Operating

Instructions

HAEFELY TEST AG

2293
Winding Analyser

Version 1.9
4842186
Title Operating Instructions
2293 Winding Analyser
Date 07-2011
Authors MM, LWA, SG, SM
Layout LWA
Part number 4842186

Revision History
V0.9 06/2011 LWA Initial release of the document
V1.0 07/2011 SG Additional features added, manual completed
V1.1 03/2012 MM Remote control chapter added
V1.2 06/2012 LWA 3rd LED added, CE with new address
V1.3 04/2013 SM, LWA, MM Turns Ratio, graphical updates, connection hints
V1.4 06/2013 SM, LWA Cooling curve & Temperature Rise added
V1.5 02/2014 SM Magnetic Balance, dry type temperature rise added
V1.6 06/2014 SM, LWA, MM, SG License screen updated, Additional Demag information
V1.7 07/2014 SM Magnetic Balance updated
V1.8 09/2014 LW Additional info to temperature probes
V1.9 11/2014 LW Additional info to calibration and classic mode
V2.0 08.2015 SG Tap changer and short circuit impedance added. Interlock
connection explanation. CT connection description
 WARNING
Before operating the instrument, be sure to read and fully
understand the operating instructions. This instrument
produces hazardous voltages. It is the responsibility of the user
to ensure that the system is operated in a safe manner.

This equipment contains exposed terminals carrying hazardous

voltages. There are no user serviceable components in the unit.
All repairs and upgrades that require the unit to be opened must
be referred to HAEFELY TEST AG or one of their nominated
agents.

HAEFELY TEST AG and its sales partners refuse to accept any responsibility for consequential or
direct damage to persons and/or goods due to none observance of instructions contained herein or due
to incorrect use of the equipment.
Further be aware that safety is the responsibility of the user!
Any correspondence regarding this instrument should include the exact type number, instrument serial
number and firmware version number. With the exception of the firmware version number, this
information can be found on the registration plate on the right panel of the instrument. The firmware
version specified in the miscellaneous folder under the setup menu.
Unauthorized opening of the unit may damage the EMI protection of the system and will reduce its
resistance to interference and transients. It may also cause the individual unit to be no longer compliant
with the relevant EMC emission and susceptibility requirements. If the unit has been opened, the
calibration will be rendered invalid.

Note
HAEFELY TEST AG has a policy of continuing improvement on all their products. The design of this
instrument will be subject to review and modification over its life. There may be small discrepancies
between the manual and the operation of the instrument, particularly where software has been
upgraded in the field.
HAEFELY TEST AG retains the right to modify the functionality, specification or operation of the
instrument without prior notice.
 All rights reserved. No section of this manual may be reproduced in any form, mechanical or
electronic without the prior written permission of HAEFELY TEST AG.

2014, HAEFELY TEST AG, Switzerland

 Manual Conventions
In the manual, the following conventions are used:

Indicates a matter of note.

If it refers to a sequence of operations, failure to follow the instructions could result in errors
in measurement.

Indicates hazards.
There is a risk of equipment damage or personal injury or death. Carefully read and follow
the instructions. Be sure to follow any safety instructions given in addition to those for the
site at which tests are being performed.
 Foreword
Welcome as a new user of the “Winding Analyzer 2293”. Thank you for placing your confidence in our
product.
With the purchase of this measuring instrument you have opted for all the advantages that have built a
world-wide reputation for a Tettex Instrument: robustness, performance and quality is assured. As a
result this instrument provides a solution which achieves the optimal combination of traditional know-
how and leading edge technology.
This operating manual is designed for completeness and easy location of the required information.
Customers who already have experience with this kind of equipment will find this document to be of
assistance as an extended help.
If you find a mistake or inconsistency in the operating manual then please feel free to inform our
Customer Support department with your corrections so that other users may benefit.

Abbreviations, definitions
Wherever possible the corresponding IEC definitions are used. The following abbreviations and
definitions are used in this manual:

LV Low voltage or low voltage transformer winding

HV High voltage or high voltage transformer winding
DUT Device under test
LED Light Emitting Diode

Introduction I
Contents
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Receiving Instructions .................................................................................. 9
1.2 General ........................................................................................................ 9
1.3 Scope of Supply ........................................................................................... 9
1.3.1 Standard scope of supply ................................................................ 9
1.3.2 Options and accessories ............................................................... 10
1.4 Optional features........................................................................................ 10
1.5 Technical Data ........................................................................................... 12
1.5.1 Standard Features......................................................................... 12
1.5.2 Physical and Environmental Specifications ................................... 12
1.5.3 Resistance Measurement.............................................................. 12
1.5.4 Ratio Measurement ....................................................................... 13
1.5.5 Temperature Measurement ........................................................... 14
1.5.6 User Interface System ................................................................... 14
1.5.7 Printer paper Specification ............................................................ 14
1.5.8 Tap Changer Interface .................................................................. 14
1.5.9 Interlock Interface (optional) .......................................................... 15
1.5.10 Covered Standards ....................................................................... 15

2 Safety 16
2.1 General ...................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Essential Safety Recommendations .......................................................... 17
2.3 Interlock connection ................................................................................... 17
2.4 Summary.................................................................................................... 18

3 Theory 20
3.1 General Resistance Measuring Principle ................................................... 20
3.2 Power Supply Modes ................................................................................. 21
3.2.1 Parallel Mode on HV-side 16A ¦ 100V (A1) or 32A ¦ 50V (A2) ....... 21
3.2.2 Parallel Mode on LV-side 16A ¦ 100V (B1) or 32A ¦ 50V (B2) ....... 22
3.2.3 Individual Mode 2x 16A ¦ 50V (C) .................................................. 24
3.2.4 YNdx Mode 2x 16A ¦ 50V (D) ........................................................ 26
3.3 Measuring sequences ................................................................................ 27
3.3.1 Example 1 ..................................................................................... 27
3.3.2 Example 2 ..................................................................................... 28
3.3.3 Example 4 ..................................................................................... 28
3.3.4 Example 5 ..................................................................................... 29

4 Front Panel 30

5 Connection and Setup 32

II Introduction
 5.1 Connection Cables..................................................................................... 32
5.1.1 Cable extensions (optional) ........................................................... 33
5.2 Connecting the Instrument ......................................................................... 33
5.2.1 Connection without extenders ....................................................... 34
5.2.2 Connection with extenders ............................................................ 34
5.2.3 Connection in Automated mode to a 3 phase transformer ............ 35
5.2.4 Connection in Automated mode to a 1 phase transformer ............ 36
5.2.5 Connection in Classic mode .......................................................... 37
5.3 USB Type A Host Port ............................................................................... 38

6 User Interface 40
6.1 Startup ....................................................................................................... 40
6.2 Structure .................................................................................................... 41
6.3 Define DUT (Top Bar) ................................................................................ 41
6.3.1 Selection of DUT Type .................................................................. 42
6.3.2 DUT data definition........................................................................ 43
6.3.3 Tap Changer configuration ............................................................ 45
6.3.4 Test Name..................................................................................... 48
6.4 Applications (Side Bar) .............................................................................. 48
6.5 Active Window ........................................................................................... 49
6.6 Function Keys (Bottom Bar) ....................................................................... 49
6.7 Device Information ..................................................................................... 50
6.8 Data Handling ............................................................................................ 50
6.8.1 File management........................................................................... 50
6.8.2 Printing results. ............................................................................. 51
6.8.3 Exporting measurement results. .................................................... 51
6.8.4 Webserver access / Ethernet interface.......................................... 53

7 Resistance Measurement 54
7.1 Operating modes ....................................................................................... 54
7.2 Automated mode........................................................................................ 54
7.2.1 General ......................................................................................... 54
7.2.2 Function keys during resistance in automated mode .................... 56
7.2.3 Active Window ............................................................................... 56
7.3 Performing a test using Automated mode .................................................. 57
7.3.1 Measurement steps ....................................................................... 57
7.3.2 Set up DUT data ........................................................................... 58
7.3.3 Test current selection .................................................................... 58
7.3.4 Test current recommendations ...................................................... 59
7.3.5 Tap sequence ............................................................................... 59
7.3.6 Auto recording configuration ......................................................... 60
7.3.7 Tap Control ................................................................................... 61
7.3.8 Temperature correction ................................................................. 62
7.3.9 Measurement ................................................................................ 62
7.4 Classic mode ............................................................................................. 65
7.4.1 Generalities ................................................................................... 65
7.4.2 User Interface structure ................................................................. 65
7.4.3 Active window ............................................................................... 66

Introduction III
 7.5 Performing a test using Classic mode ........................................................ 67
7.5.1 Test object connection on classic mode ........................................ 67
7.5.2 Set up DUT data ........................................................................... 67
7.5.3 Temperature correction ................................................................. 67
7.5.4 Test current selection .................................................................... 68
7.5.5 Auto recoding configuration ........................................................... 69
7.5.6 Measurement ................................................................................ 69
7.6 Temperature Measurement........................................................................ 72

8 Demagnetization 74
8.1 Theory ........................................................................................................ 74
8.2 User interface............................................................................................. 75
8.2.1 Active Window ............................................................................... 75
8.3 Performing a demagnetization ................................................................... 76
8.3.1 Measurement steps ....................................................................... 76
8.3.2 Parameters definition .................................................................... 76
8.3.3 Demagnetizing .............................................................................. 78
8.4 Application hints ......................................................................................... 78

9 Heat Run – Cooling Curve 79

9.1 Theory ........................................................................................................ 79
9.2 User interface............................................................................................. 80
9.2.1 Active Window ............................................................................... 80
9.3 Performing a resistance measurement (cooling curve) .............................. 82
9.3.1 Phases and winding selection ....................................................... 82
9.3.2 Resistance measurements recording interval ............................... 82
9.3.3 Test current selection .................................................................... 83
9.3.4 Temperature settings .................................................................... 84
9.3.5 Tap changer position selection ...................................................... 84
9.3.6 Measurement Single Phase .......................................................... 85
9.3.7 Measurement 3 Phase Sequential ................................................ 85
9.3.8 View Results ................................................................................. 85
9.3.9 Export results ................................................................................ 86

10 Heat Run - Temperature Rise 87

10.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 87
10.2 User Interface ............................................................................................ 87
10.2.1 Active Window ............................................................................... 89
10.2.2 Function keys ................................................................................ 89
10.3 Performing a Temperature Rise Test ......................................................... 90
10.3.1 Measurement Steps ...................................................................... 90
10.3.2 Recording Settings ........................................................................ 91
10.3.3 Temperature Settings .................................................................... 92
10.3.4 Liquid Cooled Transformer Measurement ..................................... 93
10.3.5 Dry Type Transformer Measurement ............................................ 95
10.3.6 View Results ................................................................................. 96
10.4 Export Results............................................................................................ 96

IV Introduction
11 Transformer configuration Detection 97
11.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 97
11.2 User Interface ............................................................................................ 97
11.2.1 Active Window ............................................................................. 100
11.2.2 Function keys .............................................................................. 100
11.3 Performing a Detection ............................................................................ 101
11.3.1 Measurement steps ..................................................................... 101
11.3.2 Parameters definition .................................................................. 101
11.3.3 Detection ..................................................................................... 101
11.3.4 Export results .............................................................................. 103

12 Turns Ratio Measurement 104

12.1 Overview .................................................................................................. 104
12.2 Theory ...................................................................................................... 104
12.2.1 Definitions ................................................................................... 104
12.2.2 Measurement Example ............................................................... 105
12.2.3 Tables ......................................................................................... 108
12.3 User Interface .......................................................................................... 111
12.3.1 Function keys .............................................................................. 111
12.3.2 Active Window ............................................................................. 112
12.4 Performing a Ratio Measurement ............................................................ 112
12.4.1 Measurement steps ..................................................................... 112
12.4.2 Set up DUT data ......................................................................... 113
12.4.3 Turns ratio measurement on Current instrument transformers .... 114
12.4.4 Data handling definitions ............................................................. 116
12.4.5 Test Voltage Selection ................................................................ 117
12.4.6 Test frequency selection ............................................................. 117
12.4.7 Ratio deviation selection ............................................................. 117
12.4.8 Measuring mode selection .......................................................... 118
12.4.9 Measuring ................................................................................... 118
12.4.10 Exporting and printing results ...................................................... 123
12.5 Arbitrary Phase ........................................................................................ 124
12.6 Activate the Arbitrary Phase option .......................................................... 124
12.7 User Interface .......................................................................................... 126
12.7.1 Setup ........................................................................................... 126
12.7.2 Function Keys and Setup ............................................................ 126
12.7.3 Active Window ............................................................................. 126
12.7.4 Measuring ................................................................................... 127

13 Magnetic Balance 131

13.1 Overview .................................................................................................. 131
13.2 Theory ...................................................................................................... 131
13.3 Activate the Magnetic Balance option ...................................................... 131
13.4 User Interface .......................................................................................... 133
13.4.1 Function keys .............................................................................. 133
13.4.2 Active Window ............................................................................. 134
13.5 Measurement ........................................................................................... 135

Introduction V
 13.5.1 Measurement steps ..................................................................... 135
13.5.2 Set up DUT data ......................................................................... 135
13.5.3 Data handling definitions ............................................................. 136
13.5.4 Test Voltage Selection ................................................................ 136
13.5.5 Test frequency selection ............................................................. 137
13.5.6 Magnetic Imbalance selection ..................................................... 137
13.5.7 Delta Winding Configuration selection......................................... 137
13.5.8 Measuring ................................................................................... 138
13.5.9 Exporting and printing results ...................................................... 140
13.6 Application hints ....................................................................................... 141
13.6.1 Core Magnetization ..................................................................... 141
13.6.2 Winding short-circuits .................................................................. 141

14 Short circuit impedance 143

14.1 Overview .................................................................................................. 143
14.2 Theory ...................................................................................................... 143
14.2.1 Definitions ................................................................................... 143
14.3 User interface........................................................................................... 144
14.3.1 Function keys .............................................................................. 144
14.3.2 Active window ............................................................................. 145
14.4 Measurement ........................................................................................... 145
14.4.1 Measurement procedure ............................................................. 145
14.4.2 Transformer connection .............................................................. 146
14.4.3 Set up DUT data ......................................................................... 147
14.4.4 Measurement Settings ................................................................ 147
14.4.5 Data Handling ............................................................................. 149
14.4.6 Tap Control ................................................................................. 149
14.4.7 Miscellaneous ............................................................................. 149
14.4.8 Measuring ................................................................................... 150
14.4.9 Measurement results ................................................................... 150
14.4.10 Exporting and printing results ...................................................... 151

15 Dynamic resistance on tap changer 152

15.1 Overview .................................................................................................. 152
15.2 Theory ...................................................................................................... 152
15.2.1 Tap changer generalities ............................................................. 152
15.2.2 Dynamic resistance test .............................................................. 153
15.3 User Interface .......................................................................................... 155
15.3.1 Function Keys ............................................................................. 155
15.3.2 Active window ............................................................................. 156
15.4 Measurement ........................................................................................... 158
15.4.1 Measurement procedure ............................................................. 158
15.4.2 Transformer Connection.............................................................. 159
15.4.3 Set up DUT data ......................................................................... 161
15.4.4 Measurement Settings ................................................................ 161
15.4.5 Static resistance settings............................................................. 162
15.4.6 Dynamic resistance settings ........................................................ 163
15.4.7 Temperature settings .................................................................. 165

VI Introduction
 15.4.8 Miscellaneous ............................................................................. 165
15.4.9 Measuring ................................................................................... 165
15.4.10 Measurement results ................................................................... 166
15.4.11 Exporting and printing ................................................................. 167

16 Optional Features activation 168

16.1 Software key Activation ............................................................................ 168

17 Tap Changer Interface 170

17.1 General .................................................................................................... 170
17.1.1 Tap changer remote operation signal .......................................... 170
17.1.2 Tap changer feedback signal ...................................................... 171
17.2 Tap changer Remote operation ............................................................... 171

18 Temperature Interfaces 172

18.1 General Notes .......................................................................................... 172
18.2 Additional Interfaces ................................................................................ 172
18.3 Operation ................................................................................................. 173

19 Troubleshooting 174
19.1 Warning and Error Messages .................................................................. 174
19.1.1 Polarity reverse or HV and LV reverse ........................................ 174
19.1.2 Current to small ........................................................................... 174
19.1.3 OVP - Overvoltage Protection ..................................................... 174
19.1.4 OCP - Over current Protection .................................................... 174
19.1.5 OTP - Over temperature Protection............................................. 174
19.1.6 Hardware Error ............................................................................ 175
19.2 Firmware Update ..................................................................................... 175
19.3 Unit locks up and/or does not discharge completely ................................ 176

20 Printer Operation 177

20.1 Buttons and Status................................................................................... 177
20.1.1 Status LED .................................................................................. 177
20.1.2 Replacing Paper Roll................................................................... 177

21 Accessories & Spares 178

21.1 Temperature probe for liquids .................................................................. 178
21.2 Magnetic temperature probe .................................................................... 178
21.3 Temperature extension box 2293T .......................................................... 178
21.4 Tap changer connection cable ................................................................. 179
21.5 Extension cables ...................................................................................... 179
21.6 TTR-229x Adaptor ................................................................................... 180
21.7 HV cable set............................................................................................. 180
21.8 LV cable set ............................................................................................. 180
21.9 Adaptor set LV & HV, bolted .................................................................... 180
21.10 Adaptor set LV & HV, twist lock ............................................................... 181

Introduction VII
 22 Remote Control 182
22.1 Ethernet Connection ................................................................................ 182
22.1.1 RJ45 Socket ................................................................................ 182
22.1.2 Direct connection......................................................................... 182
22.1.3 Switched Network........................................................................ 184
22.1.4 Routed Network / Internet ........................................................... 184
22.2 Protocol .................................................................................................... 185
22.2.1 Instructions .................................................................................. 186
22.3 Command Reference ............................................................................... 187
22.4 Programming examples ........................................................................... 201
22.4.1 Resistance Measurement............................................................ 201
22.4.2 Tap Changer Control ................................................................... 203
22.4.3 Heat Run ..................................................................................... 204
22.4.4 Demagnetization ......................................................................... 205
22.5 File & Data Transfer ................................................................................. 208

23 Miscellaneous 209
23.1 Care and Maintenance ............................................................................. 209
23.1.1 Cleaning the Instrument .............................................................. 209
23.1.2 Instrument Calibration ................................................................. 209
23.1.3 Changing Fuses .......................................................................... 209
23.2 Instrument Storage .................................................................................. 209
23.3 Packing and Transport ............................................................................. 210
23.4 Recycling ................................................................................................. 210

24 Customer Support 211

25 Appendix 212
25.1 Declaration of Conformity......................................................................... 213
25.2 Application Note “Temperature Measurement” ........................................ 214
25.2.1 1. Flat Surface ............................................................................. 214
25.2.2 2. Round Surface (Tube) ............................................................. 217
25.3 Application Note “Unit calibration” ............................................................ 222

VIII Introduction
1 Introduction

1.1 Receiving Instructions

When received, any possible transport damage should be noted. A written record should be made
of any damage. A suitable remark should be recorded on the delivery documents.
A claim for damage must be reported immediately to the transport company and to the Customer
Support Department of HAEFELY TEST AG or the local agent. It is essential to retain the
damaged packing material until the claim has been settled.
Check the contents of the shipment for completeness immediately after receipt (See chapter
“Scope of Supply”). If the shipment is incomplete or damaged then this must be reported
immediately to the transport company and the Customer Support Department of HAEFELY TEST
AG or the local agent. Repair or replacement of the instrument can then be organised
immediately.

1.2 General
The Tettex 2293 is the result of extensive research and years of experience testing transformers.
It incorporates a fast and highly advanced procedure to measure winding resistance. A simple
one-time-connection system together with the simultaneous winding magnetization method
drastically reduces measuring time.
The simultaneous winding magnetization (SWM) method guarantees fast and reliable
measurements even on large power transformers with delta windings on the low voltage side,
where stable measurements can be seldom reached using traditional winding resistance
measurement instruments.
In addition, the new demagnetization function eliminates the magnetic remanence in the core
after the application of a DC voltage. This feature can be used before performing other tests such
as frequency response analysis (FRA), transformer turns ratio measurement (TTR) or recovery
voltage measurement (RVM) which are adversely affected by remanence effects.
The transformer is discharged by a state-of-the-art discharge circuit in a fraction of the time taken
by other instruments. The discharging function and the “Caution” indicator continue to operate
even when line power is lost.

