dry cortex, in the wood by reason of been the
healthier (or better) graft the executed in the body of the tree. Adds, that are different
the times to do this operation on the olive tree; since in the warm places is executed
before than in cold ones, beginning the most (late), according the common custom, in
the vernal equinox until it is born (or uncovered) the constellation aguila, that is by the
five of July. We have already told several times, that the tree must be graft in another
with similar cortex. And here we finish the maximum of the quoted author.

Demócrito says, that the trees with thick and juicy cortex, as the olive and the fig
tree, should be grafted in it, and the trees as the citron and the vine and similar in thin
cortex trees as their own, be cleaved in the middle of the trunk, and there done the
operation smearing the graft with white mud, and not with red, by reason that it burns
the branches.

Kastos brings (for this propose) some proverbs, and (are reduced to) the
branches of the graft (of any tree or plant that were) livable and with the meatiest and
delicate fruit: that any bunch for the same effect should be cut with a sharp sickle; and
haves two or three shoots and the thickness of an little finger: that must be scrape two
fingers without touching the cord; and the mud that should be smeared should be white
and not red because of this last one will burn it.

Who wanted, says Sidagós, have a pilgrim eatable fruit before time, take his
seed and plant it on good quality and manure soil, irrigate it continuously until it born
strong and fixed, the haulm must have the thickness of the little finger, and going to a
tree of the same kind cut it, and do a cleave, fit that bunch on it; and like that it will give
the fruit earlier that if it was placed on his own feet; what doesn’t stop being a strange
and pilgrim thing.

 
  

ARTICLE I

In this article, says Ibn-Hajáj, is about the graft about some trees on others
according the maximums that bring on their books the agriculturist, quoting the author
for each, and claiming them according what is on is work. Sometimes we repeat some to
show the concordance of the authors over these things. In this way, befall to quote many
times in this book some maximums of Junio, in which Kastos or others agree. But this
mention and repeat of the authorities that here were mentioned here translated (or
extracted) of each other, will be in favor and grace of the reader, which will confirm
himself seen the authors of the doctrines agree on the topics that will be exposed
solidly, supported and confirmed.

Agree the agriculturist (continues the same Ibn-Hajáj) that is very profitable the
grain grafted in their own specie, which I by myself have seen also: but many of ours
naturals reprove this practice. The citron, says Junio, is grafted as the vine, in which is
grafted in the mulberry-tree; and the own citron and apple-tree reciprocally, which apple
grows naturally incarnated, and if were graft in the banana. The cherry-tree wants to bee
grafted, and is done in the vine. Is notorious that the peach-tree is a tree that ages
quickly; but if is grafted in the plum-tree and the almond, will last longer, and if it was
on the first will give big fruits. And here finish the maximum of the quoted author.

Demócrito says, that if the citron is grafted in the mulberry-tree it gives the fruit
blonde; also that can be grafted by seed, and the quince receives the graft of all trees.
And here finish his maximum. N other place of his book affirms, that the apple-tree that
was grafted in the pear-tree, quince and pomegranate; the vine in the black plum, and
the yellow plum in the apple-tree and citron.

The fig tree, according Kastos, is joined to the mulberry-tree; and the chestnut,
the hazel, the apple-tree and the pear-tree adapt themselves very well in between them;
which graft is use to be done in the cortex out of the feet, and also can be grafted in the
new seedling of the pear-tree. The trees that requires to be in this last one are the
pomegranate, the quince, the mulberry-tree and the almond; and if the pear-tree himself
was grafted in the mulberry-tree will give a red fruit. The seedling of the apple-tree is
joined to the pear-tree and the quince, and also to the plum-tree in which satiation gives

 
  

an incarnated apple. The peach-tree is joined to the plum-tree, almond, pear-tree, apple-
tree, and quince. The chestnut-tree to the walnut, the Holm oak and the hazel-tree. The
quince to the pear-tree. The apricot with the plum-tree and almond. The very juicy
citron , been of thin skin, use to be join to the apple-tree; and joined to the mulberry-
tree, gives a red fruit;(and finnaly) all this trees can be joined to the quince. The Docto
Sadihames says, that the pomegranate is joined to the citron; and that the sage Karur-
Anthos affirms, that when is joined the branch with the vine of to tree jakásiah, that is
the cherry-tree, the whole vine gives the fruit by spring, and also the olive is joined to
the vine. I have present (adds Ibn-Hajáj) that Sadihames claim be for the fruit trees the
best graft the one executed by seedling of the apple-tree in the citron and in the plum;
which grafted in those two species fructifies twice by year. That the pear-tree does a
good marriage with the apple-tree himself and the quince; the fig tree with the
mulberry-tree; and with this the pomegranate, which sprouts very well on it, that is very
good the graft of the mulberry-tree on the holm tree and the chestnut; and that the
walnut is grafted in his own specie; and is maximum of the same Sadihames, that
prevails the pistachio grafted in the walnut and in the almond. Casiano in his
agriculture book affirms that Karur-Anthos, having seen on some regions olives grafted
on vines and eaten his fruits, I found that in the flavor of the olives and the grape are
perfect seasoned.

Marsial says, that the vine is grafted in his own kind; that the apple-tree the same
and in the pear-tree; the olive on the sylvan olive; the peach-tree on the almond, the
plum-tree and himself; and the citron in the fig tree, sylvan fig tree and the pear-tree.
And here finish his maximums.

Is opinion of Samayos that the walnut is grafted in the fig tree, pear-tree and
plum-tree; the citron in the fig tree and the pear-tree; and the cherry-tree in the plum.
That the citron grafted in the pomegranate gives red fruit. That the pomegranate is graft
on the willow; the peach-tree in the pear-tree; the plum in the apple-tree, the quince,
apricot and pear-tree; the citron and the apple-tree reciprocally; which the first grafted n
the mulberry-tree gives a red fruit; the pomegranate prevails advantageously in the
myrtle and the willow; the pistachio is graft in the elm; and the almond in the pistachio.

Says Anón, that the domestic pear-tree is grafted in the wild and in the
hawthorn, the walnut in the plum, the apple-tree in the pear-tree, the peach-tree in the
almond, the plum, apricot and willow: and here finish his maximums

 
  

I have expressed, says Ibn-Hajáj, the trees that I remember are refereed to can be
graft each other; which admits a nice extension. Perhaps will be say that some of these
trees are far from sprouting and joining in between usually, attended its analogy. But
who opposed to this we answer , that the ignorance that haves on this (topics) comes
from the little experiences that have also formed our nationals, and by the infancy (in
which is still) our century; and in this way ignoring them by this cause , is not reason
enough. What is more improbable to graft than the rosebush and the almond? And
nonetheless it sprouts and blooms by the autumn; which is true as the fact that there are
many close to Sevilla and other provinces of Spain. What is the proportion on these
trees? (I ask) also the branches of the vines grafted in broom sprouts and cast a bitter
grape, and further the fig tree grafted in the oleander gives bitter figs. Ibn-Arnán told
me, that having him grafted the olive to the apple-tree it sprout and prevails with
freshness, and also grow even more. Also the Alfaquí Ali-Ibn-Chenháb told me have
seen grow very well the graft of pear-tree in pomegranate. Which all been (as it is)
weird, and pilgrim, why must be denied (or doubt) some of the things that with luxury
of details were left by the wise men written on their books? Been this the principal
reasons for those who deny some of the things mentioned up.

The author of the Nabathea agriculture says, that the graft of any plant is
convenient to be executed in which were more close and similar in qualities. So, when
you graft a tree in another, do it in those who is similar in specie, shape, fruit,
corpulence, in effect to them react reciprocally; which when happens, they prosper and
vegetate by the similarities and reciprocal union. The ancients pretend with the graft
give some of this trees the nature of others, give them a mutual equivalence, and vile in
their condition or fruit, make them useful and appreciable; the same in the operations
ordered to their improvement.

Is said in the Nabathea agriculture, that if chopped a thick branch of the sebestén
(or rowan) is grafted in the olive, this gives the olives of big size, white, round, and
graceful to the sight and that gives a very white and sweet oil. That if the apple-tree was
grafted in a pomegranate, his fruit acquires the size and the same sweet flavor of the
pomegranate: and that if the pear tree is grafted with the citron, takes the pear the smell
and color of the fruits of citron, without on this two qualities can be distinguishes one
from another; that if the hackberry-tree were graft in a sweet apple-tree, gives an
hackberry with the size and sweetness of the apple (which is not common in all graft of

 
  

tree by seed); that if the pear-tree where grafted in a mulberry-tree, the fruit that
produces is soft and sweet, with an admirable taste, and more early than all others pear-
trees; for which is necessary a condition that will be treated later in another chapter.
Trying the author of the Nabathea agriculture about the time of grafting it say, that is the
heat is strong in May, the slimes get very thick in the trees and the vines, and their
bunches don’t get along; in this condition is not good do by that time any graft. Others
agriculturist of Spain treating the topic, explain more and illustrate what was said before
saying, that the graft accelerates the fructification or about his utility more than the
seedling, and that comes to be some planting of branch in the trunk of another
corresponding tree; which shouldn’t have a dense slime so the branch comes out from it
with gallantry, and fructifies as if it was in his own tree; which advantage consist that
giving earlier the fruit it overtakes his utility, or in that changes his color in another
more refined, or that comes to be more copious, or switch his taste from bitter to sweet,
or from small to bigger in the same kind.

Another (of the advantages of the graft consist in) been some trees which fruit is
manifested more abundantly in flower (or bud) that when is leaves that weak state as the
pear-tree and similar if is grafted the one that already fructifies on a new tree; this one
will be even more fruitful. The same happens with the apple-tree in which specie the
grafted is more fruitful that the one that isn’t; and further the trees transplanted from the
mounts to orchards. The nawámi (or reproduced branch) of a tree of disadvantageous
quality is precise to graft it for it to be very fruitful. Likewise if is wanted that the plant
born from seed or fruit to fructify early become useful in little time, graft it when had
the thickness of the thumb finger in a fructifying tree of the same species, and the effect
will be reach. Also is grafted a tree in another to difference them; so the rosebush
(grafted) in the almond flowers at the same moment that this tree; what happens in al
graft with his improvement in the nature and taste of his fruit, taking one the nature of
the other, or becoming in it by equivalence.

The grafted more advantageous is the executed in the tree of the same species as
from apple-tree to apple-tree, vine to vine, olive to olive, and domestic to wild tree.
Also is grafted the tree in which was similar and analogous to him in many aspects, or
that concurs with it either on shape (or figure) or corpulence; which receiving it , joins it
very well. Further are similar some trees to others (beside the quoted qualities) on the
size o their leaves, the moment of the sprouting and falling of leaves, and the same

 
  

about the maturation of the fruit, and the convenience of their humor been heavy, light,
or milky in his substance, or having the same smoothness on their fruit, or been this
from seed or nugget, on the hardness or softness of the wood. Those (trees) are
improved with the reciprocal graft as testifies the experience. On the contrary that those
which proprieties have some variations, for example, those that for sight or exterior in
nothing said before were analogous or similar, are mutually contrary, and can’t be
grafted in between, because they don’t sprout; unless that his advantage and sprouting
was experimented before; which warning (as any that) was reduced to a principle that
falls low in the sense of view, must work as directive rule (only), could be maybe in
between them some sociability that the eyes cant discover. Those are the quince, the
apple-tree, and the pear-tree wild and domestic, which each one is well received in other
species even if prevails grafted in his own, which trees are mutually close and similar
one with other in many of their proprieties, be the fruit, the seed that this haves, their
taste, or juiciness, or maybe other qualities; in which even if the differ in something’s,
the experience says that they prevail grafted among them.

By been close in similarities of some of them the azerole, that have his fruit
round (even if with shell), grafted the pear-tree on it sprouts and prevails with
advantage. Further the peach-tree, the ajiás (or plum) bull eye, the apricot, and all trees
that had any specie, prevails with advantage grafted in their own. And this tree trees
having a mutual similitude in many of their proprieties, (as been) of bone, have meat
that covers it sweet and smooth, been gummy and oily (their juices) milky, is constant
that they prevail grafted among themselves; in which is said that grafted also the
almond for some similarity that haves with them in some qualities, prevails very well,
also the fig tree, the wild fig tree, the mulberry-tree, and all the trees of many species
grafted in each other’s prevail, sprouting very well by the mutual similarities in many of
the quoted qualities, and by been milky; which is constant by experience. Also is said.

That the fig tree grafted in oleander prevails and gives bitters figs; without any
other similarity between this trees more than having soft wood, and be a little milky the
slime of the oleander. Some agriculturist procuring to show the convenience, contrariety
and opposition of the trees, bring some sing that place as principle that is frequently
used which never fails (or is true and sure). Is then, that having seen concur (some) trees
in a propriety, they have distributed in four class: I oily, that are all those that inside and
outside of the fruit contains a lot of oil as the olive, laurel, mastic, ash, terebinth, and

 
  

similar; II gummy, those of many gum as the peach-tree, apricot, bulls eye plum,
almond, pistachio and similar: III aqueous, which (genre) is divided on two, which
some say be of light juice, those who lose their leaf in cold times, as the apple, quince,
pear-tree, vine, the pomegranate and similar; and the IV those of heavy juice, as the
olive, laurel, the holm oak, the cypress and similar. Established then the quoted four
class by head (or supreme genre) that call mother of the species, affirming that been
each opposite to the other, any tree contained on one must be grafted on the others;
unless it is by drill, that is the graft called as fixation, or by the other operation known
as blind graft, that will be treat later. But that all the trees comprehended in the supreme
genre are grafts reciprocally (worth to know), the oily in oily and the same respect to the
milky, the gummy, and aqueous about their light or heavy humor.

Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél haves the opinion that all the trees that are close to
another genre prevail also grafted reciprocally, and like this is convenient to graft some
oily in others gummy, which graft prevails more that others; adding, that are more
robust and firm that the graft of the gummy that the aqueous. All the trees then, the
singular on their genre, as those who have mutual similitude’s, prevail along grafted; If
this is executed in the time and air convenient, and have guarded the place of the graft
(so those of specie any common with others (as) those similar along in all or more of
their qualities) with good mud of potters, (except) those that were similar in some things
as the whiteness of the wood; which graft must be placed on vessels full with good
quality soil, or be underground; of all that were treated later Insha Allah; even if is very
good also have the graft of all specie of tree placed and guarded in those vessels.

Of the trees that prevails grafted in each other is the olive on all his species and
in the wild called rambúh; grafting on makes it fructify advantageously and abundantly
every year: (this is why) won´t omit execute this kind of graft. The laurel is in some
proprieties close to the olive, because both are oily and of heavy slime, and blossom,
give the fruit and mature it on the same time; with the difference that having the laurel
the leaf more long and with raised point (or straight). Whose trees say that raft
reciprocally sprouts and prevail. To this are close also the mastic and the ash, which
grain is oily; those are say sprout among them. And the same they say about the
terebinth also close to it in the similarity, but in the fact of losing his leaf and having of
them some quality to dye, Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél says be more convenient graft the
laurel in the olive than the olive in the laurel. Casio assures, that been the olive analog

 
  

to the vine prevails grafted in it; and according other authors, it produce along both
fruits.

According Kastos, if is grafted by drill a stem of them in the feet of the same
over the ground, gives sweet olives as the grapes, if was also the ground sweet: that the
seedling done by vine grafted like this produces the grape with the mixed quality of
both fruits; and also the olive add to the vine moves the flavor of the grape, making it
similar to the taste of oil; finishing, with should support the vine in a stick so it can
carry th fruit of the grafted olive. Those are the maximum (of the quoted authors) about
the olive and the vid, nevertheless if there are not the proportion of similarity on this
trees, because the slime of the olive is heavy and oily, and soft is the slime of the vine;
among them there are some virtue of sociability that is not manifested. Is constant, that
the olive prevails grafted in the apple-tree; and equally it is by experience, that the
pomegranate prevails in his own species, particularly if is grafted after the sprout and
little naked of leaf, further is grafted in the baluster, that is his male and one o his
species; which are very similar in between, but in the lack of fructification, that is the
privation of the last. The myrtle and willow are confused in this way as the pomegranate
and the baluster, but don’t about losing the leaf; which is said they sprout grafted
reciprocally, and the same the pomegranate in the broom, Berber and buckthorn; which
grafted in between they sprout.

The pomegranate (says Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél) prevails very well grafted in

the willow and the same the pear-tree in his species and in the wild (that is the barjún),
in which use to fructify by the year; and also is grafted in the quince and the apple-tree.
Others say, that in the willow, the banana, elm, hackberry, and rowan; and this along
receives it when are grafted; and that also can be grafted in the pomegranate, as is
proved by the experience. The apple-tree is graft, in his species, been as him in some
common proprieties, and also in the tragacanth and quince reciprocally; that is tasted
than the sweet grafted in the bitter becomes bitter. They say, that the apple tree and the
citron grafted among by drill, when their branches are touched in between, prevails
giving along both fruits: that the best fruit trees that can be joined to the apple-tree are
the citron and plum; and if in one of them were grafted the apple-tree it gives fruits
twice at year, so his owner won’t stop eating them by summer or winter.

The graft of the quince in the pear-tree, says Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, sprouts
without knotting differently in the place. Grafted the same in apple-tree, sprouts quickly

 
  

and stronger that if the apple-tree were grafted on him, and receives well any tree of
light slimes that were grafted. The vine is grafted in all their species; and some say that
grafted in the broom by cleave under the ground, as wants Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél,
gives a bitter grape. Others say, that grafted in the olive, and others that in the mulberry-
tree, which graft something was said up. Others affirm, that in the vine is grafted the
sumac, apple-tree, the pea-tree and the quince, and this reciprocally; that the pistachio is
grafted in the almond, the peach-tree in his species and the apricot, and this last one
grafted in fertile ground produces a very good and taste fruit; in that way is also grafted
in the cherry-tree and almond, in which gives the pip sweet as the almond, according the
book of Kastos; and that the same happens with the peach-tree, which graft is done in
January; that the cherry-tree and the black plum are grafted reciprocally the plum in the
apricot; the almond in the same species of plum and in the pistachio; and this last one in
the almond, and the willow as other want. Say that the almond in any way can be
grafted in the pistachio; the fig tree is grafted in all his kind with a good success, in wild
fig tree, and mulberry-tree and this one on it; and that grafted in oleander gives bitters
figs, that the black plum (ajiás) can be graft in all his species and also in the almond;
and the yellow plum in the apple; that the sweet and bitter and sour citron can be graft
reciprocally in the same way that the vine; and in the same citron the fig tree; and
finally the citron sprouts at the shadow of the pomegranate grafted on it; even if the Háj
Granadio found not been this secure by experience.

The fersád, that is the mulberry-tree, sprouts in the fig tree (according to
Abu-el-Jair); but the worm of silk hates his leaf; and also in the wild fig tree (which
trees are grated along); and equally is told that the willow (or poplar), in walnut,
azerole, apricot, cherry-tree and plum. The wild myrtle is grafted on the pomegranate,
him and the laurel reciprocally; and the first in the mastic, this in the laurel, and at
contraire in terebinth, in which is not graft…. . Is said, that the laurel is grafted in the
olive with good rate, in terebinth and mastic; and also there is the opinion that in apple-
tree, even if this is can’t be grafted on it. The rosebush is graft in the wild called nisrín (
that is the white or Chinese), and bramble; and is told, that also in almond, in which the
experience says that spouts before time, further in the baluster and the vine; for which
are formed the spines of the branches harden that are close of the feet bury in the
ground, in which effect is this is dig the more alike for his consistence.

 
  

The jasmine is grafted in arthi, that is the specie of the same but yellow, and
thián, that is the wild of the own genre, or the jaizirán. The oleander is grafted in the fig
tree and the mulberry-tree, and also is said that in the hackberry, ash, and vice versa.
The ash in margosa. The eggplant in the bush of cotton by cleaves under the ground,
and this one in the eggplant. The seed of pumpkin in Scylla (sylvan onion), which is
proved by experience. The seeds of sea cucumber, melon and cucumber in plants of
borage and pumpkin; is told, that the seed of the melon is grafted on the rhamno (or
buckthorn), lily, mulberry-tree, althea and fig tree and that the genus muze, with the
genus colocasia. Later will be told the way to execute all this operations; which you will
do successfully, having present and adding the explications of the book of Ibn-Hajáj and
the Nabathea Agriculture, combine them wwith this maximum particulars or commons
(in which quoted authors discern or agrre).

ARTICLE II

About the time to graft the tres

Says Kastos, that the principal time where is use to do the graft in the most part
of the trees is since mid February until ten or mid March, as other author says; and also
is say, that when the slime of the tree flows in the wood; which is said that beginning to
flow by early January, is suitable at mid February, and flowing slowly by mid March,
and finishing April and May, returns to the feet of the trees by October, November and
December, all proportionally according the trees and the quality of their respective
slime, light or heavy. In total, the time to graft any tree is when the one who gives the
spines for the graft is about to sprout and display the flower, which is called
concupiscence (in his genre); which spines were grafted in the tree of similar
disposition, and is not bad if (by his natural constitution) sprout this before (of showing)
his concupiscence the other from where the spines were taken; and even s very good
about the trees that get naked of leaves. But those who don’t get naked of leaf as the
olive, the laurel, the carob tree and similar be graft mostly since mid March until late
May, o until the twenty four of June, as I have prove and have succeeded with the olive;
the reason of it is, because the heavy slime of those trees flows early in some than

 
  

others; and is know the suitable time to do in them the graft, doing a small cut with a
sharp tool and subtle in the cortex of some of his branches by the four sides; which
ripped off carefully , if would notice on it the wood wet, this shows that the slimes
flows by it, and that it is in good disposition for the graft; and if happened the opposite,
the operation will be differed until it shows great moisture.

Some trees have their times (close to the graft); so it’s say that the fig tree is
grafted by tube and bud since the twenty four of June until mid August, and by cleave to
the feet of the tree under the ground, replenishing this after; or in his branches placing
them on big vessels filled with the same by the months of December, January and
February; that the mulberry-tree be graft on the fig tree since mid February until mid
April; the peach-tree in the apricot since mid January until mid March; the apple-tree in
his own kind since mid April until mid June; and that the almond in the rowan are graft
in January as virtue of fecundate and dress (with leafs) earlier than the most of the trees;
the pomegranate and the baluster in the last ten days of February by spine of old branch;
the pear-tree domestic and wild, which graft say the common people execute the ten
day of February, and chose to do it the first day of the lunar month, and the serene days,
not windy or cold.

ARTICLE III

How must be cut or cleave the trees for the graft, and the time for this operation

The olive must be lop by this (effect) letting it at the height of a men, or a little
more, in that moment must also be done the graft, which is executed immediately after
without delays; which practice shows to be safe by the experience. Some say, that for
this effect, cut it in January, and others on February, and smear the place of the cut with
white tough mud, attach it very tight over with some rags so the rains don’t remove it,
and that after, at the moment of foing the graft be chopped again under the same spot,
like span or more.

Abu-Abdalah Ibn-elFasél and other authors say, that let in the tree the branches
and bunches that could hold in reason of his robustness or weakness, cutting all the

 
  

others that oppress it, with conformity that leaves the fourth part until the half of the
branches; because if in reason of that oppression were left one or two (only), the juice
will flow tightly by it, and this will harm the graft; and by contrary reason, if were
grafted all or most of the branches, the distribution of this juice will cause the weakness
of the graft. For which reason is convenient leave for the same the number of branch
corresponding to his robustness, apart from the others, looking to the first be the most
robust and straight and those weak and twisted; which should be cut by root of his foot
(and all equally without leaving any higher than others) with sharp tool and with
delicateness, so those that were left don’t have any clave, or by this will cause them
perjury.

The vine, the almond the rowan and similar are chop in the same way like mid
span or little more, and until the whole span under the ground, reposing the same after
over the graft; which if wanted to execute in the trunk, cut the formed vine at the height
of a men or more, execute this at the point in that place, placing a vessel in that spot that
were will after with soil. The almond and the rowan are cut by a cubit or little more of
the ground, and done there the graft are reunited there covering this with soil, and been
careful to step on it, remove (or rip) the spines; o well placed the graft in the vessel of
mud, is fill this after with sol of good quality, and same for the graft of the fig tree and
wild fig tree, o were executed in cleave. The apple-tree, the pear-tree, the plum, the
cherry-tree, the pistachio and similar trees, if were going to be graft in the trunk, are lop
close to the ground as a cubit, or more until the height of a men, chopping the branches
of it in the same way as the olive, and will be done that at the moment according their
respective shape; which graft in the trunk and the branches is very good by the guarded
it will be in this conditions, and because there prevails in less time compared to others.
The cut of the fig tree and the wild fig tree to graft them by tube and bud is done in the
superior part by January if were weak or little weak, and by February if were robust,
lopping al the branches if were big, or is executed in the olive, leaving it on that state
until growing others will be done in those the graft, that (Insha Allah) we will treat later.
Is preferable the graft in cleave, were the best place to do it is in the branch that were
very smooth, even, fatty and soft; that will be saw by the best spot, cutting and
separating (first) with a sharp tool the place where will get in the saw; which iron at the
moment of sawing (if were stopped or stumbles) a wet rag is used to wipe, without
using oil in any way.

 
  

The cleave is done in the middle of the branch or the trunk with a knife of subtle
sharpness of with the shape of the butteries used to flay the beasts; which edge must
have the long of a finger, and be subtle, straight and even as the one in the secateurs so,
cutting more than cleaving, it is done straight; (which effect) having it firm with the left
hand is placed on the branch hitting it with a stone or a hard stick half finger deep; and
removed with care, is cover that cleave with a cloth so the air won’t harm it until fixed
in it the spines; which is done quickly and without any delay. Which operation will be
treated in his respective article (when were speak of the way) of scrape or smooth those
spines, having further present what was say up, taken of the books of Ibn-Hajáj and
other Authors.

ARTICLE IV

How to keep or guard the spot of the graft in the trees after the fixing it on them

On this subjects is said, on their respective books Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, Háj

Granadino, Abu-el-Jair and other authors, that the best to keep the places of the graft
after fixing in them the spines, is with tough mud of good soil and sweet, because of his
coldness, moisture and viscosity, or pure soil with any manure, after well kneaded slight
straw. Whose mud is planted over the necessary quantity since the very cleave until the
third part or more of the spine, or until were discover the long of one finger or less, one
or two buds if were a vine or similar plants, attach over all with rags very tight that keep
it from the burn of sun, and avoiding that the air dries it, or that get inside it water or
ants. The graft of the vine and similar is placed in a new vessel of mud filled with soil.
They say, that belting with rags the place of the graft after attach it tight with a string of
palm very twisted smear over it with mud, been sure also this and attach it with some
rug. The trees that in were this is done are those of hard wood as the apple-tree, the
pear-tree the quince, the plum, the olive, the pomegranate and similar; and in some of
the soft wood as the vine, fig tree and similar, this operation is done under the ground, if
were grafted by cleave replenishing the soil dig over the graft with half span or more to
the trunk since over the clave. The spines that were too big (are placed) in new mud
vessels drilled by the bottom, according to the branch gets across that hole, which are

 
  

filled with good soil mentioned before, or another similar of the surface. Preparing the
number of this vessels before execute the operation, and been of a size proportionate to
the trunk or branch so they work according the thinness or thickness, be careful that the
place them in the middle of the place of the graft, similar to the called almohabes, or big
pots; or will be make, if there were none, of esparto, creeping palm or junk with a hole
in the bottom where can join that branch; which introduced, will pass the vessel over the
spot of the graft, until that concluded the operation will be upload so the graft stays in
the middle of the cup, tied under the vessel around the branch a string very tight that
comes as pad, that impedes the vessel to fall, keeps it firm; which must be executed
delicately.

Filled the vessels with soil of the good quality expressed, will be tighten
carefully, avoiding to move and separate from his place the inferior half of the spines;
which soil must be continuously wet so it won’t get overly dried, according a Abu-
Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél maximum and other authors; should be, or irrigated every third
day or place over it a marine sponge or wool soaked in water since the evening taking it
out in the morning, especially in the in the rigorous of the heat; or place over the graft,
according Kastos, one cruet fill with sweet water drilled in the bottom (because if is not
drilled and filled with water can’t be passed the graft of the olive in other trees), over
which is hang so from there it distillates the water, which once consumed is refilled
because of the dryness of the vegetation of this tree; subject that was treated before in
the article about his planting. The trees that requires vessels precisely are the rosebush
grafted by root in the almond, the vine, the fig tree and the wild fig tree, as well grafting
this two in between or with another of their respective species by cleave, or by steelyard
over the ground. The reason of which (according Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél) is because
the air quickly harms the wood of this trees; and by this is not questioned the need of
the vessels filled with soil (as it was said before) and that this should be wet with water,
for the graft of the fig tree in mulberry-tree or rowan, from olive to laurel, and from
laurel to olive, or new mastic, from apple-tree to althea, from almond and plum to
apricot, from cherry-tree to plum, from apricot, from apricot to peach-tree, from
pistachio to almond, from citron to orange-tree, lemon or zamboa, from vine to vine.

Those who doesn’t need vessels, been enough the soil and rugs in the way
expressed up (even if the using of vessels gives them beauty and prosperity) are the
graft of olive and his own specie, the pear-tree and quince, and this two on it; the

 
  

pomegranate in his kind, and also in baluster that is one of them, and the black plum
now as bulls-eye in his kind; the same with the graft o the almond and vines executed in
his respective specie under the ground and in broom, and other similar trees. For the
grafts that were done late, past their principal and own time, is very good and essential
the use of vessels. I grafted some spines of sugar pear-tree in a big quince that because
his lack of even places that worked for the graft, but like a span of the ground, there I
executed and introduced by the superior side a big vessel as jar that was fill with soil
(according the maximum quoted up) sprout, grow at the year ten spans, prevailed well
and gave fruits; and after years later breaking the vessel and taking it off the ground by
the feed of the quince, here rotted all the root, others were become the spines that
penetrate by the soil of the vessel until hind in the ground, which were (the
graft)feeding the graft; but not been this able by his weakness take the superior weight, I
come back to apply the other vessel placing in it the graft and filling it with soil, and in
this disposition hold some years, I broke it later; and finding the same roots, I apply a
stick to help him hold his own weigh , which caused to it grow thick as the pear-tree,
and that keep giving fruits many years after. Which is the evident proof that for all trees
(be mutually analog or of contrary nature) is preferable the use of vessels before rugs
and mud.

I saw in Sevilla an illustrious man, but ignorant agriculturist, that having plated
rip offs of apple-trees next to big ditches in the ridges, and graft after in them pear-trees
close of the ground, smear them an cover them with straw, lifting the ridge of the
ditches until covering the most part of the place if their graft, and all them prevail good.
Also I have grafted pear-trees in the feet of big apple-trees. And they sprout growing
their shoots more than ten spans; even if they spoil and dry after with the worst heat,
because they weren’t close to the big ditches, or where they could be irrigated much.
However, I know by experience be little thrived the graft of the pear-tree in the apple-
tree; even if the spot was close to the water or the big ditches. So, Allah knows (the
cause of be so contrary the effects).

 
  

ARTICLE V

About the principal that must be executed in the election of the spines for the graft; their
size in length and thickness; way of guard them when recently cut were not grafted; and
how must be brought from far places.

Take the spines for the graft, say (the agriculturist), from branches with no
injury, and from tree that gives abundant and delicate fruit to the middle of him (not to
the high or low part), or the sides that look the east and noon. Which beside the
expressed quality can’t be dry or debarked, or other similar accidents; and if robust and
full of juice, fresh, new, but that carry fruits already, and with buts close and thick.

Kastos and others say, that must be two or three branches (or hairpin) similar, of
cortex similar to the tree in were they will be grafted, and that had more of two years
old , because those of quick vegetation forward the fruit; even if others affirm, that with
the quickness are spoiled. That each spine of bunch fruiting haves two or three buds,
and the porpoise be take the spines of the fruit trees with flower or when they were
about to display it, not after. And others want that the best branch for the graft is the
smooth, new with few buds.

Some, says Abu-el-Jair and another, think that the spine of the graft should be
taken at the moment of sprouting and when it has many leafs, as is done with the spine
of the olive and similar trees; and that also must be attend that it have give the same the
tree in were is going to be graft because of the copiousness of the juice that will feed the
spines. These, according to a maximum of Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, must have span
and a half long, taking care that they are not dry or weak. Which thickness (according
Kastos) must be as the index, or (as he says in another part of his book) of the diameter
of a small ring; the spine of the vine thick as a thumb finger with two cubits long, if the
graf were made in the root of the same under the ground; and with one, over the surface.
After that maximum, continues Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél saying, that must have that
spine the thickness of the little finger, because the thin and tinder makes a haulm
quickly, opposite to the thick; that the thin spine (by branch) that gave fruit many years
before is better for the thin tree, grafting it in the plump side (or trunk); that the thin
branch and the thick one are for the one that was robust and corpulent; that the branches

 
  

of this last quality were cut of his respective trees with sharp tools not taken with rust;
nevertheless always someone says, that is the best to break them with hand without
cutting them with tool; that this operation should be done in a calm day with template
air, and not hot or windy, and early in the morning; the same for the graft.

Cut these branches, says Kastos on waning moon, and place them in good and
juicy or wet with sweet water soil, or in mud with water, where they should be ten or
twelve days after cut, grafting them immediately after; which operation I was executed
at the moment of the cut, they will dry, and wont sprout. Adds, that is not convenient to
graft the branches at the moment when they are cut; but, smeared with mud or fresh cow
manure the cut sides, were placed after in a hole, were covered of wet soil, stay there for
nine or ten days with some defense that keeps them from the wind, and taken after will
be graft in the corresponding vines.

Will be very worthy to your graft or seedling (continues the quoted author) if the
rain reach to wet it, except the executed in the cortex of the tree; for which the rain is
harmful. They say, that if the air was altered with a very strong wind or with cold, raise
the hand of the graft suspending the operation until the day is calm and the air subdued;
because that in that disposition the graft will be spoiled for the dryness that will cause to
it in the soil and cleave, and if that happens the spines must remain safe until the
improvement of the air, burying them one cubit depth on very with soil of a shady
place, covering them all with soft soil carefully stepped on; in which disposition will
prevail even after eight days; but not longer says Abu-el-Jair.

Adds, that when are taken off of the mentioned excavation where placed in
water before and at the moment of fix them so the air won’t touch them; which is
executed if they need it, when because been in big numbers won’t be able to graft them
in little time; without let them n it more than a day or two, because the long remaining
in the same will be lost,(except the branches) as is known by experience. Also are
guarded the spines until improves the air the time necessary in vessels of mud of narrow
mouth that haven’t been touch with lard of oil, but had served sweet water; in which
placed without it and covered very well with a rag to avoid the wind to get on them, are
buried after in the ground; and like that is how are carried the spines from a place to
another; in the same way is preserved (if the tree in which they were form were of those
that sprout early, and the one where the graft was going to be sprout late) until spout or
gives leaves; and in effect, is opinion that the graft that is done in the tree already

 
  

spouted o with leaf is best that the executed in contrary disposition, specially for the
pomegranate.