1.3 Scope of Supply

1.3.1 Standard scope of supply

The following items are supplied with the standard instrument:

Qty Description

Introduction 9
 1 2293 Winding Analyzer Instrument
1 High voltage side (H) measuring adaptor, 0.5m
1 Low voltage side (X) measuring adaptor, 0.5m
4 High voltage side (H) measuring cables, 4 units, (U, V, W, N) with clamp, 10m
4 Low voltage side (X) measuring cables, 4 units, (u, v, w, n) with clamp, 10m
1 Mains cable
1 Operating Instructions
1 carrying bag for cables and accessories
1 Spare kit (Printer paper roll, Fuses)

Once receipt of the unit check that all items have been delivered. Also check that the correct
power cord for your location has been supplied. In the event of missing or damaged parts please
contact you local sales representative stating the serial number and type of the instrument and
the sales order number.

1.3.2 Options and accessories

For detailed information about accessories and options please refer to the chapter 21
“Accessories and spares”

1.4 Optional features

The 2293 is equipped with optional features. These optional features can be enabled using the
license manager. . For getting licenses for new features contact our sales department
([email protected])

2293/SKTTR 3-phase transformer turns ratio measurement add on application

for 2293
2293/SKAP Arbitrary phase shift add on application for the 2293,
(2293/SKTTR needed)
2293/SKTR Heat rise add on application for the 2293
2293/SKMB Magnetic balance add on application for the 2293
2293/SKSI Short circuit impedance add on for the 2293
2293/SKTC Tap changer add on for the 2293

Additional features will be added to the device regularly, for a complete list or for questions please
check in our web page (www.haefely-hipotronics.com).
To activate the additional features (software keys) please read chapter 16- Optional Features
activation, of this manual.

10 Introduction
 Trial licenses for a number of tests are available under
request. Contact our sales department to get a trial
code.

Introduction 11
1.5 Technical Data

1.5.1 Standard Features

 8 measuring channels (2 x 3 phases and 2 x 1 neutral)
 6 temperature channels with automatic resistance correction
 High efficient DC supply with SWM (simultaneous winding magnetization)
 SWM mode and Classic mode (for traditional resistance measurement method)
 Turbo discharge circuit
 Automated demagnetizing function with flux indicator
 Automatic heat run function
 Tap changer control signal to automate test procedures on transformers with motorized tap
changer
 Charges any inductive load and works with any resistive or inductive test object
 Heavy duty protection circuit
 Safety circuit ensures discharge even when line power is lost
 Caution indicator

1.5.2 Physical and Environmental Specifications

Mains 90 VAC … 264 VAC

Maximum Power 1 kW
Frequency 47 Hz … 63 Hz
Operating temperature -10°C … +60°C
Storage temperature -20°C ... +70°C
Humidity 5% … 90% r.h. non-condensing
Dimensions (W x D x H) 521 mm x 425 mm x 216 mm
(2)
Weight 17.8 kg (Instrument only)

1.5.3 Resistance Measurement

Max. Meas. Current DC 32 A (user selectable)

Max. Charge Voltage DC 100 V
Range 0.1 μ … 320 k
(1)
Resistance Accuracy  See graphic

0.1 μ ... 320 μ 0.1% ± 0.5 μ

12 Introduction
 320 μ … 32 k 0.1%

32 k … 320 k 1%

(1) at temperature -10 …+60°C at highest available current

Current

25V
32A 50V
16A
3.2A
±

320mA
0.

±0.1%
5%

100V
1mV
32mA
10mV
3.2mA
±1%
320μA
320mΩ
640mΩ

Resistance
320μΩ

3.2mΩ
640μΩ

32mΩ

3.2kΩ
32μΩ

320Ω

32kΩ

320k
3.2Ω

32Ω

1.5.4 Ratio Measurement

General
Max. Supply Current AC 1 APeak ≈ 700 mARMS
Max. Meas. Voltage AC 95 VPeak ≈ 67 VRMS
Range 1.0 … 10’000
Ratio Accuracy at highest measuring voltage
1.0 … 100 0.05%
100 … 2’000 0.1%
2’000 … 20’000 1%
20’000 … 100’000 5%
Phase (AC Meas.) Typical Accuracy at highest measuring voltage
1.0 … 500 ±0.10°
500 … 10’000 ±1.00°
Phase (Clock Number) Accuracy at highest measuring voltage
1.0 … 500 ±0.05°

Introduction 13
1.5.5 Temperature Measurement

Built-in Channels 6
Max. Meas. Channels 30 (6 internal + 3x external 8CH box “2293T”)
Sensor Probe PT100 Class A
Temperature Accuracy
-20°C … +150°C ± (0.41°C + 0.2% TMeas)

1.5.6 User Interface System

MMI 7” graphical touch screen interface

Memory: >10'000 measurements
Communications: USB 2.0
LAN connection
Data can be saved on a memory stick or directly transferred to
PC

Printer: Thermal

1.5.7 Printer paper Specification

Paper Type: Thermal Roll

Paper Width: 58mm
Paper Capacity: 32mm Diameter (10m length) Inner Diameter 12mm

1.5.8 Tap Changer Interface

Feedback (sense input)

Function Connect the feedback contactor of the tap changer
Ratings 3.3V, 1mA (input impedance 100kΩ)

Up/Down (set output)

Function Connect the Up/Down control contacts of the tap changer
Ratings Max. 250V AC
Max. 230V DC, 300mA
Max. 30V DC, 2000mA

14 Introduction
1.5.9 Interlock Interface (optional)

Function Connect an external contactor of interlock circuit

Connector Socket: LEMO2 (2P ERA 1S)
Plug: LEMO2 (FFA 2S 302 CLAC62 2P)
Ratings Max. 5V, 100mA

1.5.10 Covered Standards

CE mark Compliant
Standards IEC 61010, General IEC 61326-1, IEC 61000-4-X,
61000-3-X, EN 55011, ANSI/IEEE C37.90
Safety VDE 0411/part 1a , IEC/EN 61010-1:2002

Introduction 15
2 Safety


Remember:
Hazardous voltage can shock, burn or cause death !

The unit should only be operated after carefully reading the user manual which is an
integral part of the instrument.
Haefely Test AG and its sales partners refuse to accept any responsibility for consequential
or direct damage to persons and/or goods due to none observance of instructions
contained herein or due to incorrect use of the equipment.
Further be aware that Safety is the responsibility of the user!

2.1 General
Safety is the most important aspect when working on or around high voltage electrical equipment.
Personnel whose working responsibilities involve testing and maintenance of the various types of
high voltage equipment must have understood the safety rules written in this document and the
associated safety practices specified by their company and government. Local and state safety
procedures should also be consulted. Company, regional or national regulations must be fulfilled
beyond Tettex recommendations.
If the instrument is damaged or it is possible that damage has occurred, for example during
transportation, do not apply any voltage. The instrument may only be used under dry operating
conditions.
Do not open the unit, it contains no user replaceable parts.
People with heart pacemakers should not be in the vicinity of this system during operation.

Safety is the responsibility of the user. Always operate the equipment in accordance with
the instructions, always paying full attention to local safety practices and procedures.
This equipment must be operated only by trained and competent personnel who are
aware of the dangers and hazards involved in testing transformers.
Do not operate the 2293 from a variable power supply. The 2293 adjusts to the local line
voltage at start-up. Changing the line voltage while the unit is in operation may cause
damage to the unit and to the test object

16 Safety
2.2 Essential Safety Recommendations
Before connecting the instrument ensure that the transformer to be tested is completely
de-energized and isolated from both line and load. Every terminal should be checked and
verified before connection of the instrument. Ground connections may be left in place.
Never exchange connections to the HV and LV sides of the transformer. The red
connections must always be connected to the High Voltage side of the transformer. The
black connections must always be connected to the Low Voltage side of the transformer.
Interchanging any or all of the connections may result in damage to the transformer or the
instrument and represents a significant safety hazard for personnel.
Never operate the equipment in an explosive environment or where there are flammable
gases or fumes
The instrument must always be connected to a grounded power outlet (i.e. a safety earth).
It must never be operated in a non-grounded configuration as this may result in electrical
shock to the user or damage to the instrument.
Please be aware that any inductive voltage (L M) applied, is transformed to any other
winding on the transformer according to the turns ratio. For high ratios, high voltages can
appear on the DUT!
Never open the current path of the measuring circuit while the current flowing is higher
than 5mA  warning LED is on! The current flowing in the magnetizing inductance (LM >>
1H) of the transformer can generate high voltages and electrical flashes.  High risk of
electrical shock!

The three led between the cable connections are the

main device status indication. They light even if the
Emergency button is pressed or main voltage is lost.
The upper two red Caution LEDs (14) indicate
current flow and overvoltage. While any of the red
led are lighting there is still energy stored in the
transformer and therefore it is being discharged!
Never disconnect the cables or touch the clamps
while the red LEDs are lit!
In a safe state the third green LED on the
bottom turns on.

2.3 Interlock connection

The aim of the interlock is to avoid starting a test while the fences/doors are not closed, or there is
somebody in the test area/laboratory. In addition it should stop the test and return to safe situation
if the safe status in the laboratory is broken (for example a door is opened).
The interlock is an additional (optional) input in the 2293 front panel to be connected to the
factory/fences safety circuit that encloses the high-voltage zone. It sends an electrical signal and
read the return, if the return is not there, an alarm message arise in the screen and test cannot be
started or are interrupted if running.

Safety 17
 To avoid damaging the device due to induced overvoltage’s or wrong connections, the Interlock
input of the 2293 has to be connected to the safety circuit only by using a relay contact trough
short screened cables.

Opening the Interlock doesn’t mean a safe situation by itself, as the test object
(transformer) has been charged while measuring and stored energy has to be removed.
Once Interlock is opened the instrument will start the discharging of the test and special
caution has to be taken not to go into the test area until the red LEDS (14) are off.

1. Interlock connection example

2.4 Summary
Note: Many accidents that happen around high voltage equipment involve personnel who are
familiar, and perhaps too familiar, with high voltage equipment. Staying alert and ever watchful
requires constant training and awareness of the inherent hazards. The greatest hazard is the

18 Safety
possibility of getting on a live circuit. To avoid this requires constant vigilance - for oneself and for
one's fellow workers.
In addition to the obvious dangers, personnel should be alert to recognize subtle dangers as well.
For example, during transformer excitation-current tests, the floating terminals may have
significant voltages induced in them by simple transformer action. Therefore, all terminals of a
device under test, unless grounded, should be considered to be live while the test is in
progress.
When potential transformers or any transformers are interconnected, voltage can be back-fed
through the secondary windings to produce high voltage on the primary although the primary is
seemingly isolated from the power system. This entail a second important rule - all terminals of
a device under test should be completely isolated.

Remember: Safety, FIRST, LAST,

ALWAYS !

Safety 19
3 Theory

3.1 General Resistance Measuring Principle

Basically the instrument consists of 3 programmable power supplies, which can operate in
constant current or constant voltage mode. Further, these power supplies operate in two
quadrants. This means that a power supply can act as an active load, which is used to quickly
discharge the current from high inductive DUT.
To determine the resistance of the DUT, the device uses 2 voltage and 2 current measuring units.
This way the unit can measure 2 different resistances with individual currents at the same time.
The resistance is calculated according to the principle described in the figure below:

DUT
Instrument

+ R1 R2
ideal
U
- LM
I N1 : N2

The resistance displayed on the device is calculated as follows:

U U R  U LM U R dI
R    LM 
I I I dt
The reading is correct only after the current has stabilized (dI/dt = 0).

20 Theory
3.2 Power Supply Modes
The 3 programmable power supplies in the 2293 can operate in different configurations. These
configurations will be explained in this chapter.

3.2.1 Parallel Mode on HV-side 16A ¦ 100V (A1) or 32A ¦ 50V (A2)
This supply mode is selected, when a phase on the high voltage side of the transformer has to
be measured without the corresponding phase on the low voltage side. The three supplies are
connected in parallel and the range is selected according to the desired measuring current as
follows:
I ≤ 16.0A  16A ¦ 100V
I > 16.0A  32A ¦ 50V

The measuring circuit for phase A of an YNyn0 transformer is illustrated below:

A a

U1
I1 N n
32A / 50V
or
16A / 100V

C B c b

The measured resistance is calculated as follows:

U1
R AN  R A  RN 
I1

The following diagram shows the operating area for the power supply in mode A1 and B1 - 16A ¦
100V:

Theory 21
 Current

32A
Active Load Supply
Region Region
24A (Discharging) (Charging)

800W
16A
400W
8A
4A

Voltage
-100V

-50V

+25V

+75V
-75V

-25V

+50V

+100V
0V
The following diagram shows the operating area for power supply in mode A2 and B2 - 32A ¦
50V:
Current

32A
Active Load
800W
Region
24A (Discharging)
Supply
Region
16A (Charging)
400W

8A
4A
Voltage
-100V

-25V

+25V

+75V
-75V

-50V

+50V

+100V
-12.5V
0V

3.2.2 Parallel Mode on LV-side 16A ¦ 100V (B1) or 32A ¦ 50V (B2)

This supply mode is selected, when a phase on the low voltage side of the transformer has to be
measured without the corresponding phase on the high voltage side. The three supplies are
connected in parallel and the range is selected according to the desired measuring current as
follows:
I ≤ 16.0A  16A ¦ 100V
I > 16.0A  32A ¦ 50V

The measuring circuit for phase a of an YNyn0 transformer is illustrated below:

22 Theory
 I2
A a

U1 U2

N n
32A / 50V
or
16A / 100V

C B c b

The measured resistance is calculated as follows:

U2
Ran  Ra  Rn 
I2
The transformer transforms any inductive voltage applied to the low side to a higher voltage on
the high voltage side (the resistive voltage drop is not transformed!). For this reason, the device
senses the voltage on the high voltage side and limits it by controlling the supplies on the low
voltage side accordingly.

It is possible that the overvoltage protection of the device triggers on transformers with a
high turns ratio. In this case the user must disconnect the cables from the high voltage
terminals of the DUT to perform a measurement in this mode (B1 or B2).

Theory 23
3.2.3 Individual Mode 2x 16A ¦ 50V (C)
This supply mode is selected, when two the corresponding phases of the high and low voltage
side of the transformer have to be measured. The three power supplies are split to the HV and LV
side. The measuring current must be selected as follows:
I1 ≤ 16.0A
I2 ≤ 16.0A

The measuring circuit for a simultaneous measurement of HV and LV on phase A of an YNd1

transformer is illustrated below. YNd measuring mode must be set to “with Rn (Ph-N)”:

B C b I2

16A / 50V

16A / 50V
N U2 c

U1

A
I1 a

The measured resistances are calculated as follows:

U1 U2
R AN  R A  RN  Rab  Ra || ( Rb  Rc ) 
I1 (with Rn)
I2

The following diagram shows the operating area for each power supply in mode C – 2x 16A ¦
50V:
Current

32A
Active Load Supply
Region Region
24A (Discharging) (Charging)

400W
16A
200W
8A
4A
Voltage

2A
-100V

-50V

+25V

+75V
-75V

-25V

+50V

+100V
-12.5V
0V

24 Theory
Theory 25
3.2.4 YNdx Mode 2x 16A ¦ 50V (D)
This supply mode is selected, when two the corresponding phases of the high and low voltage
side of an YNdx (x = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) transformer have to be measured. This mode is on
applicable to YNd transformers. It is intended to ideally magnetize and saturate the core, to
achieve a faster current balancing in the delta winding. The three power supplies are split to the
HV and LV side. The measuring current must be selected as follows:
I1 ≤ 16.0A
I2 ≤ 16.0A

The measuring circuit for a simultaneous measurement of HV and LV on phase A of an YNd1

transformer is illustrated below. YNd measuring mode must be set to “without Rn (Ph-Ph)”:

I1
B C b I2
2
I1
2

16A / 50V
8A / 50V
8A / 50V

N U2 c

U1

A
I1 a

The measured resistances are calculated as follows:

U1 U2
R AN  R A  Rab  Ra || ( Rb  Rc ) 
I1 (without Rn)
I2

The operating area for the power supplies is the same as in mode C.

26 Theory
3.3 Measuring sequences
This section describes how the device selects the measuring mode depending on the user
settings done in the user software. The coloring of the drawings is equivalent to the user software:
- Violet Phase to be measured
- Red Phase currently measuring
- Blue Phase already measured
- Grey Nothing measured nor to be measured
General Rules

1. If the measuring current selected on any winding is greater than 16.0A, a single winding
measurement will be performed for each winding and phase  Mode A2, B2.
2. Mode C is used only when the two corresponding phases on HV and LV are selected to
be measured and the current is less or equal 16.0A.
3. Mode D is used only when the two corresponding phases on HV and LV are selected to
be measured, the DUT is an YNd transformer and the current is less or equal 16.0A. YNd
measuring mode must be set to “without Rn (Ph-Ph)”:

The following examples show the measuring sequence generated by the 2293 depending on the
measurement settings. For simplicity an YNyn0 transformer was chosen as DUT in most
examples.

3.3.1 Example 1
Settings:

A a
16A 16A
YNyn0 N n

C B c b

Sequence:

C
16A 16A
50V 50V

Theory 27
 3.3.2 Example 2
Settings:

A a
16A 17A
YNyn0 N n

C B c b

Sequence:

A1 B2
16A 17A
100V 50V

Example 3

Settings:

A a
5A 5A
YNyn0 N n

C B c b

Sequence:

A1 B1
5A 5A
100V 100V

3.3.3 Example 4

Settings:

A a
16A 16A
YNyn0 N n

C B c b

28 Theory
Sequence:

C C C
16A 16A 16A 16A 16A 16A
50V 50V 50V 50V 50V 50V

3.3.4 Example 5
Settings:

A
a
16A 16A
YNd11 N

c b
C B

Sequence:

D or C A1 B1
16A 16A 16A 16A
50V 50V 100V 100V

Theory 29
4 Front Panel

The lockable mains plug for

connecting the mains cable is
located in the front panel (6).
According to the ordering data the
proper mains cable is delivered with
the instrument.

1 Connector for LV cable “X” connection, Black (to Low voltage side of DUT)
2 Connector for HV cable “H” connection, Red (to High voltage side of DUT)
3 I/O connector (for cascading of additional temperature interfaces)
4 Tap Changer connector (for optional Tap Changer Remote interface TAP/2293 )
5 6 Temperature probes connectors
6 Power inlet with integrated mains switch and fuse holder
7 Printer
8 Touch screen display
9 USB (Host)
10 USB (Device)
11 Ethernet (LAN)
12 Emergency Stop button with (optional) interlock connector
13 Cooling air outlet / inlet
14 Caution indication. The two red LEDs on top are lit to indicate a current is flowing.

30 Front Panel
 The third green LED on the bottom indicates a safe state.
15 Additional PE (Protective Earth) connector. (Parallel to the PE pin of the power inlet
connector)  Can be used when power inlet cable is not connected to Earth.

Front Panel 31
5 Connection and Setup

5.1 Connection Cables

The equipment is delivered with 8 measuring cables and two adaptors as standard scope of
supply.

Cable set for the Low Voltage side X ( black clamps)”.

Cables are equipped with special Kelvin clamps.

Cable set for the High Voltage side H (red clamps)”.

Cables are equipped with special Kelvin clamps.

Connecting Cables end colors code:

Connector phase U/R (brown)

Connector phase V/S (black)

Connector phase W/T (grey)

Neutral N (blue)

Adaptors:

32 Connection and Setup

 Adaptor for the low volt side
(black ring in the connector)

Adaptor for the high volt side

(red ring in the connector)

Colour code has been defined in the cables and must be followed to guarantee the
proper device connection. Red is used for the connections to the DUT’s High
Voltage side “H”, Black is used for the connections to the DUT’s Low voltage side
“L”.

During a 32A test the cables are operating at their maximum specification and it’s
normal operation that they get warm.

5.1.1 Cable extensions (optional)

As option, extension cables of 10 m are available.

Extension cables, same colour code is

used.

5.2 Connecting the Instrument

Before attempting to connect to the test object make sure that it is fully
disconnected and de-energized.

Connection and Setup 33

 Red connector has to be connected to the right side (2)
defined by a red dot. (H)
Black connector has to be connected to the left side (1)
defined by a black dot. (X)

5.2.1 Connection without extenders

Connect the adaptors to the device connectors. The
easiest way to screw the connector is to hold them
straight with one hand and screw with the other
one. . Ensure that the connectors are locked.
Now connect the single phase connection cables
(labelled at the clamp) to the test object using the
Kelvin clamps.
Connect the single phase connection cables
(orange cable, colored connector) to the matching
color of the spider connectors.