Kastos say, that if the branch of the spine were taken from a place to other, place
them in a jar with wet o juicy soil, smeared outside. According to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-
Fasél and others, the spines of the tree that don’t lose their leaves must be take when the
one is loosed to born one new, or when for this effect is flowing the slime that were full,
because the spine already sprouted and with leaf is empty of juice, and is not worthy for
the graft of that year; the same with the rip off and the plant born by seed; except what
was told about the pomegranate. But if wasn’t then spines ready ( or cut in that
disposition), and was necessary graft the tree after sprout the other tree from they were
taken, should go to the thin branches born at the feet or trunk of the tree, and sawing
completely their sprout buds and taking the leaves, will be left like that ten days until
flows by them the juice, and been about to sprout once again and renewed by this
reason, take it them the spines of the harder part of them; which grafted in a tree that
have already sprout and with leaves, sprout very well without spoiling Insha Allah.

To me is a prepared practice the one of execute the same in the branches that
were good for spines of graft before separate them of the tree; because their buds are
empty usually, and filled the others expressed. From the fig tree are taken the spines for
graft of the roots or the trunk, or the close part of those place watching for it the time of
the flow or circulation of the slime, preferring the branches of cortex already blonde,
road to be old, thin, and of little belly and cord, and that are around the feet or trunk;
and that in any way the buds of the green branches and flexible of the best sides of the
trees because they will dry too fast (the taken spines( by branches specially greens;
those which spines of vines won’t harm have them bury in the ground some days; and
the same operation are suffer by those take by trees that drop their leaves by the reason
expressed up and the exactitude that induces them to that practice.

The spines of the olive and trees of similar nature that don’t drop their leafs, says
Kastos, must be grafted in the same hour they were cut and little later, avoiding any
delay, unless they have been kept by some need, as was say before.

About the rosebush, says Háj Granadino, that if were grafted in almond, vine or
apple-tree, were take the spines of the part immediate to the roots bury them in the
ground, digging for that and removing this of the feet, and cutting the spines of the
harder part, as was say up. Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fesél is of opinion of, the spines of all

 
  

specie of rosebush be take from underground, picking for this the rods more subtle and
thin, and the lest corpulent; and cut those (or scrape) by the tough, and graft in any tree
of strong matter, as the apple-tree, the vine, the almond and similar on cleave, guarding
the graft on vessels full with mud and some sand, and irrigating it continuously; because
like this is how the rosebush prevails, giving it the same cultivation that the tree in
which were grafted. That the spine of the vine for the graft must be taken of thin
branches with the same qualities required for the plantation, and that have fructified that
year; or (according to Abu-el-Jair) of the bunches born from the thick and fruitfully of
thick buds. The graft of the almond is say that should be of the rods bon at the feet of it.
Anyway, with having present the maximum that upside were claimed together and that
are spread in the book of Ibn-Hajáj and in the Nabatha Agriculture, will have (Insha
Allah) as much as you want of the business.

ARTICLE VI

How should be cut the spines for the graft, according to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, Háj,
Abu-el-Jair, and other authors.

They say, that the spines for the graft called romano, and that is executed in
between the cortex and the bone (or wood), is good to be cut as the feather of writing by
a side until little less of the half of the bone, and nothing more; which cut must be even
without reaching the cord (but close), leaving the other half with his cortex healthy and
complete; even if is not bad scratch a little the rest of it, especially been rough by that
place.

I believe that should be scrape and thinned the spine by the side with proportion
to the cleave in which is going to be grafted, been careful to not touch the heart,
because it won’t prevail if looses the most of it; in which effect I have experimented
knowledge. Is said that in the upper half of the mentioned cut must be done and left in
way of notch over the bone. My opinion is, that even if is without it is good; because
having executed at one time of both ways, and scrapping a little the cortex of the spine,
I didn’t see that it spoiled. (the authors quoted up) say, that the cut should have the
length of the thumb; others, that half of the finger, an others, that the same cut as the

 
  

one for the writing feather. My opinion is, that should be proportional to the size of the
branch in which was going to be graft; and Kastos affirms, that should have two fingers
long as the feather, and that shouldn’t be thinned or reach the heart. That the spines
proportionate to the graft executed in cleave, know by nabatheo, be cot in a way of
stake, scrapping them in the side by the part of the cut evening them, trying that from
the thick scraped part to the thin fit perfectly with the wood of the branch; which cleave
must be open with a beaked tool, stake or similar instrument by hit. That been the cut of
the spine in a way of knife edge, when is fixed in the cleave of the branch, be placed
with the thick side out and the thin in; and in his cut that must be half finger long,
smooth and even, should not be knots that impede the cleave to fit perfectly on it; in
what there is no contradiction.

The cut of the spine of vine, says Kastos, must be of two and a half fingers
together, so the heart stays complete and healthy, without reaching it but to the
sharpened side of the cut, and be it equal to the cleave of the vine, not bigger or lesser.
Be careful that are on the cut a knot so it can fit better with it on the cleave. That should
be careful of not reaching the cord in the most part of the cut; and then place
successively in a vessel with sweet water until conclude the whole operation; having
present all that was said upside of the books of Ibn-Hajáj and other Autos

ARTICLE VII

About the graft in cleave called nabatheo, and that is executed in the braches and roots
of the tree, according the books of Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, Háj, Abu-el-Jair, and
others.

They say, that this form of graft is used in the trees of thin cortex as the apple-
tree, the new pear-tree, the quince, the peach-tree, the plum, the apricot, the vine, the
young olive or new with thin cortex, and the fig tree if the graft was done in it or other
similar form. This is executed in this way. Cut the tree as was say up, scrapped the
spines in the way expressed before, are cleaved in the trunk or branch in the way
referred, and fixing in the middle of the cleave a sharp tool, or stake done with pole or
hard wood, and holding it firm with the left hand, and by stone hit or stick is open a

 
  

cleave the long of the cur of the spine, cleaning it (after) delicately with thin tool the
sawdust that were in it; and placing by a side of it the spine, is placed up out of the thick
part of the cut evening it with the cortex of the branch o trunk in where it was graft, in a
way that the cortex of the spine adapting perfectly to the branch, they both will be fixed
so well that they will look the same thing, joined so close that barely can difference one
from the other. The very adjust must be done from wood to wood, according to the book
of Ibn-Hajáj. Add that the cut is introduced with care in the cleave, so it won’t be very
labored or too baggy, and that in it stays completely hided; and that if was not, place
again the sharp tool with soft hits until deepened more the cleave can be hided on it
completely the scraped part, or that this be shortened until reduce it to a size that fits in
the cleave; and the same to the other that were to be introduced by the opposite side.
That if the branch or trunk were the graft were going to be done, was thick do on it a
crossed cleave, as the one n the eggplant, in where are grafted four spines; and that I
were more, do two in each half, to graft been all the spines equal; and that taken out the
sharp tool of the cleave, fit them in a way they are well covered.

That if the trunk of the branch were too thick and there was the risk of the cleave
pressing too much the cut of the spines until break them or split the cortex of the wood,
introduce beside that tool a little dry wood stake with soft hits until stop the violence of
that pressure. That if the spines were long, cut the superior side leaving the rest inside
the cleave, and cover the void that was left with cortex of some branch of the same tree,
conforming to nothing in them. Others say, fill the cleave with ash, (or how Kastos say)
of dust soft, slight and dry, placing further two pieces of the expressed cortex along the
cleave by both sides, tied with string, and that is good that the cleaves fit well with the
scraped of the spines, not baggy or thigh; that if happened the first, adjust the place of
the cleave binding around very firmly the strings of wool, linen rags, or rope weaved
with this rags, so the cleave joins and adjust well from up to bottom with the scraped
part of the spine, without pressing it with the string or rope, because with those hard
things will harm the cortex in that spot, and will even cut it; and that this place should
be smear with mud of soil expressed before, or placed in vessels in the way mentioned
up.

Háj, Abu-el-Jair and others say, that a branch thick as the arm could carry two
spines, and four or more if were bigger; and for the smear is good make use of the rot of
vine called yuthánat in barbarian language (that is red according to Abu-el-Jair),

 
  

crushing it well until make it a mass and using it instead of mud. Others want, to do this
with fresh cow manure, and that is not necessary if the place of the graft was
underground, been enough replenishing this and pressing it carefully to no remove the
spines, and that along this fixe two sticks or similar thing that works as sing to the
people that pass by don’t step on it or remove it; that if the place of the graft were a
little lifted of the surface floor collect and pile up the soil around stepping on it with
care, or introduce in a vessel that is filled in the same way expressed; that in the vine do
the graft in the cleave underground close of its root by the hardest spot on that place;
that the vines should be cut at the height of two rods of the trunk or by the branches,
and that its graft executed in the cleave were guard by vessels hold with sticks of wood
so they won’t by shake by the wind; having present what was tell up.

Another way of graft the trees in cleave by some distance of their feet.

Dig, says Háj and others, around the trees far of their feet until reach the
roots; which choosing the thickest and cutting it, in each of its sides lifted a little graft a
spine in the way expressed, smearing, covering with rags the graft, or introducing it in a
vessel; replenish the soil in that dig, place along it some sing; with grafted seedling can
be transplanted to the suitable place.

ARTICLE VII

About the graft in between the cortex and wood, know by romano, according the books
of Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, Abu-el-Jair, Háj and others.

Say (this authors), that from that graft is done in the trees of thick and juicy
cortex as the olive (very specially the old), laurel, chestnut, fig tree and wild fig tree,
executing it in the feet underground; and also in the pear-tree, the quince and apple-tree,
and any tree of cortex with similar quality, cutting them by the up side or down close of
the ground, or underground when by be of soft wood were precise to cover it, as with
the fig tree and the wild fig tree and similar or kept them on vessels. (to which effect)

 
  

cut in the way said before are scraped by a side the spines, as writing feather a it was
say and in this form:

For which part scrapped is done the open in where will join that spine at
proportion to its length and thickness in between the membrane and the wood of the tree
in the cleaved place with a tool of similar shame to the edge of the scalpellum Latino (or
lancet) of thin pint as dart (the same by the sides), which cut and point must be of the
size of the feather mentioned; this is its figure:

Or is made of hard wood a similar instrument; which tool is introduced softly in

the between the cortex and the wood by the place where is wanted to fix the graft spine,
executing it with extreme care to not cleave it; and take it out in the same way, in his
place is introduced the scraped part of the spine fixing t with care and delicateness has
were told before, and is bind the place in where the spine falls giving some spins over
the cortex of that branch with a thick string of weaved wool, so it fix it very well in it
without cleaving the cortex in there when the spine is in between the it and the wood,
or avoiding to debark it; which well fixed as expressed before, is fixed well the spine
and the plant with care so it stays firms until hides completely its scrapped part, resting
well its mount (or notch if it had it) over the wood (but if is not bad even if its lacks of
notches); which scraped part must fall to the wood of the branch, and the cortex to its
cortex; even if inverting this position doesn’t cause any harm, been indifferent one thing
or the other.

And in effect having I executed both ways in the olive, I didn’t see it spoil; and
the same happened fixing the cortex at the moment of introduce the spines without any
hurry. Up was already told the way of cut and scrape the spines, their smearing and
introduction in vessels; and (even) we haven’t stop in the description of some graft, you
should execute them all quickly because this is one of their secrets. Is said, that finished
this operations should give an rich irrigation to the grafted trees.

Other way to graft the mentioned trees by the same operation, in their roots and at some
distance of their feet or trunk.

Abu-el-Jair and others say, that discovering the roots of any kind of tree
that are at a median distance of the same, and picking the one you find it with the
thickness you want, split it in the middle also with sharp tool so it have two extremes,

 
  

one in the side of the feet and other in the other side, and that lifting a bit each one of
them, sustained with a stick of wood or similar, are graft by spine in the mentioned way
or by cleave, according which is better, or by tube, that is a good way to graft as the
other expressed.

ARTICLE IX

About the graft by tube and escutcheon called the first Persian and commonly falbíh,
and by tumor the second; which is on many ways, long as the leaf of the myrthus,
square or roud (which is common), according the books of Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél,
Abu-el-Jair, Háj and others.

Say this authors that these (graft) are used in the fig tree, the wild fig tree
and the mulberry-tree, if are executed on new branches of the superior half, and the
roots; and that also are the carob tree, in the fruit trees and the olive; which are going to
expose Insha Allah. Cut the fig tree and similar trees by the superior half in January and
February in the way expressed so there sprout new branches, in them will be executed
the graft letting it like that; and if by have at the feet some shoots that were afraid to
sprout, take them off so all the nutritious juice flows to the superior half. So when it
have sprout remove them by early June (that is the month of the Ánsart) the bunches
born or new shoots, is convenient to know, which are the more weak to leave some for
irrigate with their milk the grafts; or looking the side where they raise, if was this able,
are left the necessary enough, ripping the rest, about the magnitude or smallness, and
the robustness or weakness of the tree (so in the little leave more than in the big), in
which bunches, if were notice any weakness, or that their cortex doesn’t get red (yet) by
that time, mow them their buds cutting the superior half and letting as long as it haves
three of four knots , or more if they were thick, and after eight or then days until close
the twenty four of June or little after, (if checked) again, some of the were becoming red
some of the cortex in the inferior half, (is a sing) that their disposition and suitability
for the graft; even more if all it becomes green, will be left those that were in the middle
of this until mid August, that is the last time for execute this operation; in which middle
space, if checking them (found that) their cortex is red to the feet as we say, be graft
then; (in which effect) will be take of the best tree of those wanted to be graft the

 
  

branches close to the ground of the east part or noon, or those in which knots begin to
open and show others smaller (that are called buds), and that they should be as thick as
the ones in the tree cut which is going to be graft.

But others opine, that is not necessary to take care of those buds, and that if the
branches of the tree were the graft is going to be make lack of them, don’t doubt in
executing this in those; which is convenient take from the two sides referred before, and
that they be proportional in thickness to the new branches in which they will be graft;
(for that) are cut the sides (or buds) in the same tree for days before so the matter (or
nutritious juice) in those repressed make those buds sprout by their knots; checking that
are cut and taken the same of the cortex in the tube; which operation even if is executed
in many ways, they all are similar, and are reduced to taking the branch that had one or
more buds, cut it with a knife under the thin extreme of it by the bud, and sprout, cut it
by the other side the cortex over the bud reaching with the knife to the bone (with holds
the tube), in which middle must be procured falls the expressed bud, and haves half
finger long, or one (assures Kastos), or the long of the bud of the thumb finger,
according other; (who adds) that with the tool which execute the romano graft be in a
way of blade, and (according Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél) even more thin, and similar in
shape to its subtle extreme and flattened to the lancet, and wide by this very side; or can
(according others) make similar instrument with a piece of red if that tool was missing.

Which point introduced in between the cortex and wood skin it from the wood
by either sides, or how it was easier; and rolling around that cut cortex (that is the
tube), a string twisted, that is fixed in the first fingers of the feet, and pulls violently and
strongly from the branch to pull it complete the tube in a way of ring, which is placed in
a clean vessel with sweet water. Others say, that cleaving by length that tube by where
wasn’t a bud, after cut from up to bottom, rip from the wood, and bind with a straight
string be placed in water; and that also is good take it the more easy and comfortable it
could, always that were no harm to break it or other (which tubes change in their
capacity according the shape of the branch of the graft). The way to take out the tube
form the fig tree and other similar trees is, according to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, cut
the branch where they are close of them, (choosing the one with buds) not sprouted yet,
and with the described tool placed in the middle of the thin cortex and the wood do
delicately the cut, turning over with it around in between the cortex and wood, and
returning with the (tube) of the other half, execute in it the same operation penetrating

 
  

until the cut first, so separated the cortex from the wood that covers it, take with care the
tube; which extracted in this way is used Insha Allah.

After which, says another author going to the best branches born in the high of
the tree chopped in where was wanted to do the graft, and which cortex were already
red by the inferior side where must be executed, will be if trim down if was necessary
until left each one with three or four knots, according the thickness of it, and the length
and size of the tubes; which must be very careful that fall in the place where the cortex
was already red, and not over the place that was still green. Cleaved in this way from
the superior part to two or more half’s, will be ripped until reach the knot where already
is red, which place (as we said) is proportionate for the graft, without separate the cortex
is introduced the tube that in his size was corresponding to the thick or thin of the
skinned, after placed inside it, introducing it by the superior half; which if worked well,
will be placed tight as long it doesn’t cleaves; in which case will be replaced with
another smaller or bigger until it fix well. Reached the bud the tube is pressed to remove
the cortex of the bud and occupies its place, corresponding the place he left to the
skinned branch which cortex covered the bud, fixing and adapting it in this way so it
stays in the place of that cortex as if it was the same; in which consist his secret; if the
bud that is in the tube fixed well with the wood of the branch, is better this that if it was
placed inversed. Which (and the same the inferior half of the cortex disunited of the
branch) hold and a little tight with a string of wool or linen, is irrigated from up to top
with milk of fig tree of the same branch already grafted, or of his leafs or other braches;
(for which) are cut obliquely (or oblique) where it was still green or fresh with a well
sharpen too, approaching the superior half to the tube to the skinned branch so from that
cut flows the milk over it, repeating the same operation until consolidate the tube with
the wood and the cortex; which if was smeared inside with some milk of the skinned
branch, will join easily in it; and if then is been placed n the same tight you fear to
cleave the cortex, tie it before very adjusted with a string of wool without twist; and will
be good to irrigate the next day with the same milk, and do a shady space for it the leafs
of the trees, putting together and placing them one over the other, placed by the branch
skinned until reach close to the tube for keep it from the sun and wind, also will be, if
by the side of the branch you introduce as a little hat that defends it from the burn of the
sun. all this operation will be executed in a calm day and very hot in the middle of the
morning; and should be careful of cleaning continuously the stems born in the branch of

 
  

the graft, as in the body of the tree or in the bottom of this; which cannot be omitted in
any way, because this will make it lose it all, weakening the tree; to which tree, they
say, must be irrigated with water, concluded the operation.

Abu-el-Jair says, that after irrigated the graft with the milk tale it to white soil
very slight that glued to it guards it. Others affirm, that placing by a branch two tubes,
one over the other, and doing in them the exposed up, they sprout at one time, and if
they are of diverse colors, gives the fig of his respective color. The figure of the tube is
this:

In the middle the white spot represent the expressed but. Notice the maximum
quoted up of the book of Ibn-Hajáj, from which meditate lecture will take even more
illustration and utility.

Another way to graft by tube in the rots of the fig tree, the wild fig tree and other trees.

Says Háj el Granadino and others, that removed the soil from one or many roots
of the fig tree or wild fig tree away from his feet, cut and separate of this the one that
was thinner to be feed of the other extreme that goes down in the ground; that taken out
of this like half span and peeled, introduce in there the corresponding tube of fig tree,
irrigating it with milk of the same tree, and covering it with leaves in the way expressed
before; because feeding it like that by the part of that extreme, sprouts raising from it
one grafted plant that can be translated to another place in case of be that one dark and
narrow. According my experience, the same operation can be done in the other side of
the root in the feet side.

Another way to graft by tube in the branches of fruit trees and similar, like the
apple-tree, the pear-tree, the quince, the walnut, the mulberry and the willow and other
of equal condition.

Go, says the Granadino and others, to the tree with thick cortex, that is wanted
for the graft, and chopped the branch that raises fresh, healthy , new, thick as rod of
spear or a little more, attending that haves a lot of knots (because of this be fruitful), and
cut in pieces two fingers each one or of the length of the tube of the fig tree mentioned
before, and with a knot where it sprouts, drill this piece by the side of the cord (or heart)
with a thin drill bit, and repeat the same after with other more thick widening slowly
and with care with the drill or with the point of a knife or another sharp tool

 
  

proportional, until remove all the wood and left complete the cortex in a way of ring and
also is (usual) do the tubes as the expressed with the fig tree.

In my opinion, that in the middle of the operation infuses continuously fresh and
sweet water over the hands of the executer so their heat won’t dry the moisture in those
tubes. After which, says Abu-el-Jair, going to the plant that raises alone over its feet or
the stem born from the ground in the same way, similar in thickness or thinness to that
ring, and in one of the species convenient in what was want to graft, conforming to the
exposed up, cut the bud and take some cortex separating it and then gluing it down,
which thrown (opposite as how is practiced in the branch of the fig tree and wild fig tree
in equal operation), do there the graft placing the mentioned tube as firm as was say for
the fig tree, so his inferior side sits well fixed over the cut cortex and disjoined from the
branch with any aperture, and ordered in that way so one don’t looks more or less thick
than the other, following in this the opinion (in cases of be the tube more wide than the
place peeled of the branch) of scrape the cortex of the branch a little down until adapt
perfectly each other and unite in between (the two things), by consist this in its secret;
and placing something more under the knot of the tube mass of the root of white vine
mentioned before to guard that place from the cold air, hold it strongly with threads, and
smear it with white mud fixing it with some rag, with this, and doing it a shaded area
and the rest exposed up, it spouts and prevails, Insha Allah; and shouldn’t be wet with
milk of the fig tree o any other, but before of plant the tube in the peeled part of the
branch it will be passed by the same mass of the root crushed from vine and very well
milled after, so with his viscosity sprouts well that.

Treating Abu-el-Jair, and (the author of) the Nabathea agriculture of that topic,
they say that over the graft must be hang a vessel of mud fill with sweet water with a
little hole in the bottom where this flows drop by drop; and when the water is over fill it
again until it sprouts and prevails the graft, or until the rains of winter feed it, and that
this must be executed in the time expressed up.

 
  

Article X

About the way of graft from escutcheon that is the Greek graft, called commonly of
tumor.

Upside was already said that this is executed in three ways. One is from
escutcheon with the shape of the leaf of myrtle; the other is round and the third one
square. Which greek graft uses the fig tree, the wild fig tree, the olive and the carob tree;
which to other trees is more convenient properly, and not the one of cleave, or tube, or
roman.

How is executed the escutcheon, similar to the leaf of myrtle.

Chopped the tree in the shape expressed by January after that have give already
robust buds, hardening the cortex on them, and when becomes reds this one in the fig
tree, the wild fig tree and the mulberry-tree, cut the buds by the month of June to the
branches that were suitable for the graft, and cut also by the same the more weak,
irrigate in this disposition then days for that compressed the matter in the left part of
that new bunches had the enough energy to open (or sprout) by their knots; and going
then to the tree in which is wanted to do the graft, and taking the braches which buds
were about to sprout in the same disposition told upside when we were treating the graft
of the tube, cut them in the same the escutcheons with the shape of the leaf of myrtle,
almost as long and a little less wide than the bud of the thumb finger, according that
each one haves in the middle one knot, and bud on it; which effect cleaved (first)
lengthwise the cortex with the point of a subtle knife and sharp by the right and left of
the bud (as the figure expressed), place it after by the inferior side of that tool the graft
romano or another similar, and take it out with care and delicateness so the but stays
healthy and goes out without cleave or cut the escutcheon. In which and successively
the others that were made will be placed on new vessels with fresh sweet water until
complete the necessary number; and going after to the new bunches expressed that by
the (many) slime inside were about to sprout, will be attended those which have knots in
place which cortex were red (what is indispensable), and doing from up to top with the
expressed tool, or with the point of a thin and subtle knife, or other similar instrument,
cleaves in between the knots as long as the mentioned escutcheon, and penetrate until

 
  

reach the wood, rip off then carefully the cortex with the tool or its point by the right
and left of that knot without disjoin it or separate it from the bunch; before well
prepared under the same spot the mentioned escutcheon, will place on this with care, not
too tight or baggy, introducing first his sharp extreme in the superior half or the inferior
opposite of the cleave, how it was more comfortably, and each side under the
corresponding of the cortex of that branch; placing as well the concavity that haves in
the middle and where s the bud over the convexity (or prominence) that there is on the
wood of the branch and in where has this his own, taking care to adapt very well (those
two spots) and keeping from left the escutcheon crooked of the place that is corresponds
it (because before must be so naturally in the spot of the cortex, n which place and
under it was introduced, as if it was the same; in which consist his secret, and conform
to what was say up of the tube); and attending that the escutcheon stays inversed from
up to top, over him will be accommodate the cortex of both sides, evening well and
attach it with tread not twisted selvedge (or some equivalent) conforming to the exposed
about the graft of tube; and before and after of attach it will be irrigated with fig tree
milk until it coagulates over; guarding it with many care that the tie falls over the bud of
the escutcheon, continues irrigating it with milk of the own tree in which was grafted
until it coagulates over, and will be covered with some leafs; executing in all this
species of graft all the prevented before. If the tree by his robustness was sprout many
branches, will be done in all them equal and similar operation, and will be good smear
the spot of the cut in the circumference of the bud that haves the escutcheon with the
mentioned vine well crushed or the expressed poison. They say that grafting in the same
way escutcheons of many colors in a single branch, planting one in each bud, gives figs
of different colors respectively. The shape of the mentioned escutcheon is this: In which
middle the white spot represents the bud that must be on it.

About the round escutcheon.

Take (says Abu-el-Jai, the Granadino and others) a round tool well sharpened,
hollow, in which belly and hollow fits the little finger, and similar to the chisel (or
shaper) which is used to make holes in the leathers and similar things; and going with it
to the fig tree where is going to be the graft, see what branches of those that look to the
east and noon are with their buds in their knots as the expressed before, and placing that

 
  

tool over the bud (been precisely this one in the middle of the bud) push against it with
strongly with the hand, giving soft hits over, until cleaved the cortex reach to the wood
the tool, in which retired from it is discovered the bud surrounded by cortex like a round
coin and with the bud in the middle; which removed with care of that tool, will be
placed on water (as was said up) and keep the same operation in the other buds until
collect the necessary amount of them, and going after to the tree where is wanted to do
the graft, with the same tool in each knot of each branch will be done, and set in the
expressed way in the graft of the tube and long escutcheon, the same operation that was
executed first in the branches where were taken those buds similar to coins in their
shape; and removing the tool, and taking from it and throwing the cortex will be plant in
the place of this one of the taken from the tree that was going to be graft, setting them
with care in the hollow that have in the middle with the prominence of the wood or bone
of the branch; which executed with all the possible care consist on its secret; and putting
attention to the escutcheon falls inverse up to down, and irrigating the same with milk
of that tree and from the one in where is done the graft, will be tied with threads ,
executing both operation as the way expressed up and repeating the irrigation of the
same milk until it coagulates over and everywhere; and will be good glue it with the
referred white vine well milled without covering it the bud, and do the shaded area with
some leafs of fig tree as was said before; and also will be plant two or three escutcheons
in other many buds of one branch, of one or different colors. This is the figure of the
escutcheon:

In which the white point in the middle represents the bud that is on it. Which
specie of graft, say is used in many trees as the olive and similar.

About the square escutcheon.

Cut with point of knife well sharpened, or similar instrument, squares with buds
of the branches that had them, of the best tree (of his specie) wants to be grafted,
placing them in water as was said up, until have of them the quantity necessary; and
taking after the corresponding branch that was of quality and disposition that we
expressed before (treating the tree where the graft is done), place the escutcheon over
the bud in which is good graft it, and make a sing around it with the point of the knife,
and ripping with care and quickness, throw the marked spot, plant there the escutcheon
that was of the best specie, been careful that the convex place of the wood of that branch
adjust to the concaves that haves inside that escutcheon and where used to get in the

 
  

prominence (of the knot) of his wood, which tied irrigate it with fig tree milk, if the
graft was done in this tree, in wild fig tree, mulberry-tree , or another milky; or glue it
with the mass of the mentioned vine, or with milled tósigo or similar thing; doing in the
rest of his regimen the prevented about the tube and long escutcheon. Which operation
they say, is found also in the olive. The shape of the escutcheon is this:

In which middle the white point represents the bud contained in it.

Another way to graft by tube the citron in the superior part of the laurel and the olive,
according to the Nabathea Agriculture.

Take from the citron some branch smooth and straight, and from his cortex make
the tube like a span long, in the way referred in the graft of this specie, from the apple-
tree, quince and similar, drilling the place of the cord and taking the wood out until left
only the cortex empty in a way of ring or tube, and graft in a branch of similar and equal
to it in corpulence of the tree already topped of his branches. In which remaining branch
or simple seedling fresh of olive or laurel is done the same operation to the one said
about the fruit trees grafted in this way, and of the fig tree and other trees, or another
similar to the same without any difference, taking care of joint and adapt well the
(escutcheon), and smearing the place of the join with mass of white vine root; Abu-el-
Jair says that red; and that tie around some rag of line, or fix it with threads or similar
things in the way expressed up; and taking a new jar of mud and making on it a little
hole as the eye of an needle, fill with sweet water hang it over the place of graft so it
drops water drop by drop continuously. Which graft executed with Allah blesses,
sprouts the citrons small about the size of the olive seed, or the laurel if the grafted was
this tree. It was mentioned up without mentioning the time to execute it; but been small
the utility that this trees give to each other I reprove it for it.

ARTICLE XI

About the graft by drill (o bore) know as incháb (or of fixing), called also of arracada
for the analogy that haves with this ear decoration.

 
  

Incháb, say (the athors) worth the same that asimiento, this is, from a tree to
another of different genre, analogous, or not, to it. Which specie of graft is used in all
the fruit trees useful and sociable, but of opposite and of any affinity among them, as
those that belong to many class (genre or supreme species). By the regular this graft
doesn’t bring forward the fructification that were late, or is used with the end of make it
more abundant (or bigger fruit); and if only by way of badge. Is opinion that is propriety
executed in the next trees. The vine is graft from bore to itself, in black plum, willow,
myrtle, and apple-tree; the walnut in itself, apricot, terebinth and fig tree because it is
close in nature, robustness and heat, also the mulberry-tree; the citron in apple-tree;
(which graft) takes both fruits from November to February; the peach-tree in willow (in
which gives the fruit without bone), almond and apple-tree; the feet of which, even if is
one, carry the both fruits different, and its graft is executed as the peach-tree on willow,
according Kastos. Who adds that the fig tree is graft in the cherry-tree (called) grain of
kings, and n the mulberry-tree; which offshoot, says also, is grafted in fig tree by spring,
summer and autumn (except winter) in the superior part of the two trees, which feet, at
least one produce both fruits different; and the same happens with the graft of the pear-
tree in the quince, which is executed as the one of peach-tree on willow, and after will
be treat Insha Allah; which bore is done with stake of pomegranate.

According the quoted author, this last tree is joined to others, in a way that
united to them in just one feet (comes to give the graft) the both fruits different; the
same is said about the quince. The rosebush grafted by bore in the cortex of the apple-
tree and the almond, flourish (respectively) when fructifies the first and flowers the
second.

About the graft of bore of the vine in his own kind, in black plum of bulls eye, willow,
and myrtle.

Been then these plants close to each other, or procuring to place them
like that, will take the branch remaining over his feet without cut it or separate it, and do
the bore in the feet of some of the expressed trees or others similar, will be done a the
feet of the vine a groove of two spans or a little more of deep, until it reach the tree in
which haves the branch lying, will drill the point of it a hole proportional to its

 
  

thickness, that must be done to the tree in that spot, and then will take out and pull to the
other side carefully until it reach his maximum length , or until stopping n the drill this
can’t handle it by thick, and lifting his extreme straight next to the trunk, will be
smeared that drill with mud of good quality, and replenishing the soil in the groove
where is the branch and also to the feet of the tree, will step on it very well and irrigate
it continuously keeping an eye in not harm it when working the ground, because f it
stays like this is joined with the bore, coming to stay as if in it where planted , or was
one of his branches; and like that shows by his state of vegetation, more length and
corpulence that receives from that (part) the nutritious juice, will be cut then the tree
over the bore, and after this that branch by the side of his feet; (in which disposition
don’t stop) producing his own fruit.

And if the porpoise was to execute this kind of graft in the same trunk, done on
it a bore with the size of the branch that is going to be graft, not bigger o lesser, in
where will be introduced the superior half, making it pass thought and pulling from it
with care by the other side so it remains chocked in that bore, fixed like that is smeared
by both sides, and the same with the trunk with soft mud of white and sweet soil, will be
tied around some rag fixing it with threads; and placing it in some vessel (if was
possible) that was filled with soil of good quality, remaining some years in that
disposition; in which (according Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél) must stay two or three
years feeding it by his own feet without separating from it by this reason, even if have
grow and wielding on it the bore, until well obstructed this there was not hollow space
in between them; in which feet is known not have any need so it forms a bad odor in the
trunk of the tree, It feeds of it, had grow thick his extreme that goes out, been thin the
side of his own feet and joining with the trunk of the tree; which happens after the
pointed time, or more, then is cut by the side of his feet with tool, trying to it be smooth
and even with the tree, as if it was planted on that tree, cutting also the feet of this over
the graft. In this way, not leaving anything, comes to feed from that tree (says Abu-
Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél) as if in it was planted, and fructifies as it does first without the
lack of any juice, because been that feet as if it was its own, is in a place as natural graft;
and (like this) is chopped that tree in effect that all his strength is going to that branch.

The same author says, that the vine grafted in new black plum keeps his fruit
with the same sweetness without alteration, and that produces this earlier than the

 
  

others; that grafted in the willow gives it less sweet and with an altered flavor, even if in
it prevails better than in the plum, and in the myrtle, gets the same flavor of this plant.

The walnut is grafted by bore in him (according Kastos) in this way. Been close
in between the two trees in a way that some of their branches touch the others,
executing on them this kind of graft, they spout mutually. Some ancient wise (adds the
quoted author) believed that neither the walnut nor any tree of cord with soft smell
sprout grafted in a tree of different quality; but I, even if have read this, haven’t see that
it is like that. About the graft of bore of the walnut in pistachio and terebinth, if they
were close of each other, or were planted like that on propose, to the year or more of the
walnut will bend to the pistachio (been this possible by the flexibility of the plant), and
in the feet, trunk or robust branch of this last tree will do a bore in which will be
executed the operation equal as was said to the vine, and will be give frequent and
continuous irrigation; which it will prevail (the graft) very well by the heat and the
sharpness of the walnut spirits.

The graft of bore of peach-tree in willow (that is when the fruit grows without
bone executed in this way).plant a stake of willow branch, and sprouted, form with it an
arch burying their bud under the ground, or from the begin of his plantation form it,
fixing a time of his two extremes at one time in the ground; and after grasped by both
parts, take a little bone or two of peach-tree or a little seedling of the same, and fix it
under the arc, or plant it along with it in the same year; which seedling grow like that in
height comes to give over the arc, do in this way a long cleave of a size that gets in on
it, in which effect opening with care will place by the inferior side of the same, taking
out and pulling with delicateness by the superior until its straight; which, fixing the
cleave of the arc with a thread of wool or other similar smearing it with mud of good
quality, is secured with rags, and after with ligature, and at the second year of this
operation will be cut their feet, when its seems to not be necessary. (in which
disposition) is told (according Abu-el-Jair) that feeding the arc gives fruit without seed;
and also say that, when is grafted a tree in other, be irrigated with sweet water.

Junio quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj affirms, that with the graft of bore of a
vine in another are achieved along both fruits, if been close, the branch of one were
grafted by bore in the feet of the other by under the ground; and that in equal way were
executed the graft of bore mentioned before of the vine in the feet of the black plum.

 
  

But this advantage (if it really is), according to other author, if been the graft by branch
of a selected specie, was cut the other when one was going to give fruit.

Another way to graft the peach-tree in the superior half of the willow that gives a fruit
without bone.

If were found close the peach-tree and the willow called jiláf, in a way that the
branch of the trees reach to touch, go to the willow in days of spring and cleaving by the
most thick the branches that fall from him to the peach-tree, place one branch of this in
one branch of the other, and tie them very firmly that cleave with a twisted thread of
hemp, and smeared with mud and tighten with rags, hang after over it one jar filled with
sweet water with a subtle hole in the bottom were the water pass to the cleave smeared
during all the summer (which operation was said before up how must be done); and
when the willow was bend of the opposite part, cut under the cleave the branches of the
peach-tree grafted in his branches, as was say of the graft of the branch in the truck of
black plum, and secure them by the superior half with the neighbors of the willow,
which, feeding themselves from those of this tree, produce the fruit without bones;
which operation is the fundament of the next, (to know). About the other of graft by
bore the branch of a tree in the one of a neighbor tree (so, that one and other produce
their respective fruit, as it happens in the branches of the peach-tree associated with the
almond or to the apple-tree, which feet been one carriers two fruits, executing his graft
as the antecedent of the peach-tree in willow called jiláf); and in the other similar to the
genre of graft of pear-tree in apple-tree and quince (which in only one feet carry
different fruits); and in the other graft of the fig tree on the mulberry-tree, which feet
carry the two fruits of this specie of branches, grafting (equialy) as the peach-tree or the
willow by spring.

ARTICLE XII.

About the graft called blind, that according the books of Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél,
Háj, Abu-el-Jair and others is a kind of planting and seeding.

 
  

Say (the quoted authors), that this graft is the used in the seeds, and small plants,
in which they unite each other those belonging to the supreme species. Worth this as a
example of the others. Supposing that the fig tree, the mulberry-tree and others trees
were graft by this way in the olive, and the same other species, go to a plant or branch
of this last tree, and sow in the same way done for the graft, and in the place cut by saw
or similar tool, make after a cleave with the blade, as that which is used to skin off the
beasts, and opening with a sharp tool, as was said up (if is needed than that branch or
trunk stays cleaved as the eggplant), fix well two stakes done of the wood of the same
tree, each in one extreme of the cleave, as the spines of the graft, giving over them soft
hits, and (the same) over the peak so the cleave opens to them when they hide on it; and
leave them even by upside part with the plane of the place sawed.

Opened then that cleave like tree finger together, take a big vessel of mud as
basin or similar magnitude proportionate to the size of that expressed cleaved branch,
and bigger than the box of knifes (been necessary the high amounts of soil for this
graft); and doing on the bottom the corresponding hole, and that doesn’t exceeds the
size and thickness of the cleaved branch, attach around of this some thread or rug in a
ray of pad of two third parts of span lower from it finish the cleave, place the vessel by
the branch until reach the pad (so it ) sits and straightly rest over it, as is executed in the
graft; falling in the spot cut and cleave in the middle of it or in his inferior third part,
smear it inside out the hole with soft glutinous mud as the one from potters or similar
until the void in between it and the branch so obstructed and closed, that doesn’t go out
for it the soil or the water; taking after crumbled manure and soft that had lose his heat
and keep his moisture, or a part of human excrement and other of black soil well oiled,
and another of common manure, all it in equal parts along and well incorporated pass it
through the sieve and throw it like that in that cleave, filling with the same the vessel
(not completely to be able to irrigate); and separating it well with the hand, take after
the seed of apple, quince, grape, myrtle or similar, and sowing it in the dust placed in
that cleave, cover it with the enough amount of the contained in the vessel, according
the thickness that from it can suffer that seed or bone, and give it continuous little
irrigations so the soil on that vessel doesn’t get completely dry; and also will be good
hang it and fixe over it a jar drilled in the base filled with the expressed water so this
gives moisture to the soil in that vessel.

 
  

(And like that) is how born in that cleave the seed, which rots penetrating it,
weld with it, without omitting the irrigations after this until it gets robust, and knows by
it that is been feed in that branch; removing (finally) that vessel after some years, and
when is visible that have sprout firmly and sucks the nutritious juice from that tree.
Which is proved that can be executed in all the trees as the myrtle with the fig tree; in
the olive and citron with the almond; and in the mulberry-tree and the fig tree with the
olive; not forgetting to clean (the graft) of the offshoots born close of that tree.

Another way to graft the same genre.

Who wanted do the same operation in the small plant of peach-tree, plum and
other trees, take the one born by seed or bone had the height of a finger, and ripped off
of his place with all the roots guarded wit h their own soil (if were possible, and is the
best), plant it in that cleave in the time pointed for his plantation when his wood is red,
that is by the year of sow; which blessed with continuous and shot irrigations of sweet
water without the his soil dries, will vegetate with robustness, Insha Allah; which put
forward its fructification.

Other

The same operation is executed too in the bones like the almond, apricot, black
plum, olives, laurel, peach, cherry and similar; which planted in that cleave as was said
of the seeds, with the difference that for this planting must crack them subtly before,
which covered of that soil the thickness of two or three fingers will be irrigated
continuously so this don’t dries completely (with which) born Insha Allah, and welding
with the foot in that cleave, they feet by the tree and fructifies. By which method is
associated too the olive with the almond, and the cherry-tree with this last one, and the
laurel with the olive and apricot, mixing like that (of melting) some trees in another.
When execute this operation should be careful to plant in such cleave tree or more
bones of each species, so like that if some are lost , others prevail; and known obviously
the robustness of the same will be ripped off after we don’t need them leaving only the

 
  

enough. The same is noticed in the first seeds of the fruits early mentioned, as the seed
of the fig and other expressed along it. Which operation if is executed in more than one
branch and in each a different tree, will result from it a thing even more pilgrim than the
one that feeds two trees from one feet.

ARTICLE XIII

About (another operation) similar to the graft, which is introduce the seeds and bones
in some kinds of plants like the sea onion, the borage the mulberry-tree and similar.

Those are the seeds of the sea cucumber, the melon and cucumber; which are
introduced in the borage by a kind of sow and graft. Like this, going to the root of it,
that should be good and with robust vegetation in the very place where it is raised, or to
the one transplanted to a orchard a year ago or more, where it has been continuously
cultivated for growing it with the same robustness, excavated the ground, cleave that to
length in a place or more with tool similar to the lancet of the bleeder, and taking the
seeds that are wanted from sea cucumber, cucumber or melon, introduce one of them in
the cleave after infuse them in sweet water one night, replenishing after the feet or rot of
the borage with slight sylvan soil of good quality, and covering with it the spot of the
seed with the thickness of two fingers, or with sand if it could. And if was wanted to do
in the upper part of that plant over the surface of the soil, or a little down , an equal cut
and introduce in between the cortex and the wood the same kind of seed covering them
with bare sylvan soil, is sure that Insha Allah, those there deposited will born.Other
operation similar of graft seeds of pumpkin in the sea onion, known as pigs onion or
mouse onion, according the book of Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél and other authors.

Rip from a uncultivated place the sea onion that was wanted, and without touch
it with tool, those that are close in a spot and not by their own, and ripped then throw
the third superior part of it, do in the others two a cleave crossed as the one of the
eggplant with a finger of depth (which will be good do with the point of a reed knife),
and place in the extreme of each cleave straight a seed of pumpkin preferable if was
infused in water one night, and attach that very firmly by the place of the graft with
wool thread, selvage, papyrus sheet or similar thing, plant it all the onion in a hole

 
  

proportional to its size in good quality ground well worked and dig; and covered with
sand or of that same soil three fingers at least, irrigate it infusing the water, not over but
close of it; in which the plant that born, without need to irrigate it a lot, gives pumpkins
of big size a little green, very heavy, and delicate taste without having any taste of the
sea onion. The time for sow the seed the seeds of pumpkin will be treated later in its
own place, Insha Allah. Having I grafted the same in the expressed way, they prevailed
and I eat from his pumpkins the same that others did. Some say, that they prevail well in
dry if are carefully irrigated until they get robust; and that executing the same operation
in the mentioned onion, prevails this in his own place with its roots without been ripped,
fructifies without irrigation.

Another way of graft similar to the previous.

See says Kastos (and it’s his secret to have pumpkins and sea cucumbers out of
irrigation) to a ground where was some root of some year, or the roots of a plant called
haj know also by akúl, and digging next to it in a big hole and with three cubit deep, do
in the middle of it with a thin stick of tamarisk a cleave not penetrating with a size that
can carry two seeds of pumpkin or sea cucumber; which, placed there, when were
sprout and born, cover them with new soil the little that remains from them that have
raised from that hole with wet sol until reach to that spot, throwing over those more
slight soil from the surface so it covers the height of three fingers, and executing the
same when they were grow a span until later the hole evened with the ground; (from
which seed) of sea cucumber and pumpkin sowed in this way comes to form a rot that
giving his haulm every year, fructifies without any irrigation.

These few rules I have write and add can work as norm for executed other
similar graft; which done in the root of the sea cucumber, will give sea cucumbers very
bitter with a acid virtue (form the belly); if in the one of mandrake, will be supportive
that ill born on it; and if the red vine, so like this plant. Of which true someone wants to
verify, can try it.

 
  

Another similar way to introduce the seed of the date in the root of the parsnip, so
(Insha Allah) there born musa, according to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, Háj, and Abu-
el-Jair.

The operation is this plant the roots of the parsnip in solarium where they can be
irrigated continuously and richly, and where not rules the winds; and irrigated
frequently until born, remove them from the feet of the ground when they branches are
discovered, and doing in it with a fork of gold a cleave, introduce in it (hiding in a way
that don’t discovers) the seed of the date soft of the specie called casbat or others of
more delicate species, and attach it tight with sheets of papyrus our wool thread, smear
it with mud that (by kneed) with barley have some viscosity and covered of soil with the
thickness of four fingers, give it until born and show over the soil copious and
continuous irrigations of sweet water daily or every third day,(with which regimen) and
planting it by January or February gives fruit of the musa at the end of summer, what is
weird and pilgrim. Is said, that the date must join crack in the cleave; but Háj affirms,
that not having do it like that it prevails.

A person of credit told me have seen execute this operation in the East, and that
about the bone of the date they procure that it was from female, which is small and not
pointy; and that planted in the root of the parsnip (similar to the turnip or the artichoke),
covered with little soil and irrigated with copious and continuous irrigations, come to
born musa. But this specie of parsnip is weird or not existent on Spain.

About the graft of the melon in the rhamno (or buckthorn), in the lily, marsh mallow
and fig tree.

Some, says the quoted author of Nabathea agriculture, sow in the feed of some
plants the seed of the melon; which, called by them grafted melon, sprouts with several
colors. For that, picking the feet of the buckthorn that were very big, of lily, marsh
mallow, mulberry-tree or fig tree, and cut it until let it over the surface of ground and
(the height of) a cubit or a span, which is the feet (properly), is done there a cross cleave
with a wide knife of good edge; watching, that in the buckthorn, cleaved the feet, be
sow three to five seeds of melon, and no more.

That in the mulberry-tree the seeds should be smeared with glutinous and a little
sweet mud, in between thin and wide, not too dry or juicy, covering them with the same

 
  

soil which will be used if they were sown in holes; that at the feed of the mulberry
before cleaving it infuse, like for clean it well, very hot water; and after cleaved and
done the graft in it, irrigate and wet immediately and frequently with a lot of water,
because like that it gives abundant fruit of good quality. They say, that it grows sweeter
and tastier that any melon grows (naturally); that the grafted in buckthorn haves
pleasurable taste and delicate, less exposed to harm, and barely alterable; that the one
grafted in the feed of the lily that emerges with big size and more sweet that the grafted
by the feed of the buckthorn; that the grafted in the marsh mallow grows with an
admirable smooth taste; that the grafted by the feet of the fig tree is not edible by the
sharp and piercing that is to the mouth, (which taste) comes to be as if was a mixture of
garlic and mustard; and finally, that this grafts are executed in the melon that is sown by
early to late spring or until July.

ARTICLE XIV

About some this that is necessary to know for execute the grafts.

The fructiferous tree, says (the authors), grafted in one fructiferous as well, gives
a constant charge of abundant fruit; (for which reason) shouldn’t be grafted in those
who weren’t, or this one on any fructiferous, because that any of those mixtures will
fructify abundantly. Neither should be graft in weak tree or old, but in new, healthy,
robust, and very juicy and substance by the great increment that it provides, and how
much it fructifies, and so prevails advantageously when is sown in ground of good
quality. The graft of a tree with little juice in one of much juiciness is weak, even if this
suits with it and is not contrary either.

According Kastos, was commonly claimed by the ancients that, prevails the tree
of much substance (of any specie) grafted in his own kind or in those that are
convenient with it, and that in a year they use to raise its branches like then spans (of
height), and sometimes will be fruitful at the same time; what I myself have seen it
happen with the pear-tree.

 
  

They say, that all tree grafted in its kind, as the olive in olive and wild olive, the
apple-tree in the apple-tree, the quince in quince. Incarnates one with the other, joining
also very well their cortex; what don’t happens if the grafted is of other different
species, even analogous (apparently) or in the exterior shape; even when the graft takes
corpulence, and the tree that works as feet for him doesn’t help it, showing the
opposition that are in between. (so) in those trees is best to execute the graft
underground, or transplant it after hiding it under the same; which is well done, Insha
Allah.

I have seen graft of plum in quince, which wood become corpulent without been
corpulent the trunk were it was grafted, differencing like that each other. The olive and
the other similar trees that suffer from manure must profit from it one year, or more,
before been grafted, and be carved very well, in profit for his mass and juiciness; that
makes prevail well their grafts. When adjust the spot of the clave or the bore where the
spines are placed, will be careful of not pressing it a lot or tie them with linen thread or
any twisted string; which narrowing too much the cortex by that place will cut it and
this will harm the graft, and maybe will cause to lost it. Because of this the best and
better will be execute this in the graft of tube and escutcheon with thread of wool,
selvage (of rags) of linen, or similar thing; guarding them, when have high branches and
was the fear of the winds or the birds chop them down, with secure them with a thick
stick ramming at the feet of the tree, or tied firm to its trunk or its branches by the
inferior side of the graft, tilting it to the branch and attach it to it with care so it keeps
with that secure, and removing it after when is not necessary anymore. Further will tie
around spines ( or buckthorns) for the birds don’t cause to it any injure ; and if was
necessary to chop some little bunches, this will be executed breaking them carefully
with the hand without touching them with tool. If appears in the graft weakness, and
checked (that all his damage consist) only on this, irrigate it continuously with sweet
water and good works, if the mud were detached or cracked, or the ants were in it,
smear it more and will prevail Insha Allah. According to the Nabathea agriculture, the
graft is acquired in the (tree that works of) feet the same taste (of his fruit), it smell,
color, good shape, big size and early (maturation), and even in the opposite in this is
achieved the advantage that the late tree grafted in early tree, and vice versa, fructifies
on middle tie.

 
  

They say that if are together two trees from specie in a way that can be twisted
one with the other they incarnate each other, and that chopping to one the superior part
over the spot of the union, uniting the juice of both, the part that is left keeps feeding of
its own roots and the ones of the other; which like this convenes so the fruit that it gives
comes bigger and thicker that it was before this operation. Having I twisted to old plants
of wild olive tree ant were close in between, they joined in that spot in a few years close
of the tops; and when one of them becomes weaker, I cut it remaining the other feeding
itself from the two trunks. Also I have seen two vines, twisted one with the other, which
were injured by this.

May work in this chapter the signals that show the reciprocal suitability of the
trees; is good to know, that been some of many, others of median and others of little
juiciness, some of hard wood, others of moderately hard, and others soft; of which
species is adapted commonly each one to his own better than to another. The trees witch
much juice are the vine, the fig tree and wild fig tree, the quince , the apple-tree, the
mulberry-tree, the black plum, the olive, the jaujo as was called by the barbarian(or
peach-tree), the pear-tree and the rosebush. Those of little juice are the citron, the
orange-tree, the lemon-tree, the Holm oak, the hawthorn, the arbutus, the cypress, the
chestnut, the walnut, the almond, the elm, the tamarisk, the hazel, the pine, the jujube,
and similar. Those of hard wood are the olive, jujube, the elm and the most of trees a
little dark (or brown). Further, those of soft wood are the oleander, the fig tree, the vine,
the margosa, rosebush and similar. If a tree of many juiciness is grafted on one of little
juiciness, this won’t be enough; thing that don’t happens doing the graft in the opposite
way.

Which also shows the mutual convenience (of the trees, besides the told up) over
his first division on classes (or supreme species), is that in the rubbery some are very
rubbery, as the plum, the apricot, the peach-tree and simiar; others moderately, as the
almond, and the terebinth, the pine and similar; and others very little as the olive, the
vine, the cypress, the quince and the walnut. In the oily group some are of much oil,
which is squeezed from the exterior skin of its fruit like the olive, a species of cypress
and his similar (in which are advantaged); and other which oil is squeezed by the bone o
seed, like the hazel, the nut and similar. Which trees prevail little, grafted in those who
weren’t rubbery, or agree each other in the few qualities referred; even if by other
quality they agree a l lot. Those of heavy slime, when they don’t prevail grafted in each

 
  

other, as the olive and the Holm oak? And a trusty person have told me that grafted
olive spines in a new Holm oak, they prevail fixed more than a year fill with juice; but
without give bunches or dry until passed this time was done to the Holm oak a crossed
cut and the same to the spines. Examine, (say the authors), which trees are of long,
median, or short duration (because this will contribute to the economy of grafts); if in
the tree o shot life were grafted one of long, the graft will be less longer, and opposite to
this. Topic that will be treated in the next Insha Allah.

ARTICLE XV

About the age of the trees, according the common opinion of the agriculturist.

Is opinion of some Nabatheos that the olive lives three thousand years, the palm
five hundred, the Holm oak four hundred and the carob tree three hundred. Is told that
the jujube, the walnut, the almond, the mulberry-tree, the arbutus, the hackberry, the
elm and the willow live each one two hundred years. The vine, according to the
Nabathea agriculture, at the hundred dries and die; which at his early plantation or since
his first period, that is of seven years, lives free of calamities, vegetates more and haves
more vigor until reach to the seven periods, that are frothy nine years; since that time on
begins his decadence until it reach his old age, becomes useless since then and dries.
According the quoted book, the older that the hackberry gets is one hundred years and
the peach sixty. According others, the pear-tree, the rowan, the hawthorn, the
pomegranate, the quince, the plum, the apricot, the hazel, the citron, the orange-tree and
the cypress, last almost one hundred years; and like fifty the plum, the mistletoe, the
plantain, the margosa and the apple-tree. According Abu-el-Jair, the rosebush lives
thirty years, the wall flower two or three, and then falls; which the yellow grows less
than the red. The sweet reed lives three years no more. The marjoram six; and the alfalfa
twenty.

 
  

 
  

Chapter IX

The cut and cleaning of the trees and the time to execute it; and the felling
or pruning of the vines, according the Ibn-Hajáj book.

Solon says that being the clean is a great benefit, it cut bouquets that have some
sick part, to reduce the juice to the fattest of that treeFor which reason it must also be
cut all born in no corresponding site those who harm others better; and also the inner
branches of the tree for what that they are weak and bleak; and because outside of being
an impediment to penetrate the air there are fruitless, the operation suits not execute but
is in the winter when the juice does not flow from the timber, so that this does not flow
around the bush; which weaken and make them sick. The ancestors were proposed
cutting the roots of the tree and discovered lying on the surface of the earth with respect
to which this provision it offend hindering to be plowed and digged; whose two books
consists their health and conservation; for which reason they are cut the same way as the
flimsy. And here the maxims of Solon.

Macario said to cut the tree roots that it impossible to dig and plowing in that it
comprises these tasks to their preservation; but not once and not weaken it, but in
different years to remove them all, as this short and with fluffiness acquiring the land
from that place with such work, throwing then to thre tree new roots by cultivation, then
take the place of those cut by the softness and fluffiness that found: which matter to
fertilize the place that contribute to the same effect. And till here the macimuns of the
cited author.

Still, I think that it may not be convenient and similar to olive trees extend their
roots at ground: and indeed since I have practiced so once in the Alxarafe that tree, I
saw that caused serious damage.

 
  

Kastos says that to give good shape at the fruit tree, you cut at the time to take
the fruit to the excess of its branches, and the branches will not pass over two years or
are from the top.

June says, it is cleaned with sickle each fruit trees were dry, and that will turn
out all lines that have for more, both born in the trunk, as the servants near the foot to be
lifted smooth, just and right, and with three or four branches only in his treetop
separated corresponding distance, and that planting the same regime is observed to have
their four trunks cubits high, compared to which while remaining tender are susceptible
of any variant form.

The same author adds in the chapter on the olive trees that with regard to the
remaining clean (or later) of these trees, it is run in November rather than in the other
months for being visible at this time have more strength and vigor; its fruit, do not
receive the rains of winter; which (when they happen) indicates that lack the regular
arrangement.   For which reason all still I am of the opinion that the time referred is the
most provided to clean and strengthen such trees this way. But when they refuse to
clean, will suit to them manure to the effect that the benefit of the same repair the
damage that ensues them clean, and better born branches.

Which suits cleaned cutting off those in the middle have dry, and wrest the
linked, and so very crooked, and too long; since all these things make them less fruitful
than others, as know by any farmer. Whose clean is to run every three or four years; and
with regard to the born branches off the trees, will be started annually for drying when
they are still tender and not come to take away their strength to the trees, weakening the
same trunk. And here the maxims of the mentioned author.

Casio says that do not produce less fruit the olive which branches were cut, since
the new fructify abundantly. And till here his maximum. It is a marsial opinion, cutting
down trees from twenty to begin November till the twenty four of December: that the
pear tree light pruning is done; the quince as wishes, without delay; at the jujube and
plum without any limitation; slightly to the fig tree; and the olive without limitation.
And here their maximum.

Betodún says, the fig tree have improvement with the pruning, and that does not
harm it much to be cut, and so the vine; and rather it helps one another tree grow
smartly. Which (says Ibn-Hajáj) it is certain and undoubted, in my opinion, the

 
  

experience has been beneficial to me; so is suspected of falsehood what Marcial says of
the fig tree. He adds that just as cherry and walnut and almond are raised lush with
much shorter; and so hazel, in the opinion of Sadihames.    

Other farmers say, treating the same, be necessary to transplant all the trees
when they small or wide to free sites; and it is opinion that if seed planting them in
irrigated it wishes to grow in height, they cut the branches and internal branches, and
the offspring born at the foot without executing this with tool seedlings until they are
four years; which being pernicious, they will be cut by hand, not with her until have
spent this time, since cutting them with a sharp tool, and not to blow. Thus becoming
the remaining branches colorful are strengthened to address them the substance (or
juice) of the cut; whose site is welded wounded far as is prejudice.

If the cut part was large, it will be filled with sweet glutinous mud from white
ground mopping it to join him well. When the camp exceeds the height of a man, he
will take care to wipe frequently, if it be from the kind of suffering pruning trees and
clean; and if those who do not suffer, you will skip this operation. Of the difference
from the trees to suffer, or not, the manure will be discussed later.

By being burned in the Alxarafe certain olive feet, I saw some pruned the
offspring born in place a year later; which they were wasted and lost, and so the cut the
following year, the operation was profitable and nothing harmful to those who were
pruned after four years and later.

ARTICLE I

Agrees the common farmers that som trees suffer the logging, and others do not
suffer pruning and clean: to them that this suits include dairy, as a fig tree and Mulberry
Tree; and especially the latter, as Háj Granadino, since their preservation is in wiping
every year from all leaves and cut the agglomeration (or many) of buds, keeping of bark
not splitting the body of the tree by cutting to it (and the same to others) the thick
branches. Which having being as kind of bleeding lose its robustness. So, the best in
this is to cut the branch first with saw or other instrument bottom, and then scrub the
site cut white clay to not woodworm or rot.

 
  

You will clean the jujube as you wish, relieving him of the weight of its
branches, as to which there is no hurt by its perfect welding. But you keep yourself from
it is split, since undertaken would be woodworm. Hazel to cleanse whatever you wish
without this nothing will harm, and so at the walnut.

Haj and Nahík says that if the tree is cut down by the foot of bark at the same
time its roots, will return to the state it had before; and if some branches are cut, there
shall grow as before the cut site. That restores and makes clean vegetate the Roman
walnut, and so at the hackberry. That at cleanse and logging the laurel whatever you
want; which, cut off the top, good regains its former beauty. That the olive nothing hurts
what he is cut off, and as it runs on the dry branches for what green and below the comb
(or knot), as well repaired back to their own state: which if cut being something dry will
not sprout from under that part in any way.

The olive tree, says Kastos, load more fruit cutting the surplus of its branches;
whose operation suits be executed after catching the olives; and the same vine, carob
and oak; According the Nabathea Agriculture, if the olive have given fruit and then
ceased produce, it will be cleaned for a good part of its branches at sunset with the
corresponding tool; to which after the man giving it some straight punches, tells how
talking to him: “I have to rip and make firewood, if you do not give fruit”; then
repeating this a few times will not fail to give it, by Allah.

According to other authors, the trees do not suffer in any way it suits them
cutting or topping are gummy if they exceed the height of a man; and when they cut off
small so precise, careful not to leave them with some cleavage will have. Whose class is
the peach, which if is old must not be touched with tools; and they say that is not good
to get the same any little juice tree. According Marsial, at the peach you can cut as you
want without waiting for anything: the quince has not reached with tool because it lose;
as neither at the old nor new cherry, or the apple tree; which if being old is lopping, do
not expect that this be repaired, since it is their extermination. But the palm returns to its
first state cutting it when new.

The plum, which is the Abkar, according Háj should not reach with tool when
old but if the need so requests, admits cutting; so if registering it shall be found to be
rotten, it cut to corrects this damage, returning to the first state that had before; but it is
not to be touched or cleaned in any way with tool while considers the smooth trunk and
new branches. Marsial says, that without such a suspicion how and when above said.

 
  

The elm will not be done any cleaning, as maximum of Haj; and if lopping not
born on the site of cutting thick branches that look absolutely elevation; because there
just sprout thin and twisted branches, knotting the tree, and causing this same ruin.
Which also happens to a palm tree lopped without ever can rise. The cut pine does not
return as he was, about what does not grow by the weakness of their offspring. The
orange, lemon, zamboa (or grapefruit tree), cypress, walnut, hazelnut, and the like, them
not naked its leaf, and bright trees as pomegranates, apple, plum, and alfónsigo must be
pruned little.

ARTICLE II

Says Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel that the maximum that shall be found scattered
in different books and can be added to these, should be reduced to just half that of him
(which is convenient) deviate.

ARTICLE III

Some want, outside the expressed system, if the tree does not advance in the
vegetation, if your top-dried calamity from external cause such as wind, or weakness or
old age, cut with a sharp tool (since lost all or cut tree branch with which it is not)
executing the cutting or sawing a cubit to the face of the earth, if there is no risk that
comes to it which can lose; or higher, if it fears that animals like cattle will cause
damage; also giving continuous work and risks until I come to fruition.

Abu-el-Jair say telling to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasel, that applied for it this old
remedy pomegranate and quince were followed by other new branches that bore fruit
long time: that after having sawed second time and care diligently with work and
continuous irrigation, followed by others with new branches, which came to fruition and
in this way to live more than a hundred years.

 
  

Haj and other affirm that the old cherry resurrect with logging, and and that this
effect is not achieved with mowing. That the sick Mulberry Tree, many years and little
fructify, resurrect been pruned back to its first state, especially being in place where you
can grow and irrigate, whereby shortly convalescing; and so the citron, the orange,
lemon, jasmine and zamboa, if for being old to be cut or cut down due to the land, and
they attends to work and continuous irrigation.

When you see the peach (says Háj) weak and little substance, with difficulty the
fruit of some of its branches, taking away the bark that follows the wood black, green or
turns red with a mixture of black, and that tied its buds, you'll understood that it has
many years and is close to perish. Whose remedy is to saw two feet from the ground by
October, foot very well cover with ground and irrigate every eight days; as well sprout
again on the fifteenth until the end of summer, and flowering and fruiting the second or
third year at the latest, also wiping of weak shoots, leaving the robust three or four
branches. Also if you think transplanting reverse execute so, returns the tree as it was
first, and load (by Allah) much fruit, remaining in good standing with this operation and
regime.

The pear tree, Mulberry Tree and similar fruit trees shed leaf, and have aged and
weakened, repaired with the benefit of logging, or relieving them and stripping them of
lying branches in proportion to what they cut of the upper part; although it is best to cut
them by foot. If very dry trees are pruned in autumn, preferring to this site where they
are not dry, rejuvenated by this operation and being on them continuously.Then it tells
you what is sufficient about curing the trees of the other accidents that may be
undertaken.

 
  

Chapter X

Of the work relating to the payment of the land of trees and its trees,
and the best time to execute the manure of the earth.
Designates are the trees to which could suit, or not, much crop.
Of the mode to extend the branches in the empty places.
And the quality of the laborers for working in agriculture.

Regarding of adult vines, the benefit they receive from the cellar, and how to
introduce young plants (or layering) in the spacious sites lacking these ones, says June,
quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajajs, are to be digged before sprouting its branches, regarding
making this work after that time, and when clusters are starting to being discovered, this
would result in the loss of much of the fruit with the revolution of the cellar, and for this
reason vines should be digged before, because a good cellar and sponginess of the
ground are the cause of the robustness that this vines acquire, and, providing food to
them, their fruit increase are the result.

He adds, that if the vines were to have been grown before concluded this
labor, it would be very good to stop it until the recently grown stems are robust enough,
doing the work, then, around the remaining vines: that at the time of doing this, it’s
convenient for one to be very careful of not uncovering the log of the vine, which would
be damaging, for if this happens the vine would not give any more fruits. He also
mentions that, if there were lacking any young plants (or if there were empty spaces)
between vines, the long and flexible branches are to be taken and leant down in the pit
that must have been done for them, laying them on the ground and covering them after
with enough amount of dirt; and giving them the same cultivation given to the other
plants, they are to be cropped of the vines after two years and a half. Here end the
maximals of the quoted author.

 
  

Kastos says, that made by the old vine's side, on the empty side, dig an
elbow-deep hole and lay, tend and bury a branch in the middle of it without cutting it
from the foot, leaving the end of it outside; whose new seedling comes to be then like a
child raised by two nurses, from whose breasts it feeds; since one of them is its first foot
which is joined to, and the other the one the raised again; which comes promptly to
become the perfect vine and fructify with abundance: that, coming to this state and
being ahead of its partner, cut the first foot of the vines if they're old, or leave it next to
it if the advantage was on the contrary.

And up to this point the maxim of the referred author June aforementioned by
himself where he talks about the time to dig vines and the convenience of using manure
on them, he says that those from the eastern regions don't cover them immediately when
they dig around them, instead they leave them uncovered the whole winter time; and on
the contrary of the southern regions, that some dig one foot deep two times, for autumn
and spring; and for which it makes another species of cattle that the strength of their
heat makes purpose of setting forward the vegetation; but noting that none of these
manures gets on their roots, rather four fingers of distance so that the heat comes from
afar; neither on the broken roots because(or being as..) it would burn them.

If there wasn't manure at hand, it will be enough with using bean straws and
other vegetables for being a preservative against the frosts and the icing for the vines,
and also a remedy against the insects that lose them. That digging entirely is omitted in
the cold regions; and that before on the contrary having frosts in such places, is
convenient to set aside the vines, piling earth around them. Solon aforementioned in the
Ibn-Hajáj book about the care that must be taken with trees and their manures, of three
ways, he says, they are cultivated, plowing them or digging them, fertilizing them and
cleaning them or pruning them; and although some watering them with water from
rivers or wells, it lacks fundament; since we see many trees that don't need more water
than the one that comes from heaven; and so when we want to raise domestic trees on
the field, we plow them many times, with whose labors have enough without needing to
be watered.

Those three things (over said), are the ones that make the trees live for a long
time, vegetate and fructify well, and remain robust; which if clearly seemed to come
down with any kind of disease, it would be good watering them, specially the citron,
which continuously needs it, and then, the pomegranate. The other trees are better to be

 
  

watered in the summer and spring, and also in autumn if rain comes late: and it would
be convenient if in the summer they were watered in the afternoon, in order that roots
increase with the freshness of the water that gets to them, for with their sucking and
attraction for the juice, with the warmness provided by the sun that comes after that
humidity, they strengthen perfectly and greatly.

The plowing and digging, then, are useful for four things: first, for the rarity or
sponginess that earth gets by this means eases the dilatation of roots on it and these
same are refreshed by entering the air. And that’s what an Author (Virgilio) said, that
earth’s sponginess is a relief for suffocated roots. Second, for being uncovered the
bottom part of the earth turned by the work, it’s encouraged by the heat of the sun and
then thins; and so, the ancient bearing by repeating better plowing, persuaded this
practice to the effect that the land softens by flipping and stirring; further then, they had
for a best quality the very trodden dust of the roads and sunny, saying that being found
and removed with the foot of the workers and horses, being parched by the sun, and
moreover being aired and moving from one place to another, (expressed contracted
quality) of softness (or thinness ); and also by the fertilizer given by the urine and
excrement thrown on him by the beasts.

Third, for tearing the grass of the land of trees, they

do not lose its legitimate and good quality, and the trees to be narrowly and oppressed
(or lacking the corresponding amount) of nutritional juice. Fourth, so that the plowed
ground retains its center with freshness, the juice and the humor contained in it, and that
they refresh themselves with it, and moisturize the roots of the trees in the summer. The
wild trees are conserved by making very deep grooves with the plowing in the three
seasons of autumn, winter and spring, and also with digging them and removing the
earth from the foot, opening round holes around them like long and wide centerboards,
which practice we recommend you follow for three reasons.

First, because us, knowing that the earth form the surface it's better for being
sunlit, we want that the one close to the roots is softened and thinned and they can feed
themselves from it; which is very advantageous, like good foods( or aliments) that
sustains the body, in it consist their wellbeing. The second reason is the sponginess of
the earth and the relief of the oppressed roots, like was said before; which effect is
accomplished perfectly with replenishing the extracted soil on the hole, well sponged
now by the discontinuation or separation of its particles. The third, because by

 
  

collecting and damming the water in those holes, none is lost, and so it goes to the depth
of the ground.

The old ones suggested that the holes were three elbows-deep, adding that is not
convenient to make them in the rigorous winter when the frosts and a lot of snow falls
due to harms it does to the roots; whence they must be done when the time starts to
quench, passed the best( o most) part of winter; and so it was Varron's opinion, that the
holes were to be made in the autumn, and that with the tightening of the cold, the soil
was to be replenished on top of the roots until the mild time came back; since it seemed
then that repeating the same process, and leaving the holes open until the air changed,
the piled soil was replenished; whereby with the sponging of that site the trees were
kept healthy, conserving their juice.

For what the manure does it is certain that it agrees with the soil; to which it
promotes, and like in the roots the natural heat, contributing to the engrossment of the
juice from the plant are made fruitful and throw off many colorful branches with a lot of
greenness. The leaning or cleansing also benefits a lot; and the maximums of Solon and
other authors about the care one must have with executing it have already been
mentioned.

Solon talking about the way of benefiting the soil with task of trellis after
it's tired, says that finding it in such disposition one should, grab the sow, plow it a few
times in the winter season until opening wide grooves in it by the end of spring, so that
they are clipped or torn with the many grids, none of them attracts the juice; and
permeating to the depth of the grooves the heat of the sun in the summer, concurring in
it with this labor, their pARTICLEs attenuated and overheated, the three qualities of
porosity, sponginess and softness, preventing after the same heat with which the sun
thins and warms it, that the herbs take part of its substance and subtle matter; with
which labor, called back, it benefits perfectly for being to this the most purposeful and
effective; which talked about later claiming the maximums in which this subject is
illustrated.