5.2.2 Connection with extenders

Connect the extenders to the device respecting the
colour code (red with red, black with black). The
easiest way to screw the connector is to hold them
straight with one hand and screw with the other
one. Ensure that the connectors are locked.
Connect the extenders to the adaptors.
Now connect the single phase connection cables
(labelled at the clamp) to the test object using the
Kelvin clamps.
Connect the single phase connection cables
(orange cable, colored connector) to the matching
color of the spider connectors

Make sure that you don’t shortcut the specially designed 4-wire measurement Kelvin clamp. Only
use the designated teeth in the front of the clamp.

34 Connection and Setup

 If a DUT type is entered in the top bar of the display, the unit shows an icon of the
DUT type and on each connection the label of the correct cable to be connected
is displayed.

5.2.3 Connection in Automated mode to a 3 phase transformer

For a normal transformer, connection is done following the labels in the cable; means connecting
transformer phases with corresponding labeled cables as shown in the bellow diagram.

If only one side of a transformer has to be measured it’s possible to connect only
that side.

Connection and Setup 35

5.2.4 Connection in Automated mode to a 1 phase transformer

For a normal transformer, connection is done following the labels in the cable; means connecting
transformer phases with corresponding labeled cables as shown in the bellow diagram.

36 Connection and Setup

5.2.5 Connection in Classic mode

To connect the device to a test object different from a transformer, connections must be done as
following.

1 Resistance
Terminal A positive of the high current power supply

Terminal N negative of the high current power supply

Terminal B positive of the voltage measurement

Terminal C negative of the voltage measurement


Instrument is equipped with two voltage measuring channels, therefore two resistances can be
measured simultaneously, connect the equipment according bellow table to measure both
resistances.

2 Resistances
Terminal A positive of the high current power supply

Terminal N negative of the high current power supply


Connection and Setup 37

 Terminal B positive of first voltage measurement

Terminal C negative of first voltage measurement


Terminal b positive of the second voltage measurement


Terminal c negative of the second voltage measurement


5.3 USB Type A Host Port

The USB Type A Host Port support various devices:

- USB Flash Memory Stick (for Data Export)
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Hub

Please note that the USB Type A Standard specifies a maximum of 1500 mating cycles. 10
mating cycles per day would easily lead to connector degradation within 1 Year.

38 Connection and Setup

In case of frequent usage of the USB A port (typically for Data Export to a USB Flash Memory
Stick), we strongly recommend using a short extension cable to protect the front panel
connector of the device. See the following picture as an example:

Connection and Setup 39

6 User Interface

6.1 Startup
To start the device, turn on the main switch and wait until the warning screen arises. Booting can
take some seconds.

Read carefully the warning messages and click OK when understood. Read also carefully the
safety warnings at the beginning of this manual before operating the instrument.

40 User Interface
6.2 Structure
The device is equipped with an intuitive interface, and all parameters are selected through its
touch screen.

Use the finger or a non sharp object to operate the touch screen.
Using sharp or metallic pointers can damage the screen!

The interface of the application software consists of four designated areas:

Def Test
ine Na
DU me
T &
(To Cloc
p k
Applic
Bar ations
)Active (Side
Windo
w Bar)

Func
tion
Key
(Bott
om
Bar)

6.3 Define DUT (Top Bar)

The upper bar shows information about the actual test object and allows the definition of its main
parameters.

DUT Definition:
HV winding configuration
LV winding configuration
Phase displacement HV / LV
TV winding configuration

User Interface 41
 Phase displacement HV / TV

6.3.1 Selection of DUT Type

Transformer main parameters selection is done in the upper part of the main screen. The HV
winding configuration, the LV winding configuration and the phase shift can easily be selected in
the pop up menu.

Selection of the HV winding Selection of the LV winding Selection of the phase shift

The tertiary winding, when existing, can also be configured by touching the corresponding icon

Selection of the Tertiary winding Selection of the tertiary winding

(if available) phase shift
Winding settings
A delta winding of a 3 phase transformer
A wye winding of a 3 phase transformer
A wye winding with neutral of a 3 phase transformer
A zig-zag winding of a 3 phase transformer
A zig-zag winding with neutral of a 3 phase transformer
A one-phase winding
A current transformer or potential transformer
An unconventional transformer

Examples

Example for a setup of a 3 winding 3 phase transformer Dyn7d0

42 User Interface
 Example for a setup of a single phase transformer with no phase shift

Example for a setup of a single phase auto transformer

Example for a setup of a wye 3 phase auto transformer

The selected transformer is then shown on a graphical mode in the main screen. In case tertiary
winding has been selected two arrows in the right side will indicate that a tertiary winding has
been configured. By clicking in the arrows either the low voltage winding or the tertiary winding
actual configuration appears in the screen. The other winding appears as a small grey icon in the
button right of the screen.

6.3.2 DUT data definition

DUT additional settings and technical data

General information is necessary to identify the test and a proper reporting generation. Following
fields are available in the device software.

Type
Enter here the Serial number and Type of the device
under Test (DUT) and – if existing – also the Tap
Changer information.

This info is then also used to name the test files and
later on to easy classify measuring data.

User Interface 43
 Specification
Here the definition about Nominal Voltages of
windings have to be entered (used for desired value
of ratios and as limits)

If a winding is equipped with a Tap Changer (on load

or off load) it has to be configured by clicking the
selection box in the left of the corresponding winding
(HV for High voltage, LV for low voltage and TV for
tertiary winding).

See next chapter for detailed description.

Materials
The material of the different windings has to be
defined (used for temperature correction)
Following possibilities with its temperature constants
are available; Copper IEC, Copper ANSI and
Aluminium. Different materials can be selected for
each winding.

Labels
Here the user can define the Terminals labelling
according to his country or standards.
These Labels then will be used in all displaying and
recording of measuring data.

Notes
Long text field where any information regarding the
DUT, test conditions, remarks, etc. can be added.

Above information is included in the measurement results file as well as in the printed report.

44 User Interface
6.3.3 Tap Changer configuration
In case the transformer is equipped with a tap changer, it can be easily configured in the device to
allow automation of the measuring procedure and complete test reports generation. The tap
changer configuration screen is accessed selecting the DUT configuration i button in the upper
DUT Top Bar, and selecting the specific folder.

Tap changer configuration consist of the follow

steps:
Number of taps

Tap changer configuration is described trough

Number of nominal following examples which shows the procedure step
taps
by step.

Nominal tap Once the tap changer configuration has been

position
finalized, just click the OK button to save the actual
configuration.

Minimum tap
number

1 or 3 nominal taps
selection

On load or off load

tap changer

6.3.3.1 Nominal tap and tap voltage setup

Select the tap voltages option and enter the

nominal voltages of the transformer.

This step is all that is required for an

untapped transformer.

For tapped transformers it is necessary to define each tap voltage. The button has to be
clicked and the following dialog will appear:

User Interface 45
 Total number of
tap changer
Actu
positions
al tap
chan First position
ger number
confi
gurati Select if if when
Non more than 1
o nominal
m position, the
i numbers are
n consecutive
Select if the
a Number of intermediate
l nominal taps are
positions reachable and
p can be
o measured
s
i
t
i
o Enter each theoretical tap voltage in
n the voltage column.

Alternatively change to the voltage

folder for a quick way to enter multiple
tap voltages.

The nominal & step option will

automatically populate the voltage
values when the apply button is
pressed. In this example the nominal
voltage is 20kV and each tap steps up
1kV.

46 User Interface
 The bottom & top option will
automatically populate the voltage
values when apply is pressed. In this
example, the bottom tap is 11kV and
the top tap is 18kV. The apply button
calculates each tap voltage in
proportion to the number of taps.

Nominal Tap
Nominal tap is indicated by the symbol
“<<>>” beside the number, in case 3
nominal taps are selected, the other 2
nominal taps are marked with the symbol
“<>”. Selection of the nominal tap is done by
clicking beside the number.

Tap Naming
In case the tap changer positions are not
consecutive, or are not numbers, the new
character/characters to define each position can be
introduced manually by clicking in the “Name” cell of
the row that will be modified. The following example
shows a tap changer defined by letters instead
numbers.

Type (On load / Off load)

The tap changer type can be selected from the Setup
screen “tap control” folder.

User Interface 47
6.3.3.2 Tap changer configuration examples
Example 1

9 taps transformer, with 3 reachable intermediate

taps with no continuous naming, button position
number 1 and nominal tap 4

Example 2

9 taps transformer, with button position number 10,

1 nominal tap in position 14.

6.3.4 Test Name

The first line shows the name of actual test. Yellow colour means no file name
has been defined yet.
The second line shows the actual time.

6.4 Applications (Side Bar)

The application bar (right side bar) allows the selection of the actual
measurement application (e.g. Resistance or Demagnetization).
The DUT settings in the top bar are valid for all applications. The bottom
function key changes depending on the selected application.

48 User Interface
6.5 Active Window
In the centre of the display graphical information and measuring status of the current application
is shown. The screen change depending of the operating mode or the application selected.

Automated mode main screen Classic mode main screen Demagnetization screen

6.6 Function Keys (Bottom Bar)

At the bottom of the window a key bar is located which includes all buttons necessary to perform
measurements, prepare setups or analyze test results. The buttons are case sensitive, i.e. they
change according to the actual status.
The common keys, which are used in most applications, are described as bellow:

Move tap changer, that marked with , one step down

Move tap changer, that marked with , one step up

Change display to list mode

Change display to graphic mode

Open setup menu of the selected application

Open data handling functions

See next chapter for details

Specialised keys for the single applications see single application chapters

User Interface 49
6.7 Device Information

The device information is accessible over Setup button in the bottom bar of each application.
Select the “Miscellaneous” folder. Here you will find the system info.
The device information is accessible over Setup button in the bottom bar of each
application.
Select the “Miscellaneous” folder. Here you will find the system info.

6.8 Data Handling

6.8.1 File management.

The device can print in the included printer, store in the internal memory and export measurement
results. All these operation are done in the file management popup menu

Access the File management menu popup by clicking the

file button in the function key bar.

Open a new test

50 User Interface
 Open a new test based in the actual data

Load a recorded test

Save actual test under the actual name

Save actual test under a new name

Delete actual test

Export data to a memory stick

Print the actual test in the included printer

6.8.2 Printing results.

Results can be printed in the internal device printer by clicking the print button in the file popup
menu.

6.8.3 Exporting measurement results.

Measurement data, as well as the header and test object information can be exported to a
memory stick or the internal storage in a comma separated values file format. This data can be
later read by any commercial software, as for example MS excel.
When export option is selected. A popup screen will ask
which data wants to be exported; data will be saved in the
root directory of the memory stick.

It is possible to export All test saved in the device memory, or only the actual test. In addition
following options are available:

Select “All Files” if all tests stored in the device memory want to be
exported
Select “Actual File” if only the actual test wants to be exported.

User Interface 51
 Select if the device under test data (DUT) and the setup data want to be
exported to the memory stick

Select the measurements that wants to be exported, resistance, cooling

curve and demagnetization.

Select the CSV output file destination:

USB Stick - Writes the report to the attached USB Memory Stick
Int. Storage – Writes the report to the internal Webserver storage.

If exporting was successful, a popup message will arise informing about

number of exported files.
Once this message arises, the files can be found on the specified
destination.

52 User Interface
6.8.4 Webserver access / Ethernet interface
To access the files that have been written to the internal webserver storage, a network connection
between the device and your office computer must be established. Please refer to the “Remote
Control” section of this manual for further help.

You can find the IP address configuration of your device in the “Setup” – “Miscellaneous” dialog:

Please make sure that these settings are compatible with the settings on your office computer. As
an example in this case, the IP address of your office computer could be configured to
192.168.1.50. Then you can access the WebServer on the WA2293 using your Internet Browser
(e.g. “Internet Explorer” or “Mozilla” or “Chrome”). Simply type the IP address of the WA2293 into
the address line:

You can download your saved report files by clicking on the file in the browser.

User Interface 53
7 Resistance Measurement

7.1 Operating modes

The unit can perform resistance on all types of objects, but has been specially designed to
measure resistance on highly inductive objects (as for example transformer’s windings,
generators windings, etc).

During resistance measurement the device can be used in two operating modes: the “classic
mode” and the “automated mode”.
Automated mode is used for measuring resistance on power transformer, as the unit is equipped
with an internal relay matrix that perform the test in all phases of a three phase transformer
without any reconnection.
Classic mode is used for measuring resistances or any test object different from a transformer.

Selection on the measuring mode is

done in the Setup screen, accessible
over:

Select the Test Mode “Automated” or

”Classic”

7.2 Automated mode

7.2.1 General

On automated mode, the unit will perform all necessary steps to measure all resistances on a
transformer automatically.

54 Resistance Measurement
 Automatic mode selection is selected in
the measurement folder, clicking

in the function key bar.

When selected, additional options like

YnD measurement and tap sequence
are available

Resistance Measurement 55
7.2.2 Function keys during resistance in automated mode
While in automated resistance measurement mode, following actions are available in the button
key. The buttons are case sensitive, i.e. they change according to the actual status.

Start the measurement

Record a result while manual recording mode is used

Stop the measurement

Deselect all windings

Select all windings

Calculate the winding resistance based on the results of the combined

measured resistance when a delta type transformers is measured.
Move tap changer one step down

Move tap changer one step up

Change display to list mode

Change display to graphic mode

Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

7.2.3 Active Window

The automated resistance measurement screen is bellow described:

56 Resistance Measurement
 Status bar (actual
procedure step, Temp
timer, etc) eratu
Safe re
State Statu
indicator s with
SC
Selected current
with SC

Active
windings to
measure
with SC

Tap changer setting

with SC

* SC = Shortcut; direct action or access to setup over touching

Tap Changer Visualization:

Tap changer graphical representation

“Remote Controlled” is active in dialog “Setup”

this winding is selected at “Tap Control” / “Winding” in dialog “Setup”

tap-changer is defined as “On Load” in “DUT” dialog

Actual tap position

7.3 Performing a test using Automated mode

Before operating the instrument, make sure that the safety rules have been fully
read and understood. It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that the
system is operated in a safe manner.

7.3.1 Measurement steps

Performing a resistance measurement on a power transformer consist of following steps

Resistance Measurement 57
 DUT general data

Configuration of the
Selection of the automatic
corresponding DUT temperature
main parameters correction
Selection of the
desired test current
Configuration of the
tap changer (when
existing)
Auto recording
selection

Winding material
selection

Measuring

Exporting and
printing results

7.3.2 Set up DUT data

To set up the steps with DUT related data:

 see related chapters in the “User Interface” part.

7.3.3 Test current selection

According international standards, the maximum test current should not be higher than 10% (IEC)
or 15% (ANSI) of the nominal winding current to avoid heating up of the winding and therefore
non stable readings.

Selection of measuring currents above the transformer nominal current can end
in the transformer break down.

58 Resistance Measurement
 The measuring current must be introduce
independent for each winding and is done in
the “measurement” folder clicking over the
Setup button in the function key bar.

A shortcut for current selection is available in the main screen; clicking in

the current by winding drawing

7.3.4 Test current recommendations

Normally 32 Amps are not necessary, except when really low resistances (<0.5mOhm) have to be
measured it can help to improve accuracy.

It is recommend to use 16A maximum. This way two windings of the transformer can be
measured simultaneously, which speeds up the measurement process a lot!

Current settings guideline

DUT type Current

Distribution HV = 1A .. 8A LV = 10A .. 16A
Power < 20MVA HV = 4A .. 8A LV = 8A .. 16A
Power <200MVA HV = 8A .. 16A LV = 12A .. 16A
Power >200MVA HV = 16A LV = 16A
GSU (Generator Step Up): HV = 16A LV = 16A
(with option "without R_Neutral")

Generally the resistance of the transformer winding to be measured is a good indicator for the
required measurement current:

< 10mΩ 16A

< 100mΩ 4A .. 12A
< 1Ω 2A .. 4A
< 10Ω <1A

7.3.5 Tap sequence

Resistance Measurement 59
 If the transformer is equipped with tap changer and it has been configured in the device, the tap
changer measuring sequence should be defined. Different options are available in the Tap
Control folder, selecting the setup in the main menu.

Measurement will be done tap by tap (no sequence to be

followed), the tap to be measured can be manually selected
in the main screen.

Only the nominal, upper and bottom taps will be measured

Several or all taps will be measured following a sequence

7.3.6 Auto recording configuration

Measurement can be done in auto stop mode

(value is automatically recorded when stable)
or in manual mode (unit stays measuring until
the operator click the stop button), selection
between both operations modes is done in the
setup screen, Data folder.

To record a value while measuring on this

mode, click the record button in the function
key bar.

If Automatic mode is selected, two pre-programmed stabilization parameters are available, in

addition the user can introduce any value manually.

60 Resistance Measurement
 Value is stable and therefore recorded when a change of 0.0003% per second,
or 0.003% per 10 seconds or 0.03% per 100 seconds is achieved.

Value is stable and therefore recorded when a change of 0.003% per second,
or 0.03% per 10 seconds or 0.3% per 100 seconds is achieved.

User can manually introduce any stabilization parameter, the value introduced
is the slope of the change, and is defined as value (in percentage) per second

7.3.7 Tap Control

Here the user defines how the tap changer is used in the resistance measurement.
Winding:
Define which available tap changer is used
(taped trough) in the actual measurement.

Sequence:
Select which taps have to be measured
(single extremes, all)

Operation:
Define if the tap changer is operated
manually (the unit gives a message to
change and waits for confirmation) or
automated together with the “Remote Tap
Switch” cable.
Set as timeout the time which is maximum
needed to change the tap (used if no
feedback signal is available from the tap
changer)

Type:
Off Load  the unit will be discharged
before changing a tap
On Load  The unit stays charged while
tap changing.

Short unused windings  Normally

checked. Avoids overvoltage protection
problems.

Example: When “All Taps” and “On Load” is selected the sequence is as follows:
First phase – test all taps – next phase etc., tap changing in charged state and the
measurements on multiple windings are performed sequential.

Resistance Measurement 61
 See also chapter “Tap Changer Interface” for more details and connection advice.

7.3.8 Temperature correction

The instrument can perform temperature correction for the values measured, as related in the IEC
or other national or international standard.

Select the winding material

Reference temperature
selection

Test object actual

temperature

If automatic temperature correction is desired,

the DUT actual temperature and the reference
temperature have to be introduced by selecting
the temperature folder after clicking the setup
button in the function key bar.

Read the chapter “Temperature correction” for

the proper data introduction.

7.3.9 Measurement
Performing a measurement on a transformer is quite simple. Once all transformer and options
have been introduced; just click the start button. The instrument will perform all operations
automatically.
During the measuring and while in graphical mode the parts of the circuit being measured will
become red and the actual measured value will be shown bellow the label.

62 Resistance Measurement
 Before starting the test, a screen showing the tap position
that will be measured arises. Tap changer must be
positioned in this position. Measurement sequence depends
on the tap changer configuration menu.

Tap changer position selection

(automatic with optional tap
changer remote control)

Charging the transformer

Resistance measurement ( all

phases)

Discharging the transformer

Measurement results

Click start button to initiate the Automatic measurement running Measurement results
test

If auto recording is active, instrument will record the value and stop the measurement when the
stabilization condition has been reached.

Windings to be measured are selected by clicking on them. Purple color means that this winding
will be measured; blue color means that this winding will not be measured. If a previous
measurement on this winding and tap position has been done, results are shown in blue, but
measurements can be repeated.

Selecting or de-selecting all windings can be easily done using

the corresponding buttons in the function key bar.

Resistance Measurement 63
All phases will be measured Only HV side will be measured Only phase AC in the HV
winding will be measured

Measurements will be automatically saved after each test. Data storage options can be selected
in the Data folder, clicking in the setup button of the function key bar.

Overwrite  when a measurement is repeated, results

overwrite the actual measured values

Append  When a measurement is repeated, results

are added in the list but previous results are also kept.

Results can also be shown as a table list, selecting

the list button in the function key bar.

64 Resistance Measurement
7.4 Classic mode

7.4.1 Generalities
On classic mode, the unit work as a standard low resistance measuring bridge using the Kelvin
method. The unit includes one current power supply and 2 voltage measuring channels (for
measuring up to 2 resistances simultaneously), This mode can be used for measuring test objects
different from transformers, as well as for calibration purposes.
Classic mode is available by selecting this mode in the
measurement folder, clicking setup in the function key
bar.

When selected, 1, 2 or 3 resistances measurement

mode is available and can be selected.

If Separate Supply Cable is selected, the system

supports a separate cable for supply and for sense is
used. (see also graphic in main screen)

Selection between 1, 2 or 3 resistances can also be done in the main screen by clicking on
the drawing.

7.4.2 User Interface structure

Test
Def Na
ine me
DU &
T Cloc
(To k Applic
p
Active ations
Bar
Windo (Side
)
w Bar)

Func
tion
Key
(Bott
om
The function key bar is adapted to this measurement method. The buttons are case sensitive, i.e.
Bar)
they change according to the actual status.

Start the measurement or Record the actual value (only available during
measurement)
Stop the measurement

Change display to list mode or graphic mode

Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

Resistance Measurement 65
 Open data handling functions

7.4.3 Active window

Temperature correction, when active the reference temperature is shown.

Measuring circuit schematic, letters indicate the cable labels to be used

Label and value of the resistance

Test current selected

Test object status. Be advised that the external red lamp is the safety
master (14 in the front panel description). The test object can not be
touched or disconnected only when this lamp is still on.

For the correct cable connection in classic mode see also in chapter
“5.2.5 Connection in Classic Mode”

66 Resistance Measurement
7.5 Performing a test using Classic mode

Before operating the instrument, make sure that the safety rules have been fully
read and understood. It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that the
system is operated in a safe manner.

Performing a resistance measurement using classic mode consist of following steps

DUT general data

Selection of the
Selection of the desired test current
corresponding DUT
main parameters
Auto recording
selection
Material selection

Measuring
Configuration of the
automatic
temperature
correction Exporting and
printing results

7.5.1 Test object connection on classic mode

Follow the instructions in the “connection and setup” chapter in this manual.

7.5.2 Set up DUT data

To set up the steps with DUT related data:
 see related chapters in the “User Interface” part.

7.5.3 Temperature correction

The bridge can perform temperature correction for the values measured, as related in the IEC or
other national or international standard.

Resistance Measurement 67
 Select the winding material

Reference temperature
selection

Test object actual

temperature

If automatic temperature correction is desired, the DUT

actual temperature and the reference temperature have
to be introduced by selecting the temperature folder
after clicking the setup button in the function key bar.

Read the chapter “Temperature correction” for the

proper data introduction.

If temperature correction is active, then the main screen will show the actual temperature and the
reference temperature.

7.5.4 Test current selection

Selection of the measuring current is done by clicking on the test current field in the main screen,
any value between 0 and 32A can be introduced, some values are directly selectable.

68 Resistance Measurement
7.5.5 Auto recoding configuration
Measurement can be done in auto stop mode
(value is automatically recorded when stable)
or in manual mode (unit stays measuring until
the operator click the stop button), selection
between both operations modes is done in the
setup screen, Data folder.

To record a value while measuring on this

mode, click the record button in the function
key bar.

If Automatic mode is selected, two pre-programmed stabilization parameters are available. In

addition the user can introduce any value manually.

Value is stable and therefore recorded when a change of 0.0003% per second,
or 0.003% per 10 seconds or 0.03% per 100 seconds is achieved.

Value is stable and therefore recorded when a change of 0.003% per second,
or 0.03% per 10 seconds or 0.3% per 100 seconds is achieved.

User can manually introduce any stabilization parameter, the value introduced
is the slope of the change, and is defined as value (in percentage) per second

7.5.6 Measurement

Measurement starts just after clicking the start button in the main screen. During the measuring
and while in graphical mode the measured value will become red and the actual measured value
will be shown bellow the label

Resistance Measurement 69
 Charging

Resistance
measurement

Discharging

Measurement
results

Click start button to initiate measurement running Measurement results

the test

If auto recording is active, instrument will record the value and stop the measurement when the
stabilization condition has been reached. Otherwise the stop button has to be pushed to stop the
test. Values can be recorded manually using the record button.

Measurements will be automatically saved after each test. Data storage options can be selected
in the Data folder, clicking in the setup button of the function key bar.

Overwrite  when a measurement is repeated,

results overwrite the actual measured values

Append  When a measurement is repeated,

results are added in the list but previous results
are also kept.

If measurement has to be repeated, just click the start button again.

70 Resistance Measurement
 Results can also be shown as a table list, selecting
the list button in the function key bar.

Resistance Measurement 71
7.6 Temperature Measurement

Temperature sensors can be connected to the

corresponding connectors in the front panel. If more
than 6 temperature sensors are requested, optional
extender can be purchased. PT100 sensors are used
for temperature measurement.
Sensors for liquids or magnetic sensors are available,
consult the accessories chapter for additional
information.

The temperature measuring screen is accessed

clicking the Setup button, under the temperature folder
in the function key bar.

Measured resistance can be automatically corrected to a referenced

temperature. This temperature can be 75 degrees, 85 degrees or any
temperature between -50 and 100 degrees. The selection is done by
clicking into the white button field

When no temperature sensor is connected, the DUT actual temperature

can be introduced manually by clicking in the white field bellow the
manual selection. Manual selection must be activated

Actual temperature of the sensors. If more than one sensor is selected,

then the temperature shown is the medium of all actives ones

If temperature correction is active, then the main screen will show the
actual temperature and the reference temperature.

72 Resistance Measurement
Actual reading of the six temperature channels. To be added to the
medium temperature they should be selected. A description (text) can be
added to every temperature channel.
By clicking on a sensor line in this list you enter the temperature probe
definition dialog:
Select the position where the sensor is mounted on the DUT by clicking.
On the “Temp:” column of the specific probe.
In resistance measurement only the simple average temperature of the
activated sensors is taken. In the heat run measurements, the standard
based calculations are implemented with respect to specific probe
positions. (see related heat run chapters)
Here an additional text for the sensor can be added (e.g. when an
external sensor is used on a cooler fan)
The Text input field can also be accessed directly by clicking in the
specific “Description” column in the parent dialogue.
With these arrows you can toggle trough the single probes definitions

Resistance Measurement 73
8 Demagnetization

8.1 Theory
After disconnecting a transformer from the grid or performing a winding resistance measurement
with direct current, the transformer core will be magnetized. The following figure shows a
transformer core hysteresis curve with a possible magnetization M0. M0 can be anywhere on the
y-axis within the hysteresis loop.
B=μ·(H+M)

+ΦR
ΔΦCheck+
M0

H=N·I
-IDemag

MDemag +IDemag

ΔΦCheck-
-ΦR

The magnetization M0 can influence various measurements like turns ratio or frequency
-1
response. For these measurements the magnetization should be M0 ≈ 0 Am , otherwise the
results can be wrong or not comparable. Further, connecting a magnetized transformer to the grid
can cause high inrush currents.
The common method to demagnetize a transformer core is to apply nominal AC voltage to the
transformer and slowly decrease its amplitude to zero. But this method requires a very large and
not portable controllable AC voltage source.
With the 2293 demagnetization function, the hysteresis loop of the transformer is calculated using
a special algorithm, later using an iterative procedure running in several cycles the
demagnetization status is reached

74 Demagnetization
8.2 User interface
The demagnetization procedure is done automatically. Few parameters have to be selected
before proceeding to demagnetize the transformer. Parameters selection and function are
accessible in the demagnetization function.
To access to this application, select
demagnetize function in the applications bar
(side bar)

8.2.1 Active Window

The demagnetization function main screen components are described below.

While in demagnetization application, following actions are available in the button key bar. The
buttons are case sensitive, i.e. they change according to the actual status.

Start the measurement

Stop the measurement

Move tap changer, that marked with , one step down

Move tap changer, that marked with , one step up

Change display to list mode

Demagnetization 75
 Change display to graphic mode

Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

8.3 Performing a demagnetization

8.3.1 Measurement steps

Performing demagnetization with the 2293, consist of following steps

Phase selection and

Parameters definition

Demagnetizing

Export and printing

results

Before operating the instrument, make sure that the safety rules have been fully
read and understood. It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that the
system is operated in a safe manner.

8.3.2 Parameters definition

To define the application parameters, push the setup

button in the function key bar while in demagnetization
application.

76 Demagnetization
 Injection Phase and Winding
Selection of winding and phases to be used for the demagnetization.
It is recommended to use the high voltage side and the center limb of the
transformer.

Current used during the demagnetization.

It is recommended to use at least 2 times the no load losses current of the
transformer of the winding used

Stop criteria to determine when a demagnetisation run will be completed:

Cycles
Maximum number of cycles the instrument will perform. Set this parameter
high enough (>50) to prevent abnormal termination
Relative Residual Flux
Percentage of the initial maximum magnetic flux that will declare the
transformer as demagnetized. Select low values for good demagnetisation
results.
Absolute Residual Flux
Maximum flux value in Weber (1Wb = 1Vs) that will declare the
transformer as demagnetized Select low values for good demagnetisation
results. 20mWb represents the lower technical limit of the device.
The demagnetization iterations will be completed, if any of the above
conditions is fulfilled.

If the Rel.Res.Flux is set to 5% (e.g. 30Wb x 5% = 1500mWb), the unit does usually stops
based on that higher value. Instead at its technical limit (Abs.Res.Flux) of 20mWb.

Demagnetization 77
8.3.3 Demagnetizing
Click the start button and the instrument will perform the demagnetization.

Current injection and resistance Transformer is being Transformer demagnetized

measurement demagnetized. The bar indicates
the actual core flux.

8.4 Application hints

Repeating the demagnetization function more than once does theoretically not result in a
much better demagnetization of the transformer because the procedure starts with a
maximal magnetisation to get a defined initial condition of the core.

Please verify that the measured "Winding Resistance" "R" matches the real winding
resistance with good accuracy (e.g. 1%-2%). Otherwise the demagnetization will eventually
not be performed reliable.

Power transformers with closed delta windings (>100MVA, YNd or YNynd)

Transformers with low voltage delta windings create a circulating current which can
influence the demagnetisation. This is because of the fact that the magnetic flux is not
distributed equally on all limbs within reasonable time.
Wherever possible, we recommend to open a Delta Winding, to improve Demagnetization
performance.

It could also be helpful to repeat the demagnetisation on all three phases.

However – at power transformers with closed delta windings, a demagnetisation without a
real 3 phase high-voltage power source is difficult and mobile devices reach their limits.

78 Demagnetization
9 Heat Run – Cooling Curve

9.1 Theory
The purpose of this test is to establish the top oil temperature rise in steady-state condition with
dissipation of total losses and to establish the average winding temperature rise at rated current
and with the top oil temperature rise specified before.
This target is achieved in two main steps:

First the top oil and average oil temperature rises are established when the transformer is
subjected to a test voltage such that the measured active power is equal to the total losses of the
transformer. The oil temperature and the cooling medium temperature are monitored, and the test
is continued until a steady-state oil temperature is reached. When the top oil temperature has
been established, the test shall immediately continue with the test current reduced to the rated
current for the connected winding. This condition is maintained for a certain time (normally 1h).
Following the first part of the procedure (heating), resistance has to be measured after a quick
disconnection of the power supply. The values of average temperature of the two windings are
determined from the resistances change along the time, known as cooling curve.

Heat Run – Cooling Curve 79

9.2 User interface
The 2293 is equipped with a heat run function which allows the measurement of the resistance
values for the cooling curve calculation during heat run test.

To access to this feature, select cooling curve

function in the applications bar (side bar).

9.2.1 Active Window

The cooling curve function main screen components are described bellow.

While in heat run application, following actions are available in the button key bar. The buttons
are case sensitive, i.e. they change according to the actual status.
Start the timer after disconnecting the power supply (zero time).
Has to be started when the Rated current Supply is switched OFF
Start the resistance measurement when the connection cables are mounted.
When started this button becomes the “Break” function

80 Heat Run – Cooling Curve

Stops the resistance measurement but NOT the timer (with “Start Meas” the
measurement can be reactivated)
In case the test is stopped by this button during first stage (t2-t4) of 3 phase
sequential measurement, the whole sequence will be redo after reactivated.
Stop and resets the application (resistance measurement and timer)

Move tap changer, that marked with , one step down

Move tap changer, that marked with , one step up

Change display to curve mode

Change display to list mode

Change display to graphic mode

Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

Open data handling functions

Heat Run – Cooling Curve 81

9.3 Performing a resistance measurement
(cooling curve)
Measurement steps
Performing resistance measurement on cooling curve test with the 2293, consist of following
steps

Measuring phases and

windings selection

Measuring Parameters
Measuring values definition
recording interval

Starting the timer

Measuring Parameters
definition

Measuring

Export and printing

results

Before operating the instrument, make sure that the safety rules have been fully
read and understood. It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that the
system is operated in a safe manner.

9.3.1 Phases and winding selection

One resistance per winding can be selected for heat run test resistance measurement. Selection
is done by clicking in the corresponding part of the drawing in the heat run test main screen.
Purple color indicates the windings to be measured.

9.3.2 Resistance measurements recording interval

During a cooling curve test, a resistance value has to be recorded on regular intervals; this
interval is user defined.

82 Heat Run – Cooling Curve

 The recording option is available after
selecting the Setup button in the function key
bar while cooling curve is selected in the
applications bar.

When Single Phase is selected, the

measurement will be performed on one phase
of each selected winding.

The interval (time between readings) and the

number of readings can be here selected by
clicking in the corresponding field

When Three Phase (Sequential) is selected,

the measurement will be performed
sequentially on all three phases of each
selected winding up to the time interval (t2-t4).

After this time interval the measurements will

be performed on the selected phase until the
number of readings is reached.

The exact number of 3 phase measurements

achieved is dependent on the time taken
before reconnection and the charging time.

9.3.3 Test current selection

According international standards, the maximum test current should not be higher than 10% (IEC)
or 15% (ANSI) of the nominal winding current to avoid heating up of the winding and therefore
non stable readings.

Selection of measuring currents above the transformer nominal current can end in the
transformer break down.

The measuring current must be introduce

independent for each winding and is done in the
“measurement” folder selecting the Setup menu
in the function key bar.

Independent current per winding must be

selected. Read carefully the chapter “Power
supply modes” to understand the operating mode
of the unit and let the unit select the faster
measurement procedure.

A shortcut for current selection is available in the main screen; clicking in the
current by winding drawing.

Heat Run – Cooling Curve 83

 9.3.4 Temperature settings
The temperature measuring screen is accessed
clicking the Setup button, under the temperature
folder in the function key bar.
Activate the used probes by clicking the left sided
check box.
Click on the single probes line to enter the
configuration dialog of the single probes (position
& description)

Actual reading of the six temperature channels. To be added

to the medium temperature they should be selected. A
description (text) can be added to every temperature
channel.
By clicking on a sensor line in this list you enter the
temperature probe definition dialog:
Select the position where the sensor is mounted on the DUT
by clicking on the transformer icon.
In the heat run measurements, the standard based
calculations are implemented with respect to specific probe
positions. (see related heat run chapters)
In resistance measurement only the simple mean
temperature of the activated sensors is taken.

Here an additional text for the sensor can be added (e.g.

when an external sensor is used on a cooler fan)

With these arrows you can toggle trough the single probes
definitions without closing this dialog window.

The temperature settings are common for the Temperature Rise and Cooling Curve functions

Liquid cooled transformers will use the

ambient, oil, rad. top and rad. Bottom
positions.
Dry type transformers are likely to use the
ambient, winding and core positions.

9.3.5 Tap changer position selection

The tap position for the cooling curve test can be selected using the tap up/tap down button in the function
key bar. The actual tap changer position is shown in the main screen.
A shortcut for tap changer position selection is available in the main screen;
clicking in the tap changer drawing, a popup screen will then arise allowing the
selection of any tap position

84 Heat Run – Cooling Curve

9.3.6 Measurement Single Phase

Measurement consist on two steps, initiate the timer when the power supply is disconnected, and
then, after connecting the instrument by clicking the start button.

Start the timer when power supply When instrument connected, click All measurement points recorded,
is disconnected by clicking Start Start Meas, a reading is stored measurement finalized, last
Timer, timer starts to count. every defined time interval. measurement value is shown.

Stops the resistance measurement but NOT the timer (with “Start Meas” the
measurement can be reactivated)

9.3.7 Measurement 3 Phase Sequential

Measurement consist on two steps, initiate the timer when the power supply is disconnected, and
then, after connecting the instrument by clicking the start button.

Start the timer when power supply When instrument is connected, Auxiliary measurements of the
is disconnected by clicking Start click Start Meas. Auxiliary selected second phase are
Timer, timer starts to count. measurements of the selected recorded every second.
phase are recorded every
second.

Auxiliary measurements of the The main measurement. A All measurement points recorded,
selected third phase are recorded reading is stored every defined measurement finalized, last
every second. time interval. measurement value is shown.

9.3.8 View Results

Heat Run – Cooling Curve 85

 To see the measured results in graph format, select the Curve in the function key bar.

Measured results are shown in graph mode by

selecting the curve button.

If additional tests of other phases, windings or

taps are performed, the graph shows the
results for the last 9 windings measured.

Time is shown from the point of disconnection.

Measured results for a three phase

(sequential) test display the readings during
the (t2-t4) interval and the single phase
measurements after time t4.

Time is shown from the point of disconnection.

There are no readings during the
charging/discharging time for each phase.

To see the measured results, select the List in the function key bar.
Measured results are shown in a table mode
by selecting the list button.

The function keys in the bottom bar cycle through

the sequence curve → list→ graphic → curve

9.3.9 Export results

See chapter “Data Handling” for information about exporting and printing results.

86 Heat Run – Cooling Curve

10 Heat Run - Temperature
Rise

10.1 Overview
The 2293 is equipped with an optional temperature rise function. This optional feature is enabled
using the license manager. This process only needs to be completed the first time temperature
rise is used.
See chapter “Heat Run Cooling Curve” for a description of the theory of this test. Temperature
rise performs the total loss injection and rated current injection phase of the heat run test before
switching to the cooling curve function to perform the final phase of the heat run test.

10.2 User Interface

To access to the license manager, select

setup function key in the bottom bar of any
application

Select the Miscellaneous folder and then

press the License Manager button.

Heat Run - Temperature 87

Rise
 Enter the license key in the Temp. Rise box
and press OK.

If the temperature rise function was

previously used with a trial license key,
clear this number and replace it with the full
license key.

Press Yes to reboot the unit and install the

detection function.

To access the detection feature, select

temp. rise function in the applications bar
(side bar).

You may need to press the up/down arrow

buttons to view the temperature rise button
depending on which other functions are
enabled.
Trial licenses for temperature rise are
available which permit a limited number of
tests to be performed. The remaining
number of tests is displayed on the license
screen.
Removing the trial license key will remove
the temperature rise function from the
application bar.

88 Heat Run - Temperature Rise

10.2.1 Active Window
The temperature rise function main screen components are described below.

10.2.2 Function keys

While in temperature rise application, following actions are available in the button key bar. The
buttons are case sensitive, i.e. they change according to the actual status.
Start the temperature rise

Resume the temperature rise

Stop the temperature rise

Jump to next step of the test

Continue from step 1 “Heating” to step 2 “Rated current”, or to Cooling curve

Move to previous data set

Move to next data set

Change display to list mode

Change display to graphic mode

Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

Heat Run - Temperature 89

Rise
10.3 Performing a Temperature Rise Test

10.3.1 Measurement Steps

Performing temperature rise test with the 2293, consist of following steps

Measuring parameters
definition

Liquid cooled or dry type

Temperature probe transformer?
setup
Liquid D
r
cooled y
Apply total loss injection
t
y
Apply rated current p
injection e
Start test

Continue test

Measuring

Measuring

Change to cooling curve

function

Export and print results

90 Heat Run - Temperature Rise

10.3.2 Recording Settings

The temperature rise settings screen is accessed by

clicking the Setup button in the function key bar when
temperature rise is selected in the application bar.

The interval (time between readings) can be selected

by clicking in this field. Consider the predicted
duration of the test when choosing a value because
the test is limited to a maximum of 500 readings per
data set.

Click here to automatically configure the rate of

change of oil temperature rise, the duration this must
be stable and the duration of the rated current
injection according to standard parameters.

The User Defined option allows the rate of change of

oil temperature rise, the duration this must be stable
and the duration of the rated current injection to be
manually configured. Clicking in the highlighted areas
allows manual setup of these values.