Up, according to the Nabathea Agriculture doctrine, the species of soil

and their respective manures were treated on the first chapter of this book, illustrating
this point with many maximums. It was also treated the way of digging trees; which
labor, called ventilation and sponging is executed around them, removing the soil or
uncovering them in the places where suiting them and replenish them after the same;

 
  

about which were claimed the maximums of Junio on the matter, that we add to the ones
that refer on the books of other authors. Otherwise Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, Háj,
Abu-el-Jair and others say in their respective books, that in the tillage of the soil certain
dispositions must be observed; of which one is the season of the year in the purpose of
executing it, and another is the state of the soil considered with regard of its humidity or
dryness too, to its right temperature between the two qualities, that is what must be
heeded, and also the hardness and softness. Attempting to execute the firsts labors of
plowing and digging well, the others are made easier. In the soils the till must be started
by the middle of January until the ends of May, repeating this same thing after different
according to the needs of that kind of terrain; which will be well cultivated after its dust
is thinned and its hardness softened. Ultimately, they say, that the foot of the trees
should be uncovered for January, making their corresponding diggings underneath.

ARTICLE I

From the crop that every kind of soil requires, and the proper time to execute it.

The strong bermeja earth, says Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, isn’t docile to the
work until after a reckless and violent advance; and so are necessary many and repeated
works to be thin. The black (or brown), and the yellow as well, also need a lot of work,
with which their trees grow strong and healthy. To the thick earth sometimes the
process must be repeated in order to make it thin; and to the rough earth lots of crops
are needed. The docile and frank earth to the work and farming, and the same with the
powder-colored earth (and the ones similar, as the humid white), need less work than
the others due to their softness and docility towards the works and farming. The dead
earth, like the sandstone, loose and similar are to be worked in its right time, neither
early or later to avoid any burns and moisture removal caused by the sun; also, the
brackish earth isn’t to be plowed deeply.

Kastos says that the limit in deepness to break the earth during the
plowing is that of a hand. And it’s a maxim from Abu-el-Jair and other authors, that the
earth whose surface where of good quality, and its center near to be bad due to
containing very rough sand, stones and similar stuff, won’t be plowed too deeply

 
  

because, if done the contrary, it would lose its good disposition to being benefitted with
the appropriate manure, which is of utmost need. But that it must be plowed in that way
the earth that’s of bad surface and of good center near the center, in order to improve it
with this incorporation or mix; which is of better quality than the one before. From
whose matter and similar we’ve already talked about in the two first chapters, and still
being talked about in chapter ten and seven, to what has been talked up to now, the
maxims that can be found scarce over the book are to be joint with in this matter.

ARTICLE II

The times for plowing each species of earth, according to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-
Fasél, Háj, Abu-el-Jair and other authors

They say that the earth of good and strong quality be plowed early,
starting the digging and plowing in the fall, especially if one’s specifically looking for
herbs, which is taken away with this crop; and that this very same after each station is
repeated because of the bad that the cold and heat do to it; and that the earth of inferior
quality is to be plowed after the spring’s equinox has passed. It’s also common opinion
that the ginger, purple, the lean white, the earth from hills and steps are to be plowed in
winter. The brackish earth must have a plowing that isn’t too deep, and that left a whole
year in this state, manure is to be applied to it in the time that’s to be said. That the
flimsy thin earth, especially the sandstone, be plowed in spring after the equinox at half
grid, and that it must not be dug up with plowing; and that neither before or after more
work is done, because if it were plowed in cold seasons, it would cause spams in its
growth by limiting its access to the water from the rains (closing its pores); and because
if the plowing were made in the heat seasons, it would lose its substance soon due to
burns caused by the sun. The adipose and similar types of earth are to be plowed in this
last season, because the sun dries the roots of the herbs that, by growing next to it,
deteriorates the growth rate of seeds and trees; these last being dictated to be plowed at
all seasons. With the turn works, which will be talked about in a different ARTICLE,
one and another effect will be achieved, plowing in June the cracked earth and covering
its cracks to avoid the sun’s heat to reach the trees’ roots.

 
  

Says Ibn-Hazém, that trees that aren’t well raised or taken care of, are to
be dug and plowed deeply after the first rains of October, and the same in January, in
the starts of April and in June (the month of the ánsarat); and that applying manure to
them later they are to be relieved from the weight of the interlaced branches; that the
vines get their branches trimmed; and that the intermediate distances between the plants
be left unembarrassed.

ARTICLE III

Out of what has been said, the several states of the trees referring to their ground
where they are will be observed; because some need lots of farming, if in some of the
first ones there were trees that required equally high works, it will be higher in this; if
the contrary, proportionally; and if it were reciprocal opposition, the first (or the main)
of them will be transplanted.

ARTICLE IV

The disposition in which the earth has to be in order to plow it, and execute the
seedtime and planting in it

Says Abu-el-Jair, that to achieve this effect the earth must be moderately
humid, eliminating the quagmire and the earth that doesn’t has moisture at all. It’s a
maxim from Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél that said earth isn’t plowed nor cultivated from,
and avoid throwing something in it that contains ran water or from another source, since
it would get sick, if it were to be moved in said disposition it would cause damage to the
plants and itself. It also weakens if it’s left without dust between it and its pots when
plowing, digging too lean, or while opening the grooves and plowing. It also mustn’t be
plowed or dug while being muddy or in similar disposition; said works, if not executed
with regular temperature, cause the sun to hard the earth, and later falls sick due to the
lack of looseness and juice: and because of this reason is that one mustn’t plow or dig
unless it’s moderately juicy, and neither lean or humid. If the need to plant something in

 
  

lumpy soil came to being, first plant lupines there without the main seed until it softens
up due to the rains and wind. Digging and plowing it up with good wind (being
moderately juicy), and crumbling the small lumps of earth at the same time is how the
plant remains at correct disposition, granting that whatever is planted on it will prevail.
Also, it’s less harmful to dig or plow lean earth that the one that’s loaded of water and
muddy, because the rains dissolve the lumps of lean dirt.

ARTICLE V

The trees that favor and those that don’t favor, several cultivations

Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, Háj, Abu-el-Jair and other authors say in their

respective books that the tres that favor several cultivations are the olive, fig, vine and
cherry. According to Háj and others, there are trees of fruit that favor several
cultivations and watering when they’re growing, and the opposite when grown up: from
which category we can mention the apple, plum, cherry, peach and similar. And the
very same Háj says that the apple and pomegranate of old age and the similar are the
kind of trees that don’t favor several cultivations, and that other require in this a certain
medium, and those will be mentioned later. It’s a maxim from Abu-el-Jair and other,
that with the olives already bearing fruits, the same process of plowing used with the
vines be applied, ceasing works, manure and trimming, that little excavations be made
at their feet by the beginning of June, and that ashes be spread in August due to the
advantages that this presents to them and the good quality that it lends to its oil; that in
April the branches are trimmed, and cleaning them after picking up the olives, later
gathering lumps of earth at their feet.

From the quinces, says Háj, that digging them up well again and again in
the start of October, while the earth is juicy, are to be watered when ten days pass; that
in the same juice’s disposition be dug up a second and third time and giving them a
good work in March; and that the same cultivations are beneficial for the pomegranate
and hazelnut.

 
  

The rosebushes, says the same author, are cleaned of the herbs with the
hands while wearing gloves during October, cutting after that any plant or thorn that has
grew between them, eliminating them with a hoe, eight days later they will be dug up
again picking out the herbs they may have; and after its entries are closed, eliminating
any nuisances they may have again with a farming hoe (bigger than the first one
mentioned) in the referred month , all the dried and old white branches will be cut off,
repeating the same works of hoe in the midst of April, and cleaning the herbs away from
them. This is absolutely necessary, mustn’t be overlooked because of the advantages
that it gives to the plants. Also, even when the flower’s time has already passed, the
cleaning won’t stop: since there, no more intrusions would be needed until the fall
season starts. We’ll discuss the watering, and also its medicine, in their very own
ARTICLEs. The almond doesn’t need many works. This proves convenient for the
apple tree in its youth and not in its grown stage, has it’s already been said up there. The
muse must be given a good work in fall; and the sugar cane’s soil must be worked on
after the canes are cut and picked up. All the new or old vines need (according to the
Nabathea agriculture) repeated works; and the ones with ages below twenty years have
its circumference dug up, manure will be applied with feces from sheep, doves, and pat,
covering their feet after by these means, their vines will tend to be very useful; which
regime if we continuously observe in the new ones, we see it’s also advantageous for
them. The seedling plants that are over two years old (of any species) will require
digging a hole, at the third year, that’s two feet deep and three feet wide, and will be re-
applied with the manure we’ve spoke before, having done to them six excavations
between their first and second years of planting. Masio advices that the vines of seven
years or more be dug during summer in such a way that the center is left exposed to the
surface.

The intention of the action (says Kutsámi) of mixing the moisturized earth of the
center with the lean one from the surface, and the same process that’s done with the
subtle pARTICLEs, is to make a single good-quality earth ; task that’s accomplished
with the heat that the sun emits and the attenuation received from the air since being in
the direct surface; with said actions it loses the heaviness and hardness that it had
acquired in the center with the moisture, and with this upgrade and temperature it
betters the vines that are around them. Also, the deeply-rooted vines that are twelve
years or older must be dug up in the same way we said it must be done to the seedling

 
  

plants; must be executed before the rosebuds bloom and begin to sift, makes the earth
from the feet of the vine sponge up; which is a direct cause of bigger abundance and
gentleness in the fruit, and that the vines grow prodigiously robust because of the lots of
nutritious juice that they gather. The vines also mustn’t be dug up when they are
beginning to bloom until after their stems have fortified a little.

To know, says Sagrit, that the many and continued excavations around
the vines sponge up the earth, with which swelling they get more robust and get their
roots dilated; and that this alternative of excavation and swelling of the diggings are
cause of its robustness, and that a lot of juice is attracted, allows that the fruit (through
Allah) comes in abundance.

Continues, the same author, saying that it’s convenient to have the
excavations exposed a long time to allow the vines’ roots to untangle, which is very
good for them, and clearing all herbs from them, small or big, without leaving a single
one there. He who does the diggings near the vines be careful of any cuts caused to the
trunk with the hoe or any other instrument of the excavation, absolutely avoiding that
the tool touches any part in a way that could cause harm, said harm being like poison to
the vine, the weakness and diminishment of the fruit following such act, and the
smallness of the branches due to the same reason. About the digging that’s done to the
seedling plants in their first year, even though it’s an easy operation (or one that doesn’t
needs something to be warned of) with all, its direct and most suitable execution relies
in not touching anything with the tools. Sagrit encourages the carefulness that one must
have due to the easiness with which the vines and similar ground-level plants are hurt or
start to rot by the smallest of cuts.

About the cultivation of the vines, say Abu-el-Jair and other authors that
are good to execute four or more excavations before the blooming of the buds, omitting
these works if they’re already bloomed, to be executed after the grape’s well grown.
That’s also good to make excavations at their foot in the final days of fall season and in
December in equal rows from noon to north, separating the earth between the flax and
making them deep enough, and leaving them in said state until the early March, if the
year were with more rains than dry days; and if the opposite, lend the earth, after a week
or more, according to the intensity of the dry season, digging after and incorporating the
earth of the surface with the one from below, and to earth up the feet of the vines if the
soil were to be found with a regular amount of juice product of the watering; finally

 
  

giving them a digging in April and another in May. That in the second year the
excavations start to happen in parallel grooves, opposing the ones from the first year,
from east to west, executing what has been explained. That in the third year they be dug
up opposing how it was done in the last two years, executing after it what was foresaw
up there; and that a fourth excavation be executed opposing the last one done; and so
on, that the soil replaced in the holes like the first time be used with the vines and dug
up in April, and another in May. With said works and similar ones the earth sponges up,
and the vines have the legit and sufficient farming; one with which, clearing its roots of
the herbs that were in them with each work, would maintain an optimum status, and its
grape it’s raised healthy and of good quality.

That extending its harvesting to five excavations, these should be executed every
month since January to May, and that the earth isn’t turned in the heat season to avoid
the hot air to enter its roots and remove their moisture; unless the earth’s cracked and
with some herb, in said case, a work done with a very light hoe that covers the cracks
and eliminates the herbs should be enough. It’s also an opinion that the vines are to be
plowed in October and March, and that in April and July be dug up lightly, due to the
advantages that dust provides to the grape, executing this work in the morning and in
the late afternoon.

Economy and order that the workers must save in the works of excavation, by
the book of Ibn Bisál

This author talking about the works of the vines referred to the servants,
says that in fields of soft, tender, juicy and docile to the farming-type of fields, divisions
are made for the laborers that work there of sixty steps long, no less; and that in
opposing terrain, especially rough, lean and strong terrain, the divisions be made of
thirty steps long; and to what refers to the wideness, every man must have the
equivalent length of three shovels (which should be three hands) between each other,
nor more, no less. That each one of them carries their right foot in front and left foot
back, and don’t raise the hoe over his head, rather throwing it pulling towards itself.

It’s very good, says other author, that the workers are four; that in the
first division the one placed is the most intelligent during work and the strongest, and
the same towards the second and third man; and that if one of them weren’t intelligent
or strong in the plowing, be placed in the last division. That they are placed one in front
of the other in an oblique and followed line, so that the earth’s well treated as each

 
  

worker mimics the doings of the other. That the space of division of each one in the
plain and juicy terrain should be of four palms, and in the terrain of low moisture be
lesser the distance between them, and with proportion towards the three hoaxes that
each one of them should have in front of him. That out of this it’s kept in consideration
the capacity or stretchiness of the flaxes that usually keep a distance between seven and
eight palms one from the other. That the length said division needs to have in the plain
and tender terrain be of seventy steps long, and thirty in the opposing scenario. That in
the plain terrain three men can very well dig a marjal in one day: and that to open in
such marjal the drilling holes, that are executed to improve the planting of the vines
with stake, ten men are to be able to fit in each marjal, or less, according to what their
patron wished.

ARTICLE VI

The type of men that are looked for its qualities to do the works, plantations and
other rustic tasks

This point is mentioned in the Nabathea agriculture and it states that the
workers must be young, obeying the patron that they’re the strongest, happiest and most
expeditious and less lazy for the works, and that the diggers be working in pairs. That
the one in charge of planting the vines or other trees, the inserter and the trimmer be
young men between their twenty and thirty years of age or a little more, that watches
out for his personal hygiene; that don’t possess any handicap in their limbs like a
dislocation or a fracture not well healed; nor that he had mumps, referring to that being
free of all lesion and handicap the men who are to do the planting or the inserting, the
robust plants will prevail and live more. These operations also mustn’t be executed by
those workers that sustained a cut that makes them bleed from their arm. That he who’s
sick in one or both eyes, or had ophtalmia or clouds in them, or were one-eyed, it’s not
suited at all to do plantations; if well it can be employed in other activities. It has
already been said in the article of the plantations of the palm that qualities must concur
in the one charged with the planting, the same with the olive, and to a lesser extent, the
onions. According to the quoted Nabathea agriculture, the owner of the estate must go

 
  

personally to it to check up on the workers and promote their work with a matching
prize; or to punish their laziness, to fix it as said above.

Advised by other authors, for the cultivation and hoaxing the youngest and most
upright men are to be chosen, for being the strongest for the job, of greater resistance to
fatigue, more animated and more docile than the old ones; the ones that are diligent,
good tempered and careful workers being the exception; with which qualities do not
stop being a must for such tasks. In the divisions there won’t be more than four men,
and if there were more, they must not gather up in only one spot in order to haste the
works in that specific area; and because it’s usual to happen that during the work, some
liars and impure teach others how to cause harm while doing their hob. To hoax and to
store the ox herd the preferred ones will be the bigger men; and to dig or make the holes
and other similar operations the ones with medium height are to be picked first, that are
agile, strong and of robust composition; if well other say that these men should be tall,
as that they can do stuff that the smaller men cannot do. For shepherds it’s good to
assign anyone who was known to be an early bird, light, of good will and a vigilant with
patience.

Those that will be picked to be a foreman must be someone with earned trust
that takes care of observing and learning the occupations of each of the men, with the
jog of administrating them the corresponding reliefs: that worker must be faithful, well
educated in mannerisms and habits, of great probity and religion, veracious in its words,
and kind to its family. Must be awake and out of the bed by the start of the day before
beginning the works of the day to encourage everyone else to do the same. Mustn’t be
sectarian of its passions, a compulsive eater nor alcoholic. The owner of the lands, along
with the foreman, will register the works after being finished to have knowledge of how
much was worked; and even if it was missing all the day, he will know the diligence
and effort of the workers in his absence, or of their laziness, if they were to be found
working less that what’s supposed. Junio, quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj, says that he
in charge of the vine must visit it a lot and take walks around it to equal and correct the
stakes of the vines that were inclined, they must be moved to one site with a bare hand
(since they don’t need to be totally erect) without minding if it’s his or my work; and so
on, because the many rains of fall causes the grapes to scratch and rot, due to this it’s
important to remove the pompanos that were above the branches to avoid any damage.

 
  

Chapter XI

The application of manure for trees, planting grounds and calm soil.
The kind of manure that best suits each one.
The benefits it gives to the brackish soils.
How much time and quantity must be given to this task,
according to Nabathea agriculture.

The same author of this book states that, this world being one of coldness
and dry seasons, because of the coldness of both the earth and water, the first one gets
lean, and the second one gets wet; if the air didn’t apply a little heat to it, the sun a lot,
and the night’s stars a little, plants wouldn’t be able to grow in these lands, as animals,
and the vegetating process of trees would be very slow. The plants grow with heat, they
prevail and heal from their sicknesses, be it with the heat from the burned stubbles, or
with the manure. The smart ones execute little use of the first one mentioned in the
plants, because the method is risky if implemented without warnings and with a low
practice and information. So the safest way to apply heat is through the manure; and
according to the Nabathea agriculture, be them (the plants) small or big they are quite
fortified, its utility not being particular but general for both plants and vegetables, if the
manures are mixed with some other dust; by whom it spreads through different terrains
and windy landscapes under direct influence of the sun. When the manure’s applied to
the feet of vines and all other plants, nor rolling over the flows of earth in such place,
the first ones grow robust, give birth to multiple branches, leafs and twigs, the grape’s
produced big and with prodigious abundancy, and without the slightest risk of getting
rot.

According another author, in the terrain that’s mixed sand in it the vines
prevail; and it’s on that purpose that sheep’s feces be mixed in it, later following the

 
  

same path the horse’s feces. To the earth that’s white, strong and graveled the most
convenient is to apply the rotten pat in amurca due to its abundant fat; which should be
mixed with some hay of wheat and barley. The earth of brackish and inferior quality
should have applied manure composed of human feces, vegetables’ hay, burned bones
and vines’ ashes. Summary, to all earth that’s thought to have a flavor different of sweet
it’s to be benefitted with highly fat manure. The earth that’s sweet or flavorless must
have strong and active manure applied in it. According to other authors, the red earth
needs low quantities of manure like as aiming for the manure to avoid being noticed;
that’s because a big quantity would make it weak and sick. The white earth needs a
utmost copy of this same manure; and in the first chapter, where the choosing of earth
for vegetables was talked about, it was said (quoting Junio) that the white earth that
hardens long before winter and that dries up in summer isn’t meant for the grove but
after having applied a lot of work in its qualities and being mixed with manure.

The yellow earth, some other people say, needs a lot of manure due to its
similarities with the white earth, specifically the coldness and how lean it is. The thick
earth, according to Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, is spread with ashes and manure, and a
lot of each material’s supposed to be applied to it if it’s the case that it isn’t of a good
quality. The thin earth, lazy, sandstone, ashy and similar need much more manure than
that of good quality, and the dove’s feces it’s very convenient because of the virtues it
gives to them, and feeds your plants and trees; and because the manure warms the cold
sandstone.

According to the African Anatholia, by applying manure to the good

quality earth, its crops show an increase in freshness, and the same happens to the earth
that’s less fat. The adipose earth doesn’t need big quantities of manure. The bean’s hay,
from the wheat and from the barley are said to exploit the qualities of the earth they’re
applied on, be it each species by itself or altogether; with which hay it’s improved and
sweetened, and it gets a good status after having manure applied to it. The brackish
earth’s also corrected with said hay and sweet manure, being the bean’s hay the first one
exploited, then the barley’s and finally the wheat’s. The very brackish earth must have
manure applied to it in fall with horse’s feces an pat, because of their sweetness. If in
said earth farming were to be executed, river’s sand will be applied in the bottom to
eliminate this flavor, or good-quality sweet earth.

 
  

Talking about the advantages of manure, some farmers say, that the
heated earth favors the crops, keeps the trees’ health, greatly improves the good-quality
earth and also betters the bad-quality earth. The middle-quality earth needs more
manure than that of good quality, taking in consideration how close or far it’s the earth
away from the good quality, using less manure if the first’s the case, and more manure
if the second’s what’s in the reality. They say that the earth becomes cold if it doesn’t
has manure applied to it; and is scorched if too much manure’s applied to it, also applies
to the same extent to the plants that were in it.

In each swamp of land it’s good to apply a load of manure with

proportion to its good quality, or that’s similar to this one. The time for executing this is
the one we’re accustomed to; and that’s already been talked about in the first two
chapters: with said maxims together with the ones referred to in this chapter there will
be enough knowledge of the matter. The earth that’s warm and humid naturally is
convenient to all kinds of plants (not being able to be it without these two qualities), but
if the cold and lean earth got heated with manure and moisturized, it would not be
different from the natural-found first-quality warm and humid earth. In the juicy places
it’s convenient to throw very little manure in periods of many years; and in the lean
earth it’s the same, due to the lazy and cold that it is, making herbs grow slowly.

ARTICLE I

The applying of manure in trees and vegetables, time to execute it and quantity,
according to the condition of the plants and soil where they’re located

The farmers say that some trees favor the manure applied to the, some
other lose it and it’s a different effect on others, as stated in the second chapter of this
book. The trees that get benefits from the manure aren’t in need of it if they’re in a good
earth. But the ones that do need manure need a lot, keeping this in a certain
environment; something that the author of Nabathea agriculture comments that the trees
and the earth must have manure applied to them in regular proportion, not more, not
less; and the same to the vines, because these need a lot of manure, the amounts are to
be few and in low quantities. The author from quoted book states that if you wish for

 
  

the vines to bloom and have a healthy look they should have human and dove’s feces
mixed with earth, in corresponding third equal parts. But this, even if it’s beneficial for
them, if it weren’t, it would be lost. The way of applying manure is to do little
excavations around the foot, and throw in them a little layer of manure that’s four
fingers tall, that should be covered later with a low quantity of earth.

Sagrit has the opinion that in no way the manure should reach the feet of
the vines, but a layer of earth should be between in order for the heat to get to them
through it, this’ because all kinds manure scorch whatever’s directly around them with
their heat; said practice should be uses generally in them as with the big or small plants
that need them; the manure scorches the roots of the vines, not only with their natural
heat, but also the sun’s heat that boosts this first one. He who uses the acre-scorching
manure, the warm ones, should use in tits place the rot ones as the hay of the eatable
and healthy beans; and the rot or natural hays from the barley, beans and wheat are the
most convenient for the vines; they should be applied as said earlier.

He adds, that even when this type of hay doesn’t has more virtue than the
ones contrary to all type of insect; but that rotten at the feet of the vines doesn’t only
drives away them, whatever their size might be, but they also remove the damage done
to said plants from the sun, and a big part of the one caused by the snows. According to
Nabathea agriculture, the vines should have very little manure applied to them their first
year of plantation, and it should be gradually augmented each year as long as they
remain feeble; and the opposite should be done when they strengthen. These plants
begin to be vines at the age of 5, it’s observed that they start to get robust at the age of
six and become as robust as they’ll be able to at the age of ten, and they’re called new
until the age of twenty four; said vines visibly take advantage of the applying of manure
during crescent moon. It should be add to the quoted book that some vines do not need
manure as much as the vines from the mountains, between crags or in naturally craggy
and mountain lands: these should have manure applied to them in their second year of
planting, throwing to each a foot of manure without leaving this to reach the branches,
after having cut up with the hands the twigs that surplus, and not with tools; and that the
vines with pat in white earth are made very fertilized when dove’s feces are applied to
their feet.

Other authors dictate that the vines must have manure applied to them after the
winter’s over when the earth’s humid, covering this one with the manure; that the

 
  

chestnut and holm oak should have pat applied to them; and the citrus with human feces
left to rot during fall and spring, this also has another sayings that it’s better to apply
sheep feces, same with the orange tree; that the palm have fresh human feces applied to
them; the muse with good rot manure during fall; the sugar cane with sheep feces; and
the jasmine should have a low quantity of manure of long rotting.

The olive, by Kastos, mustn’t have human feces applied to it because

doesn’t brings any benefits, but any other type of manure will do, near their foot; it’s
said that the four-legged animals feces are better for it, and the same the holm oak, and
also the one gathered according to the Nabathea agriculture. Others say that the dove’s
feces is the best manure for the olive due to its strength; and that goats and sheep feces
usually burns out the feet of the plant.

It’s also affirmed that in the yellow, white sweet, rough, thin lazy or cold
sandstone the olives should have manure applied to them each year because of tis needs
in such soils, and less in the red or grizzly; that the corresponding quantity of manure
applied to the earth of good quality be small, and more in the earths of inferior quality,
and the manure must be applied in the feet, due to the shadow that the branches produce
prevents the feet from getting natural heat from the sun, it will get it from the manure,
so that it will generate looseness; the quantity of pure, not mixed, dove feces
corresponding to an olive is that of a dish or a little more (according to the magnitude of
the tree), and that the time to this is in January, specifically in days of rain, or in a day
when this last one is expected, neither before or after. It’s said that such applying of
manure is harmful to the olive if it’s applied before or in bigger quantities; and that by
preparing the dove’s feces before applying it allows many fruit to be harvested, through
Allah.

In the Aljarafe I’ve seen that all the old farmers do this process with the
dove feces, and that having applied it to the olive’s feet in a very rainy day, nothing was
harmed: likewise a trusty person has referred me that others have applied the manure to
the olive before January or in fall, no harm was done to the plant; from which executed
by me in through the passing of the years, I always rejoiced in the wide advantages the
they provide to the fruit, applying manure to them in the referred time with the
expressed quantity of pure dove feces, or a mix with other types of manure where the
dove’s the most influence. These maxims along with the ones expressed above in the
articles of the planting of olives a vines, and in the other of the planting of trees and of

 
  

the frequent assistance to what gives to the health of these, should make enough
information about this particular matter.

ARTICLE II

The time to apply the manure

It’s said that the time to apply manure in fruit trees starts from August
until January, and that applying manure to the small ones in October with goat feces the
prosper and bear fruit, through Allah: that the vine’s manure is applied in September,
December or January, specifically in the cold regions, according to various opinions:
the time to apply manure to the olives is in fall; and that the vegetables get a little
amount of manure in the summer and in hot soils, middle amount in places of regular
temperature and with a big quantity in winter and cold lands.

 
  

Chapter XII

The watering of the tress and time that this operation should be done:
those that benefit from lots of water, according to the books
of Ibn-Jajáj, Ab-Abdalab, Ibn-elFasél, Háj, Abu-el-Fair
and other authors.

The say after that some trees benefit from abundant watering, other trees
don’t favor it and that other ones have a middle point between these two extremes. It’s a
very good practice, says Háj, to water the trees during August, in the cold, and in
January; in which time, he adds, this operation mustn’t be overlooked, through the
benefit that it causes to them the water from the watering (that enters its feet and roots)
of killing the insects and reptiles that lay in them due to its coldness and the one from
the air, when they’re filled of said moisture. From the book of the quoted Háj Granadino
where he explains about the times convenient for the watering of trees, that those that
are watered in proper conditions, especially in August, due to the heat in that moment
be extreme and continued all the day: in which time, no matter how excessive the
watering is, they aren’t safe from the heat, due to being constantly harassed by it: some
plants and vegetables should be watered in in end of the day with the amount of water
it’s thought necessary for them; and finally, that the lots of watering benefits the arid
and lean earth. It’s talked in the book of Nabathea agriculture about the times when the
watering should be done, that the vines and other trees are to be watered with their
corresponding water (neither excessive or lacking) from the last day of the day until the
midnight, due to the plants and earth sucks them in until four hours past the day, it will
reach them; and that they’re left alone after their uncovered feet are swelling. That
about the way of the excavations (that Adams names ventilations or relief) the farmer
should head to their pear tree (in example), and digs and removes around its feet one

 
  

elbow at the depth of four fingers, after replacing the same in that spot leaving it as it
was and stepping on it a little; and that the same is convenient to execute in all types of
plants when one wishes to dig the feet, the benefit from this is that the earth from that
place turned around from up to down is equivalent to other earth that could have been
thrown there. Sagrit says that the feet of the tree should be left discovered one hour
(summary, eight hours, as said in another part), and that replacing after that the earth it’s
stepped on in order to achieve something similar to a quagmire.

In the chapter of the palm tree the same author states that the excavations
performed around it should have three elbows of depth; and in the vine’s, the excavation
should be two feet deep and three wide. He adds that in the place of the excavation the
manure that corresponds to that tree must be kept near, mixing said earth with it, and
later replacing it where it was; and that this operation is to be repeated from that
moment onwards for the benefits that it gives, expressed earlier. One of the benefits that
this digging also produces is that the air reaches the feet that couldn’t get to before, and
that wasn’t getting ventilation either because of the layers of dirt that covered, said
layers of dirt are then replaced in their same spot; and like this, Adam advices that you
execute this, to allow the tree to breathe, grow strong and healthy; and also to relief it in
order to harvest fat and thick fruit, of good quality and good for the eater.

We advise (he continues) that the farmer gently steps on the dug dirt
when replacing it again in the tree along with the manure to stop excesses of water from
reaching the places we wish that have good ventilation; which is accomplished by
slightly tighten it. This doesn’t mean that the water there is harmful (except when is too
many); but that it isn’t advantageous, and that the intention is to allow air to flow there.
Sagrit claims that the excavations makes visible, and with more security than any other
tree, that the pear tree convalesce: must be acknowledged that said fruit, says Kutsami,
that the juicier and sweeter it were, it’ll feed the men more. From the citrus, in the
Nabathea agriculture, that one of the things that makes it bear many fruits, thicker,
softer and sweeter, is to dig around it lightly and spray it with water mixed with a little
of human feces; with which the mentioned effect is achieved, because there isn’t
anything more convenient to it. From the vine, says Abu Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, that
what makes it grow robust, colorful, its roots dilate and its fruits thrive, is spraying its
pompanos with a mix of ashes from a good portion of burnt oak branches and burnt pat,
or (what’s better) powdery pat. And that the same operation be applied over the leaves

 
  

of the melon, pumpkins and similar ground plants that don’t rise over a trunk, because
they renovate like this.

This powder, according to Nabathea agriculture, makes the vines grow

more robust and vegetate, rise up and stand ground, and be loaded of thrive fruit; and
also drives away the insects and mouse that could be living in them, especially in their
seedling pots; said insects are certain wide worms of white and green color, that
introducing themselves through the roots they eat it until they kill the vines, which show
this by slowly displaying a yellow-ish color, drying or dying.

Enoch said that what has the particular virtue to make the vegetation of
the pots of vines and other trees grow robust and quick, when they’re moved from one
place to another, is throwing an enough quantity of nuts reduced to the size of beans,
that process generates said effect.

Very same Enoch, Masio and Demetrio say that if some yeroes are
cleaned, broken in pots and reduced to fourth or fifth parts of its original size they are to
be spread around the feet of the seedling pots, or they could also be mixed with a little
amount of shredded pat, allowing a quick robust growth.

In this same chapter, says Sagrit, that if the feet of the seedling pots are
swelled with a mix of hays from beans, barley, millet, vine wood and pat, everything
brought to dust or small pieces and mixed with a heavy wood, this mix is thrown into
the ground and it’ll prove greatly useful to the pot due to how much it makes them grow
robust when it gets to the point it’s rot in its roots. Which says that, incorporated with a
part, equal to the others, of mustard’s leafs, also drives away the insects from the pots.

It’s a maxim from Susado that applying the uncovered part of the feet
with fresh or lean pat moisturized with camel’s pee, human, from an ox, sheep or goats
(whatever is available), makes them grow robust and they rise lush, and the insects that
may be on its feet or branches are driven away.

Kutsami states that if the hays that Sagrit mentioned are mixed with these
urines, being the most convenient to achieve said effect, and that also is the most
effective the mix of all the first stuff the author mentioned, and the second that we’ve
referred to. If one, some, or the most part of these things missed your preparations, all
the new and old vines should be layered with a mixture from an ox feces and urine,

 
  

being one of the things that benefit, robust, sustain it one of the things that allow vast,
thrive and good quality fruit to grow.

On the same subject, Kutsami: we (he says) have beneficiated the vines
multiple times by cleaning and excavating them first, and swelling them up after while
we use our feet to tighten the earth, cutting the branches that portray an obstacle to some
activities and alleviating them from the pompanos, getting their branches clear from the
pilferers by shaking them a little, applying dove’s feces, manure of livestock and dried
pompanos; like this, the fruit tends to be more thrived than before and more vast,
according to the previous vine’s harvest of three or four fruits per branch, now laying
four or five. Such lush comes to be a proof of the fertility of the vines and this of the
fruit that they carried, or being signal of the thrived and abundance of the strain.
According to the Nabathea agriculture, it’s also of great and particular utility for the
vines to light up candles between them at night; and Sagrit states that in order for the
wort to be abundant beans of grape or raisins to be collected, and later grinded into the
feet of the pots and those of old vines; which prodigiously improves the grape, also
upgrades the wort that’s extracted from it, having hastened its maturation. From said
effect, adds Kutsámi, we’ve experience in spreading grains of raisins through the earth
of the digging that was done in the plant’s feet, only of two fingers deep, and watering
them immediately after, repeating the same process a second and third time after many
days have passed; because we saw how the much the growth of vegetation and growing
of fruits was hastened, and the maturation of the fruit too, also allowing the wort to be
more abundant. And having repeated the same experience a time near the thirty days
after, the fruit grew simultaneously with the leaf in the spring’s bloom.

ARTICLE I

How to fix the low fruit count in trees, according to other authors

If the tree’s blooming low quantities of fruit, even when it’s well
seasoned, having been occupied in this later than in growing fruit, it will be cropped and
watered less, and some branches will be cut, and around the feet some stones should be
put, also it will be covered with dirt; and if this came from aridness, the opposite will be

 
  

done. It’s also a remedy for the low fruit-producing tree to insert trees of well grown
trees of the same species.

It’s a maxim of Aristóteles, that introducing a stone in the slot executed

in the feet of the tree, this will make it lay fruit; said fruit will be left uncovered,
according to Kastos. It’s also said that the tree that doesn’t fructifies well should be
threatened with a whole cut, and the one who’s going to execute it should land soft
blows on it, as if talking with it, said: I’m going to cut you, since you’re not being
productive to me; and that another person barges in that says: leave it alone, it will
fructify; and that leaving it, it will do it, through Allah.

This is confirmed by experience, according to Abu-el-Jair; and according to

another author, the authors of the Nabathea agriculture agree, and so do the practical
people; this is, if the not-fructifying tree was to be threatened with a whole cut, it will
carry more fruit the next year to compensate the lateness. According to the Nabathea
agriculture, to the tree that fructifies one year and the other not can have said defect
corrected; two men should go, one of them armed with a sharp tool in its hand and
saying: I’m going to cut it, then the other man asks: ¿why are you going to execute
him?, and the first man should answer: because it isn’t laying fruit, to which the last
man will end by saying: it’s me who guarantees that it’s going to fructify this year; and
if it doesn’t, you can have your way with it.