Stability check selects which temperature sensors are

monitored during the heating and rated current steps
of the test. If stability is not maintained the stable
timer is reset.

Heat Run - Temperature 91

Rise
 Liquid cooled transformers default to stability
check on Oil Top. Dry type transformers default
to stability check on winding and core.

Dry type transformer setup is only for the heating

part of the test. There is no step 2, rated current
injection. It is only necessary to specify the
temperature rise, stable temperature duration
and recording interval.

10.3.3 Temperature Settings

The temperature measuring screen is accessed

by clicking the Setup button, under the
temperature folder in the function key bar.
Activate the used probes by clicking the left side
check box.
Click on the single probes line to enter the
configuration dialog of the single probes (position
& description)

Actual reading of the six temperature channels. To be added

to the medium temperature they should be selected. A
description (text) can be added to every temperature
channel.
By clicking on a sensor line in this list you enter the
temperature probe definition dialog:
Select the position where the sensor is mounted on the DUT
by clicking on the transformer icon.
In the heat run measurements, the standard based
calculations are implemented with respect to specific probe
positions. (see related heat run chapters)
In resistance measurement only the simple mean
temperature of the activated sensors is taken.

Here an additional text for the sensor can be added (e.g.

when an external sensor is used on a cooler fan)

92 Heat Run - Temperature Rise

 With these arrows you can toggle trough the single probes
definitions without closing this dialog window.

The temperature settings are common for the Temperature Rise and Cooling Curve functions

Liquid cooled transformers will use the

ambient, oil, rad. top and rad. Bottom
positions.
Dry type transformers are likely to use the
ambient, winding and core positions.

10.3.4 Liquid Cooled Transformer Measurement

Measurement consist of three steps, start the test when total loss injection is applied to the
transformer and then press continue after the total loss phase is completed and the HV supply is
reduced to rated current injection. Finally continue to the cooling curve application before the HV
supply is switched off.

Click Start for temperature A warning message is displayed The latest readings are shown on
recording to begin when total loss as a reminder that temperature the screen and the graph shows
injection is applied. rise and cooling curve must be all the measurements from when
setup before clicking Continue the test was started.

When the temperature rise When the temperature rise has Apply the rated current injection
reaches the setup value the been maintained for the required and then click Continue to start
status changes to green and the time, the total loss injection is phase 2 of the test.
phase 1 timer starts to complete. Click OK to start the
countdown. If the setup value is next phase of the test.
exceeded, the countdown will
reset

Heat Run - Temperature 93

Rise
 Temperature measurements When the countdown is complete, Click Continue to switch automatic
continue while the phase 2 timer click OK from Temperature Rise to Cooling
counts down. Curve application.

When the rated current injection is

switched off, press Start Timer.
Then connect immediately the
measurement clamps to the
transformer and press Start Meas

Temperature rise tests cannot be run unless one

temperature position is defined in setup.

94 Heat Run - Temperature Rise

10.3.5 Dry Type Transformer Measurement

Measurement consists of only two steps. Firstly start the test when HV is applied to the
transformer. Second continue to the cooling curve application before the HV supply is switched
off.

Click Start for temperature A warning message is displayed The latest readings are shown on
recording to begin when HV as a reminder that temperature the screen and the graph shows
injection is applied. rise and cooling curve must be all the measurements from when
setup before clicking Continue the test was started.

When the winding/core When the temperature rise has Click Continue to switch
temperature rise reaches the been maintained for the required automatically from Temperature
setup value the status changes to time, the test is complete. Click Rise to Cooling Curve application.
green and the step 1 timer starts OK
to countdown. If the setup value is
exceeded, the countdown will
reset

When the HV injection is switched

off, press Start Timer.
Then connect immediately the
measurement clamps to the
transformer and press Start Meas

Heat Run - Temperature 95

Rise
10.3.6 View Results
To see the measured results, select the List in the function key bar.
Measured results are shown in a table mode
by selecting the list button.

The results shown are dependent on whether

the transformer is liquid cooled or dry type
and the sensor positions used during the test.

10.4 Export Results

See chapter “Data Handling” for information about exporting and printing results.

96 Heat Run - Temperature Rise

11 Transformer configuration
Detection

11.1 Overview
The unit can perform automatic detection of the transformer winding configuration and the phase
displacement. Typically this is used to check the winding connections of a known transformer type
or to find out the configuration of an unknown type.
To access to this feature, the equipment must be equipped with the Turns ratio option, see
chapter 12Turns Ratio Measurement
The function energises and measures the transformer using various different connections and
shorting to determine the phase displacement. Further energisation and measurements are
performed to determine whether there is a neutral connection on either the primary or secondary
winding. Finally the likely transformer configurations are presented in the results grid. Less likely
zig-zag configurations are also shown in a different color.
he function includes a user selectable threshold to control how close the reported phase angle
must be to a perfect clock number phase shift. This allows differentiation of arbitrary phase shift
transformers from standard phase shifts.

11.2 User Interface

The 2293 is equipped with an optional detection function. This optional feature is enabled using
the license manager. This process only needs to be completed the first time detection is used.

To access to the license manager, select

setup function key in the bottom bar of any
application

Transformer configuration 97
Detection
 Select the Miscellaneous folder and then
press the License Manager button.

Enter the license key in the V. G. Detection

box and press OK.

If the detection function was previously

used with a trial license key, clear this
number and replace it with the full license
key.

Press Yes to reboot the unit and install the

detection function.

To access the detection feature, select

detection function in the applications bar
(side bar).

98 Transformer configuration
Detection
 You may need to press the up/down arrow buttons to view
the detection button depending on which other functions
are enabled.
Trial licenses for detection are available
which permit a limited number of tests to be
performed. The remaining number of tests is
displayed on the license screen.
Removing the trial license key will remove
the detection function from the application
bar.

Transformer configuration 99
Detection
11.2.1 Active Window
The detection function main screen components are described below.

11.2.2 Function keys

While in detection application, following actions are available in the button key bar. The buttons
are case sensitive, i.e. they change according to the actual status.
Start the detection

Stop the detection

Move tap changer, that marked with , one step down

Move tap changer, that marked with , one step up

Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

100 Transformer configuration

Detection
11.3 Performing a Detection

11.3.1 Measurement steps

Performing vector group detection with the 2293, consist of following steps

Parameters
definition

Detection

Export and
printing results

Before operating the instrument, make sure that the safety rules have been fully
read and understood. It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that the
system is operated in a safe manner.

11.3.2 Parameters definition

To define the application parameters, push the
Setup button in the function key bar while in
detection application.
Test Voltage:
Voltage used during the vector group detection.
It is recommended to use as high a value as
possible particularly with larger transformers or
high ratio transformers.
Frequency:
Frequency of the test voltage applied during the
test. This can be different than the DUT
specification.
Threshold:
Limit used for phase angle detection

A shortcut for voltage selection is available in the main screen; clicking

on the voltage text or symbol.

11.3.3 Detection

Transformer configuration 101

Detection
Click the start button and instrument will perform the vector group detection.

Voltage applied and detection Phase angle measurements are Neutral measurements are
measurements are running. The completed. The grid shows a completed. The grid shows the
grid shows all transformer reduced set of possible likely transformer configuration in
configurations are possible. transformer configurations and green and less likely
phase displacement of 1. configurations in yellow.

Press on the appropriate green or

yellow square to preset “Define DUT”
line (top bar) with the selected vector
group, phase shift and neutral
connection.

Note: It is not possible to change the

transformer configuration shown in the
Define DUT (top bar) if other functions
have already stored results for the
DUT.

If the phase angle measurements are

outside the phase threshold limit then
Arbitrary Phase will be shown and no
possible grid squares will be
highlighted.

A shortcut for LV/tertiary winding selection is available on the main screen.

Detection measurements are possible for HV/LV or HV/TV windings.

102 Transformer configuration

Detection
 After detecting HV/TV, pressing the green or yellow squares will set the HV/TV configuration in
the DUT details (top bar).

11.3.4 Export results

See chapter “Data Handling” for information about exporting and printing results.

Transformer configuration 103

Detection
12 Turns Ratio Measurement

12.1 Overview
The unit can perform ratio measurements on all types of objects, but has been specially designed
to measure ratios on highly inductive objects (as for example transformer’s windings, generators
windings, etc).
This optional feature is enabled using the license manager. This process only needs to be
completed the first time magnetic balance is used. For instruction how to enable a feature please
read Chapter 16 Optional Features activation.

12.2 Theory

12.2.1 Definitions

The term “Turns Ratio” (TR) is defined as the theoretical voltage ratio, the term “Voltage Ratio”
(VR) as the ratio of the rated voltages (“boilerplate voltages”).

Windings High Voltage side

TR = (HV
Windings
turns)Low Voltage side (LV turns) TR Turns Ratio

Phase to Phase Voltage

VR = (HighVoltage
Phase to Phase Voltage (Low Voltage
side) VR Voltage Ratio
side)

As a rule, the voltage ratio of three-phase transformers can be measured using a single-phase
supply, as long as the distribution of magnetic flux in the core is taken into consideration. Only
windings, winding segments and winding combinations which have the same magnetic flux
applied, can be compared with one another. The measuring circuit can be derived from the
phasor diagram of the test transformer's vector group. The two voltages which are to be
compared must be in phase and have the same orientation.
But –depending on the winding configuration and phase rotation of the transformer - it’s not
possible to have always phase voltages which are being compared. The WA22293 therefore
internally corrects the measurement with the “TR/(VA/Va)” factor and displays automatically the
correct ratio value.
The TR/(VA/Va) factor determines how the turns ratio is calculated from the ratio of the
energizing voltage to the output voltage of the winding. The ratio of the measured voltages
are multiplied by this factor to give the turns ratio for that winding/tap.

104 Turns Ratio Measurement

 Due to similar reasons the voltage ratio VR and the turns ratio TR is –depending on the winding
configuration and phase rotation of the transformer – not always equal. The WA2293 therefore
internally corrects the entered rated voltages (VR) with the “VR/TR” factor and displays
automatically the correct ratio deviation which is calculated out of the rated voltages (boilerplate
voltages) as reference and the actually measured (and corrected) ratio value.
The VR/TR factor determines the multiplier applied to the measured voltage ratio (VR) to get
the turns ratio (TR) of the transformer. When the boilerplate voltages for the transformer are
set up, the calculated voltage ratio is divided by this factor to give the nominal turns ratio for
that winding/tap.

Note for the transformer configuration look up tables:

The “HV Connect” and “LV Connect” give the basic configuration for measuring the transformer to
determine the turns ratio (TR). The actual applied configuration depends on the phase rotation of
the transformer (see the “Phase Displacement” Info line)

Example: Dyn11 Transformer, HV-LV: TR Turns Ratio

150kV-50kV, NHV: 520 VR Voltage Ratio
turns, NLV: 100 turns NHV Number of HV-
windings
TR = NHV / NL V = 520 / 100 = 5.2 NLV Number of LV-
(=>VR*√3=3*√3=5.2). windings
VR = 150/50 = 3.

12.2.2 Measurement Example

This section shows two different measurement examples to clarify the calculation and use of the
results.
In the first example the DUT (YNd11 with turn fault on phase C) is measured as YNd11. Because
the neutral is available, the 2293 can directly measure each individual phase. The system steps
through the following procedure:

2. Connect to the DUT according the “Connection”

column
3. Apply AC test voltage (in this case 25VRMS / 55Hz)
4. Measure the “Ratio Raw” as UHV / ULV
5. Calculate the “Ratio Voltage” as “Ratio Raw” •
“VR:RR” (√3 in this case)
6. Repeat 1-4 for the other two phases
7. Calculate “Ratio Turn” as “Ratio Voltage” • “TR:VR”
(1/√3 in this case)

Turns Ratio Measurement 105

In the second example same the DUT as in the first example (YNd11 with turn fault on phase C)
is measured as Yd11. Because the neutral is not available, the 2293 can not measure each
phase individually. The measurement returns a combination of ratios of all three phases. The
system steps through the following procedure:
1. Connect to the DUT according the “Connection” column
2. Apply AC test voltage (in this case 25VRMS / 55Hz)
3. Measure the “Ratio Raw” as UHV / ULV
4. Calculate the “Ratio Voltage” as “Ratio Raw” • “VR:RR” (2/√3 in this case)
5. Repeat 1-4 for the other two phases
6. Solve a system of equations generated by these three measurements to obtain
the true “Ratio Turn”

106 Turns Ratio Measurement

When looking at the measurement sections ("Ratio Raw" and "Ratio Turns") of these two
examples, we can clearly see a difference. If measuring without neutral (e.g. Y or Z) a deviation in
only one Phase inflicts all three measurements. The deviations are -8.94%, -8.99% and -28.3%
although there is a turn fault in only one phase. To locate the fault conclusively it is necessary to
solve a system of equations, which can be solved only after all three individual measurements
have been done. But it clearly reveals the fault location.

Turns Ratio Measurement 107

12.2.3 Tables
This table describes the method used to measure a certain transformer configuration. ZN is
always handled the same way as Z. For simplicity the connection table is valid for a 0 or 1 clock
number. For other clock numbers the connections are rotated/inversed accordingly.

VR:TR Factor applied from Ratio Raw to Ratio Voltage

TR:VR Factor applied from Ratio Voltage to Ratio Turns
TR Method Method used to calculate the Ratio Turns
True TR simply apply the TR:VR factor.
Con HV HV Terminals used to perform a certain measurement
Con LV LV Terminals used to perform a certain measurement

108 Turns Ratio Measurement

HV LV VR:RR TR:VR TR Method True TR Con HV Con LV

System H1-H2H3 X1-X2

1 1
of Yes H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.00000 1.00000
Equations H3-H1H2 X3-X1

System H1-H2H3 X1-X2

1 1
N of Yes H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.00000 1.00000
Equations H3-H1H2 X3-X1

System H1-H2H3 X1-X2

2/√3 1/√3
of Yes H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.15470 0.57735
Equations H3-H1H2 X3-X1

VR H1-H2H3 X1-X2
2/√3 √3/2
• No H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.15470 0.86603
TR:VR H3-H1H2 X3-X1

System H1-H2H3 X1-X2

1 1
N of Yes H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.00000 1.00000
Equations H3-H1H2 X3-X1

H1-H0 X1-X0
1 1 Directly
N N Yes H2-H0 X2-X0
1.00000 1.00000 measured
H3-H0 X3-X0

H1-H0 X1-X2
√3 1/√3 Directly
N Yes H2-H0 X2-X3
1.73205 0.57735 measured
H3-H0 X3-X1

VR H1-H2H3 X1-X2
2/√3 √3/2
N • No H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.15470 0.86603
TR:VR H3-H1H2 X3-X1

Turns Ratio Measurement 109

 HV LV VR:RR TR:VR TR Method True TR Con HV Con LV

System H1-H2H3 X1-X2

2/√3 1/√3
of Yes H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.15470 0.57735
Equations H3-H1H2 X3-X1

H1-H2 X0-X2
1/√3 √3 Directly
N Yes H2-H3 X0-X3
0.57735 1.73205 measured
H3-H1 X0-X1

H1-H2 X1-X2
1 1 Directly
Yes H2-H3 X2-X3
1.00000 1.00000 measured
H3-H1 X3-X1

VR H1-H2H3 X1-X2
1 3/2
• No H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.00000 1.50000
TR:VR H3-H1H2 X3-X1

VR H1-H2H3 X1-X2
2/√3 2/√3
• No H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.15470 1.15470
TR:VR H3-H1H2 X3-X1

VR H1-H2H3 X1-X2
N 2/√3 2/√3
• No H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.15470 1.15470
TR:VR H3-H1H2 X3-X1

VR H1-H2H3 X1-X2
1 2/3
• No H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.00000 0.66666
TR:VR H3-H1H2 X3-X1

VR H1-H2H3 X1-X2
1 1
• No H2-H3H1 X2-X3
1.00000 1.00000
TR:VR H3-H1H2 X3-X1

110 Turns Ratio Measurement

12.3 User Interface

To access the turns ratio feature,

select turns ratio function in the
applications bar (side bar).

You may need to press the up/down arrow buttons to view the
turns ratio button depending on which other functions are enabled.

12.3.1 Function keys

While in turns ratio application, following actions are available in the button key bar. The buttons
are case sensitive, i.e. they change according to the actual status.

Start the measurement

Record a result while manual recording mode is used

Stop the measurement

Move tap changer one step down

Move tap changer one step up

Change display to list mode

Change display to graphic mode

Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

Turns Ratio Measurement 111

12.3.2 Active Window
The turns ratio measurement screen is below described:

* SC = Shortcut; direct action or access to setup over touching

Tap Changer Visualization:
Tap changer graphical representation

“Remote Controlled” is active in dialog “Setup”

this winding is selected at “Tap Control” / “Winding” in dialog “Setup”
tap-changer is defined as “On Load” in “DUT” dialog
Actual tap position

12.4 Performing a Ratio Measurement

12.4.1 Measurement steps

Performing a turns ratio measurement on a transformer consist of following steps

112 Turns Ratio Measurement

 DUT general data

Configuration of
Selection of the displayed results
corresponding DUT main
parameters
Selection of the desired
Configuration of the tap test voltage
changer (when existing)
Measuring mode
selection
Configuration of the
nominal and tap
voltages Measuring

Exporting and printing

results

Before operating the instrument, make sure that the safety rules have been fully
read and understood. It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that the
system is operated in a safe manner.

12.4.2 Set up DUT data

To set up the steps with DUT related data:

 see related chapters in the “User Interface” part.

When tap voltages are defined, they are

shown on the main screen as highlighted.

The turns ratio function can calculate the ratio

deviation between the theoretical transformer
ratios and the measured ratios. This data is
optional, but if not entered the calculated ratio
deviation will be blank (--,-).

Turns Ratio Measurement 113

12.4.3 Turns ratio measurement on Current instrument transformers

Care has to be taken to ensure that the current transformer is connected correctly
otherwise there is a risk of damage to the CT and Instrument. There is also the risk of
injury.

When testing CT’s, care has to be taken to ensure that the energization voltage does not
cause saturation of the transformer core. It is recommended that the test voltage is limited
to 5 VAC unless it is certain that the CT can tolerate a higher voltage.

If the CT saturates at 5VAC try using lower voltages. This is a problem that is more likely to
be encountered with smaller transformers with a ratio of 20:1 or less, or with small cores
such as “wedding ring” CTs..

CTs are measured by energizing the secondary and measuring on the primary. connect the
system as follows:

8. Connecting to a CT

For core type current transformers, the “H” connections should be made to the secondary (Low
current side) and the “X” connections made to the primary (High current side). The transformer
can then be tested using single phase.

114 Turns Ratio Measurement

If the CT has multiple taps, these must be tested individually. Each tap on the secondary is tested
in turn, by connecting the “H” connections to each tap in turn. How this is handled depends on
whether the current transformer provides a single winding with multiple taps, or separate
secondary windings.

9. Connecting to Tapped Current Transformers

If the transformer is equipped with a tapped secondary, it is also possible to test the secondary by
connecting it as an autotransformer to evaluate the relationship between the individual taps.

Turns Ratio Measurement 115

12.4.4 Data handling definitions
Storage:

Overwrite  when a measurement is

repeated, results overwrite the actual
measured values for the tap

Append  When a measurement is

repeated, results are added in the list but
previous results are also kept.

Printout:

The printout option controls whether the

default paper printout shows turns ratios or
voltage ratios. This is limited by the width of
the printer paper. Exported result data
contains both values.

Zig-Zag Turns Ratio:

1 leg of Z  The turns on one limb of the zig-

zag are included in the turns ratio.

Complete Z  The windings on both limbs of

the zig-zag are included in the turns ratio.

Phase Display:

The phase display controls whether an

arbitrary phase shift is shown in the range 0°
to 360° or -180° to +180°.

116 Turns Ratio Measurement

12.4.5 Test Voltage Selection
Selection of the measuring voltage is done by
clicking on the test voltage field in the main
screen, any value between 0 and 67V can be
introduced, some values are directly
selectable.

12.4.6 Test frequency selection

Selection of the measuring frequency
is done automatically by the unit.
Just select if your DUT is a 50/60Hz
type or a 16.7Hz traction transformer
type.

12.4.7 Ratio deviation selection

Threshold:

The ratio deviation threshold is the

allowed percentage difference
between the theoretical turns/voltage
ratios and those measured during the
test.
The test results will be highlighted in
red if this threshold is exceeded.