ARTICLE II

The love or aversion some trees have towards other trees

The author of the Nabathea agriculture says that all trees grows robust
like its kin and it helps it to lay fruits; and the contrary does the opposite, because it
weakens and sickens it. That the vine and the hackberry have such comfort and virtue
between themselves, that planting one next to the other, what happens is
(proportionally) the same as when a man gathers around a beautiful women whom it
desperately loves, whose spirits encourage each other when they’re close. That the olive
and the vine get and improvement when one’s planted next to the other; but must be in a

 
  

close distance because we’re looking for the benefit of the vine; which has been an
opinion in many wise men. And that the convenience between the vine and the
pumpkin, each one serves as a support for the other.

Háj says in his book that existing a certain corresponding and sociability
between the hackberry (black, round bean with a bone inside and sweet on the outside)
and the vine, each of these trees gets a benefit from the short distance between them; for
said reason the vine assembled in it carries several fruits, and is free of any damage.

According to Casio, planting the apple tree near the pear tree or citrus,
one joins the other; which is profitable for both. The pomegranate and the cool mat,
says Maccario, love each other and they unite when they’re neighbors; and if the cool
mat is planted near the pomegranate, it improves its fruit. From such closeness, if before
it wasn’t useful, the incorporation of the roots makes that one bearer of many fruit,
according to Kastos. And the same happens to the walnut with the fig and berry.

It’s said, that the baluster and the olive receive mutual profit when
they’re immediate to each other due to the friendship they share. That the olive loves the
vines, and that from these two trees, the apple tree is a lover. That if next to, and around
of the feet of, seeds of waybill were planted along its circumference, they receive profit
from them in the quantity they fructify.

According to the Nabathea agriculture, being there contrariety between

the black and white vines, they don’t remain together; because of that they aren’t to be
planted in this way, never one being a neighbor of the other; their grapes mustn’t be
squeezed in a same effort because this would cause the wort to break. In other books,
it’s said that the bay leafs of the acre, when planted next to radishes and remaining
together for two stations of the year, its fruit receives a hint of acrimony and a fetid
smell.

Says Háj, that the walnut tree despises the nearness of most trees, the fig
tree and the berry being the exceptions, due to the reason that being too warm and lean,
it loses every near tree it could have near it that isn’t its friend; and the same towards
any plant it could have below its leaves, excepting the green barley and some winter
vegetables, if this was planted in said place after the tree abandon its leaves; and that the
vine assembled in it don’t bear too much fruit, and are weakened in extreme. Others
affirm that the vine doesn’t extend its branches to where cabbage can reach, and detours

 
  

them towards elsewhere; if it well is an opinion from Casio, that the cabbages don’t
present a threat to the vine, and this last one doesn’t hold a grudge against it. Others
assure that planting them in the vineyard the y get along with the vines, and the same if
they’re planted where their smell is taken by the air: that the fenugreek planted along
the cabbages and chards is deadly to them, or the very same plants grow flimsy in an
attempt to grow away from it; and that if near a vine a sumac is planted, it will be dried.
It’s also said that’s an enemy of the apple tree, and that the white lupin dry the vine
where they’re planted: that if the peach drops its fruit before they’re mature, bones like
the leg and skull of dogs are to be hung up in its branches, this being for the better, these
won’t make the tree fructify, but will correct it from such vicious: and it also affirms the
fruit to the branches, hanging in the branches some pieces of carpets found that are
found in manure-preparing sites.

Abu-el-Jair and the others says that the non-fructifying peach is corrected
from such bad practice by digging and nailing in its feet a new juniper nail, replacing
the earth afterwards; and the same happens to the apricot, almond, cherry and plum: that
doing a bore at the feet of said trees, and fixating in them a guiráb stake, that’s oak,
done by this the small bone; that the rowan gets fertilized by putting in the four sides of
the biggest root of its feet the weight of ducky in good gold by the time it’s flourishing;
and that if in equal disposition, and in the same spot dog feces is buried that hasn’t
opened his eyes yet, the flower is sure not to fall.

From the cherry it’s said in the Nabathea agriculture that when its pot
fructifies, the first fruit should be taken and its bone removed, and this’ to be put in a
bore done in its feet, being the way of fertilizing it; and the same affirms Kastos. The
pear, known as ajás among common people, it’s said that’s fertilized with gold,
introducing a little of pure gold when blooming in the bore that should be executed at its
feet, leaving it uncovered by all its four sides, replacing the earth after; with said
procedure its fruit is known not to fall and it will bear many fruit. Other say that taking
the fourth part of a gold coin of good quality and making thinner and then dividing it
again in four pieces, and the same is done to these new part, with digging again in the
tree until the crust is welded on such gold: and also, that inside a hole drilled in the
trunk the fourth part of a gold coin be hidden. It’s also said that the same effect is
accomplished by hanging said metal in the superior part of the tree; and having I
performed the experience of fertilizing it both ways, the intention was accomplished, for

 
  

which purpose the quantity of gold is of no concern. Likewise it’s stated that the fruit
grows healthy when salt is thrown into the feet around January; and that if it doesn’t
fructifies, holes should be made at the sides with a drill, and there, wooden nails made
from European larch, of length similar to your finger should be hidden in a way that
they remain unseen, same procedure must be done in the feet, covering this last one in
earth, this ensures that the tree bears fruit, and the leaf doesn’t fall, tested by experience.
Others pronounce their opinion about the nail, requesting it that should be made of
juniper. It’s a maxim from Apolonio that if the pear tree and its fruit are found
decaying, rests of good wine should be thrown into its feet, and that watering it fifteen
times with that and water, its fruit won’t decay: said tree, other say, it’s fertilized with
spraying of tamarisk.

If you want, says Boliás, the pear tree to bear many fruit and as sweet as
the honey, you must do a bore in the inferior part along the ground in a way that this
one penetrates, and put a stake of pine in it de a way that it fills it completely (or that it
fits correctly). Other say that the same effect is achieved by doing a big bore with a
drill, fixating in it a sweet stick made from holm oak, and later covering it up with earth.
The almond won’t drop its fruits when straps covered in garbage or manure and adorned
with small feathers from birds are hang from its roots; and that the flower won’t fall if a
red strap is hang from it as soon as it blooms. Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél says that the
almond that doesn’t bear fruit is corrected by digging its foot in winter; and the same
happens in other scenarios if you dig it and then drill it to place a stick of ash inside and
then cover it with earth, later watering it with urine gathered many days ago: same
happens to the walnut taking into consideration what has been said about him about the
fertilization of the peach. Kastos, about the walnut, that its fruit doesn’t fall if red-
colored straps are placed in them, placing some little feathers of birds on top. It’s also
said that if the flower fell down, straps of color red should be hung from the tree; and
when it doesn’t fructify, feet bore, one stick of dadi should be put in there, the
procedure of red-colored straps with bird feathers also works; like this, new fatter
flowers will bloom and won’t fall down. Some say that the walnut that suffers the same
condition must have its feet dug up in winter, and a stick of ash should be placed inside
a bore made by the farmer and should be later watered with urine from many days ago
and the covered with earth; and it’s also said that it bears fruit if sticks of juniper (or
pieces of gold) are inserted in slots opened along its feet with a tool in two opposite

 
  

places, later covering them with earth: and that the apricot also bears fruit that doesn’t
fall by applying bones, shells and stones, keeping in mind what was said about the
peach. From the olive, in the Nabathea agriculture, it’s said that if he rarely bear fruit or
was stroke with one of the many sicknesses of trees, one should head with a bag full of
mature olive in its right hand and with an ox in the left, the feet should be dug up in a
Saturday and leaving the olives deposited there (proportion dictated by the practitioner),
and after being covered of earth again, a good watering should be applied in the
beginning of the Sunday’s night, or in the first of such operation, as other says, watering
them enough in the other, and repeating the same two consecutive night, and from there
on each third night in the timespan of twenty one, the good effect of said tree will be
visible; said tree will bloom a leaf of big size and will bear more fruit (through Allah),
or will bear fruit two times the quantity of the last harvest and of good quality, laying
multiple, fat and thick branches and roots that extends its lifetime without allowing the
missing of a water supply to affect it. This is also one of the remedies for when the olive
doesn’t go black, staying between yellow and white. It’s a maxim from several authors
that the olive’s leaves and fruit won’t fall down if at its foot one throws bean’s hay, and
watering it after; and that this very same is useful to fertilize all the trees. That the tree
that bears few fruits should have its roots dug and completely bored, from noon to
north, and there we must introduce dos sticks from another tree that yields a good
quantity of fruits, pulling from one of the extremes until it’s well fit, and later cutting up
the parts that stand out of the tree, the two poles now shall have applied a mix of barley
and with that the tree will bear more fruit. Said effect is also achieved, says Kastos, if
the two sticks are of holm oak or ash. The tree that lets the olive go before this last one
grows mature is corrected by throwing a mix of beans into its feet, and mixing the water
used for watering with ash and pat. The tree that has pomegranates or balusters tress
planted next to it is sure to yield lots of fruits. The tree that lets go of a fruit without
letting this one develop a flavor will be corrected burying fat beans in its feet, and
covering the hole with earth and manure. It will fructify if in the same spot a little
digging, as wide as a dish, is made and then it’s covered with earth, and after this is dug
up; and the same go for the bay leafs, pistachios, rowan, acerola and cherry. That
cutting it by the place where the branches divide the one of the middle, and doing an
opening in it in order to insert an olive’s branch, and later having it applied with mud
mixed with barley to avoid the entrance of water and ants. That the apple is sure to lay
fruit, if by the time of the blooming of the flowers some onions are hanged from it; and

 
  

fixating to its feet a very oily stick of pine through a drilled hole, this is the way to
fertilize it and also drives away the worm of the butterfly. For the hazelnut that has a
fruit weak or that falls, an opening in its trunk must be done (proportionate to its size
and/or magnitude) longer than wider, and penetrating all the way until the center, and
cleaning there to leave it uncovered to the air; from which abundant fruit a thick
vegetation will come. That the vines whose fruit comes out small are healed by
throwing at their feet ashes of several days; and he who wished for it to bear lots of fruit
should bury around them three horns of mountain goats (in a reversed way). Planting
garlic between the rosebuds assures the roses are going to bloom with a powerful smell.
The citrus and orange that have fruit that fall should be corrected by fixating lemon
trees’ stakes in its feet underground, and after that they’re covered with the same earth
they had: and if the desired effect is not achieved with it, let them be fertilized with
gold, putting it in four holes drilled in the very same feet, as said with the pear tree. That
the black plum is fertilized and yields good quantity of fruit breaking some of the
branches that are growing, and leaving them attached to the tree. The same effect of
abundancy with lots of sweetness in the fruit is achieved a stake of ashes is fixated in its
feet during the times the leaves are starting to appear or when the flowers are still
closed. He who wishes for this same abundancy of crops, sweetness and good quality of
its fruit, must make a bore in the tree’s feet and insert a stake of holm oak; this will
make the fructifying abundant. If the fruit kept falling down or low in quantity, a
digging from both sides of the feet should be made, two quarters of salt should be
applied to the holes made, if the tree were big; and proportionally until a half quarter if
the tree were small; and when the earth’s replaced and tightened with the foot, a
watering should be applied in the third day; said operation executed in January makes
the quantity of fruits to increase, and avoid the precocious detachment of the leaves and
fruit.

 
  

ARTICLE III

The method to generally fertilize the trees

Says Macario that leaves of cypress should be taken, and after being well
dried should be reduced to dust, and the spread over any genre of tree by the time it’s
flourishing, three or five times in the passing of fifteen days; with which it won’t let go
of the fruit, and will be fertilized. Others say that when any species of tree suffers a lot
from this condition, they can be healed if we do a hole in its feet with a drill and we
introduce and fixate a stone until it’s hidden or it reaches its heart without being
discovered, covering that later with white, non-brackish earth.

Says Sidagós, that if the tree’s fruit keep falling down, the roots should
be uncovered and the holes filled with white earth with high contents of gluten.
According Ibn-Abil-Ajuad, if the fig tree or any other had its fruit falling constantly, a
big excavation must be done around their foot that’s three elbows wide and two elbows
deep. In a way that the roots are left uncovered, without cutting any, and it will be filled
with white, juicy, sweet and cold earth from the surface; disposing of the brackish earth
of the same color, that it’s the one that doesn’t moistures with the rains or watering;
because keeping it away from such type of earth until it’s equal to that of the surface, its
leaves or fruit won’t fall down: if such damage came from the earth due to it being
warm and of low quality, of an excess of manure, or of its heat and salts, Kastos says
that one of the thing with which the tree fertilizes by putting in the upper branches of
the tree cut up pieces of the seasoned fruit; this is a little black grain similar to the black
cumin. Others say that hanging from the throat of the tree the cumin from the wheat tied
in straps assures that the leaves don’t detach. That if the fig tree or any other tree gets a
lead necklace twined to its lower party that’s later covered of earth, is done to avoid the
premature fall of the fruit; and that the same happens to all kinds of trees, if digging to
the feet until its roots are uncovered it should have dove’s feces applied to it along with
water. And finally, the best way the practitioners have experimented about the matter of
keeping safe the harvest and avoid any of them falling down before having them
developing the best flavor possible, is to hang a sign that reads: Allah is the holder of
the skies and lands. And if another Allah carries the same importance as this one, this

 
  

will be added: And holds it in such a way that the heavens won’t fall to the earth
without its permission; because He is clement and merciful towards all men.

Says Kastos that if the tree detaches the fruit, an inscription should be
hung that reads these four words from a psalm of David from glorious memory: like the
tree to the shores of the waters that fructifying at its time and not letting go the leaf,
gives seasoning to what it produces. With which, says Macario, finds defended like him,
it yields fruits at its right time and doesn’t detach the leaves.

ARTICLE IV

The cultivation and excavation of the trees in order for them to yield lots of fruit,
with a sweet flavor and much juice, or more fruits per yielding; according to the
Nabathea agriculture.

The excavation with all that’s related to it, says Kutsámi, is one of the
things that Sagrit mentions in order for all the trees to yield very juicy, tender, sweet
and convenient fruit, fact we’ve corroborated with the experience; and that’s reduced to
applying manure to all the fruit trees with pat, horse feces, fresh leaves from leeks, all
that grinded and mixed with leaves from the tree you wish: to which effect all the
aforementioned stuff are placed in equal parts in a hole, the workers pee in there, it’s
also watered with sweet water, warning that if the intention is for the future fruit to be
sweet there shouldn’t be urine in that manure; and that if the wish’s for a juicy fruit, the
workers must pee in it infusing the mix with water from time to time; when its rotten
and blackened the process of watering it is skipped, it’s stirred in the hole two or three
days, until it’s a little lean, it’s extended over the earth for it to dry, and then it’s able to
be applied to the pear tree and other fruit trees. The small and frequent excavations and
swelling of the feet of the trees with the copious watering mustn’t be enough; even
though it’s known that this procedure gives juiciness, tenderness and good season to all
fruits, with everything is more effective for the same effect (adds Kutsámi) that the
aforementioned process should be added to this to sweeten the pears, and that the
ancient ones prevent; with which we agree due to our experience. With said practice
you must understand that it’s prodigious for the virtues that has of introducing in the

 
  

fruit trees the true sweetness that its fruit can reach; and that, according to the Nabathea
agriculture, it’s one of the things that communicates more sweetness to the fruit of trees
and other plants, making this one retain its juice until its respective time. Addressing
this I will later refer to, through Allah, a way of watering the vid with water and arrope
of dates, the pomegranate with water-honey, and the same with the melon and the
cucumber; said practice will serve as a model to guess, through Allah, in the other trees.
In the Nabathea agriculture it’s said that one of the things that vie the more increment to
the pomegranate is throwing in the (same) hole as its seed a fistful of pulverized beans
with their shells; and other says the almost the same effect is produced, in a more
effective way, throwing in the hole pulverized beans moisture with fresh milk, infusing
the bean with that too; with which the pomegranates tend to be sweet and without stone.
He, who wishes for the same pomegranates to be bitter-sweet, put the clean part of the
branch into vinegar of good quality, and plant it like that. Others wish that the part
that’s dipped in the vinegar should be heated through fire keeping it within certain
distance of it and the time it needs and no more, for the branch to absorb the vinegar it
was put on, and later be planted with such heat.

The pears come grown and sweet, according to writing from Abu-
Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, when drilling the trunk of the tree near the ground and
introducing a stake of holm oak into it until it’s no longer visible, deep inside the bored
done with a drill, later swelling that place with earth. In the Nabathea agriculture it’s
said that if the pears are discovered to be not sweet enough, lean and few on juices, the
feet of the tree must be infused of sweet water that’s already passed through a heat pot
until boiling point, and spread over the branches and leafs, repeating this four times in
times of crescent moon through a timespan of twelve days, with its regime allowing the
fruit to be much more sweet and juicy.

Sagris says that rubbing and applying the trunk and feet of the referred
trees with honey makes the fruit lose all or part of its bitterness, and removes its styptic
feature when it sweetens it: said honey, if mixed with common oil, has even more
virtues to achieve the same effects, and benefits the tree and the fruit; the time for such
operation (I believe) to be when the substances from the earth go all the way to the
upper part of the trees, that’s it, when the leaves are born. The Nabathea agriculture
states that one of the stuffs that are convenient to do to the pear and that mature its fruit,
preserving it from the worms, is the manure composed of human feces plus pat, totally

 
  

rotten with trees from the same tree, swelling up with manure the excavations of its feet;
to which the tree also takes benefits from and grow robust, making its fruit avoid worms
and rotting, applying the trunk and the feet of its thicker branches with a mix of lean,
very, pulverized pat plus dust taken from roads near to the towns and moisturized with
sweet water until fermented. He adds that what makes the pear bloom thicker, tastier
and juicier, and the tree becoming pompous, robust and yielder of many fruits, is to dig
up its feet constantly, leaving it in this position several days and later filling it up with
earth; a watering should be added to avoid heat burns caused by the sun, through the
opposite effect the water brings, and the dominance of the juiciness that the tree
acquires with the fresh of the night, regulating this watering based on experience or
observations: because it must be continued if lushness, improvement on vegetation and
robustness is found; or doing it less if the opposite’s found; and always with the amount
of water that manages to swamp in its feet. He concludes saying that this watering, as
well as the one that all plants require because of the contributions to their natural effect,
should be executed in moon time; this truth, says Kutsámi, we’ve been able to find with
the experimenting.

It’s a “must” of Ibn-Hajáj that the sandy locations don’t be watered a lot
due to their inability to retain water, and if well some inexpert farmers in the agriculture
imagine that they’re never satisfied and the only drikn it, and from then focuses on
watering them, but this produces the loss of all that its deposited in them; because not
being needed in order for their parts to be left one apart from the others, the water
passes between them without penetrating. This comes to be evident truth; it can work as
a rule to other similar stuff.

Talking about the trees in the Nabathea agriculture that they improve
with constant watering, and of those that don’t allow it, it’s said that the ones that don’t
suffer from too much water are the ones from the mountains; from which we can
particularly look at the pear, pistachio, cherry, hazelnut, chestnut, myrtle and similars.

 
  

ARTICLE V

The time to water the trees, according the book of Haj Granadino

The olive must be watered in January and many times in August, and it’s
also good to water it (if possible) in the spring; this is suspended from the moment it
starts to bloom flowers until the olive is solid and the size of a bean, in which time
should be well watered. Said tree cultivated with work, manure and watering, yields
fruit every year, mostly if the fruit is picked up with the hand and without hurting the
wood; this would break the branches that carry the fruit.

Junio quoted in the book of Ibn-Hajáj says that it isn’t convenient to

make continued use of the watering in the olive because an excess of water can be very
harmful to it: that the bay leaf tree of the mountains doesn’t take well the watering, and
that won’t be damaged if they stop; that’s useful for the pomegranate to water it every
fifth day from the last days of June to the finals of September, and lots of water keep it
healthy; but in some lands isn’t harmful to water it on fewer occasions.

It’s an opinion from Háj that the rosebud’s watering shouldn’t be

overlooked during January and that its watering in August is of utmost need. Some say
that it doesn’t suffer from the excess of water: it prevailed very well when I planted it
along some very big ditches. The myrtle suffers from excess of water, particularly
during heat seasons, and the same benefits the chestnut. The rowan’s included in that.
The cherry requires many amounts of water. The jujube suffers from the same, and isn’t
damaged by the lack of watering. The same amount of water is useful for the ash tree
and hackberry, which aren’t damaged if the waters are missing. The musa requires lots
of water, which is used to maintain its health. Háj says that with the same amount of
water an old apple tree is reestablished: that the quince tree suffers from excess of
water: the margosa, banana, ash, hazelnut, elm and oleander need big amounts of water,
that’s because they are trees from rivers, and the same to the ones similar: the pear must
be watered regularly: the jasmine requires regular proportions of water: the citrus
requires a lot of watering; with which, according to some, must be the opposite, or the
whole year, according to others. It’s also said that this tree suffers from excess of water,
the same with the orange: that the peach requires in great quantity: the plum requires

 
  

regular watering in normal quantities; and the vines must be watered late two times in
April, and a third one when’s the harvest season. Other dictated that these should be
watered before throwing the pompanos, and another one when the harvest arrives: that
in January the fig tree must be well watered (doesn’t matters how much it rains) and the
treatment must be the same until it matures; when it reaches this stage, the same
amounts of water will be harmful for the tree and fruit. The trees that don’t suffer from
the excess of water are the almond, the hawthorn, walnut and similar; these are lost and
dried when the watering is continued, be them small or big. The pine is watered rarely
and without too much water, same goes for the cypress. See what was said about these
up there, adding these maxims to the ones exposed in this chapter to further expand
your knowledge on the matter.

 
  

Chapter XIII

The way to fertilize the trees so that by Allah,

give the tasty, sweet and very juicy fruit,
and in greater abundance:
and which of them have mutual love or aversion.

Some farmers say that all trees are susceptible to talkíh or fertilization, whereby
they give very good fruit, and this will be less release: and so it is said, that being all
male or female trees, the latter are fertilized with the first. According to Nabathea
Agriculture, male fig takes a small, immature, of tie to whitish color and some very
green; which do not mature as female fig, nor are large and suffocate the person who
eats; and if they are seasoned and placed in the female fig, the fruit of this has grown
and ripe.

Other authors say that some of the trees called males give successively the seed
that fertilized female in need. Fertilization of the female fig tree is achieved by applying
the seed of males of their species in early April or soon after, when it find in regular
arrangement. Also the breval when for it and before hardening, is fertilized with the
male of the species, which is properly called dsokár; which is executed past May and
early June, reaching for it the well-seasoned wild fig; whose arrangement shown in
color moving into something whitish or yellow from green it was, and the small opening
is seen in its crown; by which come some insects that in them are generated from the
same seed, black, similar to mosquitoes, and so are called by the same name, and some
are reddish with tail.

Take then the wild figs and strung two or more in a sow, thread or thin reed, are
hung on the branches of the fig tree close to its small figs, when these are competently
arranged to receive fertilization, or if they be the size of the bean in certain species of

 
  

fig tree, also staying still soft, very tender and slightly longer, before hardening and
getting some asperity; of which they perceived advantage, especially if the fig tree is
free from damage. Whose injury is discovered showing their burning leaves (or split) at
the extremes; in which arrangement, and being rounded and rough fig, does not improve
the wild fig. Therefore when the fig tree is in the expressed readiness before, it will
fertilize different times until the day of ánsarat (o June 24) in the later years using the
more bulky, hard and more seed to be the best wild figs.

According to the Nabathea Agriculture if at the foot of the fig tree, any kind of
ash is spread, it is the thickest and juicy fruit; and it is the opinion of other authors,
burying it at the bottom of a ram's head, ripe figs, and not emerge before seasoned. It is
also said that instilling three days in the caves of its foot beans infusion water, it is
fecund in this way and the same is, if cutting a thick root, it is there introduced a hard
stone and muddy with cow dung and earth; and that should not clear the hanging fruit
lilies. Kastos says that it not fall before maturing, if smeared with blackberries their
exposed roots and branches, and fill those and its foot with salt, so that its early ripening
is also achieved.

Others, infusing the foot of the fig alpechin mixed with fresh water, load much
fruit; and if I found the foot and cleft three sites with a sharp instrument, nailed there
crazy fig stakes, which do not release the fruit, after covering with land, is this another
way to fertilize. Of the pomegranate says that hanging to the late fruiting balaustria fruit
(the male of the species), will correct this defect; and hanging the already fruitful and
the one that produce the small fruit, it makes them produce the same rich, heavy and
juicy. That encircling the pomegranate with a string of molten tin and lead mixed
equally, it heals this weakens, and ensures the fruit without fall off her.

That plantain roots hanging such that dry it without fall out, or putting others in
their place, unless it has been fallen by wind or other cause, this prevents them produce
small fruit (or stunted) and discolored shell. Are also several authors’ maxims that the
pomegranate that let loose the fruit before it matures, will be charged of it without fall
out putting at its foot dog bones or quills bones and ram's head; which are also very
good for the same, and also perfume around with lavender. That hanging some pouches
with two drachms of cumin each, on three or four of its branches among them towards
the north side, will fertilize all your pomegranate, and if you put tin plates, or encircles
the foot along the roots with metal collar, the fruit will not release; for which also takes

 
  

(if not enough latter) make under ground on its foot three grooves with sharp instrument
and set them balaustria or barberry stakes. That drilling the same with the expressed
instrument, and fixing a tamarisk wood nail there, with this you give fertility; while
others say that the nail causes the tree fill of moths. That taking in June tamarisk
branches with leaves and flowers, and joining them towards the pomegranate the
morning of twenty-four of the same month (which is the day of ánsarat) before the sun
rise, and putting in its branches, is this fertilizing; or taking roots of plantain, and
hanging from every tree five or seven of them strung on wires, in the opinion of others.
Which it is very convenient to throw at the foot of each pomegranate a load of any ash,
and irrigate three times in January and thus load very good fruit. That if you plant
albarran onions where unite with its roots, is improved with this and fruits; and likewise
arraihanes planting right there, it becomes more productive, and they are reserve of
damage by Allah.

The common palm, is said Nabathea Agriculture is undoubtedly the flower is

fertilized with male dust of the same specie; and the perfect time to fertilize it with this
is when the grains are manifested in clusters, separated by way of points, and split;
whose operation is executed taking and shaking the bunch of dates palm of the male
over the female. Having taken the first few branches with dates to way tips, and opened,
tied at both ends a thread (as is done with the wild fig), and so hung up on the female,
and having also dusted with ground flowers, matured some in such palm; which it was
female of the species called Barani. I execute this once, and I suspect that if I had
repeated some, had matured that year all the fruit.Thus it occurred in the Alxarafe you
can confront such practices. Of the carob tree and laurel there are male and female;
which leads grains that oil is squeezed, and is profitable fertilize with the male. Olive
seems to be raibuh the male, and is said to alfónsigo is terebinth (or cornicabra).

Take, says Democritus, cypress leaves and dry well, then grinding to reduce
them to powder, and spray it on alfónsigo from the top with any wind blow, executing
the same three to five days during ten in that casts the flower, so the fruit without fall
off her will curdle. Others are of opinion that have to mediate Ten days between each
operation: that the same effect can be the same and use of terebinth (or cornicabra) leaf;
and making threads strings in grains and leaves of the tree itself, and hanging them on
the branches of alfónsigo, is this a way to fertilize. That same effect is achieved with
pure gold without any league, taking the weight it seven or eight grains of barley and

 
  

nailing it (made four parts) on all four sides of the trunk, a foot excavated for it, and
then replenishing the earth; and at the alfónsigo that release the fruit, it fruitful with
pure gold of grit or well unblemished, introducing in the foot drilling with a sharp
instrument.

All trees have their opposite. Thus, damage to the orange plant it close beans,
maro (or Stachy), oregano (or pennyroyal), Euphorbio and similar plants of sharp smell.
Juniper enmity with the palm is well known, and so the tar. According to the Nabathea
Agriculture, is harmful to the vine, the proximity of the tar and naphta formed from it,
such as the proximity of the palm. The fig tree and wild cabbage lose it all, and are for
her a deadly poison, such as spurge, the pityusa and other plants; and domestic and navy
cabbage for special virtue for it are harmful.

Others say that in hot countries the fig tree is harmful to the vine; which it is
useful to its proximity in the cold, such as Rome and Greece and the like where it
usually snows. The same is said of the olive tree. Susado says that turnips, radishes,
cabbage and caterpillars plants are offensive to the vines.

 
  

Chapter XIV

About the healing of the trees and some vegetables, or how are them
removed and retire the weakness and damage that they use to be undertaken
according to the book of Ibn-Hajáj.

When we saw, says Sidaggós, that the tree fructifies little, that his vegetation and
branches are weak, or that it gets worms or falls the most of its fruit in comparison to
his kind is seen commonly, and that haves stayed in that disposition for some years, we
will had understood that those calamities come from the ground where the roots extend,
or the weakness of the same; and we should do in the circuit of the tree a dig of four
cubits each side, and discovering with care the roots, embezzle the ground that they
have under with the feet or with a more subtle instrument until extract it all. Which if
when is checked, found it arid, dry and hard, and with any moisture, in his place we
shall place another good juicy land of the first layer of the surface, taking it to that hole
and stepping on it very well when finish filling it, whishing that the strong winds don’t
drop down the tree; which we will irrigate then, if was possible, or execute this
operation in autumn, if was not of the kind of irrigation field; which is for them the
most efficient remedy. If we found that is matter of time for the roots rots completely,
we shall take manure rotted long ago, from horse and cow, and we will fill that hole
with it after cutting the roots and frayed from the cortex all that’s rotten, checking them
very well to not leave anything; [in this disposition] the manure will make grow new
roots, and the tree reaffirms with them; which must be irrigated or do this operation in
the autumn season, as we say.

If when digging those, we found some worms in that spot, we will mix with the
manure some kind of ash for the special virtue it haves to exterminate them and spoil
them. If we clearly see that the weakness of the tree comes from the excessive juiciness
and moisture of the spot, fill the dig with dry red ground, or with sand of the margins of

 
  

rivers, mixed with very old manure; and if it drops the fruits too much, will be
convenient fill that hole with white soil a little sticky, is the one used on that kind of
situations. If the weakness comes from the tree by age and senescence, we advise that
should cut all the old, by cutting something or chopping it all to the level of ground, if
his weakness were too much; and after discovering the roots as was said before, was
filled the excavate with two third parts of old manure mixed with juicy soil of the
surface; which renovating the tree, makes it ingrain a lot. And until here the maximums
of Sidagós.

Solon says, that when the moisture was dominant in the fig tree, his remedy is to
dig around it by each side four cubits, and fill that excavate with the soil of the quality
we said before; with which it gets old late, and lives long time. And until here the
maximums of the quoted author.

About improving the ground and health the damage that the insects that [are
raised] in the fig tree and in the feet of the apple-tree Kastos opines that digging under
the tree until discover its roots gripped in the ground, smear that and this with pigeon
excrement wet with water. And in another place say, that for exterminate the bus that
rush to the apple-tree, dig to its feet until find its roots, and debarked smear the peeled
place (if it haves worms or some insects) with fresh manure; and if with the fruitful fig
tree were attacked by bugs, his remedy is to dig in the feet, and fill the excavate of ash,
replenishing after the soil.

Is maximum of Annon, that if the feet of the apple-tree were attack by red bugs,
that also had nests on its branches and leafs, and the spiders weave webs in the firsts,
the ash keeps it from all those calamities, throwing it over the roots after dig, and over it
the soul; with which regimen fructifies again and becomes more green and more
gallantly his leafs; which is proved by experience.

Democrito says, that if you found to have the fruit of the pear-tree with broken
kernel similar to the manure, throw to the feet of the excavation a mix of soil and soft
manure, and then give a good irrigation to it. One of the things which according to
Apuleyo, makes fructify more the trees, is the manure, and throw over its roots beans
and spread it. Against the bugs is worthy to spread at the dig feet pigeon manure with
straw of beans, and irrigate them after; which is also worthy to all tree that was in that
disposition.

 
  

Varron the Roman opines, that if the fig tree or other tree clears his fruits and the
leaf, do all around the feet a hole of three cubits of diameter, so it shows the roots
without harm them, and fill them with white cold and sweet soil (of which color are in
the last qualities , and also hot and salty), because after fill that excavate with the
expressed soil, neither the fruit or the leaf will fall after; which vice came from the heat
of the juicy ground, or of the excessive manure, or the heat and salts that are attributed
to it, according the experience of our elders; and that also banish the bugs of all tree, if
dig the feet, spread pigeon manure around and is irrigated.

Is maximum of Mauricio, that if the trunk of the fig tree or another tree were rot,
take all the rotten until reach the healthy, and smear the place with a mix of sticky soil,
cow manure and many straw, or barley besides the straw (that is the best), checking and
taking care with huge diligence the tree in which was done this operation; with which
regime reaffirms, and fills the empty sides of the trunk.

Treating the Nabathea Agriculture about the healing o some illness that injures
the vines and others trees, as the excessive red color of their leafs, any genre of
weakness, languor or accident, cold airs, jaundice [or yellowness], and similar
calamities that (Insha Allah) will be treat; says, that about the first accident, called
calamity of the stars, happens to the vine since it start to throw the branches until late
September; which signal is that if this get red with a very incarnated color, and the same
some of the sticks from where hang all them, getting dark some bunches around the red
leaves; if the trunk of the vine and his more thick branches have the cortex like arid and
rough; if the grape gets yellow and lacks of juice and his grapes in bad condition; for
which vice is remedy, said by Enoch, spread the vine with oil, wine and water (well
cooked all) and still hot; and according others, spread it with oil and wine well mixed.

Is maximum of Sagrit, that doing in the thicker part of the trunk of the vine a
hole that penetrates through the other side, introduce there a stake of wood of Holm oak,
and joined to the feet lift it over the ground and infuse it right there with very watery
wine. Susado affirms, that the remedy for this calamity is infuse to the feet of the vines
alternating [or every three days] by a lapse of eight days, with human urine, spraying
with this the trunk, and at the three days of suspended this operation smear this and the
thick branches with a layer of date syrup well diluted on water and so scrambled and
incorporate that stays in between subtle and thick.

 
  

Having incorporated us, says Kutsámi, that layer of date syrup with very strong
vinegar in equal parts, and smear with it, was very helpful for it, and the same having
infused in its feet ash of some acorns burned and soaked in cows urine, two times. The
same calamity is heal (according others) with the expressed urine mixed with wine
infusing it to the feet and spreading it over the thick part of its branches. Some habitants
of the Caldea baja infuse aguapie to the feet of this vines and spray them continuously
until they lose their leaves and bunches of red color, with which regimen they grow a
new cortex, or lose with the new one the old that dries..

Kutsámi says, that healing this calamity in the cold places the remedy that
pointed Enoch and Thami-el-Kiani, and with others of the mentioned warm regions, live
after a long time [the vines]. About the accident called sókom of vines, that is the sakím
[or kind of habitual weakness they use to suffer], is know that if the fructification is
suspended without produce anything, or that (as sometimes happens) born the seeds on
his branches with the size of the sesame and hempseed; which dry slowly until spoil
completely. Those for heal the vines with this illness, group the branches of the
trimmed, and adding some branches mix this with equal quantity of dry firewood of
holm oak or banana, and turning on and burning join and place the ash in glass vessels
or mud jars or similar stuff, where infusing the mixture with sweet water until it
becomes fluid to spay it over the trunk of the vines and the most thick of his branches;
which takes from the vine (Insha Allah) the expressed weakness. I advise, says Susado,
that instead of water use vinegar acid and strong; and Demetrio affirms, that suffers the
vine infusing at its feet human urine alone spreading with it the trunk from the floor,
and that with this repeat sometimes it heals.