Shortcut buttons show typical ratio

deviation values. Alternatively the
user defined field allows values
between 0.001% and 100%

Turns Ratio Measurement 117

 12.4.8 Measuring mode selection
The turns ratio function has two measuring modes:
Classic mode (Fast): This is the standard method for determining the Transformer Turns Ratio. It
performs a single measurement per Phase by applying sinusoidal AC Voltage (up to 67V RMS) to
the High Voltage side of the transformer. The voltages are measured simultaneously on the
corresponding High and Low Voltage Phases and thereof the Ratio is calculated.

Compensated mode (High accuracy): This is an advanced method for determining the
Transformer Turns Ratio. It increases the accuracy of Turns Ratio measurements of Power and
Distribution Transformers where the actual Turns Ratio matches the No-Load Voltage Ratio. This
method performs multiple Classic Ratio Measurements per Phase. Using the results of these
measurements the components of a transformer equivalent circuit can be calculated. The
purpose of this equivalent circuit is to compensate non-linear effects affecting Ratio Measurement
accuracy at lower test voltages. In the manner described the turns ratio (N1:N2) can be calculated
more accurate compared to the classic method, because the voltage ratio is physically a slight
non-linear function of the excitation voltage.
(This is not an appropriate method for measuring PTs, because they have a Turns Ratio which
differs from their No-Load Voltage Ratio to compensate for their losses).

Classic Mode:

Grounded DUT  If the test

transformer is grounded, select this
option and select Classic Mode

Manual recording  Only accessible in

Classic Mode. Each phase will be
repeatedly measured until you press
continue.

Compensated mode is not available when CT/PT is

tested or for grounded transformers.
If the ratio is too high for compensated mode, the
measurement will automatically use classic mode.
Shortcut to DUT setup. Similar to pressing

on main screen

12.4.9 Measuring
Performing a measurement on a transformer is quite simple. Once all transformer and options have been
introduced; just click the start button. The instrument will perform all operations automatically.

118 Turns Ratio Measurement

 Before starting the test, a screen showing the tap position that will
be measured arises. Tap changer must be positioned in this
position. Measurement sequence depends on the tap changer
configuration menu.

Tap changer position

selection (automatic
with optional tap
changer remote control)
Charging the
transformer

Turn ratio measurement

(all phases)

Discharging the
transformer

Measurement results

Click start button to initiate the Automatic measurement running Measurement results
test

If auto recording is active, instrument will record the value and stop the measurement when the
stabilization condition has been reached.

Turns Ratio Measurement 119

 If manual recording is active, the instrument will
repeatedly measure a phase.
Pressing the record button stores the latest result
and moves to the next phase.

Connection shows the energisation, measurement and

shorting connections used in the test

Ratio raw shows the measured voltage ratio using the

connections

Ratio volt shows the actual voltage ratio of the

transformer taking into account the measurement
connections and the configuration of the transformer.

Ratio dev is the percentage voltage ratio error between

the measured and theoretical values. This will appear
as --.- if nominal/tap voltage data has not been entered.

120 Turns Ratio Measurement

 Phase shows the phase shift between the energisation
and measurement connections.

Current shows the primary excitation current during the

measurement.

The white box shows the measured turns ratio and the
turns ratio deviation between the measured result and
the theoretical value.

Ratio results which exceed the ratio threshold value are

highlighted in red. The corresponding windings display

the symbol.

Phase shifts greater than 3° are highlighted in red.

Measurements will be automatically saved after each test. Data storage options can be selected
in the Data folder, clicking in the setup button of the function key bar.

Turns Ratio Measurement 121

 Overwrite  when a measurement is repeated,
results overwrite the actual measured values

Append  When a measurement is repeated,

results are added in the list but previous results
are also kept.

Results can also be shown as a table list,

selecting the list button in the function key bar.

Clicking the voltage column changes

the report to show ratio deviation.

Clicking the ratio turn column changes

the report to show ratio volt.

122 Turns Ratio Measurement

 Clicking the phase column changes the
report to show decimal or
degrees/minutes

12.4.10 Exporting and printing results

See the chapter “Data Handling” for information about exporting and printing results.

Turns Ratio Measurement 123

12.5 Arbitrary Phase
Arbitrary phase displacement (those that don’t follow the 30° clock steps) between the primary
and secondary winding are an usual feature in multi-winding transformers like rectifier
transformers, to reduce harmonics injected into the system (increasing the number of rectifier
phases to increase the number of pulses in the rectified dc signal).
In the 2293 arbitrary phase shift measurement is achieved by using a single-phase supply with no
extra hardware. The necessary three phase equivalent voltages at different transformer terminals
are simulated by energizing a pair of the transformer terminals and interconnecting certain other
terminals. The resulting voltages at different terminals is used to determine the arbitrary phase
shift.

12.6 Activate the Arbitrary Phase option

The 2293 is equipped with an optional turns ratio function. This optional feature is enabled using
the license manager. This process only needs to be completed the first time turns ratio is used.
To access to the license manager, select
setup function key in the bottom bar of
any application

Select the Miscellaneous folder and then

press the License Manager button.

124 Turns Ratio Measurement

 Enter the license key in the “Arbitrary
Phase” box and press OK.

If the arbitrary phase function was

previously used with a trial license key,
clear this number and replace it with the
full license key.
A turns ratio license must be present for
the arbitrary function to be active.

Press Yes to reboot the unit and install

the arbitrary phase function.

Trial licenses for arbitrary phase are available which

permit a limited number of tests to be performed. The
remaining number of tests is displayed on the license
screen.
Removing the trial license key will remove the arbitrary
phase function.

Turns Ratio Measurement 125

12.7 User Interface

12.7.1 Setup
To access the arbitrary phase
feature, select turns ratio function
in the applications bar (side bar).

Set the DUT winding types. Select in the phase displacement drop down list the closest clock
number and also activate there the “Arbitrary” button in the lowest position.
The arbitrary measuring mode is activated now. This is stated in the DUT phase displacement
info as clock number.x° (e.g. 7.x°)

If Define DUT has the “3phase unconventional transformer” setting

selected, the arbitrary mode in the turns ratio application is preset
automatically.

12.7.2 Function Keys and Setup

See the chapter Turns Ratio Measurement User Interface for information about the function keys.
DUT and test setup is similar to making a turns ratio measurement and so the chapters Turns
Ratio Measurement Setup DUT Data and Data Handling Definitions give details of this.

12.7.3 Active Window

When the arbitrary phase shift is selected the measurement screen

displayed is described below. An example use would be a transformer
with a zig-zag winding where each leg of the zig-zag has a different
number of turns.

126 Turns Ratio Measurement

 When the unconventional transformer is selected the measurement
screen displayed is described below. No transformer windings are shown
due to the unconventional nature of the device. An example usage would
be a quad-booster transformer.

12.7.4 Measuring

Performing an arbitrary phase measurement on a transformer is similar to a turns ratio

measurement. Once all the transformer settings and options have been entered, just click the
start button. The instrument will perform all operations automatically.

Turns Ratio Measurement 127

Click start button to initiate the Automatic measurement running Measurement results
test

Connection shows the energisation, measurement

and shorting connections used in the test

Ratio raw shows the measured voltage ratio using

the connections

Ratio volt shows the actual voltage ratio of the

transformer taking into account the measurement
connections and the configuration of the
transformer.

Ratio dev is the percentage voltage ratio error

between the measured and theoretical values. This
will appear as --.- if nominal/tap voltage data has
not been entered.

128 Turns Ratio Measurement

 Phase shows the phase shift between the
energisation and measurement connections.

Current shows -,--. The primary excitation current

during the measurement is not shown because
several different single phase measurements are
taken for each connection and used to calculate
the voltage ratio and phase angle.

Ratio results which exceed the ratio threshold

value are highlighted in red. The corresponding

windings display the symbol.

Results can also be shown as a table list,

selecting the list button in the function key bar.

Current I [mA] will always show -,-- as in the

graphic view.

The phase display setup option controls whether an

arbitrary phase shift is shown in the range 0° to 360° or -
180° to +180°.

Note that the phase angle shown is the complete angle

between HV and LV or HV and TV and does not include
the clock number/phase displacement.

For example a standard Dy11 transformer measured

using the Dy11.x° or unconventional transformer DUT
setup would show 330° if measured using the 0..360°
option or -30° if measured using the +/-180° option.

Turns Ratio Measurement 129

 The test procedure for an unconventional transformer is

similar but the red highlights are not shown

because the winding arrangement is unknown.

130 Turns Ratio Measurement

13 Magnetic Balance

13.1 Overview
The unit can perform magnetic balance measurements on transformers. This particularly useful
for checking the balance after a DC test current has been applied to the transformer during a
resistance measurement which may have caused the core to become magnetized.
This optional feature is enabled using the license manager. This process only needs to be
completed the first time magnetic balance is used. For instruction how to enable a feature please
read Chapter 16 Optional Features activation.

13.2 Theory
The Magnetic Balance test is conducted on Transformers to identify inter-turn faults, magnetic
imbalance or the flux distribution.
It can be conducted either in HV side or LV side of the transformer.
On the HV side, a voltage is applied across 2 phases (say 1U and 1V) and the voltage across the
other phases is measured (between U-W and V-W). The test is repeated for each of the three
phases.
Result: The sum of the two measured voltages will be equal to the applied voltage.
1U1V = 1U1W + 1V1W
The voltages obtained in the secondary will also be proportional to the voltages above.
This indicates that the transformer is magnetically balanced. If there is any inter-turn short circuit
that may result in the sum of the two voltages not being equal to the applied voltage.

13.3 Activate the Magnetic Balance option

The 2293 is equipped with an optional magnetic balance function. This optional feature is enabled
using the license manager. This process only needs to be completed the first time magnetic
balance is used.

Magnetic Balance 131

 To access to the license manager, select
setup function key in the bottom bar of
any application

Select the Miscellaneous folder and then

press the License Manager button.

Enter the license key in the Mag. Balance

box and press OK.

If the magnetic balance function was

previously used with a trial license key,
clear this number and replace it with the
full license key.

Press Yes to reboot the unit and install

the magnetic balance function.

132 Magnetic Balance

 Trial licenses for magnetic balance are available which
permit a limited number of tests to be performed. The
remaining number of tests is displayed on the license
screen.
Removing the trial license key will remove the magnetic
balance function from the application bar.

13.4 User Interface

To access the magnetic
balance feature, select
Magnetic B. function in the
applications bar (side bar).

You may need to press the up/down arrow buttons to view the
magnetic balance button depending on which other functions are
enabled.

13.4.1 Function keys

While in magnetic balance application, the following actions are available in the button key bar.
The buttons are case sensitive, i.e. they change according to the actual status.

Start the measurement

Record a result while manual recording mode is used

Stop the measurement

Move tap changer one step down

Move tap changer one step up

Change display to list mode

Magnetic Balance 133

 Change display to graphic mode

Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

13.4.2 Active Window

The magnetic balance measurement screen is described below:

* SC = Shortcut; direct action or access to setup over touching

Tap Changer Visualization:

Tap changer graphical representation

“Remote Controlled” is active in dialog “Setup”

this winding is selected at “Tap Control” / “Winding” in dialog “Setup”

tap-changer is defined as “On Load” in “DUT” dialog

Actual tap position

134 Magnetic Balance

13.5 Measurement

13.5.1 Measurement steps

Performing a magnetic balance measurement on a transformer consist of following steps

DUT general data

Configuration of
Selection of the displayed results
corresponding DUT main
parameters
Selection of the desired
Configuration of the tap test voltage
changer (when existing)
Measuring mode
selection

Measuring

Exporting and printing

results

Before operating the instrument, make sure that the safety rules have been fully
read and understood. It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that the
system is operated in a safe manner.

13.5.2 Set up DUT data

To set up the steps with DUT related data: see related chapters in the “User Interface” part.
The Magnetic Balance function is mostly applicable to start with Neutral
Windings. On these configurations unbalance results can be a result of a
transformer fault or residual magnetism,

Magnetic Balance 135

13.5.3 Data handling definitions
Storage:

Overwrite  when a measurement is

repeated, results overwrite the actual
measured values for the tap

Append  When a measurement is

repeated, results are added in the list but
previous results are also kept.

Recording:

Measurement can be done in auto stop mode

(value is automatically recorded when stable)
or in manual mode (unit stays measuring until
the operator click the stop button), selection
between both operations modes is done in
the setup screen, Data folder.

To record a value while measuring on this

mode, click the record button in the function
key bar.

13.5.4 Test Voltage Selection

Selection of the measuring voltage is done by
clicking on the test voltage field in the main
screen, any value between 0 and 67V can be
introduced, some values are directly
selectable.

136 Magnetic Balance

13.5.5 Test frequency selection
Selection of the measuring frequency
is done automatically by the unit.
Just select if your DUT is a 50/60Hz
type or a 16.7Hz traction transformer
type.

13.5.6 Magnetic Imbalance selection

Imbalance:

The imbalance threshold is the

allowed percentage difference
between the voltages measured on
transformer limbs which should
balance.

The test results will be highlighted in

red if this threshold is exceeded.

Shortcut buttons show typical

magnetic imbalance threshold values.
Alternatively the user defined field
allows values between 0.001% and
100%

13.5.7 Delta Winding Configuration selection

Delta Winding Configuration:

Use this setting to configure which

winding is on the central limb of the
transformer and which windings are
on the outer limbs of the transformer.

Magnetic Balance 137

 Shortcut to DUT setup. Similar to pressing

on main screen

13.5.8 Measuring
Performing a measurement on a transformer is quite simple. Once all transformer and options
have been introduced; just click the start button. The instrument will perform all operations
automatically.
It is recommended to perform transformer demagnetization before measuring the magnetic
balance, as residual magnetism can influence the test results.

Click start button to initiate the Automatic measurement running Measurement results
test

If auto recording is active, instrument will record the value and stop the measurement when the
stabilization condition has been reached.

If manual recording is active, the instrument will

repeatedly measure a phase.
Pressing the record button stores the latest result
and moves to the next phase.

138 Magnetic Balance

 Connection shows the energisation and
measurement connections used in the test.

Each limb of the transformer is sequentially

energised and then the other limb voltages are
measured.

Highlighted area shows the voltage of the energized

limb and the voltage measured on the other limbs.

The energisation current for each limb of the

transformer is shown.

The percentage of the energisation voltage

measured in each of the other two limbs.

Voltage results which exceed the imbalance

threshold value are highlighted in red. The

corresponding measurements display the

symbol.

Measurements will be automatically saved after each test. Data storage options can be selected
in the Data folder, clicking in the setup button of the function key bar.

Magnetic Balance 139

 Overwrite  when a measurement is repeated,
results overwrite the actual measured values

Append  When a measurement is repeated,

results are added in the list but previous results
are also kept.

Results can also be shown as a table list,

selecting the list button in the function key bar.

Clicking any of the voltage columns

changes the report to show voltage
percentages.

Clicking the voltage applied column

changes the report to show
energisation current.

13.5.9 Exporting and printing results

See the chapter “Data Handling” for information about exporting and printing results.

140 Magnetic Balance

13.6 Application hints

13.6.1 Core Magnetization

Magnetic Balance results are sensitive to Transformer Core Magnetization. To get reproducible
results, make sure to properly demagnetize the transformer core (directly) before performing a
magnetic balance test:
In a lot of cases, the built-in demagnetization function of the WA2293 will deliver good result.
In some cases, especially for larger power transformer (>50MVA), it can be necessary to use a
High Voltage AC power supply to properly demagnetize the transformer. Usually 110% of the
nominal winding voltage is necessary.
The following example shows an YNyn0 DryType Transformer in two cases:
The upper results show a proper measurement (green box)  Balance is nearly 50%/50% on the
middle phase.
The lower results show a measurement with a magnetized transformer core (red box)  Balance
is bad on the middle leg (26.3%/72.8%).

13.6.2 Winding short-circuits

A single turn fault can cause high magnetic imbalance. Also the excitation current can be greatly
influenced. The following example shows an YNyn0 DryType Transformer in two cases:
The upper results show a proper measurement (green box)  Balance is nearly 50%/50% on the
middle phase.
The lower results show a measurement with a single turn short-circuit on phase A of the high
voltage winding (red box)  Balance is very bad on the middle leg (8.66%/94.0%).

Magnetic Balance 141

142 Magnetic Balance
14 Short circuit impedance

14.1 Overview
The unit can perform the short circuit impedance test of a transformer at reduced voltages, the
short circuit impedance in a transformer is quite linear with the voltage and therefore an
extrapolation to the nominal voltage can be perform for comparison.
This optional feature is enabled using the license manager. This process only needs to be
completed the first time magnetic balance is used. For instruction how to enable a feature please
read Chapter 16 Optional Features activation.

14.2 Theory

14.2.1 Definitions
The short-circuit impedance (Zshort-circuit) is defined as the impedance corresponding to the voltage
(Ucc) that must be connected to one pair of terminals of a transformer, with terminals of other side
shorted, which causes rated current (Irated) to flow on the two sides of the transformer.

HV LV
Irated
UCC

U cc
Z CC 
I rated
For single phase transformers, the sort circuit impedance in % ( cc) can be easily calculated after
the Zcc has been measured according the formula
S
 cc  Z m  100
U2
Where:

 cc Short circuit impedance in %

Ucc Short circuit voltage in V

S apparent power in VA from nameplate

Short circuit impedance 143

 U line to line voltage in V from nameplate
or three phases transformers, test can be done by measuring each phase separately (phase to
phase ) and then calculating the transformer impedance according below formula

1 S
 cc  ( Z m12  Z m13  Z m 23 )  100
6 U2
Where:
Zm12 = Short circuit impedance phase a to b
Zm13 = Short circuit impedance phase a to c
Zm23 = Short circuit impedance phase b to c

14.3 User interface

To access to the short circuit feature, select SC

Impedance function in the applications bar (side
bar).

You may need to press the up/down arrow buttons to view the
magnetic balance button depending on which other functions are
enabled.

14.3.1 Function keys

While in magnetic balance application, the following actions are available in the button key bar.
The buttons are case sensitive, i.e. they change according to the actual status.

Start the measurement

Record a result while manual recording mode is used

Stop the measurement

144 Short circuit impedance

 Move tap changer one step down

Move tap changer one step up

Change display to list mode

Change display to graphic mode

Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

14.3.2 Active window

* Shortcut; direct action or access to setup over touching:

14.4 Measurement

14.4.1 Measurement procedure

Performing a turns ratio measurement on a transformer consist of following steps

Short circuit impedance 145

 DUT LV side external short circuit
(use a proper connection)

DUT general data Configuration of displayed results

Main parameters introduction Selection of the desired test

(Group connection) voltage and current

Configuration of the tap changer Measuring mode selection

(when existing)

Configuration of the voltages and Click start -> Start Measuring

currents

Exporting and printing results

Before operating the instrument, make sure that the safety rules have been fully
read and understood. It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that the
system is operated in a safe manner.

14.4.2 Transformer connection

To perform a short circuit impedance measurement, the other transformer side (normally the low
voltage side ) must be short circuited with short and high current (low inductance) connections.

As the resistance is multiplied with the square of the ratio while measuring from the
other transformer side, it is critical to keep the short circuit connection resistance as
low as possible to avoid adding unnecessary error to the measuring circuit.

146 Short circuit impedance

14.4.3 Set up DUT data
To set up the steps with DUT related data: see related chapters in the “User Interface” part.
The Magnetic Balance function is mostly applicable to start with Neutral Windings. On
these configurations unbalance results can be a result of a transformer fault or residual
magnetism,

14.4.4 Measurement Settings

To access the measuring parameters, click setup button in the bottom of the screen, and then
select “Measurement” folder.
As the transformer impedance is fixed, instrument can only supply a defined current or
voltage between the maximum voltages and currents of the devices.

The instrument will supply the target voltage or current first reached. In order to guarantee
that a test is done at a particular voltage or current, fix the other parameter to the
maximum possible.

Short circuit impedance 147

 The test Voltage, maximum current and
frequency can be selected

By clicking in the Voltage text Box, a window

pop up proposing several voltages. To select
one just click with the mouse over the desired
value

By clicking the current Box, a window will pop

up proposing several maximum currents, an
error message will arise during the test if the
selected maximum current is exceeded
during the test.

By clicking the Frequency Box, a window will

pop up proposing several measuring
frequencies. To select one just click with the
mouse over the desired value

148 Short circuit impedance

 User can also introduce manually any
desired value between the limits by clicking
the “User Defined” Text Box. A Window to
introduce the desired voltage manually will
pop up, just introduce the value and click
“OK” button.