Cut the vine weakened like this, says Sagrit, to a cubit until two from the floor,
and not more, and incorporating the ground that haves to the feet with the manure
suitable for vines, cover it lightly with this mix, not completely, and irrigated let it
remain in that disposition until sprouting haulms, leaving the strongest, cut them by
hand and throw those bad skinned; and that the remedy to heal the vine from this
calamity, from which the others don’t do, as the ash and similar but relive it. I have
proved, says Kutsámi, that spaying with human urine the weakened vines on this way,
and infusing them continuously by the foot, heals it from this vice; and that with such a
good regimen they prevail healthy as they were before. The languor, that receives the
name of accident, is of two ways, one called with this last name, that is the biggest; and

 
  

other with the first that is the lesser. Sing of the biggest is the dryness of the grape;
because it seems hard with no injuries and with the size of a chickpea or a little bigger,
beginning to dry completely. The remedy for this vice according to Sagrit, is that when
the sick grape arrives, smear to the interior part of those branches (in which bunches
shows the dryness) with ash of vines wellkneading with vinegar; which we have found
by experience be its perfect remedy; and that corrects the vice and harm of the dryness,
if adding to that ash, the ash of branches and bunches of the vine, of the same plant and
bush of azalor, with the mix of one and other locked with very strong vinegar
incorporated with oil of olive is smeared to the thickest of the branches and all over the
trunk of the vine, and is sprayed with the same done broth to the thinnest part of the
first.

According to Masio and Susado the remedy for that accident is to spray the
inferior part of the vine and what rises from his trunk of the ground three times by days
in a lapse of seven days with camel and human urine; which must be very old, and if not
must be mixed some milled mustard, and rest with it tree days by sun.

Take, says Enoch, skinned and milled nuts, and the same amount of amurca, and
to the mix of this two things add a good vinegar of bud, until it looks like water and
spray this to the vine and its branches, keeping this operation by an space of twenty
days; because with this [regimen] heals from that accident and becomes robust that
vine, and the fruit (that produces very richly) is healthy and very juicy. Dig (adds) if
you want, the feet of the vine attacked with that accident, and infuse there a mix of
amurca and vinegar, been the first more abundant than the second, and after of one hour
give an irrigation with water, which getting in the first and sticking to the roots,
removes this illness and that dryness that attacked it.

These two remedies, according opinion of Kutsámi, are healthy in many ways;
which truth had showed us the very experience. The sig of máred [or languor], that is
the lesser of this to accidents, is if from the vine stripped of it branches flows too much
crude slime kept in it by a lot of time, which remaining there will harm it, and extracted
completely will weaken and injure it; its remedy consist in allow the flow of this excess
of slime retained on it to flow out; what happens doing some cuts in the trunk of the
vine out of the spot where the branches born, or executing them in the spot of in
between them, where was thick the wood, and in the middle of the thick and big
branches, because the slime will flow by the many cuts executed there. Nothing must be

 
  

clean [or cut] from the vine with sickle or rip any bunch, because if the slime that flows
by there will weaken it; what doesn’t happened in any way flowing by those cuts; they
even are helpful for it. In the days of the evacuation of this slime must be manure the
vine with soft manure not warm (that is those that haven’t been touch by human
excrement, pigeon excrement or any burning thing); must be a compose of cow manure
and an equal quantity of slight soil picked from the dung’s, filling the feet of the vine
with it; which must not be dusted win any way with manure or anything else, keeping it
with extreme care. To the twenty eight days of executed those cuts, taking the amurca to
be mixed with nuts or cracked pistachios or milled (what was available at the moment),
and some barley flour; which things if were available, the amurca will be cook until it
depletes a little, with which already cool, will me smeared the spots cut, and if some
days after this flows still too much slime will be smeared with the same amurca from up
to bottom and like that around; which with slime (if it gets dry remaining as a kind of
gum) will be smeared too some of the referred parts.

The opinion of Enoch, Demetrio and Susado is, that done those deep cuts in the
places near to the vine buds, where this weakness appears again, and n the thick
branches, median and thin, with a sharp knife of wood [of terebinth], and ripped the
cortex with part of the wood in the adjacent places and in between the buds, smear those
chopped and stripped places with a kind of electuary [composed on this way]. Take ash
of vine, birdlime and ammoniac salt on equal parts, and placing the birdlime until let it
free spray a little vinegar continuously, the same operation until all mix very well, and
throw over that slowly the ash of vine and the ammoniac salt with birdlime and drops of
vinegar until well incorporate cannot distinguish one from the other, without stop
wiping it and spray with vinegar until it looks like syrup of oxymel or similar thing;
which dissolved a little in water and infused at the feet of that vine, is very helpful to it
applying this medicine in middle March until middle April.

And if to this medicine is add, according to the opinion of Demetrio, oil and
water, al incorporated, contains a principle of life to the dry, arid, and death vines, and
that there is no doubt that they are ready for the fire; which with this they resurrect,
become hardwood, load of fruit, Insha Allah. The remedy, to heal the vines of the harm
caused by pernicious cold winds, and the damage that causes on them from the roots the
excessive cold, is the manure mixed on equal parts of human excrement, pigeon
excrement, sheep excrement, bat excrement and amurca; which letting it rot by some

 
  

time until it get worms, with it dry are manure the vines along with the soil, filling with
it their digs, and infusing over it hot water with a mix of oil incorporate and well beaten
with sweet water. With which are sprayed [also] their feet and branches [executing this
operation] with the mouth a number of persons that each one was older than sixty years
old; which spray executed in other way is absolutely ineffective. And if with the
branches burned from the stripped vines are filled the excavate of the feet and irrigate,
and filled the soil with water and been wet still, is spread the ash in the excavate of its
roots, this have the particular virtue for remove from it those calamities.

About the mists, bear in mind (says Kutsámi) that if they are too continuous and
from those that offend a lot the vines by been load the atmosphere of impure moistures,
the remedy for this is that taking an enough number of people give them burning reeds
and spin around with them around and in between the vines, with which repeated in
along that time, will be retired the harm coming from the mists. Also arm them around
over big trees keeps them from the calamity of the mists and all the impure and
corrupted vapors; and nor them or their fruit get worms when are armed in trees of
styptic quality.

The jaundice [or yellowness] that attack some trees, and many plats and sown,
says Kutsám, that is show in the vines, if is discover on them some aridity, looseness,
dryness and continuous extenuation of its parts, or if some fruit falls or part of their
leafs, or if they not drink the water they have on they feet, or if by night are found with
dew or too much slime, different from the one for that time, in a way that its leafs are
found splashed with it; if this signals (continues) are together or the most of them at
least you will understand that the vine has been attacked with the expressed illness. This
is used to be discovered in the palm by excess of manure, having too many the habit of
manure it with human and pigeon excrement that are burning in excess. The sing of it is,
if to the feet is to yellow, been a little green by the branches; for which damage the
remedy is to take leafs of the plant called sea cucumber and plants of the calamintha
genre with their bunches dressed of leafs, crush them all mixed with water very well
until extract its virtue, and spray after with that water the vines and other plants before
the sunshine, suspending after (it lays) this operation, that is extremely helpful to heal
and retire from them such calamity.

Is maximum of Sagrit, that the vines, the palms, the trees, and whatever that was
attacked by this illness convalesce from it, spraying them with ash of fig tree and holm

 
  

oak, cooked previously one hour in sweet water; and adds that is convenient have cover
the feet of the vines three days continuous with cow manure, specially mixed with slight
soil, removing this after. Reunite, says Susado, all the ash of the firewood of the fig tree
and the vines that were burn in the houses or anywhere else, and sprinkle it over the
plants rushed by the jaundice, which plague and harm, will be removed [Insha Allah] by
this method. Or if you want (adds), boil this ash in water, and with it already cold spray
the plants and their roots; which cause the removal of that evil from them.

Also are bath with smoke the vines according a maximum of Sagrit, with cow
manure, specially incorporated with bunches, roots, and some fruit of the citron (all
dry), from which plant is worthy all generally. This also was pointed by Sudado for the
jaundice; with which remedies are cured also the palm, the citron, and the wheat, when
are rushed by that accident.

The previous signals and indicators of this illness, according the Nabathea
agriculture are the afterglows that appear in the atmosphere; which sometimes are seen
to some spots of the horizon, and others are invisible. They appear then to the spectator
by night in the air, like a cleaved lightning [or burst], or as well like sunbeams spread by
it; which are invisible by day (even if there are still there), and only are discovered to
the watcher in the darkness of the night. Use to appear in the air as a kind of bubble [ or
foam] of incarnated water, or like specters that fleetingly and by glimpse are show by
night to the sight, and then they disappear; which signals use to be more [frequent] in
such time since the nine night to the nineteen night of the lunar month. If in another
time are saw in the sky the afterglows, are not of jaundice, neither the burst in way to
water foam, when they appear in the air in other days that weren’t the mentioned use to
appear the afterglows (which signals, are continuous and use to advice a new plague for
the men); by where, if they appear, must be guard with the time the damage of the
jaundice with the expressed remedy.

About the looseness (that is one of the calamities of the vines), the way to
discover t, according Sagrit, is that if the leaf of the vine that after losing its green color
begins to whiten since it begins to manifest, extending after the same color by all it; and
if [equally] is manifested a soft branch or more than regularly at least, that because of
his looseness looks like a strip of leather, which vice is healed with knead ash of vine
with strong and very acid vinegar until it becomes as a violet syrup, and smear with it
the trunk of the vine and the thick part of their branches and wood; and taking after part

 
  

of it and adding water until subtly it, pour it at the feet and spray after with it lightly all
the vine making it flow to the feet of it.

We have experimented, says Sagrit that is worthy for this vine the sea water [or
salty] poured by its feet and sprayed over it. That must the agriculturist cut in time, the
bunches of the vines or rip them (that is better), and also the little stems and branches
that had around, [executing this operation] which care; and if when are ripped the first,
spit on those spots in consideration to the size of the buds. Adds, that been the ash and
the vinegar, that were early mentioned, a efficient medicine for this illness, do of it
continuous use, because it removes of the vine that looseness and flow, by Allah will.

About the rotting of the fruit that (according Sagrit) is one of the illness of the
vines, happens on them when they don’t mature enough, or change their color in dark or
other opposite to the one it must have; and the signal of this illness in the vine is, if
checking it well will see on their bunches and small branches like sweaty; which must
be late after pass nine hours of the day, because in the morning the use to appear in the
same disposition by the dew that they still have. By when this sings appear and begin
the bunches to rot with the sticks from where the hang, will be take a good portion of
fresh ivy, and squeezing the juice and mixing it with some fruit juice of barley, will be
smeared with this mix the trunk and wood of the vine, and the thick part of their
branches; and with the same without the fruit juice in the bunches in which was found
the rot, repeating this until remove from it this calamity. And if join with his medicine a
good part of ash of vine, and with it mixed on water smear it the feet of them, giving
sprays of this last, and are refilled their digs with pure ash or a mix of sand and ash, and
again with sand without this mix, this is a very good [practice]. And if beside ash of its
own wood is applied by the same illness ash of pumpkin and bunches of this plant, and
incorporated with the one of myrtle, all wet with sweet water, spraying this over the
vine, or filling their feet with this mix, or making use of the both things (to know) that
the sprays of the wet ash and the filling, is this very worthy and the most convenient for
the healing.

Kutsámi affirms, that in the vines raised in the wellspring ground and salty in a
very slow grade (that is the one we said was worthy for the palm) rots a lot by the half
of the bunches to the extreme, remaining weak [or sick] the part less hard or tight of it
until the spot of its born; which vice comes from the salty moisture of the ground. That
the way of remedy this is to clean the bunches that surround it, and the bunches that are

 
  

used to born in excess in the branches close of the bud where they raise, to let the wind
remove them easily in no time that accident; without this opposite to what [about other
topic] said Sagrit in been convenient leave some leafs over the heat of each bunch, so
they will keep it from the burning of the sun.

Adds Kutsámi, that if is not achieved that effect, take some men’s each one in
their hands a bunch of five reeds of other equivalent thing, and burning them place them
close to the bunches where the corruption started, repeating this sometimes by a lapse of
a week. That rotting also the grape with the continuous rains of the autumn, cut them (as
was said up) all the branches immediate to the bunches so they ventilate and receive air.
And that if wasn’t enough, burn a little fire that raises some fire around the vine without
letting the impetus of the fire or the roughness of its heat harm it, but it achieves, been
that soft and temple; and finally that letting the ash in the same spot, irrigate right there
the vine.

The excess of moisture is (according Sagrit) another of the illness that attack the
vine, and is showed in the multitude of haulms that are born and the quickness that they
raise; which illness attacks by equal cause that the rotting of the grape, to know, by too
much heat along with the excess of preternatural slime; which excess is correct by cut
first the longest bunches, and after successively those who follow them in length,
without taking too much time [from one cut to the other], using an sickle in the cutting
of the thick ones, and ripping with the hand the thin, according that only remain a few
and precise; which is enough to extract its slime from the vines. But is wasn’t enough
and the vegetation on that branches keeps going, spread around the feet, and will be
replenish this ones with a mix of sand taken from the river and ash; and the best and
most effective will be fill the feet of those vines with those white stones and gravel of
the same color found on the water of this same river; because when the time of the
irrigation comes to give water over these stones [convalesce the roots of the damage],
because of the freshness they emit.

The harm of the permanent flow says, is prejudicial and even pernicious to trees,
plants, vegetables and myrtles; which happens, coming to discover in them some
corruption where they change the color and flavor when it is too copious in the feet,
which is quickly suspended won’t harm the trees, even helps them. Knew that
corruption, when comes from that cause, by the alteration that suffer the trees and plants
in their natural color, smell and taste; which also is know smelling some of their leafs,

 
  

and other similar but good and healthy of the same specie, and comparing the smell;
which if was the same there is no corruption. Equally is known the difference that have
in between, testing the taste of two leafs; and out of this they have other signals. If the
corruption is little, can be correct; and if is a too much, there is no other way besides to
ripping that plant and placing another in its place. The little corruption coming from the
flow or another similar cause, is corrected with give to those plants irrigations of sweet
water after retained the flow, but even with the retention of this must be a light
irrigation, and shouldn’t be the water in the feet but half hour, or less until a moment;
executing it like this the first day so it flows and retires to the feet, and irrigating them
more copiously after two days. Also is common to spay with water the leafs of the vines
and the trees attacked by this [accident]; and at the feet of the palm pour lightly the
same in small quantity, taking care after this trees with the corresponding work until
that, Insha Allah, they reestablish.

Kutsámi says, that using the vine to get harm or weak with the hoe or another
instrument, its remedy is that, checked will found lying over the ground, apply to it
slight soil as dust, mixed with goat manure (that for this is the best) or sheep, after
kneaded that with feces of oil and sweet water, smearing with it softly and slowly the
sore, and replenishing the excavate that must be done around the scarred vine with soil
and the expressed manure. That if the wound were at the feet of the vine under the
ground, cover it with the same, having done an excavate less deep but more narrow than
the others [that are used to be done], handling with care the wounded vine in
consideration to its weakness that by this cause has acquire. We have healed (adds
Kutsámi) vines wounded with water, oil and vinegar well mixed, and knowing already
this liquors, and boiling them (that is the best) and stirring them or shaking them in
some flask.

About the ice that use to attack the vines and other plants, is very big the damage
that causes in the new plants with less of six years and that are in cold places, and the
same in the planted by heady; and not so much in those by bearded, that are those that
along fructify more, have more robustness, and give fruit at the second year. Which
against damage (says Kutsámi) the regimen that we have experimented suitable is to
postpone the cleaning [pruning] until the time in were begins the sprout of the bunches.

Is maxima of Susado, that if you believe are going to fall some frosts, take some
sticks of tamarisk and myrtle, and burning it in a place until make them white ash, spray

 
  

with it the vines in the hour of the day you wanted; which been placed over the buds
and branches keeps them from the impressions of the ice, and even removes the damage
that they were acquire before.

And if you want, says Kutsámi, there is a thing confirmed by experience; [which
practice], even if is ancient, is not negligible; and is, that [with ash] of vines sticks
burned without leafs, well mixed with slight soil as dust, very sunned and brought from
the field or desert place sprinkle the vines, and in the feet dig and discovered of each
one throw also half pound of the same mix in small proportions, replenishing after with
soil; which causes that effect, Insha Allah.

Is maximum of Demetrio, that if the frost that falls over the vine sis such that
causes them too much damage, reducing their fruit or losing them all, is suitable (taking
those that still remain) clean them a second time and prune them short, this will cause
that becoming robust again, the fruit that they will give at the second year will be of
best quality and abundant. Some say, that what saves the vines from the harm of the ice
is why smoke baths the fourth night of the moon month with manure of beasts, in which
night by narrowing the cold is a reason to fear that damage; which is also something to
fear for them, if takes too much increment in autumn. Others affirm that the ice doesn’t
harm the vines, sowing beans in between their strains.

About the corrosion (that happens according to the Nabathea agriculture to some
plants in the branches that point to the ground, and which soil have mixture in very
small grade of salt not fetid and manure) the remedy is, sow in between them pumpkins,
sea cucumbers and purslanes; with which convalesce that corrosion that corrupts them;
and for the one caused in the vines by manure o other thing, is the high amount of soft
manure as we already say.

About the worms, ants, the [bugs known by the men by the name of] borings,
and beetles, says Kutsámi in the Nabathea agriculture that these reptiles that grows in
the vines are of three genres. Some, similar and equal to the vegetable worms, but with
bigger mouths and more wide, with an aspect more deformed , and more green with a
mix of yellow or other similar color, which chop the vines by the softer side of their
extremes. Others that don’t eat the grape or other thing more than the sticks of the
bunch; have a thinner and smaller body, and have a tail that carries some slime
continuously smelly. There are several colors of them; completely white, and in
between white and black; and some with little red points by both sides; and also

 
  

between dusty and white. About the third genre they eat the trunks, rots, and some
branches of the vines; which are less common, and more deformed in shape, and with a
ground color with some mixture of red. To kill this three genre of worms, take
colocynth, the kind of spurge called brown bush, and a squirting cucumber, and all dry
and well milled is cook in water, vinegar and salt until consume completely the first and
placing again water, vinegar and milled salt, then is cooked, and executed a third time
the same operation, will remain in the surface some trash; and repeating a forth time
will remain will culled cooking until consumed the water that mix remains as honey;
smearing with it the thick of the vine and the trunk, extending like that its virtue by all
it, will chase all those worms; which medicine, if when it looks like honey, add a fourth
part of tar, and with all that well mixed smear it in the trunk of the vines, this will
achieve the effect of case from it the ants, beetles and other reptiles that harms them.
And if to the side of each one are planted three or four plants called sambra [or spurge],
will chase from it all the reptiles, birds, worms and others bugs. For chase and
exterminate the ants, is maximum of Adam quoted in the Nabathea agriculture, that
taking wild oregano, sylvan rue and sulfur, and mixing it well, smear it well milled
around the ant nests; with which remove completely the ants of that spot by the deathly
that is that smell for all the bugs, and the ants, and all reptiles in general. About the
birds and foxes that appear in the vines at late spring says the Nabathea agriculture and
at early summer green binds that cause the huge damage of sucking the immature grape.
That to chase them and also all small or big reptiles, take sea cucumber, male bitter
apple and cow manure in equal parts, and after well milled all, infuse water shaking it
well and long time until looks like the last one, and with that spray the vines around
over its feet and branches by a lapse of three continuous days, nothing more; and like
that all those birds and reptiles banish and never return.

Adds the quoted book, that bathing with smoke the vines with some of the first
are chased those that left, which bath is even of bigger efficiency [if is executed] along
with cow manure; and that if are smoke bathed the same with roots of squirting
cucumber, carrying the wind to all its parts the smoke, flee from them those birds, the
wasps and others flying bugs.

Maximum of Susado, is that bathing with smoke the vines and vegetables with
any smelling plant as the rosebush, moss and similar, flee from them all the bids
because it is deathly to them, and all the good smells. That also the spiders flee from the

 
  

smoke of the referred things; and the same with the bugs noxious to the cabbage and
similar plants. According tho books of Kastos and Casio flee the birds from the vines
and trees smoke bathed with cow manure and bázirad, that is the fish. And about the
fasáfes, that are little bugs like moles [or lizards], and use to be over the woods and
sticks used to arm the vines and [from there] are introduced to the fruit and bunches of
it, are exterminated smoke bathing the place where they were found with some of them
mixed with amurca; which chases them, the same effect but also kills them the smoke
bath with cow manure kneading with oil. Spraying the sticks of the trees and vines by
the places where those insects are with the water of cooked haulms, roots and leafs of
squirting cucumber, all milled , they flee or fall dead them all; and the same effect cause
the sprays of hot water of well after cooked one hour with a handful of salt. Which bugs
aren’t by the tree tamarisk or the cypress wood.

About the accidents of the vines and what is convenient for their healing, says
the Nabathea agriculture, that overwhelming quick the dryness to the roots of the plants,
that haven’t deep holes of sow, and the same to those that were places in slight ground,
the remedy for this is to dig them and replenish their holes with soil and a lot of manure
to keep their roots from heat and too much dryness, and gives immediately an irrigation
if was possible. That because the plants, that weren’t dig deep holes at the moment of
their sow, throw their roots to close of the surface after five years, or when they enter to
the six; the remedy for this is to dig them and cut what was show on them by the length
of one cubit or two since their born place from the feet part; and doing to them close of
this a hole of two cubits deep and narrow ambit, bend after with care the extreme of
those cut roots, fix them straight in the bottom of that hole, and cover them with soil;
because on this way all they will grow middle down like poles. That same operation is
executed in vines affirmed with seven roots (in case of found them in equal condition)
by the firmness that this gives them; and like that is convenient to check the feet of
those just planted when raised are medially grab, or when at the begin of the second
year or like two months after it they throw roots everywhere, cutting those all that were
discovered in the surface with a sharpened sickle ; which is helpful for them to go
deeper quickly and becoming well robust in that place, vegetate early their bunches, and
they affirm by foot; which been one and of a single trunk, makes them more robust that
those who hang from different, which virtue is divided and spread by all them.

 
  

About the slime that flows from the buds of the vines, is said in the Nabathea
agriculture, that this [vice] comes from the cutting of the bunches, and even there is no
such thing; and that using to be this flow cause of rotting and harming the buds, is
remedied this with smear in the place of the cut or flow of the same with amurca, and
leafs of yerbabuena without salt. That about medicate the vines planted in arid and dry
ground (what is used to do placing them in ground similar far from the high amount of
juice), are restored the same and fortified with throwing at the feet cow manure and goat
manure and irrigate them a lot. That if happens that by the water have washed out the
soil or happen to be landfall by other cause in the feet of some vines and other [plants],
are weakened the same and decayed degenerating its nature on the production of fruit,
and giving little and worse quality; the remedy to reaffirm the three and make it
improve, will be cover their roots with soil brought from other place (which will be
convenient to be near), which, mixed with manure will be better.

Maximum is also of the Nabathea agriculture, to repair the trees of dryness,

acidity, harm by the strong drought, diminution of the fruit and others [accidents], pick
some olives before they get fat (when they have the size of the haricot, or a little less,
and they remain green), and crushed in a mortar of stone spray some rain water in a
clean vessel, covering this and letting it like that fourteen days; and returning after to
crush them to get that juice in a clean vessel, repeating both operations until they have
no more slime; which left in the vessels placed in a fresh place and wet twenty eight
days, is used after, for his prodigious virtue for the trees and vegetables, and also for the
men. That like that, the one who want graft the trees, chopped the branch of that in
which were going to do the graft, smear first the spot of the cut with a little of this slime
[or juice] and do it after, and will grow as you wanted, Insha Allah. That throwing the
quantity of five dracma of the same in the water used to give a short irrigation to the
vegetables, flowing along with them, this one’s comes more tender and soft, easy to
chew, and easy to digest; (warning that the expressed amount of juice is the
corresponding to the water used to irrigate the vegetables of one tenth part of the ajribat
[or measurement of ground of three hundred eighty four modios of seeding]; and
increasing or reducing the dose in proportion of bigger or lesser ground. That if the big
trees were a little dry and arid, by the amount of time they have, or another accident that
had them dry, take the same juice of five dracmas, and mixed with a pound of clean
potable water, give this mix to that tree continuous and very full spays every two days;

 
  

which operation, repeated then times, revives the tree and removes the accident that
have rushed to it. That if the olive, the palm or another tree or plant (whatever it was) is
dominated by all that damage that causes the strong dryness, or suffers decay in its fruit
by this reason, or by the excessive hot and burns from the sun, infuse at the feet, and the
same to other similar plants, the amount to thirty to fifty pounds of sweet water mixed
with two pesos of the referred juice; which will remove the combustion and becoming
green again and vegetating, prevails in better shape of green and robustness; and barely
gets harm by the water.

Treating others authors about the medicine of the trees, say that to the vine with
not abundant fruit drill with a pointy tool and cleave the feet, and introducing a stone in
that cleave, throw there over rotten urine, and refilling the soil all around the vine and
covering the place of the stone with a mix of old manure and surface soil, executing this
operation by autumn and that if their branches become incarnated, irrigate with water
were was diluted salt, or sea water (according some); or that drilling the feet with a
pointy tool (according others), place in that hole a little stake of holm oak, covering
after with soil.

Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél writes, that if the vine had this last incident by the
calamity that haves overwhelmed it, will be worthy to drill the feet by one side to the
other, and place in the hole a stake of holm oak; and to the one that was sick is helpful
to it manure it with straw of lime beans, lentils and other vegetables. Adds, that the vine
which ground were manure with pigeon ding becomes grateful, and that heals the weak,
spraying in the trunk with a mix of ash of vine or holm oak (the one at hand) and
vinegar; and also is of big advantage the human urine. That if in the summer were
burned its branches, dig deeply in January and since there on each month; and if this
wasn’t enough to heal it, irrigate some times, if was possible. That the vines more
attacked by this damage are those that are in fluffy soil as the manure and the gravel,
also in the bad quality soil close to rivers, and valleys; and that aren’t those that are in
lifted places.

Abu-el-Jair says, that after of pruned the strains, take and rip the cortex that were
rough, digging after before they sprout, and that always after discover some, pick it with
the hand or a little stick smeared with oil, placed in a wide vessel with some amurca.
That if this is omitted until generate the eggs in the middle of the branches, cut them
and throw them out of the vineyard; which if is not done, will form worms from those

 
  

eggs that corrupt the branch and the grape. That the late vine (that comes to be like the
men who stomach cant digest the food) is reestablished by cutting the feet with a sharp
billhook; and if this is not done, cut its root more thick, smearing the spot of the cut
with the known olive juice cooked until reach the middle. That to the part that rots the
fruit, whiten and fall the branches, and that granulates their branches, smear it with mass
of ash and vinegar; and that smearing the feet with juice of purslane, and gives a small
fruit. That the one that was too fruitful and more populated of branches than usual, is
worthy to correct it[this excessive lushness], cut the branches that were in excess, when
they are tender, and replenish the soil of the feet with sand of river and ash; and the one
that suffers some alteration, spread to the feet ash of holm oak and branches mixed with
vinegar.

Some say, that the feet [or haulm] of the lily accelerates the vegetation of the
vine; and that if the fig tree loses its leaves be smeared its feet dig with milled lime
beans and mixed with water, and cover after with soil. Others opines that when you see
the leaf of that tree falling, executing a drill in the feet, there you will introduce a stick
of holm oak o other of those you want, and after cover it with soil.

Casio affirms, that the trees gets free from bugs and many calamities, If digging
the feet there is pour the water of the infusion of olive leafs; and Kastos adds, that is a
lot how much it fructifies with this.

Maximums are from several authors, that planting to the feet of the trees sea
onions, they get rid of calamities. That the weak tree can be repaired giving it some
irrigations of water in where was disposed the human excrement or manure of goats;
and the same does the pigeon ding equally applied in cold time. Also is said, that
against the camels, oxen and other beast that graze the fig trees and other trees is one
suitable thing to spray the leafs of the tree with water were was diluted very well the
excrement of dog; because like that those beast won’t get close of them; or cooking a
head fat goat in water, spray with the fat that swing over it the leafs that the beast can
reach, or with the same fat of the same animal melted by fire with water; which two
things are better than the excrement, because washed with the dew and rains the leafs, is
necessary to repeat the application, and because if some fall over the tender buds will
burn them; [happening all] the contrary with the expressed fat, according my experience
and proves. Also is usual add to that fat, lard mixed with human urine or water, and
spray with this mixture the leaves of the tree; or hang on the tree a rag smeared with that

 
  

fat, from which smell the beast flee. [Further] irrigating it in the summer to a proportion
of his lack of humidity becomes leafy, and gives the fruit smooth and delicate. The
excess of irrigation and manure harm the sowed vegetables or planted under the fig trees
are harmful for the figs, which beside of sprout late become black and get worms,
unless that [those] are transplanted; and also the same die quickly by the weakness and
the worms that overwhelm their roots.

According Kastos, is suitable for the fig tree plant close to it at the surface sea
onions. Also to the mulberry-tree is worthy to infuse in its feed vinegar feces; which
makes maturate the fruit faster, and the leafs acquires softness for the silk.

About the olive, is maximum of the Nabathea Agriculture, that hanging of its
seedling an iron of any size, tied strongly of a wool string, help this to its vegetation
giving more gentle branches, and that guards it from calamities; and that if when starts
to fructify after the two years, until the five is pick completely all that fruit produced
before time and is buried on the feet, this makes it thicker, and forwards its vegetation,
and makes it throw gallant and gentle branches, Insha Allah. Adds, that when the olive
is manure, burn under it a big louver the Saturday ,Sunday, Mondays and Tuesdays
nights, and spray in the same days with a mix of oil and water, because like that will
return to his natural state of maturation.

Others say, that if was the olive sick without any medicine working in it, throw
at the feet fresh and juice olives, and removed from there after the year, and work very
well is soil, that will heal it. You should know( says the author of Nabathea agriculture),
that the excessive lack of irrigation in the olive is an illness that loses it, and the same to
all trees; and also gets some jaundice in the leafs of the thin branches in the top, and
many times the extremes of the branches get yellowish a little less than the leafs; which
sickness is removed by the high amount of rains, and also is worthy irrigate it with
sweet water of warm river by a lapse of few days, spraying en each one the mix of the
same and some oil.

I have seen in the high grounds seedlings of olive and fig trees, that having
acquired astonishment and losing some leafs, they form some beddings in way of fence
of ground, which I made lift like a pyramid like an inverse funnel by four spans of
elevation next to the trunk of the tree; which causes the profit of removes from them the
astonishment and heal then perfectly. Also saw seedlings of olive-tree and fig tree that
been astonishment, were worked deep by hoe and at the second year of their

 
  

fecundation, and even from it they receive benefit the last, the fist however get
astonished, without doing any help the repetition of irrigation; and having dig at some
the feet, was found that the hoe was harmed some roots by been so close of the surface,
and that the seedlings of fig tree were in any way offended by that work reason why
they have deepen their roots; before it was worthy. But they take life and evidently heal
the seedlings of olive to which I did the expressed ridges, remaining lifted many years
until they were disarmed by the rains. Of which practice is good also be used in the
other trees attacked by the same incident.

If the apple-tree were wormy, will be infused in its feet already dig goats urine,
and letting discovered four days, at the five and six day will be richly irrigated of sweet
water by the sunset; and if at the moment of fixing its seedling were smeared the feet
with gall of ox won’t get worms in its fruit. Also affirms that the same happens, and
don’t lose the leaves, planting it close of sea onions.

Are maximum of Kastos, that the human urine is suitable and gives profit to the
apple tree; that its fruit won’t get worms and gets incarnate infusing at the feet rancid
wine of date and raisins that where in goat excrement; and that the sick and astonish is
worthy to infuse at the feet water with pigeon manure. Also is said, that is convenient
against the vice of getting worm on the frit infuse over the roots of its excavated feet
human urine mixed with manure, and at the seven day at the sunset give it a copious
irrigation of sweet water and that the same should be done with the pear tree attacked by
such accident. That if the feet of the apple-tree were attack by red bugs, and on its
branches and leafs spiders that lye their webs over them, removes all the harm digging
with care the roots without cutting anything, and replenishing the soil with a layer of
ash all around until cover them (avoiding to move them), and giving, frequents
irrigations; [which with regimen] they become green again and carry fruits; which they
say is very proved by the experience, and remedy that makes soft the pomegranate as
the melisiana and the zafreña; and finally that also is worthy to the apple-tree, to avoid
it from getting worms, is to throw at is dig feet manure and after irrigate it.

Is maximum of the Nabathea agriculture, that if the apple-tree happens to

fructify less, or other disposition with which according the experience they use to get
sick, the general remedy for all the species of them and the one that heals them of any
weakness, is to smear the cleaves and the more thick branches with a mixture of almond
shells or seed (which it better), and leafs of the same tree in expressed quantity; each

 
  

thing, or all together well milled and joined to fresh cow manure, according it throws it
the cow, without any other juice.

Is opinion of Kastos, that the apple-tree becomes sweeter infusing over the roots
feces of rancid wine and cover them after with soil. Others say, that what heals it, if was
attack by calamity, is with irrigate it seven days with a jug of water where was diluted
donkey excrement, giving after another irrigation of water [natural]; and that for clean it
from worms that had at the feet, digging this with some hoe until discover its roots, strip
it with care of its cortex, and if in that spot were found worms or some bugs, smear it
with juicy cow manure and replenish the soil.

Kastos affirms, what is convenient to the apple-tree and peach-tree is infuse four
times at year around the tree the amount of human urinate [enough] for wet the feet by a
span underground. About the muza [or banana], says the Nabathea agriculture that if
was withered or weakened, the remedy for all its sickness is dig at the feet and infuse in
it water mixed with its own leafs reduced to dust along with manure of wool cattle; or
spay the branches with watery wine or rain water, and sprinkle them with soil well
shredded.

For the loquat and the margosa, if they suffer some of the illness that weaken the
trees let them small or makes them get old earlier, its medicine is do around the trunk
une dig of one feet and infuse in it blood of sheep mixed with a bigger amount of hot
water, executing this on it three times, or more according its health; because in this way
the revive and get robust, and its fruit (Insha Allah) comes with a better quality.

About the pear-tree writes Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-Fasél, that if it gets worms in the
fruit, smear the feet with gall of bovine cattle, and like this is repaired from this damage.
Treating in the Nabathea agriculture about the way of heals this same thing in this fruit
as in the quince and other fruit trees [is told that] the pear-tree should be manure with a
compost of excrement from cow and human, rotten both things with some leafs of the
same tree, replenishing the excavate if its feet in this mix and slight dry soil; or smear in
the trunk and at the feet of the thickness branches of the tree with mix of cow manure
well shredded and dust picked from roads full of holes, wet all with sweet water and
amurca, so it looks like wine; which been very useful because it keeps the fruit free
from rotting or getting worms.