14.4.5 Data Handling

To access the data parameters, click setup button in the bottom of the screen, and then select
“Data” folder.

Storage:

Overwrite  when a measurement is

repeated, results overwrite the actual
measured values for the tap

Append  When a measurement is

repeated, results are added in the list but
previous results are also kept.

Recording:

Measurement can be done in auto stop mode

(value is automatically recorded when stable)
or in manual mode (unit stays measuring until
the operator click the stop button), selection
between both operations modes is done in
the setup screen, Data folder.

To record a value while measuring on this

mode, click the record button in the function
key bar.

14.4.6 Tap Control

For information about the tap control window, refers to Chapter 7.3.7 Tap Control

14.4.7 Miscellaneous
For information about the tap control window, refers to Chapter 6.7 Device Information

Short circuit impedance 149

14.4.8 Measuring
Performing a measurement on a transformer is quite simple. Once all transformer and options
have been introduced; just click the start button. The instrument will perform all operations
automatically.

Before a test can be done, the tap position has to be selected.

Click start button to initiate the Automatic measurement running Measurement results
test

If auto recording is set to Auto, once a phase is being measured, instrument will automatically
measure the other phases and shot the results.

If manual recording is active, the instrument

will repeatedly measure a phase.
Pressing the record button stores the latest
result and moves to the next phase.

Results can also be shown as a table list,

selecting the list button in the function key
bar.

14.4.9 Measurement results

The instrument shows the results of the test by phase in the screen button and calculates the
transformer values based in the single phase measurements. Measuring values description below

150 Short circuit impedance

Connection Clamps used during the test
Short Short circuited winding
Voltage Voltage applied during the measurement
Current Current applied during the measurement
Frequency Frequency applied during the measurement
Impedance Single phase impedance measured (Phase Voltage/ Phase Current)

Short circuit Imp () Single phase short circuit impedance calculation

After all phases are completed, then a calculation of the transformer overall values is done based
in the single phase measurements

Impedance Calculated three phases Impedance

Short circuit Imp () Calculated three phases short circuit impedance

Voltage Calculated three phases Voltage

14.4.10 Exporting and printing results

See the chapter “Data Handling” for information about exporting and printing results.

Short circuit impedance 151

 15 Dynamic resistance on tap
changer

15.1 Overview
The unit can perform optionally the Dynamic resistance measurement a transformer.
This optional feature is enabled using the license manager. This process only needs to be completed
the first time Dynamic Resistance (Tap changer) feature is used. For instruction how to enable a feature
please read Chapter 16 Optional Features activation.

15.2 Theory

15.2.1 Tap changer generalities

A tap changer is a connection point selection mechanism along a power transformer winding that
allows a variable number of turns to be selected in discrete steps. A transformer with a variable
turns ratio is produced, enabling stepped voltage regulation of the output. The tap selection may
be made via an automatic or manual tap changer mechanism.
If tap switching can be done while current is circulating (transformer connected to the grid) the tap
changer is called On Load Tap Changer (OLTC).
Simple changing of taps (switching) during energized condition is unacceptable due to
momentary loss of power during the switching operation. Therefore the “make before break
contact concept”, is the basic design for all OLTCs.
This concept, which means the next tap is selected before disconnecting the previous one, would
generate a large short circuit current between turns due to the large number of Ampere-Turns in a
few turns. To limit this short circuit current an impedance (resistive or inductive) must be inserted
between the two taps to be switched.
The figure below shows the basic operation procedure of a tap changer. The tap selector one is in
the actual Tap position, while the tap selector 2 is located in the position to be switched to.

152 Dynamic resistance on tap

changer
 The tap change operation consist of 3 steps
The next tap is preselected by the tap selector at no load (no current circulation).
The arcing switch (on load tap changer) transfer the load current from the tap in operation to the
preselected tap trough following operations
Switch TS2 close, current from tap selector 1 circulates trough TS1. TS2 connect the tap selector
2 to the output trough transition resistor.
Switch TS1 open, current from tap selector 2 circulates trough TS2 by the transition resistor
Switch TS3 close, the current from tap selector 2 goes to the put without the transition resistor.
Switch TS2 open, The transition resistor is eliminated from the circuit.
The tap selector 1 is release to move to the next tap.
The Total duration of a transition is of some tens of milliseconds.

15.2.2 Dynamic resistance test

Dynamic resistance test consist in recording currents and voltages during the tap position
transition.

A standard current curve while measuring dynamic resistance would show following shape.

Dynamic resistance on tap 153

changer
 Following parameters are calculated and recorded by the device for each tap change.

tFall [mS]: Time from the staring of the tap changer movement (drop in current) until the
minimum current is reached
tRise [mS]: Time from minimum current reached until current becomes stable
Delta: Current drop from stabilization to the minimum while changing tap

154 Dynamic resistance on tap

changer
 15.3 User Interface

To access to the Tap changer (dynamic

resistance) feature, select Tap changer function in
the applications bar (side bar).

You may need to press the up/down arrow buttons to view the
magnetic balance button depending on which other functions are
enabled.

15.3.1 Function Keys

While in Tap changer (dynamic resistance) application, the following actions are available in the button key
bar. The buttons are case sensitive, i.e. they change according to the actual status.

Start the measurement

Record a result while manual recording mode is used

Stop the measurement or Continue with the actual

measurement
Proceed with ta tap changer clean cycle

Move tap changer one step down

Move tap changer one step up

Change display to:

1. List mode
2. Single Test
3. All tests

Dynamic resistance on tap 155

changer
 Open setup menu for the selected measuring application

15.3.2 Active window

Active Window can be changed between Single test, All test and List by clicking the respective
button in the bottom bar..

Click “All ” button to change Click “List” to change Click “Single” Button to change

Active Window Single measurement

* Shortcut; direct action or access to setup over touching:

Active Window “ALL” measurements

156 Dynamic resistance on tap

changer
Active Window List

Dynamic resistance on tap 157

changer
15.4 Measurement

15.4.1 Measurement procedure

A tap changer test consist of following steps.

158 Dynamic resistance on tap

changer
 DUT general data

Main parameters introduction Tap changer test

(Group connection) Select phases to be measured

On load Tap changer configuration Tap changer test

Select Taps to be measured

Tap changer Test current selection Select the number of cleaning

cycles (if necessary)

N Tap changer test

Static o Select tap changer operation
Resistance

Click start -> Start Measuring

Y
e
Static resistance parameters
s
introduction Tap Changer -> Manual
Set tap position to required Tap

Tap Changer -> Manual

Wait for message to change tap

Tap Changer -> Manual

Change tap, Wait For message

Last tap of last N

phase measured o

Y
e
See results on the screen s
Export or save results

Before operating the instrument, make sure that the safety rules have been fully
read and understood. It is the responsibility of the end user to ensure that the
system is operated in a safe manner.

15.4.2 Transformer Connection

2 transformer connection are possible by selecting the short circuit in the transformer side without
on load tap changer.

Dynamic resistance on tap 159

changer
Short circuit done by the device (recommended and selected by default). The device will short
circuit the secondary side of the transformer. This feature will allow a faster magnetization of the
transformer for the first resistance reading

Short circuit done externally (not recommended). In case last test done was Short circuit
impedance and short circuit is already available. It would avoid reconnecting the instrument.

160 Dynamic resistance on tap

changer
15.4.3 Set up DUT data

To set up the steps with DUT related data: see related chapters in the “User Interface” part.

15.4.4 Measurement Settings

To access the measuring parameters, click setup button in the bottom of the screen, and then
select “Measurement” folder.
The test current and transformer connection
can be selected

Dynamic resistance on tap 161

changer
 By clicking the current Box, a window will
pop up proposing several maximum
currents. The maximum selectable current
for this test is 12A.
Any value can also be introduced by clicking
over the “user defined values” textbox.

Two connections modes can be selected by

how the sort circuit is done in the not
measured transformer winding.
 LV winding short circuited by the
device (recommended)
 LV winding short circuited externally,
the operator is then responsible of
removing the non tested winding
measuring cables and performing
the short circuit

15.4.5 Static resistance settings

To access the measuring parameters, click setup button in the bottom of the screen, and then
select “Static” folder.
Record static resistance can be activated and deactivated by clicking the checkbox before
“Record static resistance values simultaneous”. If activated, after each tap change the instrument
will stabilize and record the resistance value. This will slow down the overall procedure but will
collect valuable information.
The static resistance can be measured while
tap changer is increasing tap position (up),
while is lowering tap position (Down) or bot
cases (Up & Down).

162 Dynamic resistance on tap

changer
 The resistance can be recorded
automatically (when the stabilization criteria
beside is fulfilled) or manually by operator by
clicking the record button when required.

Stabilization criteria can be defined, high

accurate , Fast or user defined.

15.4.6 Dynamic resistance settings

To access the Dynamic resistance settings, click setup button in the bottom of the screen, and
then select “Dynamic” folder.
Winding where the measurement is going to
take place, only windings configures as
having a tap changer can be selected.

Phases to be measured, one, two or all

three phases can be selected. If more than
on phase is selected then instrument will
switch to next phase once one phase is
finalized

Dynamic resistance on tap 163

changer
 Taps to be measured, by clicking the textbox
with the tap number the tap position can be
selected

Testing order direction. Recording will be

done when:
Up -> Only when increasing the tap
Down -> only when decreasing the tap
Both -> one increasing and decreasing tap.
Normal procedure is to select both and
collect data one increasing and when
decreasing the tap number

A cleaning cycle is defined as a movement

of the complete tap changer from button to
upper tap position and reverse. This is
useful as some taps have not been used
since long and rest of oil can show bad
results due to poor contact. A claiming cycle
will remove this thin oil layer.
The number of cleaning taps to be done is
introduced in the corresponding text box.

If tap changer accessory is available and

connected, the operation mode can be
switched to remote and the instrument will
then send the order to the tap changer to
change position once measurement has
been finalized.

For information about connection of the

remote tap changer accessory please refer
to chapter 17 Tap Changer Interface.

164 Dynamic resistance on tap

changer
15.4.7 Temperature settings
For temperature settings, refer to chapter 7.6 Temperature Measurement

15.4.8 Miscellaneous
For information about the tap control window, refers to Chapter 6.7 Device Information

15.4.9 Measuring
The measurement procedure will slightly differ if the remote tap changer accessory is available
and connected to the transformer or not.
As the tap changer test includes lot of tap changer operations, it is recommended to
acquire and connect this accessory

Performing a measurement on a transformer is quite simple. Once all transformer and options
have been introduced; just click the start button. The instrument will perform all operations and
indicate the operator the next step.

Nothing being measured

Instrument is charging the transformer, wait

until measurement is performed

The resistance get stable, it will be recorded

(if static resistance is selected)

Instrument is waiting for the tap changer to

change. Operator have to to change tap

The direction of the tap change movement (move up or move down) is defined by the arrow in the
button right of the screen as following.

Tap changer increasing, change will be from

position 8 to position 9

Tap changer decreasing, change will be from

position 9 to position 8

Dynamic resistance on tap 165

changer
 The triggering of the measurement is automatically done by the instrument, no configuration or
particular settings are needed for this purpose.

The following steps are performed while measuring the tap changer. Steps 3 to 5 will be repeated
for all taps selected in the settings. Step 6 is only necessary if the tap changer accessory is not
available.

Click start button to initiate the Instrument will then require the Instrument will charge and
test operator to drive the tap changer stabilize
to a starting position, normally
position one

If static resistance is selected, The instrument will be waiting for Only if tap changer accessory is
then it will be measured a tap changer, operator have to not connected !
change the transformer tap
position Operator change the tap
position, instrument record the
curve.

Instrument record the curve,

and start the cycle for the next
tap position

15.4.10 Measurement results

The instrument records the curve data, as well as some curve parameters:

tFall [mS]: Time from the staring of the tap changer movement (drop in current) until the
minimum current is reached

166 Dynamic resistance on tap

changer
 tRise [mS]: Time from minimum current reached until current becomes stable
Delta: Current drop from stabilization to the minimum while changing tap

For explanation about these parameters, see 15.2.2 Dynamic resistance test
The above parameters should be similar for all taps, deviations between one tap and the others
are an indication of tap changer problem.

15.4.11 Exporting and printing

The test results are recorded in 2 separated files
 CSV -> Test results, including the parameters of the tap changer curve per tap.
 BIN -> row data of each curve.

See the chapter 6.8 Data Handling for information about exporting and printing results.

Dynamic resistance on tap 167

changer
 16 Optional Features
activation

16.1 Software key Activation

Optional features are enabled using the license manager. This process only needs to be completed the first
time the feature is used.
To access to the license manager, select
setup function key in the bottom bar of
any application

Select the Miscellaneous folder and then

press the License Manager button.

168 Optional Features activation

 Enter the license key in the
corresponding row
If the feature was previously used with a
trial license key, clear this number and
replace it with the full license key.

Press Yes to reboot the unit and install

the function.

The Magnetic Balance function is mostly applicable to start with Neutral

Windings. On these configurations unbalance results can be a result of a
transformer fault or residual magnetism,

Optional Features 169

activation
 17 Tap Changer Interface

17.1 General

Tap changer interface allows the remote control of a motorized tap changer, as well as the remote control
of the 2293 when operator is placed in front of the tap changer and far away from the device.

The tap changer remote controller consist of an

electronic circuit, and three connecting cables
Connecting cable to the 2293
Connecting cable for tap changer remote
operation
Return signal from tap changer when tap position
change is completed.
Manual switch is also available for remotely
trigger the next measurement in the 2293

17.1.1 Tap changer remote operation signal

The 2293 can operate the tap changer trough two free voltage contact switches. One for increasing the tap
changer position, another for decreasing the tap changer position.

Up/Down (set output)

Function Connect the Up/Common/Down control
contacts of the tap changer
Ratings Max. 250V AC, 30V DC, 500mA
Up White
Common Brown
down Green

The contacts have to be connected to the corresponding input signals located in the transformer control
box. No output voltage is supplied by the device, therefore the necessary power to move the tap changer
motor has be connected separately.

170 Tap Changer Interface

 17.1.2 Tap changer feedback signal
The feedback signal can be connected when the transformer is equipped with this possibility. A free contact
switch which closes when tap changer movement finalized must be available in the tap changer control box
or transformer control box.
2293 supplies a 3.3V signal, and wait for the returning signal as confirmation that operation is finished.

Feedback (sense input)

Function Connect the feedback contactor of the tap changer
with the “switched” information
Ratings 3.3V, 1mA (input impedance 100kΩ)
Feedback 1 Brown
Feedback 2 White

17.2 Tap changer Remote operation

For remote operation of the tap changer, following parameters must be selected.
In the setup button in the function key bar,
select the tap control folder. Then remote
operation and off load tap changer.

Expected time for the tap changer to change

position has also to be introduced (time out)

Once remote operation is selected, the instrument will try to change the position by closing the contacts up
and down, and will wait for the feedback signal to start the new measurement. Procedure is as following
Unit will measure one position and discharge the transformer
The corresponding signal up/down to increase/decrease a position will be sent to the tap changer trough
the tap changer adaptor.
The instrument will wait until the feedback signal come back or the time out expires (whichever happen
first), in addition the tap changer remote control is also equipped with a small switch that will send the
feedback signal to the device manually when pushed.
Steps one to three will be repeated for all positions to be measured.
In case the transformer is equipped with an on-load tap changer, a special operation mode is also available
by selecting the on load tap changer option. During this mode the unit will not discharge the transformer
after the measurement and will continue supplying current while the signal to change position to the tap
changer is sent.

If on load tap changer is selected, and the measuring circuit is interrupted by any reason,
overvoltage will appear in the tap changer contacts that can end in damaging this
component. The on-load operation mode has to be used carefully.

Tap Changer Interface 171

 18 Temperature Interfaces

18.1 General Notes

The 2293 unit supports 6 internal and max. 24 external PT100 Class A sensors.
Sensors for magnetic surface (a) or for liquids (b) are available. See also chapter “Accessories”.

(a)
(b)

By a wrong probe handling or a not proper probe setup or connection, large temperature
errors can be the result!

Surface temperature measurement is a delicate task. One has to consider the

following main points:

 Ensure best thermal conductivity between surface and temperature sensor.

Use thermal compound or grease to maximize heat transfer.

 Apply pressure to the probe in order to properly contact the surface (spring is
loaded only on magnetic surfaces!

 Isolate the temperature sensor from the ambient air in order to avoid unwanted
cooling or heating of the sensor. This is especially important if the temperature
difference between surface and ambient air is high (e.g. >10°C)

See also Appendix “Temperature Measurement” for more details.

18.2 Additional Interfaces

172 Temperature Interfaces

A temperature extension box 2293T adds 8 additional temperature input channels to the 2293. It is
connected over the delivered 10m extension cable to the front panel of the 2293.
In total 3 external boxes can be connected (in daisy chain) to the 2293 which results in a total of 30
temperature measuring channels (6 + 3x8).

1 Connector to connect to the 2293 (Master)

2 Connector to connect other extension boxes

(Slaves)
3 8 Temperature probe connectors

18.3 Operation

The temperature measuring screen is

accessed clicking the Setup button, under
the temperature folder in the function key
bar.
The connected boxes and probes are
automatically shown in the list # column as:
1 - 6 standard inputs on the 2293 front
panel
1.1 – 1.8 8 inputs of the first box
2.1 – 2.8 8 inputs of the second box
3.1 – 3.8 8 inputs of the third box

The additional connected probes in the list can now be set up as the standard ones connected on the front
panel. See related chapter.

Temperature Interfaces 173

 19 Troubleshooting

19.1 Warning and Error Messages

19.1.1 Polarity reverse or HV and LV reverse

Before the devices starts the resistance measurement in mode C or D, the 2293 does a ratio check to
verify that the transformer is connected correctly and the vector group and phase displacement are correct.
Polarity reverse  the measured ratio is negative (Ratio < 0).
HV and LV reverse  the measured ratio is positive smaller than 0.9 (0 < ratio < 0.9).
In any case, please check the connections from the 2293 to the DUT and the transformer vector group and
phase displacement configuration (e.g. YNyn6).

19.1.2 Current to small

During charging the device checks if the applied current reaches the set current. If the applied current is
much smaller than the set current or even zero, this error message pops up. To solve the problem, check
the connections to the DUT or reduce the measuring current when trying to measure high resistances.

19.1.3 OVP - Overvoltage Protection

This message appears when the voltage between any pair of measuring leads to the DUT exceeded 250V
and thus the OVP was triggered.
If you are performing a resistance measurement on the LV side of a transformer with a high ratio (e.g.
distribution transformer) and this error arises during charging, you should try to disconnect the HV
measuring leads. Because applying any voltage to the LV side results in a much higher voltage at the HV
side.

19.1.4 OCP - Over current Protection

The device automatically shuts down the supplies if the current during measurement exceeds certain limits.
It is possible that there is a hardware failure if this happens regularly.

19.1.5 OTP - Over temperature Protection

The temperature of the cooler of the power supplies is monitored permanently. If this temperature exceeds
a certain safety limit, the supply will automatically shut down. This can be caused by very high ambient
temperatures (>60°C) or direct exposure to the sun. If this is not the case, the reason is probably a
hardware malfunction.

174 Troubleshooting
 19.1.6 Hardware Error
If the device detects a hardware problem, it will pop up this message. If this message persists, the device
should be completely rebooted. If this did not help, there is probably a hardware failure.

19.2 Firmware Update

The newest firmware can be downloaded from our update webpage http://update.haefely.com/2293
Steps:
Copy the file downloaded (WA2293.exe) to a USB stick
Insert into the USB socket of the front panel
Click Setup to open “Setup” dialog, on folder “Miscellaneous” click Firmware Update

In case a newer version found on the USB stick, following dialog will be opened for confirmation
(xx.xx.xx: actual version number, yy.yy.yy: new version number found on the USB stick)

By clicking Yes, the updating will be started until all processes finished automatically.

Troubleshooting 175
 19.3 Unit locks up and/or does not discharge
completely

The device features an emergency button to safely discharge the transformer in case of any
problem. This works independent of the software!

The user MUST always observe the red LEDs on the front panel (they work even if there is
no mains supply!)

The user MUST only disconnect the clamps, if there is NO red LED illuminated!

A charged system is always very dangerous condition!

The User MUST NEVER disconnect any clamp from the Transformer as long as there is a
current flowing in the Transformer!