 
  

About the sickness of the pear-trees that makes it give its fruit smaller or less
sweet, you will know that if the roots of this tree get too deep in the ground, when you
see that against its habit it suffers for this double ditriment , you will understand that it
comes from some nuisance that impedes it to penetrate the roots on the ground as it is
used too; or that if there is nothing that can’t prevent the way of the roots, is attacked by
some illness. Because of this, if looking for signals, you don’t find any, comes that
[impairment] of nuisance that have the roots by have touch in thing that they are not
allowed to penetrate; of which will be another sample, if was necessary bee the pear-
tree of long time. Like that you will do at the feet of the tree a round hole, without
cutting any root small o big; and f when you do it you found in a stone or other thing
that impedes to penetrate the ground, remove it from the way; and if there was no
impediment, the same operation will be realized at twenty cubits of the feet, and if not
even there were the nuisance you will know than that alteration comes from an illness
that haves possessed that tree; which when is determinate, will be healed with its
respective medicine.

Says Háj, that if the quince was old, and its wood knotty o, or falls to land by a
lack of water and cultivation, the remedy to heal it from all that calamity, is to throw in
the hole at its feet done by January the amount of two fingers of human dry and
juiceless excrement with crumbled pigeon manures all mixed, throw over one load of
gravel, replenish the soil and irrigate it copiously six times with sweet water each month
after worked in the best way possible, and give it in march a good work. Not is the
quince a tree that suffers by manure. But this is the special medicine which heals it, if it
comes to that extreme situation.

If at the feet of the pomegranate are planted see onions they cause that the
grenades won’t cleave, and that their seeds (according Kastos) be of a lively red color.
Also is said, that is not cleaved that fruit surrounded with stone under the ground by the
feet of the tree; that the same happens if is plantation was executed by inverse branch;
that planting it by branch it fructifies less; and if you were afraid of the skin cleaving,
irrigate the excavate at the feet with water mixed with pigeon manure.

And about the citron [or grapefruit], the orange-tree, lemon-tree and the zamboa;
that if some of this trees were weakened, throw in the hole done at the feet, black ash
and pigeon manure crumbled or similar thing, and replenished the ground irrigate it
after. That is advantageous for the orange-tree infuse at the feet warm blood of goat so

 
  

its fruits comes red and of a good quality; and also is worthy for it the human blood
[extracted] by the feet with lancet, or by leeches and also all blood; and that letting it at
the air like that for a few days cover it later with the darker part of the pigeon manure,
and all that after with soil.

About healing the jaundice that comes from its leaf, says Abu-Abdalah Ibn-el-
Fasél, that the remedy for this is the ash, and also the dark part of the pigeon manure,
digging a hole by its feet and throwing some on its roots, replenishing the soil after until
filling it all that excavate;[which regimen] returns the green color and freshness that had
before. The same author adds, that if, however been this proved by the experience,
won’t heal the tree with this, infuse by the feet goat blood, and if where wasn’t any
goat, human blood extracted with lancet or leeches; and in that way will heal, Insha
Allah.

Is maximum if the Nabathea agriculture, that if getting sick the orange-tree

getting old earlier without swelling anything, the medicine for this is infuse in the hole
done by the feet, blood mixed with hot water or cold, and also milk of sheep; and that
even more convenient is to infuse to the feet some continuous days human blood in that
way extracted and mixed with water; which giving it life makes it grow.

In the book named Poetry and Eloquence says his author Ibn-Bisál. Treating the
remedy of the citron and the pomegranate against the jaundice that digging the feet of
the first and separating the soil everywhere, throw around over what was shown around
three almudes of crumbled chicken manure, and covering this with soil, irrigate after
repeating frequently this; which is worthy against the jaundice and makes It fructifies
more. The author of the Nabathea Agriculture says, that happening to that tree the
calamity of cold, vehement heat or another cause, its remedy (when comes from the
heat) is to spray the branches and leafs with cold water, and when is by cold, with warm
water; and manure it with pigeon ding mixed with the soil were it rots, incorporating
them both, spraying with water during the time of the rotting, stirring continuously until
verify this happens, and adding leafs of the tree and letting it rot; in which disposition
(what is show by its black color) is stir right there from bottom to top so it dries with the
wind and air; which (filling with this the hole at the feet of the citron, at the moment of
infuse it with the blood mixed with hot water), it improves it in less time that with the
manure of the expressed quality, and even in many ways is very useful.

 
  

About healing the yellowness that is show in the citron leafs, is maximum of Háj
and of others, that heals it perfectly of this harm, throwing in the hole around the feet
three almudes of human excrement dried and well milled, and giving it (replenished the
ground) a short irrigation, so it won’t suffer an excess of water, and Abu-Abdalah Ibn-
el-Fasél says, that can apply chicken manure besides the human. About the lemon, says
the Nabathea agriculture, that if at the sight it was skinned, infuse to the feet blood
mixed with hot water, or this water, and after urines of donkey.

About cleaning the jujube or nábek of worms that it has, is maximum of the
Nabathea agriculture, that been one of its illness some little worms as kind of white
louse that gnawing the green of the leafs let them as a white and very thin scab (which
barely appear in the trees of perfectly sweet fruit), the remedy for this is smear the trunk
o the tree and the discovered part of the feet over the soil with melted tar, with which
smear don’t shows those worms. Adds the quoted book, that is also remedy for them
and for the dryness that they cause to the leafs in where they show (specially in autumn)
spray the tree with the mouth a mixture of oil and hot water well revolted and joined
with it in some flask (beginning to execute this by Sunday after the sunset), infuse at the
feet in the morning of Monday the mix of water and oil, and spray with was left of the
mixture in the morning of the Tuesday; continuing the same way this alternating spray
and infusions by the feet by a lapse of fourteen days; which returns its green color and
lushness. That about the palm the remedy for what produces the small date on it is give
to its fruit a full dusting with milled roses, and [do ] that at the time of its fecundation
haves over it the male to when it is shaken with the strong wind fall its dust to the soil;
and that if weren’t roses available, [make use of this] leafs of myrtle milled, which
haves weird and special virtues. That if the date lacks of juiciness at the moment that
haves the palm, one of the things that then is convenient is to form a link of leafs and
green citron branches and introduce it as spiral in the heart of the palm.

According the book of Háj Granadino, for reestablish the rosebush that by its
age and become whitened their branches and bunches become useless and is not
convenient to let it stay in anyway, the remedy more opportune which achieves this
effect that effect is ripping by rennet in January, about that evening that soil and not
sowing in it nothing after, sprouts beautifully in April the root that was left, which bud
medially grow in May must receive a softly but deep spud and is cleaned from the grass,
leave it eight days, and after is sprinkled and irrigated [with which regimen] grows and

 
  

excels in no time; and if was double, it gives flowers by the year at early May beginning
to show the heads [ or buds] at the same time that the leafs.

Another remedy is for the rosebush, and the best for reestablish it in case of
found it where there are not trees or other plants beside them, is letting thirsty until their
leaves dries and the weed they had, reduce them to an state of extenuation (executing
this in the month of January) and burn them after in the month of October; which with
the irrigation of the rains that they receive, they sprout by early spring and flourish.

If happen become to scabby the wood of the plum called bulls eye, the remedy
for taking this in so it remains healthy, complete and smooth, is (according maximum of
Háj) manure the skin in the month of January with human excrement; and about the
sweetness of the fruit, is said that if you want it from this quality ding by the feet, and in
the drill that you execute on in fix a stake of ash, and cover it; which operation must be
done after the sprout of the leaf. That if gets worm the fruit, infuses by the feet feces of
date wine or of vinegar. That if the fruit of the plum was hold as a way of little stones,
dig the feet, and having screening and cleaned the ground of gravel, replenish it after.
That the peach-tree gives the fruit hard, this vice will be heal, if digging the feet is
extend that soil, and after replenish in their place. That if by the feet of the muza
[banana] is infused feces of date wine [ or raisins] covering after with the soil, comes its
fruit very sweet, and don’t get hurt by worms. According to Kastos and others, if
happened to be this same fruit small and skinned by have loaded the tree with too much,
light it before matures, and it will swell and become of good quality those who remains
on it. And if it comes from an illness, excavated the feet with care to three spans close
the trunk, will throw smalls stones until will with it that spot, by which extended the
soil, will be irrigated each four days by a lapse of a month, and like that will come the
fruit of thick size; which bone according some will be small, if drilling the feet during
the excavate and taking with care the heart, were fixed there a stake of darnelgrass.

If you want that the bitter almond becomes sweet, you will do in its feet a square
drill over the surface of the ground, and this will give that effect, Insha Allah. The
remedy for the yellowness of the leaf and fruit of the walnut and by all illness that cause
them some alteration consist, according to the Nabathea agriculture, in irrigate with hot
water, spray with the same its bunches and leafs, and infuse to the feet blood (of
anybody); but the one of camel is the more convenient; and also is very useful and
worthy infuse the blood in such place with a mix of hot water. In other books is said,

 
  

that if after begin to fructify the tree is drilled the feet with thin steel tool, until make it
reach the other side, and there will be left fixed; the nuts comes with thin shell and
healthy.

The tafria or release of the leaves of trees and the yellowness of the same is
corrected (according Abu-el-Jair) doing tot those trees, when this happens, deeps
excavations, irrigate them and wok them early at the next year. Which if comes from the
calamity of branches or his high amount must be relived cutting some of them when the
leaf becomes yellow; and if by the excessive irrigation, should stop this one. According
the same author, the trees heal from the damage that causes the very cold air, the ice and
the pernicious wind, and the jaundice cutting whatever the cold harmed , working them
frequently, manure them and irrigating them with a high amount of hot water; but this
regimen only works in those who are new; because the olds been for this reason to dry,
must be cut or saw in the season of autumn by the green or an span over the ground
(that is the best); whereby and the frequent cultivate they rejuvenate. Is said, that the
straw of beans mixed with soil and throw at the feet of the vines keeps them from the
harm. If there is the fear of the cold freezing them for been in a cold place, there is
experience that they free from this calamity spreading over them ash of tamarisk, also
keeps them from the same and the frost , according Kastos, doing in different spots of
the vineyard in to where the wind blows, tons of manure of beasts, dry and burning all
them by the forth night of the lunar month (that is when narrowing the cold there is the
risk for those calamities to overwhelm them and the trees); so with that smoke spread,
they become free of the bad impressions from cold. Equally sowing rocket in the
vineyard and letting it be the complete plants with its seed, they get rid with this of the
cool for the vines that year. Which pruning is not convenient to execute earlier, minus
when the cold wasn’t something to fear in anyway. Also is said, that the smoke bath
with manure of beast chases the locust away from the vineyard.

Maximums are from Demócrito, that if you were afraid that the vineyard or the
seed where attacked by jaundice, fix in the middle of that land branches of laurel, and
like this only they will suffer this calamity, leaving free the vines and the seeds. That all
the sick like this heals perfectly spraying water used to soak haulms of caper. That
smoke bathed the sown by the part where the wind of the north blows with bulls horn
placed in fire of sheep manure, will take that smoke, passing through it such calamity
and makes it grow higher.

 
  

The weak trees, retarded [or stunted] are healed, according maximum of Abu-el-
Jair, doing holes far from the feet been careful of not touching with the tool its trunk
and roots, combing those that were thin with other that represents the hand of the men
with his fingers (which tool works too for rip the grass that was next to them); then
leaving the roots of that tree discovered to the air three or four days, and replenishing
after the soil and irrigating sometimes with the corresponding copiousness of water,
comes back to its robustness. If that [damage] comes from been a long time the water at
the feet of the tree or been that soil thin, stony, sandstone, or similar, the remedy will be
work it and move it many times with the hoe so now fluffy the sun toast it, and improve
it with the corresponding manure. Others authors say, that when the tree weakens infuse
by the feet a mix of pigeon ding and sweet water; that throwing over its roots
discovered manure of little animals and irrigating them, will be advantageous to it and
avoids also that gets worms; that about the worms that nest in the trees, one of the ways
to chase them from the fig tree, is form in the cortex of it with ugly pointers of gold and
in between them figures of themselves; that if it fruit was attack by similar damage, dig
in the feet until discover the roots and fill that hole with ash, replenishing after the soil;
that for get rid of the fruit trees of the worms that was discovered on their feet, throw in
the excavate two or four baskets (according to the magnitude or smallness of the tree) of
pigeon ding mix, a six part of salt, and two of manure, and many others of surface soil
of good quality, with all that well mixed; without omite the irrigatios of sweet water, if
were hot times.

Macario says, that if the feet discovered of the tree and it roots are smeared with
water that has disposed pigeon ding, or this itself is throw there, is not rushed by worms,
Insha Allah. Others affirm, that if in the excavated feet of the tree is done a cleave, that
doesn’t penetrate to the other side, and is filled with milled salt replenishing after the
soil, all the worms in the tree die, which operation must be executed in the month of
January.

About the bugs called cáleb that are long and green and offend the exterior of
the tree, and the others that harm from inside and dry it by gnawing the heart, says
Kastos, that be you secret to get rid of them your threes, is to smoke bath them with tar
and equal quantity of sulfur all mixed and burned; which smell makes them die after
they perceive, been inside or outside of the tree; and that don’t get close the worms of
the first specie to the tree or vine that was manure with ash of fig tree.

 
  

About killing the insects that appears on the trees and vegetables, as are those
from the manure and the black pigeon ding, or the golden and yellow, [or like] the
insects of soil; says Abu-el-Jair, that the way to get rid of them the trees is to discover
the feet doing a deep excavation around, and been careful of to not cut any root, clean
those who were in there, and removed the ground without left discovered the roots to
the air, and throw after in the hole a mix of black pigeon ding in that have burn
manures, sand in lesser quantity, and a six part of salt, and soil of the surface; that the
smoke bath of tar and sulfur chases the insects from the trees and vegetables; that
spraying over this last black pigeon ding where some manures were burn little time ago
and irrigating them after, kills all those, Insha Allah; that before sown them must benefit
the squares with pigeon ding and manure both over rotten.

Says the Nabathea agriculture, that been overwhelm the marine cabbage of some
calamities in its plantation and after its plantation and fructification (of which class are
those bugs that appear in the superior part of it, like mosquitoes, aphids, lizards and
louses); the remedy against this last ones and the mosquitoes is the smoke bath with
wine and sulfur, placing the brazier in the middle of the planting, to lifting from there
and [extending] the smoke covers the place; or spray over its haulms vinegar of good
quality where was diluted sulfur ; which (as from those the bugs flee) exterminate them
from that place; which flee also of any place that was smoke bathed with dry cow
manure or wine feces. That about the lizards and big worms, what kills them (and the
same to all bugs of all size) is the amurca mixed with cows gall and sprayed over the
plants of the plantation; that the same effect produces the cooking of sliced and well
boiled plants of spurge [greens] or with its milk, infused at the feet of the sea cabbage at
the moment of irrigate it. Other authors say, that using to be the superior part attacked
by the aphid, this is remedied spreading over it sifted ash, proved by the experience.

To the pumpkins happen, according to the Nabathea agriculture some illness

called el-kaád [because of it] the stop growing and raise in the height, their leafs
wrinkle, and give the fruit more small than usual; that if been too attacked, the remedy
against it is specially and against others illness is sour at the feet very hot water.

In other books is said, that of the worms or green and long bugs that are called
with the name of cáleb, are reserved the trees and vegetables giving to them every day a
small spray of water infused with ash of branches. About dsia that is the small locust or
earth bug, gets rid the sown or orchard, according Kastos, sowing by its three sides

 
  

mustard, which smells makes it die after it perceives it. Others affirm, that dies the
mosquito and the aphid that use to attack the fruit and vegetables, giving small sprays to
all the sow with water infused with hemlock by a lapse of one day and one night, mixed
after with very strong and acid vinegar. The languor that uses to happen to the
vegetables is healed according a maximum of Abu-el-Jair, with excavating their feet
with a thin tool similar to the sickle for sawing (without offend or cut any root) so that
ground evaporates and ventilates, and irrigate them after with clear and clean water.

About guard the trees of the harm of ants, says Abu-el-Jair, that is impeded their
climb in the fig tree or wild fig tree, if smoothing and polishing well a span of the trunk
all around where don’t have a rough cortex with bone or smooth stone, is smeared the
superior and inferior part with ocher diluted on water, because in this way the ants
won’t get close. Others say that the same effect is done smearing in the tree a mix of tar
and crumbled manure. That if with the same is smeared the place of the branch or other
green place of the tree that was suffer any cut, it welds that wound. And finally, that
smoke bathed the place attacked by ants with roots of bitter apple; all that were found
by the smell will die.

Smoke bathing with the ants, locust and scorpion that respectively comes the
harm, the place where this bugs attacked, chase from there the others, according Kastos;
which adds, that happens the same doing the same use of the other bugs besides of the
mentioned, and that smoke bathing the ants with roots of bitter apple, they flee from that
smell. According the writes of some Agriculturist and Wázeg spraying pennyroyal well
milled to the mouths of the ant nests and the swarm of wasps, bees and horseflies, are
exterminated these bugs. The vice of cut and shrink the leafs of the trees, called
bákarad, that (according Háj Granadino) use to attack specially the peach-tree and the
plum, comes from the two causes; which one is to have too many ants in that tree or in
others similar, to know; the ones small as atoms of fetid smell, which hurting the roots
and buds spawns in them as [kind] of maná glutinous nothing sweet, that sticks to the
hand, and that don’t stop increasing until a dominant grade, corrupts them and dry them.
The second cause is have to many manure wrinkling the leafs of the peach-tree, plum,
pear-tree and similar, making them pass from its regular state to be lacerated; because
joining in them the heat of the sun with the heat of that manure they wrinkle, as happens
to the hair that haves fire close, which after wrinkled, burns. So the remedy to when are
discovered those antes in the trees will be form in its trunk of tar of mud [in kind of] cup

 
  

that surrounds it, so when the ants arrive to the water with what they will be filled won’t
go more far than that, but repelled return to the feet. Or throwing next to these bones of
pigeons smeared with honey, so the ants will attach to them and they can be throw to
the water far away from the tree or to such distance that they can’t return to it.

Or will be repeated another operation similar until clean those ants, without stop
to execute in the branches from they were hanged until they all fall,[worth to know],
spraying them with water in where were infused wormwood a day; and like that remains
free the tree from ants, and by this way they disappear. If this wrinkling comes from the
soil having burned them with too much manure or been the tree in surface of black land,
which surface haves burn with the excess of manure, or in a place with a lack of water;
will be healed that vice excavating before all and removing the ground of the feet and
roots, covering this with the residue of the ground of potters, specially the red clay (that
haves a particular virtue for that) along with the loose gravel, irrigating every four days.
And if at the moment of discover that contraction on the leaves are piled up stones to
the feet, will be chases completely those small ants. According to the Nabathea
agriculture, if the vessel that had honey or similar stuff that the ants look for, is covered
with white wool of ram, won’t get close such insects, and the same effect is achieved if
is surrounded with the same.

Susado says, that placing magnetic stone attractive from iron to the mouth of the
ant nest they font go out and they retire to the center of the earth; that they also don’t get
close to the pile of wheat, placing it in the middle of it; and that the dead bat haves the
same virtue.

See in the chapter twenty tree and twenty nine the relative about the matter that
treat the present, and what is found in different spots of this book over the healing of the
vegetables and other plants; and attend with reflection so the wounds of the trees heal,
and which useful is; with Allahs favor, smear them with a mix of tar and nitro the
blistered places.

 
  

Chapter XV

Some rare and ingenious skills executed in some trees and

vegetables as introduced into fruit trees at the time
of fixing their branches or small bone and seeds of its fruit sowing,
and the same in the seedlings, aromatic and sweet things
and laxatives remedies, making its fruits come from those
or other similar qualities, according to the book of
Haj Granadino and others.

Make this in the fruit trees according Haj Granadino, are of the kind they are,
vines or other, going to them in October or near that time when their moods down from
the top to the roots (the best time for this operation), which is known as the leaf starts to
fall off until undress entirely of it; as also shown rising from the roots to the top of when
sprouted and flowered appear: and then doing at the root of the tree that wishes
(whether to execute it in him under the ground) a penetrating slit until its heart with
sharp tool, it introduces what you want and have prepared, such as aromas, sweet things
, seeds and fruit such as almonds, laxatives remedies, taking to this effect to the big tree
musk the weight of one coin, as much camphor, five of carnations, and nine of
laxatives, which consists of three sips (or take); and for seedlings and branches fewer
quantity of each one of these things or other wilt, regulating by this dose of what we
expressed what we do not mention: to which gingerly crushed to powder in clean stone
mortar is poured three goals of tar and equal weight of white alum as a tisane, not
infusing musk on the tar (which must have had the fire) while retains its heat, so it
respect to corrupt; but having the mortar in the sun or to slow heat because the tar will
clot, and taking care not to get too hot with fire because musk could corrupt. Shake it in
stone mortar and pestle or any such thing, and done a whole body comes together and

 
  

forms one like it crooked, which is inserted into the slit executed in the foot of the tree
so that it reaches the heart; and planting over a piece of bark from the same tree, is
assured by tying firm that site, and muddy well with glutinous russet mud kneaded with
barley; and that's how it goes from there spreading that smell. And if it gets any laxative
medication, sweet thing or another quality together with the tar and alum, it comes from
the same virtue and taste the fruit of the tree that such things are introduced instead of
him.

This operation must not be executed when the mood rises from the roots to the
top of the tree (which happens in spring, in March or at that time) with respect to which
evaporates through that slit, would go with him the scent; whose odor would not lie for
this cause in the fruit of that tree. But if done in October or November, the spring does
not come without the groove and is welded closed, so nothing leaves the smell of things
there introduced. Where it has not carried out but expressed or two months at that time;
for then lowering the mood tree from the top to the roots, and participating in the virtue
of that aroma, sweetness or medication, goes along the most subtle of all attached to it
from the roots to the top of the tree, and although some time till flower and fruit show
that follows, it contains the medicinal or aromatic softness under any of the things there
introduced.

As to enter them in the fields and seedlings at the time of planting, says Háj
Granadino, who took in November the branch that is intended for this purpose sink
through the extreme of the part that has to enter it in the hole with thin pointed tool
without the slit penetrates the other side; that opening it until discover the heart
contained therein, take this (which is way wool) with the corresponding tool and the
twisted mentioned after that slit open with the first tool is put in place; and extracted
this, close it and tie that slit from top to bottom with twine composed of strands of palm
or papyrus, and smearing glutinous reddish mold mass and barley it will shelter with
some flimsy linen cloth; putting the branch in arcaduz (or bucket) perforated by the seat
so that the tied part falls in the middle of it, fill the same with stone and mud soft, and
then plant lying on burial pit figure (as the planting branch in this way) in the manner
indicated above; and being in the middle of the hole, you will go with frequent enough
risks and the corresponding regime for so is its fruit, when given, to breathe the smell of
scent that was put. And the same is done in the seedling at the time to set it.

 
  

Another similar practice runs on the vine, whose grapes if you want to be
aromatic, very sweet, laxative, or who has any taste and the syrup is done in house of
sweet fruits, or of any such thing, the best will be taken branch of fruitful vine of the
color that wishes, and plunging into halves along to the end that will cover the land, or
as a span, or all (according to various opinions), taking care not to mistreat the nodes, it
is cleaned both parties together to the heart content in the middle of its center, without
nothing left, and instead put the sweet things that they want to, or other like sugar or
honey, crushed almond seeds, tamarind, scammony, aloe, treacle, aroma of the species
that likes, as musk, camphor, carnation, nut or indian hazel; and joining the two sides
until reduce them to their first form will bind to many sites with selvedge or wool
thread, smearing with fresh cow dung; or thereafter with mass composed of mud and
cattle dung as small as dust, as Kastos think.

In whose arrangement planting the branch where you want, watering and caring
for it until sprouting with continuous work and irrigation until it becomes big, it is the
grape of that same taste, smell and quality profitable by Allah. I am convinced that this
kind of operation approaches the mentioned before, with the difference that is not linked
the aromatic or medicinal thing with tar as the first; nor does it mention that has to
introduce a branch in pitcher. So, I am of the opinion that it is better the first, Allah
knows.

Some argue that doing what was said in the branch at the time of planting
without putting anything in it of the aforementioned, is the grape without stone, which,
according to Abu-el-Jair, is checked by repeated experiences. Others say that if you
want that do not have stone the grapes will sink to the branch’s part that must cover the
soil in half and gently extracting the heart that is in the middle with spicillo (or
instrument that clean the ears) or similar, keeping lacerating or scrape the inside of that
slit, It is tied tightly with a bouquet of papyrus (or Indian Junk) and planted directly into
the pit he is infuse the foot every eight days with syrup or wort mixed with water until it
sprout whereby this effect is achieved by Allah. This practice comes to the antecedent,
and what it adds is the irrigation water mixed with syrup, or with wine.

Another way to the rose brush produce the yellow or royal blue rose, as desired.

 
  

Go to the foot of the rose by December, says Haj, and leaving the trunk right as
it was and fixed on the ground, lift it out the black bark that covers the root without
taking it; but sinking over and after lifting the roots with subtle tool for each side
without dividing it up or down, please complete this void between the bark and the root
of the rose bush expressed with well and very aromatic saffron crushed in stone mortar
and wrapping a rag of linen, tie it down firmly and smear, and left in place refuel the
ground; and thus the roses that throw thet foot will be of the first color. Of which (adds
Háj) having made us experience, it was seen that they came from a flamboyant color
and graceful. And if you want to indigo color, it will be made of Faleh (the bright and
very aromatic indigo) the same use of saffron; and so come roses that foot outside of the
color.

I have been told by a Damascene says Abu-el-Jair, who having said indigo
dissolved in water and washed down with her the foot off the rose from early October
until the outbreak of the roses, they left those of a royal blue of funny sight. But this,
says Haj have for playthings. Sometimes watering the rose, according to the same Abu-
el-Jair, with water where was cooked dormouse, produce yellow roses, by Allah.

Another operation if you want to find roses out of time

The same author says that if you want blooms the rose in the autumn will stop
irrigation completely (if it was irrigated) long space heat until early August, since which
time watering repeatedly sprouts again, and blooms in the month expressed without
ceasing to also throw other roses in the spring.

Another operation for the same effect

Continues the same author saying that if you have burned the old rose in
October, and you want him to advanced roses in the autumn must be irrigated after that
eight days, and you will skip watering the next four, continuing this alternative five
times; as well as throwing stems and heads, flowers at this time, no less the roses you
have to throw in the spring for this.

 
  

Another operation equal to that expressed.

If anyone wishes (continues) pick roses in the station of the year you want, If
anyone wishes (continued) station pick roses in the year you want, go to the rose in May
while the strength of the outbreak and when it is discovered at the end of the Incarnate
cocoon color, and tilting and dipping their branches inversely in a new bowl, and
loading them with some stones to drop well let them down well covered, leaving the
heads of the rose 'vented untouched in the ground (as if she touched would be corrupted
and rot); and whenever roses, removing from there basin that leave them exposed to air,
with which opening, the catch at that time.

Another operation

The same Háj says that when if when the heads of the roses to open are cut with
its arajínes (which are the sticks attached to them), and half filled with subtle manure a
small new pitcher, and getting those sticks in melted tar are left in him in this
arrangement between sand, muddying the pitcher and burying it in the dust; when
removed from it some of those heads will cut what of them got into the tar, immediately
putting it in water and then in the sun; and thus manifesting those roses then when they
will be deployed.

Another operation

Anyone who wishes get roses in autumn or in the harvest, thirsty let the rose in
August and September, and at the times you want to keep them irrigate again and again,
and so sprout, buttoning, and discover in it roses by Allah .

Another similar operation to the apple.

 
  

If you want fresh apples out of time stops water your tree all the time in the heat,
and give continuous since early August and repeated risks; and so will shed new apples
or shall come to give them out of time, especially if it is wet autumn.

Another operation for the same tree

If you want containing inscriptions or figures in the apples, you will go to those
which by nature are embodied, and when they have finished growing and before
contracted this color, write and will form them (staying in the same tree) inscriptions
and figures desireth with common ink, or (as others want) with wool, egg, potters inks,
diluted ammoniac salt, gypsum or glue parchment debris in it, or with melted tar (what
any of it to the hand) and executing one and anothers with thick pen; and overlay so that
no dew or rain discover them, nor be cleared by the friction of the adjoining leaves, each
other. In which arrangement leaving them on the tree until fairly redden, and then what
was written or figured will be wash with water, will be that with or green site, but
nothing reddish, and this last color the rest of the apple; what is a funny thing. Such
operation is also running in the red plums and sloes, when they are green, before getting
their respective colors.

Also in the quinces, grapefruit, pears, grapes, cucumbers and pumpkins are
printed the same figures of the containers (or molds) nothing rude in that putting, even
if are of animals, whose shape represent or have recorded; although some say that there
is no disposal for this purpose but is in grapefruit. Which, according Kastos, comes
from the same shape and size of the phial, clay pot, if you put each before maturity in
each of these molds pierced subtly to be aired, tying them and fixing them with strings
to btanch’s sticks in which immediacy may be placed. As to the grapes, if you want to
have them, so long that put admiration, says Abu-el-Jair and others, that they may go
into the clusters of the kind you want in this genre like black or white virgins; the
reddish date which is the size of the acute date at both ends; the one called virgins
fingers that is black and long, the early white, and Jijar (or heart kid) scarlet; the goals
even when not exceed the size of chickpea in writing cane ornaments, cut to the length
or almost the little finger and nothing else, each in his own, tying them to stick bunches
of conformity which are those not leave; through which they come, when they have

 
  

matured, with the impression of size and shape; whose ornaments if they are made of
metal are very good; where if some holes are made, the grapes come with certain bumps
the size of those holes.

Another way

The same author says that if you put a bunch of al-haydnit grape, which is small,
split and brown in good container or tube of common reed (that is, from the Hortense
useful), tying it at both ends is set to not open, or in a drilling small vessel; as you want
it it becomes narrower, during ripening, it comes to be as if it were a single grain, and
broken that vessel comes out of the same figure.

With regard to that pumpkins and cucumbers, known Syriacos, getting into
wooden mold or mud, which from this want, when still remains small, and burying that
under the ground without cover you much so that an extreme remains out of the earth
and any opening where between air, comes from the same length and shape as this hath
and print engraved effigy, figure or inscription on it has been executed; for which it can
be done, it has to consist of two halves.

Description of other practices for the vines.

If you want bunches of different colors with white, black and beans, take the
best branches, each grape different color when the liquid flows (or circulated) for them
and are green and crushing them gently with a smooth stick over another equal tucking
it on touch with its buds, settle after each other by the crushed part and tie back for
many sites selvedge or anything like that stay together, smearing the part with fresh cow
dung, dry or mixed with water. Some say, they have to twist for what crushed, as the
strings are twisted, threads or any such thing, and tied so that are not loosen the twist.

Others claim that cutting off the extremes and matching their knots each other
buds suit and tie well, not to mention before crushing; adding that that linked part will
be put for thick extreme in a bull horn or bone ring or rings, and filling these with fresh
cow dung, and planting them in burial pits figure of good land, it will bury leaving out

 
  

only two fingers, and three from the narrow end to every branch, which is where they
sprout, being of the same within the bone or antler four buds buried in land; in which
arrangementame with frequent irrigation come join them all; and so are found facts and
the same thing, when after three or two years (as others say) the land is withdrawn from
the bone, and this will broke. Then cutting off all protruding bone with sharp tool,
leaving only the bonded portion, left them off the ground replaced the part where they
have sprouted, and frequently irrigated and cultivated until that time; because this is
how a branch out from there alone, cut the others come the grapes of different colors
corresponding to those of the first.

Another operation for the same

Sinking through the branches mentioned being careful to reach their knots, and
(according Kastos) nor heart containing between; and taking one, couple with cleft,
proposing together with each other adornments; and squeezing and then covering them
with cow dung mixed with azufayfo leaves, smearing with sticky mud or crushed squill,
and plant in this provision.

Others say that sinking all with tact and gentleness so that the knots are not
mistreated, each with its otherwise fit joining each other and forming their joints with
such euqality come to give one against the other, and that tying it steady with papyrus
(or rattan) or thread, so that a branch seem alone, grease with cow dung, slather with
mud, and in this arrangement are planted.

Others are of the opinion, that sinking each branch without the mistreat knots,
two halves of different colors are taken, and breaking gingerly, with each other to come
together, and tying for many sites, grease with cow dung and planted inversely in good
quality land, adding it in a hole a cubit deep, and they let two knots on earth; and that
every day, or every three or five days, as others say, are irrigated with water and
sprayed until the time of the outbreak, as well as coming to take one branch, the grapes
are in their bunches they will be of various colors, as they were before. And it is said
that two years may will transplanted to another site, if you want.

 
  

Another practical to introduce certain virtues properties in grapes, according to

the Nabathea Agriculture author.

Having us hanged a foot or torongil stalk of strain trunk when he was budding
grape, and left there until the ripening of the fruit, was found in the juice of this, when
become a fortified wine, the same taste and smell of torongil; which he had the
advantage of not drunk much they drank it.

Another way

If you want the scent of grapes to be as myrtle, linked to the branch at the time
of plant a stem of this plant, and so the effect will be achieved, and those exquisite will
come. Others say that if you want grapes are delicate taste, spread the branch when you
plant with oil, or moisten its extreme in itself. In Nabathea Agriculture it is said that if
you want to come sweeter grapes, infuse the foot of the vine five consecutive days by
the time of harvest with dates honey diluted in fresh water; nourished as it continuously,
and thus increasing the other sweetness of their kind, they are of this quality in higher
grade.

Another operation for the same

Discover the bunch of grapes, when it is less excessive heat from the sun, which
being exposed these will come with more sweetness.

Other

It is the opinion of Ibn-Jazáz that wine grapes reised near the black hellebore,
which is a purgative virtue.

 
  

Operations for the fig tree

If you want the branches of a fig tree produce figs of various colors, black, russet
and white or (it is said) in the same fig come pinstripe these same colors, take branches
or thin twigs (which is even better) of fig trees of all three colors, or two branches of
two different colors, and sinking to each bark on one side and detaching the bone (or
wood) without separating scoring one below the other; and united this way plant as the
manner stated above. Others say that breaking (as stated above in the branches) each
branch, twisting with the other and bound by many sites from twist, this smearing
himself with cow dung or with crushed squill (as stated treating vine) and so are planted
in early January on built land (as others say) with donkeys dung and beans straw.
Irrigated frequently become twisting gingerly with each other after outbreak, so that
they are like a single branch, and smeared with cow dung planted inversely, as stated in
the article of this kind of plantation; which joined as if they were one and after two
years transplanted to the site of their fruiting produce different colors figs. It is also said,
that can be twisted healthy and whole branches without being broken, and linking them
well are planted in this provision.

Others claim that if branches of fig trees of various colors together and well tied
in three places get into a pipe bored by the seat and filled with earth, and in this
arrangement are planted, binds everything within it is contained, coming look like if one
stick; and cutting them everything that protrudes from the container where the seam
ends when that sucker comes to fruition check figs of different colors, such as branches
together in which the statement was executed. Others are apparently getting into those
branches that a bull horn ring or anything like so that will narrow there, and where
busbars are transplanted after a year or two of their union to where they must fructify,
come with the same variety of colors.

Another operation for the same, according Nabathea Agriculture.

Take seeds of figs of various colors, and revolt with dry cow dung or human
excrement, tying together a linen cloth, which spread with cow dung, bury in good
quality land, watering and going with the same regimen and to the cultivation seeds of

 
  

fruit until they are born, twisting their offspring with each other when they are raised
and hardened, without separating them from their root, binding and smear them with
cow dung, plant inversely as executed in this kind of plantation, and where they may be
big and tall move to where it can fructify, burying in the ground the most part; and so
with frequent irrigation and cultivation (should not lack) will produce different colors
figs, by Allah. The same operation is said to be also implemented in the grain of the
grapes.

According to another author, planting fig trees buds various colors in one place,
and making them when they have some height the same operation and has the same fig
to produce different colors figs. And also it said that executed the same in the branches,
as each cluster, the effect is achieved.

Garib Ben maain ensures that if the aforementioned operation also runs on the
branches of the vines and vines of various colors when they are close to each other (and
the same in the fig); and standing on their roots without cut them, so there are nurtured
to join, thus inversely planted, and then transplanted when they are for it thrive longer
and are more fruitful, without being rush of disease.

Several operations for the pomegranate, peach and pear, as the book of Kastos
and others.

Sink the fleshless pomegranate less than a cubit, or the part that it has to hide the
earth; and gingerly remove the heart, tie tight after with rattan or any such thing, and
plant; and then to cast sheet is pinned, cut above the slit and often come with irrigation
and cultivation until over there sprout; and so the fruit when it occurs, will come with
no bone, by Allah. Kastos says that three fingers slit be left on earth. As for the pear he
says that running on the same seedling, not contained within its fruit by way of little
stones; and as regards the peach, if discovering and drilled the foot removes the heart,
and there will fix a stick of willow, is the bone’s fruit small as a result. As it was said
above, that extracting the heart of the branch, and planting it so come boneless grapes.

 
  

Operations for the wallflower, according to the book (entitled) Midianite

Properties

If you want wallflowers painted black and white, take a thin vermilion plant, and
another like white, or two plants each, twisting them by way of a cord, and planting well
together, often irrigate; and so the flowers come in that color, and very beautiful and
graceful.

Another operation for the same

If sowing seed of white and red wallflower in one place its plants are twisted
(when have risen) to each other, standing on their roots without ripping it off, and
attached in a ring of cane, wood or something else, then they hide under inverse of land
in the manner stated, leaving out the outbreaks; the flower that of them comes is a
beautiful color varied from black and white. I add, that for any operation you get it
right, you should be aware of the above on the introduction of flavorings, sweets and
medicines in the trees; and mentioned after his regime relating to the vine, the fig tree,
the pomegranate, peach, pear, wallflower and other plants, confronting each other and
driving the light solidly reciprocally lend.

An operation for orange, the arraijan, cypress, pine and other similar trees,
sustained of a trunk, are funnyview, and lush and greenery permanent.

If you want it in the middle of the pool or pond is a tree that provides pleasure,
either by its beauty, or by the shadow that lies, dig a hole in the depths of such sites, and
fix it in it a good seedling of these mentioned species of trees, or similar to those raised
on a trunk, and continually irrigate until their throw offspring. Or on the same site that
has been raised (if it is appropriate to do so), get the pool or pond, and then taking a
pipe, like the conduit of the shaft, height and capacity alike, all over a little thicker than
the trunk of the tree, splitting (up and down) into two halves, and setting these against
the trunk, each to his own, get together so that the pipe remains as before, and through it

 
  

the trunk of the tree; and smearing the pipe with a mixture of lime and sand, take
another wider and planting it on the first repositioning of its two halves over the other,
unite with mortar; and planting over third pipe, make sure the upper and lower region
with a sheet iron, according to snug and tight, without being then open at the bottom,
ensuring that its height is somewhat larger than the pool, for not to get water, when it is
full; and firmly seated those pipes, so that it is not introduced by their gaps. And this is
how you undo that tree is found in the pool, as if it were standing in the water, which is
funny thing.

Of care are usually made up on vegetables already treated by regard to pumpkins

and cucumbers. As to lettuce and spinach, Aristotle says, that if you want a single foot
of either of them has two species of herbs, you take camel dung or another equally, and
drilling until leave hollow, put two or three grains of each of the seeds of lettuce, celery
or similar, and burying them in tilled soil and covering them with good quality dust and
well-rotted manure shredded in sufficient quantity, as it was expressed in vegetables
planting, often give them the usual irrigation, as well as when they are born one foot are
formed; and the same happens, if instead of lettuce put chard. Or take, according to
Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel, goats or sheep dung, and sticking out the inside, and putting
into it the seed of lettuce woth other different, bury in pit two quarters deep in tilled soil
and mixed manure, covering them with little land, and give sprays water when they
have been born, and frequent watering when they have thrown bouquets; which, by
running in many species, makes grow up lettuce with what was sown together with
them. Some mix the seed with two or three chopped droppings, and a cloth tied around
so burying on the ground, executing the rest stated above. If you want turnips and
radishes are greater than the regular size, take a large pot and filling his bored half of
straw, and throwing up good quality land and manure some time, sow in it the two
mentioned vegetables, and bury this in the ground until it is equal to its surface; and so
they come radishes and turnips of a grown size.

Of the coriander is said that if you want to have unplanted, take a goat, and
spraying his testicles with water, the same is spray on tilled soil, and thus born in it
without having sown his seed.

Afriaáyos believes of the Dill that if you want to sow without seed, infuse hot
water in tilled soil, and passed a year will be born in that place. They say that if the
hemp seed is sown in juicy land sprayed with hot water, and covered with a cloth, will

 
  

born at the point or on the same day. Here I warn you, do not omit to record carefully in
grafts Chapter the cares that the incision of a tree on the other result in the change of its
fruits, or in the graft, so the muza is taken from a different root; since both this doctrine
as graft melons and gourds in various other species, and other similar plants belongs
also to this chapter.

The pilgrims and weird things as proven by experience, relate the Nabathea
Agriculture, one attributed to Masio is, who wants to know how many grenades charged
pomegranate that year, attend the first balaustria that it is born, catching and counting
the number of small grains contained therein; the charged for that year will be in
proportion of the number of grains that contains. In other books it is said that if splitting
a Granada and count their beads, you will know that the same number is contained in
each of that foot. And also said that those grains equal to the number of grenades.

 
  

Chapter XVI

The mode of keep fresh dry fruits,

grains, seeds, legumes and flour,
and to preserve some vegetables.

Places where fruits and other things are stored must be fresh, airy, clean and
nothing fetid. None of them has to be near the quinces, or stored with them; which
would damage to the moisture. Bunches of grapes, spreading over them leaves ash and
fig’s wood preserved time; and so those get wet with purslane juice: which are
conserved throughout the year wetting them with alum stone water and hanging.
Maxims are from Kastos that plunging them in boiling water with a mixture of mice
dung and fig ash after cold, and keeping them in barley straw after it pulled out and
dried, preserved time; and so any juicy fruit.

They also preserved, plunging into water in which they were beaten banana
prosaws, white pine or ash vine (whatever is at hand) and keeping them hanging in the
gazebo, or lying in a regular clean room. If vessel formed with mixed dung and a little
white clay, linked to not break out the bunches of grapes are made by smearing the
mouth and put in a clean, cool place, stored until early June. Kastos and others say, that
caught Invernizas grapes when they are perfectly ripe and sweet in the last ten days or at
the end of November (depending on how early or late the land); and whether they are
white or already black choose those with hard, thick and uninjured skin, cutting the
bunches with sharp tool after raised the sun a few hours and dissipated dew, on a good
day and waning moon, taking immature or rotten beans. Another author says, that the
stiff course of the grapes, they form new'll be spelled straw or barley, and putting them
layers of straw and grapes alternately to fill, and smearing to these vessel’s mouth with
the same clay enough to prevent air traffic, are placed where the sun does not reach; so
this is how fresh grapes are preserved for a year. It is said that also preserved the

 
  

clusters if soaked in brine are placed separately in straw lupine, beans, barley or millet
(which is to hand) and in a cool place where they give the sunshine or fire lights.

It's maxim of Kastos, that must put some bunches without rotten grape into
coarse pottery vessels, covering these with fresh hard clay soil; and that is when they
want to eat are removed and washed with water. Others say that if the new earthen
vessels that have put the clusters, you set them out mouth with leather and buried in the
earth, will bring those healthy when thou wilt; and the same happens taking the vessels
in water up to his neck. It is also the opinion of Kastos, that if cutting the bunches with
stems and leaves they were smeared with melted tar the site of the cut, and so hang with
separation from each other, they still remain so fresh and juicy all winter. Others are of
opinion that tending the grapes on straw beans mice do not approach them while remain
this way: not being close to one another long period of time are preserved; and which
are kept fresh and juicy, if covered with tar vessels are put alternately layered with other
sawdust built with millet flour.

Refers Ahmed-Ibn-Abu-Khaled, author of Reason of food supplies, that one of

the means to keep the grapes be preserved fresh so that none of them without spoiling or
wasted, it is that having boiled rainwater to undermine the third and throwing after cold
on glass of glass or jar of green paint, it can contain bunches, clean of rotten grain that
shall be in them are put; thus keeping them covered and kept in the aforesaid provision.
Much the same says Kastos. According to another author must cover their mouth to the
glass with plaster and put in place does not reach the sun, heat, fire or smoke.

It is said that the bunches are not rotten burying in barley, or if cutting them with
their sticks and smearing these with tar are tied and hung, or will tend to separation
straw beans, lupins and wheat, for not touching each other are preserved what is like;
and hanging them without each other or touch anything, they are preserved in time,
especially if you hang in stores of wheat. According to Ibn-Zebir book entitled Food,
lime given to bunches also hang; if it is necessary so that they can be eaten before
washing in hot water. Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel says that having them hanging on jars
of wine or oil, remain fresh grapes.

Others means

 
  

If the clusters are put in fig ash lye or of branches (which thou wilt) and then dry
that moisture is put in straw are kept fresh and juicy. If you want to stay grapes on the
vine to catch them when you pleases, doing some linen purses, put in each bunch of ripe
and healthy, and tie them at the mouth of the poles or the foot of the cluster, and thus
stay fresh and healthy grapes, which is proved by experience. But, as they say, it is
better than purses and not so expensive, wrap in woolen the bunches in respect to it was
of conserving for some time in the same provision, protects them from wasps and bees;
for which purpose they say that wool has greater virtue, if it is soaked in garlic juice.

If you want, says Kastosthat remain the grapes outstanding the branch until early
spring and then earnestly beholding that have fructified much, and it being possible tie
to bend it, will form at the bottom of that vine a hole two cubits deep and making a bed
of soft, clean sand, you take and stretch that branch until the remaining clusters
pendulums in the hole without touching the earth by one side, firmly tied to a stake or
something similar so that can not escape, you will cover the hole with lily leaves
spreading like powder over the flour in often for it to tighten and harden; because it
flowing the corresponding liquid to the time expressed and if you put in that hole a new
earthen vessel capable, put on the air, without being touched, the remaining clusters of
the same branch and then cover its mouth, stay fresh throughout the winter thereby also
waging that the beasts and dogs eat them. Also it is said that the cluster is conserved if
slope of the vine gets and keeps on drilling new tubes gently without touching in it the
grapes.

Kastos says that cutting and throwing his first vine fruit becomes very robust,
and continuing in this provision back to take another late bloomer; whose bunches after
mature, if put into small jars of clay, each in his own, hanging from the branches of
these so that the wind does not topple, and smearing plaster to protect the same grapes
containing, preserved so fresh until deimáh or early spring without rotting. I am of the
opinion that the glass in the air you must do its drill, as stated grapefruit or citron
chapter of care, and does not touch in it any grape; which if it happens, the bunch rot on
that side, as person referred me to have seen that.

Way of using and storing raisins.

 
  

The practice that I have by better for this purpose, says Kastos, is that when the
corresponding grapes finished ripening were twist the sticks of its clusters until loose
and not perceive of his tree any juice and left until shrivel grapes arecollected these later
and hang until dry in the shade; and then put in earthen vessels (or jugs) on beds of dry
branches lying on its bottom; and that these vessels, smeared mouth, are stored in cool
room where the smoke does not reach them, and also reserve moisture; because in this
way they are these very good raisins and are preserved a long time, and (reportedly) soft
and juicy with some white. Others claim that the above clusters have been lying on beds
of branches until wipe and become raisins.

Collects the grapes for this effect, says one author, when, having reached the end
of its maturity and sweetness, no bitterness left in them or metallic taste; as not being so
come light in weight and little sweetness, and the same figs are caught with any
hardness; as it is said, clutching or shedding in such an arrangement would come
styptic, slightly sweet and light weight after dry.When on a ripening clusters are
collected the seasoned and others are left until ripen perfectly. That raisins and dried
figs rise up from the place where they lay by the dawns when still retain the freshness
owned the night air and dew; and if prior to this have, while on the site, covered by the
evening clean rattan baskets or any such thing, leaving them exposed to the sun by day,
thus more briefly dried; and the same if you tend to fallow or uncultivated land. That
roan and fat grapes are reduced after dry and made raisins to a third of what they did
before, and so fresh crimson after dry; and as to the fourth or less equally petite grapes
available. And such is the way of arranging raisins sun. For which the best place is the
scarlet uncultivated land, and whose surface is found clean of grass; in which they have
no place to lie on one another, or close to road or wells, so they do not turn white with
dust from such sites.

Another way to prepare raisins called blinds (or bleach).

If grapes are overweight, or have been cut late or are quickly wishes dry, water
was infused into ash or cypress beans and letting clock or longer; cooked which later
clarified until make three or more boiling, it so hot on the fire pending albardine or such
thing clusters shall go, and brought them before sinking the grapes and then tend to the

 
  

sun over dry grass (or hay) making them gingerly in the morning, and lifting them when
they find themselves completely dry: whose raisins if you want to be herons in color,
also put pomegranate shells in said bleach. The safe, steady and proven by practical
experience is this. Take a quarter by weight of cypress or beans ash (which is to hand),
and throwing in clean glass (that has served well if oil will be better); infuse the four
goals of fresh water and let it for a few days to be clarified; in which arrangement pitch
in a large copper pot (or cauldron) corresponding to the large amount of grapes, put it
after the fire boils put the bunches in albardine wide and clear or any such thing baskets,
according to is entirely hidden in the boiler water, tucking once grapes if he be very hot
and boiling; and two, if anything unless it is more convenient; after which they tend to
dry over reeds making them the very next day; and again, if then left until dry; will dry
well which is accommodated in respective vessels: Noting that neither grapes nor figs
have to lie where they are exposed to dust. It is very good for this operation beans ash,
and it is also and especially the cypress; and if they throw some good quality oil in the
water above, raisins come in handy with this.

Of the fresh figs

To save the recent figs have to pick something hard with the stick hanging, and
placing them separately without touching each other in new cauldron, will this rather
than some freshness; and if embitter you must perfume with incense of dry bushes
pumpkins below that are turned on. They say that if picking fresh figs are put on enough
of their own leaves, and covered with a large glass or lead bowl, or with tarp glass, are
preserved in the aforesaid provision.

How to dry and store figs

Grab the fallen figs on the floor after finishing ripening, and dry in the sun lying
over broom or dry reed; after which leaving them in the same provision dew overnight,
raising the morning before the sun born when they still retain the evening dew and
freshness of the air, and reserving from the sun after this, also beware of moisture in

 
  

homes. And if you heed in earthen vessels, they will rise from where they lay, when still
retain some juice.

Some claim that these vessels spreading in fig and cypress leaves, not filled with
worms that will not rot, if three tarp figs put one in the bottom on the glass in that
keepeth, another in the middle, and another on top of it; and giving them to keep a light
spray of brine, as if months of rose water, not eat away or suffer impairment.

The way to store apple, pears, quinces and ciders.

If you want to save which from these fruits you want, catch and release gingerly
from the tree to not be mistreated or fall on one another, which has to be perfectly
healthy seat, be of late species, and take your stick this being desirable. Whose fruits are
preserved long time, if each wrapped themselves in sheets of walnut or flax waste, tied
with wire, sticky mud smeared with sweet or white earth with plaster mixed with water,
and dry in the shade, get the orders (or rows) in a hung; or they hang their sticks (if any)
in a cool place where the sun do not give them no wind, smoke and heat of fire; or if
that provision is buried in barley which, coming the need to eat them, they are infused
in water to release that (with which they were smeared).

About keeping apples and quinces says Abu-el-Jair with other authors, that the
best species for this purpose are winter grapes as Roman, picking up in October with
their sticks. Otherwise there for apples, according to the book of Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-
Fasel and others; and it consists of hand picked in the said month, keeping of cut, put a
bed of dry waste linen in mud new glass bed of dry waste glass linen mud new store,
dry also and above bed of them, then another waste linen to prevent being next to each
other; although not harm them touch (as the author said), and are covered in such waste
disposal, and covered the glass, his mouth smeared with white clay or sticky mud, and
hung in dark and cool big piece; on whose site by registering once a month to remove
any rotting that are preserved until June and reaching each other. And in the same way
quince single itself they are stored without them together with some other fruit. If you
want, says Aristotle, preserve apples, keep them stuck in potteries mud the time seem
good to you, and find good and healthy. And if it pleases you, put the clay in vessels of
the same matter, dried mud, or any such thing, and there hidden apples without gather

 
  

each other; the storing them in the vessel which after drying, always juicy and when
wilt bring forth; and if you put them in jars, smearing a bit to these, they will stay fresh
long.

Pears are preserved by placing them in new glass over bedding laying ground
salt or sawdust in its bottom; and likewise they are preserved long time, having the
same there with honey. Maxims are of various authors, if you want to keep them recent,
wax the seat to each when fresh, and put in new jars of clay fill soft sweet wine, or
loose; whereby it said effect is achieved without rotting. If you put in new clay jar and
covering good the mouth, bury them on the ground, good and healthy when wilt bring
forth and likewise having put into water the pitcher up to the neck: it being understood
that about apples and other juicy fruits. And finally, that taking the immature pears and
smearing their sticks with melted tar separated put into wood sawdust, without being
next to each other.

They are also stored dried pears: for which purpose, according to Abu-el-Jair,
the best of them are split into four chunks or parts, and tend the sun on tables making
them four days to dry, and not to give them any moisture. After which they are put to
bedding, mildly shaking with hands in albardine baskets, and each of the beds they will
set themselves until filling mouth sprayed lightly and evenly with some honey to
moisten well, and retain good, sweet and soft.

Some, according Abuel-Jair, to keep the pears splitting them lengthwise into thin
slices that are dried, and thus eat in spring and winter after cooking; which run
especially if any damage noted. But eaten like this are so little food.

With regard to the quinces, each wrapped for storage in fig leaves smeared with
mud and fresh white ground, they are placed to dry in the shade after keeping them in
part where are no other fruit, with respect to the odor given off injures himself fresh
fruit, particularly grapes, either in this provision or very dry. They also say, that remain
buried in barley straw, and so on wooden sawdust; and even more (and similarly apples)
if put into a glass of sweet wine. Aristotle's maxim is, that you want to keep the quinces,
take them into mud potters.

About pomegranates, to dry and store them in this provision are caught with
their sticks or something immature perfectly seasoned (according to various opinions),
and tied with wire, or something similar, are hung in cool piece without touching the

 
  

wall, nor each other; which so long they are kept, and sometimes reach new, as is
proven. And if before it was buried in barley straw or wheat until dry the outer crust,
and taken from there hung tied with wire, also preserved some time; and so if wind
hung until dry the bark, rise later in this provision.

It is also said that if putting them in hot boiling water boiled on the fire in the
boiler, and leaving them there until cool water, then hang each with separation tied a
thread or wrapped in a piece of robe or any such thing, preserved a year without altered
or rot: and last some time, if hung, smearing the seat and pate with hot melted tar; and
equally dry by hanging after placed in brine. Infuse pomegranates, says Agriculture
Nabathea, in hot water so that the cover more than four fingers, and left there until the
water cools, take off later and hang up without being touch each other, and so will not
rot or suffer alteration, while remaining one year; and when you wanted to eat them,
either after having spray an hour before with cold water.

Among other things they say there too, if being dried shell you want damping
them, come near fire or goals in the oven after heated; it is clear from experience that
contract so that provision. Which is the ox eye (or black cimelas), the serbas, cherries
and peaches are sun-dried and stored in this provision. Whose fruits, according to Abu-
el-Jair and others, caught after well seasoned and placed in the sun, they become
sometimes to dry well, and then put into new earthen vessels; which, covering and
smearing the mouth with plaster, they stand until long enough to eat those, then rolling
them with water and having them wrapped in cloth until get some fresh and juicy. Also
they put to dry jujube and the service strung on wires; whose arrangement hanging them
in place where be vented, as gazebo, they preserved a whole year. With regard to
peaches, separating them and the flesh all around the bone with knife (like turnips
peeled) pursuant to stay as ring, leaving them strung on wires to dryness, and hanging
them or keeping them in glass glazed vermilion clay, are preserved throughout the year;
which need to eat arrival, wrap sprayed with water in a cloth.

Of the pistachios, almonds and walnuts

Says Abu-el-Jair, pistachios (or alfónsigos) with its shell, and clean walnuts and
almonds outside his sun to get dry, and that this provision stand in those new earthen

 
  

vessels. Kastos says that picking almonds in the days that were apparent when the upper
or outer shell begins to sink, wiping her by washing in salt water and drying well,
become very white; and if you like almonds, walnuts, alfónsigos, acorns and fruits such
as return after dry to green, bury which of them will appear in the shell, or tied without
it in clean cloth, will you hide in moist sand or mud of it, and give it continuous sprays
of fresh water, and leaving for a few days; with whose regime is to be as juicy and
fresh. Others say that leaving gingerly dry walnuts, in turning his whole heart in a clean
linen cloth, burying it in clean dust and watering it with water once every day for about
a few, again in a wet and swollen.

Acorns and chestnuts says Abu-el-Jair and others who caught the first after well
seasoned and blackened their color, nor to be weighed one above the other because they
do not sweat; which if they were done, they would be corrupted and repainted that
night, and soon the surprise corruption; but lying them in place where give them the air
and the sun, become several times a day until dry well.

Others say that once the sun dry them, after raising them in jars and smearing to
these mouth retained its freshness until Mays and then taking them out and putting them
away in baskets or any such thing, is shake gently with mallets or equivalent thing until
loosen the shell. If you want to eat fresh, as if they had recently picked from the tree,
stores clean, damp ground, and scattering tiny sand, spray them with fresh water for
eight days, once in each; with whose regime achieving this effect, they come as if they
had taken the same day: which are eaten after the sand clean and washed with fresh
water, or stand in the shell.

They also dry freshly picked tending to smoke wattle or cane wand, stretched
and open with them; in which arrangement remaining until thoroughly dried, then stand
without its shell, or with it as they are. And boiled in fresh water without ever cooked
term, remote from the fire, and left a little until dry well, it makes them shelled and
ground edible bread. It is the opinion of Abu-el-Jair and others that do not suffer from
dried chestnuts or that is made of them operation than in acorns; but if they are caught
from the tree still fresh and juicy, they are kept in this arrangement and as recent, in
burying the hole three feet deep upon layer of manure lying in the depths of it, which
are reserved for the rain, or where covering, matching, and defending well the mouth of
the hole, you can not get into them that water; and that portion out of there as necessary
to eat until they are gone.They are also stored in cellars, when they are many, making

 
  

them what was said above: and according to Abu-el-Jair says the same thing has to run
on acorns whosoever to eat them fresh.

As to save fresh chestnuts, acorns, walnuts and almonds, it is teaching the book
of Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel, who likes to to eat them fresh, dig a hole to this effect of
three feet deep, and tending him in the depths of a layer of sand, put there which wishes
them fresh, juicy, freshly picked until fill about a foot, and throwing sand on top and
matching the mouth of that hole with the surface of the earth, irrigate them after that
with water only once, and nothing more.

Keeping dry roses; and such is the way of drying. Lying to sun until separate its
buttons in different places without bunching or are one above the other and twist to
dryness: which if achieved on the same day, are better, more aromatic and more
beautiful color; with whom and its fragrance are preserved, keeping them in new vessels
of pottery with the muddy mouth; which weigh dry without its buttons tenth of what
fresh. It is said that early mid-April roses are the most apropos for drying, and for the
distillate. The first buds are withered in the month with buttons weigh almost the same
as green, and as a seventh of which the same are dried in the month of May.

Whose variation in dry and distilled do not consisting of nothing but the
proportional reason for juice and weight, obese (or full of liquid) are more convenient
than the dry. From whose distillate mode and try to save the pink water (by Allah) in
chapter thirty general.

The oil is stored in cool, dry places; and they say, to be put in a clean vessel,
where throwing (as maximum of Abu-el-Jair) a little salt or nitro, crushed fresh leaves
of olive, citrus and bay, everything is stir and incorporate; and are completely filled the
glasses and the shade, for contributing this to keep unchanged, and gently fragrant.

As to store food, Kastos maximum grains, wheat is enclosed in two ways: either
in stock and similar sites where it is sheltered from the wind, or in barns which are
being aired traspalen or move out of one place to another. In the depths of the stock
lying a bed of wheat thickness of two or more cubits store, and likewise into the mouth,
and some from the sides between the wheat and the wall to keep from touching her. And
as for the excrement; having loopholes to east, and north to sunset the wind of those
parts (which is acceptable to him) grain reserve of calamities that are in them; and none
at noon, so tough and strong the wind that part.

 
  

One of the things that kept wheat is a long time, if it stands on the same pin: and
say that it rising in its millet, preserved a hundred years. Kastos is of opinion, that wheat
gets rid of calamities, mixing it into a hundred parts of dry leaves of pomegranate,
plaster, sifted ash or oak, which this any.

Just as Kastos the Persians say; who added that spreading on wheat vine wood
ash or manure from sheep, all dry, waged with this of disaster, and kept with their
toughness. And with regard to preserve it and defend weevil, it is said that throwing
wild fig leaves in the stores, this effect is achieved; and neither is destroyed,
incorporating with it cypress leaves or dried spinach, the special virtue having this
effect. And finally, the citron peel and pennyroyal river (both deadly things to weevils)
prevent moth-eaten dresses from that set themselves.

Susado cited in Nabathea Agriculture says it is greatly beneficial to wheat and

barley lay on the floor of the place where a bed together all species of reed, or which
hath prepared is heed, and that this reserve to one and other grain of insects breeding in
them eat, and all the calamities that are usually undertaken. They also make it last for
some time the same things, and when the flour is kneaded will give a quarter of increase
for its hardness and increased copy of drinking water for this reason. The same increase
takes mixing barley with it any kind of ash or gypsum sifting quantity display its
whiteness from this point: which gets rid of calamity, burying in the middle a jug full of
good vinegar.

Maxims are of various that spraying an alpechin jug percent over wheat nor
corrupted or harm it rush: wormwood water streaming down and, is preserved without
corruption. If lentils, peas or any such species (of vegetables) is set earthen vessel that
has served of butter, or that she has smeared his own inside, and is poured ashes over,
get rid well of calamity; and the same sprinkling with sea or brackish water, put it on
glass after left to dry. That if you tend smoke night beans (and other legumes as they
say) to get wet with dew in the morning and picking them up in this provision, put in
jars, are kept by most high Allah. If around the stack of white wheat sifted soil is
sprayed, or ash in the same provision, forming it as a circle around him and not go at the
same ants. That about flour, one of the things that kept long without altered or be raised
insects, is hiding in it a patchwork silk pouches filled with that very oily part crushed
heart pine; and also it preserved uncorrupted, spreading over ground mixture of cumin
and salt in equal parts; or getting into different parts of the balls of the same mixture,

 
  

made with vinegar, then dry flour. It's maxim of Adam quoted in Nabathea Agriculture,
if putting the two species of salt and rue cumin, and tying it all right in many thin wipes,
hide those pouches in various sites of the flour, the reservation that is altered; and if
taking pennyroyal, rue, marshmallow seed and poppy, and making balls of this ground
mixture, the do them in different parts of it, the reserving (by Allah) of every calamity.
Other books has, that throwing in the same small pieces of wood from cypress, or of his
thick and red, the reservation of this damage; and not corrupted, if grinding cumin and
salt in equal parts, and kneading this mixture with water, it becomes granites as
hazelnuts or beans, and placed after dry tucked in different parts of flour. Which they
say is corrupted not having crushed to end of the month.

As the seeds are kept up to the time of planting.

It is the opinion of Sagrit quoted in Nabathea Agriculture, that should not be put
on the earth the seeds of onions, garlic, leeks, and carrots; but mixed with some finely
ground salt to the wall hang on vessels that have not any fat content.

With regard to other seeds, it is maximum of Abu-Abdallah Ibn-el-Fasel and

others, when the eggplant, cucumbers, melons, grapes, figs, garlic, and the like have
arrived at the end of their maturation serve and wash his seed with water, and dried in
new vessel raised this with the muddy mouth site no moisture must hang. The seed that
hath mixture viscosity as melons, cucumbers and the like, is put into glass stuck with
that same mood, leaving until rot, and then wipe washing well and store in the aforesaid
manner; and it is also set to pit so that dust that it drink and viscous juiciness.Whose
provision removing it from there, it is saved after drying expressed in the form, by
spraying above sifted ash (as others say) in the jars in which it keeps. You must rules by
which lead you to act wisely (by Allah) in like.

Some round root vegetables are also stored below ground and similar vegetables
in the manner I will describe. And as for onions and garlic, cut the barbajas that she has
to be the cause of the stem grows, hang them in strings each species itself where
moisture can not reach them; whose vegetables preserved in time, if the foot is applied
hot iron fire sometimes. Others say that a long time preserved onions, if having got

 
  

started in August, put in medium hot water and wiped moisture to the sun of that water
are brought to the barley straw without being one another.

Kastos says that putting them in salt water, then placing them in the sun until dry
the moisture of that water, and lying it with separation ove barley straw, so lengthens its
duration, and as to dalaa or watermelon, which making each network of jazem that is
rope woven from the bark of this tree putting in it and hanging it tied in a cool place,
stays green and juicy.

Maxims are of various authors, that long are preserved onions smearing with soft
mixture of manure, mud and good quality barley bran, mixing everything with cooking
of pumpkins juice. That putting the same and cucumbers in honey separately, are kept
for some time with its freshness: and so, if put into good vinegar.That if warming
pumpkins are put in fresh water in the glass with vinegar and oil, they are preserved
without rot: that fresh cut cucumbers and placed in brine, remain with its freshness all
winter; and that these same and by cutting cucumbers freshly picked into small parts,
and cleaning the land (if they have) with damp cloth and not with one hand, put into
glass or glazed with vinegar to suffice to cover them, and rise up until the time they are
needed, without putting much hand in that glass.

As to keep fresh sea kale and green fennel, who would like to eat these
vegetables out of time, store them in vinegar follows. Split the heart of the marine
cabbage by the middle and put in vinegar with some pennyroyal, raise the glass with the
muddy mouth and making green fennel, do the same in their stems cut. Onions, garlic
and leeks are put in vinegar itself as follows: Cut the onions to dry large head top and
down without extort anything, and washing them in water put at the sun to the same it
dry; and put in glass served of fresh oil take cover in strong vinegar, and throw a
handful of oregano, fennel equal amount, and some cumin and black cumin; whose
vessel, smearing and thus remaining thirty days, open later, and pouring honey in it,
spend those as well this kind took its marinade; and the same will run with the garlic,
and also with leeks.

Carrots, turnips, eggplant, pumpkins and cucumbers marinated in vinegar In this

way. Take the most robust carrots, turnips or sweet eggplants of the last time (and the
same cucumbers) and blanching in hot water with each species separation of the first
three vegetables after split in any way, or made four separate parts or together, in the
manner wishes, gingerly squeezing fluid and putting in glazed earthenware jar each

 
  

species itself, or in one turnips and carrots, eggplants and apart; and putting them in
good vinegar and pouring a good quality oil, smear or glass to the glazed earthenware
jar head with good clay or plaster until winter which is when they are eaten.Whose
marinades with vinegar, differing little from each other, they can serve as a standard for
like.

With respect to the olives, pickled are healthy foods, which purpose is stored in
various ways; as fresh and green are broken with a smooth stone or stick in accordance
with each grain of them remain broken, and these are called splited; three more ditches
are made even longer, and are called open: and others are left whole: and are also good
seasoned black, called mature; all of which they have to be able to eat it lost its
bitterness and styptic by water.

The way to marinate the split olives is this: picking fresh green thicker and
smaller bone take the same tree in October with tact and delicacy so they are not
mistreated, and washed in fresh water split over clean table or wood tree, how well the
games marinating olives is this: picking fresh green thicker and smaller bone cójanse
the same tree in October with tact and delicacy because they are not mistreated, and
washed in fresh water on clean table or pártanse tree, throwing them in water of the
same quality to the laundering, the operation is completed; and put into jars that have
had good oil, let it covered with freshwater for a few days; which poured, inspire them
other later repeating the same thing sometimes. Whoever wants them edible in a short
time, though not long conservation, cure repeatedly with water to sweeten them, and
take away the bitterness and estipticidad; and little, if you want long be preserved: and
if you want to brief, have them in hot water before all things sweeten and then cured in
the water that were covered, and take a twentieth of diluted salt water. To open the
marinade olives are picked in October, which are of similar quality to the expressed, and
making three slits along to every one of them it does what in the other in order to cure
them with water, as has been said, and salt them later. If you want to be very mild taste,
but short duration, will depart or will open when they are yellow, or later when
becoming reddish or black, still retain some hardness; which, running as expressed in
them, become very sweet; While corrupt, if they stay long.

For the whole marinade pick the same quality as those mentioned above, which
washing, curing them and covering of fresh water in the way expressed, and seasoning
with salt amount mentioned are edible. For the marinade whole the same quality as

 
  

those mentioned above, which washing, curing them and covering of fresh water in as
expressed, and seasoning with salt amount mentioned are edible are caught. Same
operation is done in black mature, less cure expressed with the amount of salt; which
are eaten when they are sweetened: even without putting them in water, they are thrown
a sixteenth part of salt.Writes an Israelite, it must throw salt to green olives in water
when cured.

For the marinade of the black olives called ripe, are picked the more fat and
smaller bone in good season, and after washing with water are placed in baskets of palm
clean without filling completely so that you can sew their mouths: in which arrangement
by placing these in clean room on each other full of stones or any such thing, and
leaving so for nearly one week, those are removed after pouring one twentieth of ground
salt and incorporating well with them. Others say that sweetened and to have lost its
bitterness not throw salt: and others that are put after this dry in earthen vessels that
have had good oil, sitting with the hand, and that they have to move out and shadow
with the muddy mouth. Some infusing into the glass where fresh oil of good quality is
keept throw them (and the same to green) savory (or oregano), quince jelly beans,
vinegar, cumin, caraway, thyme salsa and citrus leaves, ground is kept every thing by
itself, or all together, and good grass, arraihan and dry fennel sticks. Black olives
marinated with garlic contract delicate taste. The splits, sunken (or open) and to the
whole sweetened with water, poured this, throw them vinegar or sour wine in place.
Kastos says, that they pour vinegar or honey, according to what it wishes in this best.

Marinate mode for the edible Cabara (is commonly called capers), that picked
the most tender, is executed in them so in the open olives, sink them or split them less;
and the article can be his seeding mode prepare and arrange. Whose kind of sauces (or
marinades) must not approach menstruating woman or man with dirt or other impurities
present, so they not corrupt.

To marinate lemons in vinegar, taking those who are seasoned and sinking way
eggplants, they are sprayed ground salt into the slits, and put into clean glass used fresh
oil of good quality, they squeeze other fresh lemons, whose cloven juice are covered;
and this provision stand, whom they also pour for eating honey infused with saffron.

Allah is our sufficiency and friendly trust, and only Allah's power and strength
lies.

 
  

End of the first part of the Agriculture Ibn el-Awam. Continued on the second
Chapter XVII trying to work back. Insha Allah