Follow this safe discharge procedure in case of lock up:

1. Press emergency button
2. Wait for the red LED to turn OFF. This can take up to several minutes.
3. If the red LED did not turn off after 10 minutes, the user MUST switch off the device and disconnect the
mains supply.
4. The user MUST continue to wait for the red LED to turn OFF. Even if it takes hours (normally it can only
take up to some minutes).
5. Device could be rebooted now (not necessarily).
6. The user MUST only disconnect the Clamps from the transformer if the red LED is OFF!

176 Troubleshooting
 20 Printer Operation

20.1 Buttons and Status

20.1.1 Status LED

LED indication Condition Solution

ON Printer On -
Off Printer Off -
   Paper Out Fit new paper
   Thermal heat too hot Allow to cool down
The printer automatically detects when the paper has run out and reports by blinking status LED.

20.1.2 Replacing Paper Roll

If the paper is out, open the paper cup lid and remove the remaining paper. Reel off a few centimeters from
a new roll of paper. Hold approx. 5 cm of paper outside the device as you place the new roll into the
reservoir. Now close the lid by applying equal amounts of pressure on each side ensuring the lid is in the
locked position. Now tear the spare paper away.

Printer Operation 177

21 Accessories & Spares

21.1 Temperature probe for liquids

This temperature probe is used for temperature
measurements of liquids, e.g. oil bag on top of
power transformer

21.2 Magnetic temperature probe

This magnetic temperature probe is used for
temperature measurements on DUT tanks e.g.
cooling radiator on power transformers

21.3 Temperature extension box 2293T

Up to three of these temperature extension
boxes can be connected to the unit to extend the
number of measured temperature probes to
max. 30. (with 3 boxes)

178 Accessories & Spares

21.4 Tap changer connection cable
This remote control tap changer operation cable
can be used to connect automated tap changers
to support the fully automated measurement
mode.

21.5 Extension cables

This cable is used to enlarge the connection
cables by 10m for very large DUTs or longer
distances between the 2293 instrument and
DUT.
There are two versions:
Connectors bolted (Serial No. Lower than
179584)
Connectors twist lock (Used with devices Serial
No. higher than 179585)

Accessories & Spares 179

21.6 TTR-229x Adaptor

This adaptor allows the use of the 2293 cable set

together with a Tettex TTR type 2795 or 2796.

21.7 HV cable set

Cable set for the High Voltage side (red clamps)”. Cables
are equipped with special Kelvin clamps.

21.8 LV cable set

Cable set for the Low Voltage side (black clamps)”.

Cables are equipped with special Kelvin clamps.

21.9 Adaptor set LV & HV, bolted

Adaptors Measuring device – Cable sets

(Red ring HV, black ring LV)

180 Accessories & Spares

 Fit on 2293 units with bolted connectors
(Serial No. Lower than 179584)

21.10 Adaptor set LV & HV, twist lock

Adaptors Measuring device – Cable sets

(Red ring HV, black ring LV)

Fit on 2293 units with twist lock connectors

they do not fit on bolted connectors!
(Used with devices Serial No. higher than 179585)

Accessories & Spares 181

 22 Remote Control

22.1 Ethernet Connection

The device can be remote controlled using an 10/100MBit Ethernet Connection. The advantage of Ethernet
is that it is completely platform independent and no device specific drivers are necessary. This makes
Ethernet Remote Control very flexible.

22.1.1 RJ45 Socket

Connect the device to the network using a RJ45 patch cable:

22.1.2 Direct connection

The device can be directly connected to a 10/100MBit Ethernet network interface of your computer.
Typically addresses from the private network address space are used in such an environment.

Address: 10.0.0.100 Address: 10.0.0.105

Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Subnet: 255.255.255.0

182 Remote Control

 TCP-Port: 50000

Remote Control 183

 22.1.3 Switched Network
The device can also be operated in a non-routed private network environment. Typically addresses from
the private network address space are used in such an environment. The setup would look like this:

Address: 10.0.0.100 Address:

10.0.0.105
Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Subnet:
255.255.255.0
TCP-Port:
50000

22.1.4 Routed Network / Internet

The device can even be operated in a routed network environment or over the Internet. But therefore the
device needs a globally (non-private) routed internet address. The setup would look like this:

Routed
Network
or
Internet

Address: 10.0.0.100 Address:

212.156.24.16
Subnet: 255.255.255.0 Subnet:
255.255.255.0
Gateway: 10.0.0.1 Gateway:
212.156.24.1

184 Remote Control

 TCP-Port:
50000
or

Address: 132.20.196.55
Subnet: 255.255.0.0
Gateway: 132.20.0.1

22.2 Protocol
The device accepts exactly 1 incoming TCP connection on port 50000 for remote controlling. When a
connection to a client has been established, the device will accept further connections, but it will
immediately close these connections. Commands must be sent as TCP data. The protocol stack looks as
follows:
Ethernet IP TCP [Command][?] [Parameter1],[Parameter2],…<CR><LF>

Remote Control 185

 22.2.1 Instructions
The device accepts the following format as remote control input:

[Instruction Sequence] <CR><LF>

[Instruction1] <;> [Instruction2] <;> [Instruction3] …

[Command] [?] <SP> [Parameter1] <,> [Parameter2] <,> [Parameter3] …

All characters (letters and symbols) must be sent as 1 Byte wide (8 Bit) ASCII characters. All instructions
are case insensitive, but the syntax of instructions and commands must strongly be met. Extra white
spaces (<SP>) must be avoided. Otherwise the instruction will be discarded upon reception of the next
termination sequence (<CR><LF>). The following control characters are used:

Syntax Description String Hex Code Decimal Code

<?> Question Mark “?” 0x3F 63

<SP> White Space “ ” 0x20 32
<,> Comma “,” 0x2C 44
<;> Semicolon “;” 0x3B 59
<CR> Carriage Return “\r” 0x0D 13
<LF> Line Feed “\n” 0x0A 10

186 Remote Control

22.3 Command Reference
• *IDN

Returns a device identification string.

- Query: *IDN?

• GTL

Sets the device to local controlled mode. This function will unlock the local touch panel.

• REN

Sets the device to remote controlled mode. This function will lock the local touch panel.
The device
will only accept remote commands, if a REN command has been issued.

• Mode

Returns the control mode of the device (remote or local).

- Query: Mode?
 Local ¦ Remote

• RemoteToLocal

Transfers the remote device configuration to the local device configuration. This command
must
always be issued for any remote settings to become effective.

• Meas:App

Sets or returns the active measurement application.

- Set: Meas:App [App]

[App] = Res ¦ HR ¦ Dem

- Query: Meas:App?
 [App]

• Meas:Start

Starts the measurement for the current application (Resistance, HeatRun,

Demagnetization …).

• Meas:Stop

Remote Control 187

 Stops any ongoing measurement

• Meas:Continue

Continues any ongoing measurement which is waiting for user interaction in certain states
(e.g. manual
recording resistance measurement).

• Meas:State

Returns the state of a measurement.

- Query: Meas:State?
 Standby ¦ Initializing ¦ Charging ¦ Measuring ¦
Discharging
¦ Reset ¦ Interlock ¦ OffsetNulling ¦ DemagAnalyzing ¦
DemagCycleInit

188 Remote Control

 • Meas:Error

Returns any errors that have occurred during measuring. Errors are reset by the
Meas:Start
command.

- Query: Meas:Error?
 PolarityReverse ¦ HVLVReverse ¦ OverVoltageProtection
¦
HardwareFail ¦ Interlock ¦ OverTemperature ¦
RemanenceTooSmall ¦ CurrentTooSmall ¦ CurrentTooHigh ¦
ACSupplyOffset ¦ UnknownError

• DUT:Set:Vectorgroup

Sets and returns the winding configuration and phase shift of the DUT.

- Set: DUT:Set:Vectorgroup
[WindHV],[WindLV],[ClockLV],[WindTV],[ClockTV]
[Winding] = D ¦ Y ¦ YN ¦ Z ¦ ZN ¦ I ¦ -
[Clock] = 0 ¦ 1 ¦ 2 ¦ 3 ¦ 4 ¦ 5 ¦ 6 ¦ 7 ¦ 8 ¦ 9 ¦ 10 ¦ 11

- Query: DUT:Set:Vectorgroup?
 [WindHV],[WindLV],[ClockLV],[WindTV],[ClockTV]

• DUT:Set:TempCoeff

Sets and returns the temperature coefficient for the three windings (HV, LV and TV). The
coefficient is
used for temperature correction of the winding resistance value.

- Set: DUT:Set:TempCoeff [CoeffHV],[CoeffLV],[CoeffTV]

[Coeff] = CopperIEC ¦ CopperANSI ¦ Aluminium

- Query: DUT:Set:TempCoeff?
 [Coeff]

• TC:Move

Sends and up or down impulse to the remote controlled tap changer which is connected
to the 2293
tap changer interface.

- Set: TC:Move [Direction]

[Direction] = Up ¦ Down

Remote Control 189

• TC:Feedback

Resets or returns the state of the tap changer feedback signal. This signal indicates
wheter the
button on the tap changer interface handheld has been pressed or the connected tap
changer signaled
ready.

- Reset: TC:Feedback Reset

- Query: TC:Feedback?
 [FB] = 0 ¦ 1

• TC:ButtonLED

Controls the state of the LED of the Button on the tap changer interface handheld.

- Set: TC:ButtonLED [OnOff]

[OnOff] = On ¦ Off

190 Remote Control

• Temp:Values

Returns the current temperature value measured by the temperature measuring channels
in xxx.xx°C.
-100.00 indicates that no sensor is connected.

- Query: Temp:Values?
 [Temp1],[Temp2],[Temp3],[Temp4],[Temp5],[Temp6]

Temp:Values? [Channel]
 [Temp[Channel]]

• Res:Set:Mode

Sets and returns the measuring mode for winding resistance.

- Set: Res:Set:Mode [Mode]

[Mode] = Auto ¦ Classic1R ¦ Classic2R ¦ Classic3R

- Query: Res:Set:Mode?
 [Mode]

• Res:Set:YNMode

Sets and returns the method used for measuring YN connected windings (Phase-to-
Phase or
Phase-to-Neutral Supply).

- Set: Res:Set:YNMode [YNMode]

[YNMode] = PhPh ¦ PhNe

- Query: Res:Set:YNMode?
 [YNMode]

• Res:Set:ConnClassic

Sets and returns the connection method used in Classic Resistance Measurement mode
(separate or
combined supply clamps/cables).

- Set: Res:Set:ConnClassic [ConnClassic]

[ConnClassic] = Sep ¦ Comb

-Query: Res:Set:ConnClassic?
[ConnClassic]

• Res:Set:Data:Recording

Remote Control 191

 Sets and returns whether automatic or manual resistance value recording is performed.
Automatic
mode uses the stability criterion value to determine when to record a resistance value.

- Set: Res:Set:Data:Recording [Recording]

[Recording] = Auto ¦ Manual

- Query: Res:Set:Data:Recording?
 [Recording]

• Res:Set:Data:Stability

Sets and returns the value in %/s (percent change of resistance value per second) used
to determine if
a resistance value is considered stable or not.

- Set: Res:Set:Data:Stability [Stability]

[Stability] = 0.0001 … 0.1000

- Query: Res:Set:Data:Stability?
 [Stability]

192 Remote Control

• Res:Set:Temp:Ref

Sets and returns the reference temperature in °C used for temperature dependent
resistance
correction.

- Set: Res:Set:Temp:Ref [TempRef]

[TempRef] = -100.00 … +200.00

- Query: Res:Set:Mode?
 [Mode]

• Res:Set:Temp:Man

Sets and returns the manual value for the temperature of the DUT used for temperature
correction.

- Set: Res:Set:Temp:Man [Temp]

[Temp] = -100.00 … +200.00

- Query: Res:Set:Temp:Man?
 [Temp]

• Res:Set:Temp:Use

Sets and returns which temperature channels are used to calculate the average
temperature of the
DUT for temperature correction.

- Set: Res:Set:Temp:Use
[Ch1],[Ch2],[Ch2],[Ch4],[Ch5],[Ch6],[ChManual]
[Ch] = 0 ¦ 1

- Query: Res:Set:Temp:Use?
 [Ch1],[Ch2],[Ch2],[Ch4],[Ch5],[Ch6],[ChManual]

• Res:Set:Temp:Enable

Sets and returns whether the temperature correction of the resistance is enabled or not.

- Set: Res:Set:Temp:Enable [TempEnable]

[Temp] = 0 ¦ 1

- Query: Res:Set:Temp:Enable?
 [TempEnable]

• Res:Set:Winding:Select

Remote Control 193

 Sets and returns the selection of the winding pair to be measured.

- Set: Res:Set:Winding:Select [WindingPair]

[WindingPar] = HV-LV ¦ HV-TV

- Query: Res:Set:Winding:Select?
 [WindingPair]

• Res:Set:Phase:Select

Sets and returns the selection of the phases to be measured for all three windings. The 4 argument
style command lets the user explicitly choose which phases on which windings have to be measured.
Using the 1 argument style command, the software automatically selects the corresponding phases on
HV, LV and TV (one phase per winding). Phase assignment:

Phase 1 A-B A-N

Phase 2 B-C B-N
Phase 3 C-A C-N

194 Remote Control

 - Set: Res:Set:Phase:Select [Winding],[Phase1],[Phase2],[Phase3]
[Winding] = HV ¦ LV ¦ TV
[PhaseX] = 0 ¦ 1

Res:Set:Phase:Select [Phase]
[Phase] = 1 ¦ 2 ¦ 3

- Query: Res:Set:Phase:Select?

HV,[Ph1],[Ph2],[Ph3];LV,[Ph1],[Ph2],[Ph3];TV,[Ph1],[Ph2],[Ph3]

• Res:Set:Current

Sets and returns the measuring current in Ampere for the three different windings (HV, LV
and TV).

- Set: Res:Set:Current [Winding],[Current]

[Winding] = HV ¦ LV ¦ TV
[Current] = 0.0 … 32.0

- Query: Res:Set:Current?
 HV,[Current];LV,[Current];TV,[Current]

Res:Set:Current? [Winding]
 [Current]

• Res:Data:R ¦ Res:Data:U ¦ Res:Data:I ¦ Res:Data:T

Returns the recorded value for all or certain windings and phases as 1.23456e-3
Resistance (R), Voltage (U), Current (I) or Temperature (T)

- Query: Res:Data:R?
 [ResHV1],[ResHV2],[ResHV3],[ResLV1],[ResLV2],[ResLV3],
[ResTV1],[ResTV2],[ResTV3]

Res:Data:R? LV
 [ResLV1],[ResLV2],[ResLV3]

Res:Data:R? TV,2
 [ResTV2]

• Res:Meas:R ¦ Res:Meas:U

Returns the currently measured resistance values as 1.23456e-3. In automatic mode R1

and R2 are

Remote Control 195

 the values of HV and LV, respectively the values of HV and TV, depending on which
windings are
selected. In classic mode R1, R2 and R3 can be obtained. The same holds for the
measured voltages.

- Query: Res:Meas:R?
 [R1],[R2],[R3],[R4]

Res:Meas:R? 2
 [R2]

• Res:Meas:I

Returns the currently measured current values as 1.23456e-3. In automatic mode I1 and
I2 are the
values of HV and LV, respectively the values of HV and TV, depending on which windings
are
selected. In classic mode I1 is the measuring current for all resistors.

- Query: Res:Meas:I?
 [I1],[I2]

Res:Meas:I? 1
 [I1]

196 Remote Control

• Res:Meas:T

Returns the currently measured average temperature value as 1.23456e-3. This value
depends on
which temperature channels are marked for average calculation.

- Query: Res:Meas:T?
 [TAverage]

• Res:Meas:Sequence

Returns the current measuring sequence for the started resistance measurement. The
parameter
winding describes whether no (-) or only primary (1) or only secondary (2) or both (D)
windings will be
measured. Mode defines which supply mode will be used. In case that no measurement
will be
performed for a sequence step, mode will be set to “Nop”. And phase describes between
which
terminals the resistance will be measured for primary and secondary winding.

- Query: Res:Meas:Sequence?
 [Winding],[Mode],[PhasePri],[PhaseSec];
[Winding],[Mode],[PhasePri],[PhaseSec];
[Winding],[Mode],[PhasePri],[PhaseSec];
[Winding],[Mode],[PhasePri],[PhaseSec];
[Winding],[Mode],[PhasePri],[PhaseSec];
[Winding],[Mode],[PhasePri],[PhaseSec];

[Winding1] = - ¦ 1 ¦ 2 ¦ D
[Mode] = Nop ¦ 32A/50V ¦ 16A/100V ¦ 16A/50V ¦ YdnMode ¦
Classic2R ¦ UnknownOperation
[Phase] = A-N ¦ B-N ¦ C-N ¦ N-A ¦ N-B ¦ N-C ¦
A-B ¦ B-C ¦ C-A ¦ B-A ¦ C-B ¦ A-C

• Res:Meas:State

Returns the current resistance measurement state. SeqNo indicates which measurement
out of the
sequence described above is currently performed. An RxStable is set to 1 if the measured
resistance
value is stable according to the Res:Set:Data:Stability criterion.

- Query: Res:Meas:State?
 [SeqNo],[R1Stable],[R2Stable],[R3Stable]

Remote Control 197

 [SeqNo] = 0¦1¦2¦3¦4¦5¦6
[RxStable] = 0¦1

• HR:Set:Interval

Sets and returns the interval time in seconds between two resistance values.

- Set: HR:Set:Interval [Time]

[Time] = 1 … 600

- Query: HR:Set:Interval?
 [Time]

• HR:Set:NumPoints

Sets and returns the number of points to be recorded for the heat run cooling curve.

- Set: HR:Set:NumPoints [NPoints]

[Time] = 10 … 1000

- Query: HR:Set:NumPoints?
 [NPoints]

198 Remote Control

• HR:Set:Phase:Select

Sets and returns the phase selection for the heat run test. Issuing the set command with
only a phase
argument selects the corresponding two phases of the currently selected windings. By
adding a
winding argument, the selection can be reduced to only one phase on only one winding.

- Set: HR:Set:Phase:Select [Phase],[Winding]

[Phase] = 1 ¦ 2 ¦ 3
[Winding] = HV ¦ LV ¦ TV

HR:Set:Phase:Select [Phase]
[Phase] = 1 ¦ 2 ¦ 3

- Query: HR:Set:Phase:Select?

HV,[Ph1],[Ph2],[Ph3];LV,[Ph1],[Ph2],[Ph3];TV,[Ph1],[Ph2],[Ph3]
[Ph] = 0 ¦ 1

• HR:Data

Returns a measurement set (Time [t] in seconds, Resistance [R], Voltage [U], Current [I],
Temperature
[T]) for a given winding, phase and index. The index is used to access various points
recorded. Each
successful query returns [IndexCurrent] which shows the amount of points recorded so
far. When
[IndexCurrent] has reached [NPoints] the heat run recording is finished and the device will
discharge
the DUT.

- Query: HR:Data? [Winding],[Phase],[Index]

[Winding] = HV ¦ LV ¦ TV
[Phase] = 1 ¦ 2 ¦ 3
[Index] = 1 … 1000


[IndexCurrent],[t],[R],[U],[I],[T1],[T2],[T3],[T4],[T5],[T6]
 [IndexCurrent],- (No data for this index available)
 - (No data for this winding and phase available)

• Dem:Set:Phase

Sets and returns the phase on which the demagnetizazion shall be performed.

- Set: Dem:Set:Phase [Winding],[Phase]

Remote Control 199

 [Winding] = HV ¦ LV ¦ TV
[Phase] = 1 ¦ 2 ¦ 3

- Query: Dem:Set:Phase?
 [Winding],[Phase]

• Dem:Set:Tolerance:Abs

Sets and returns the absolute stop criterion for demagnetization in V·s respectively Wb.

- Set: Dem:Set:Tolerance:Abs [TolAbs]

[TolAbs] = 0.001 … 0.5

- Query: Dem:Set:Tolerance:Abs?
 [TolAbs]

• Dem:Set:Tolerance:Rel

Sets and returns the relative stop criterion for demagnetization in % of maximum
remanence.

- Set: Dem:Set:Tolerance:Rel [TolRel]

[TolRel] = 1 … 50

- Query: Dem:Set:Tolerance:Rel?
 [TolRel]

200 Remote Control

 • Dem:Set:Cycles

Sets and returns the maximum number of cycles to be performed when demagnetizing.

- Set: Dem:Set:Cycles [NCycles]

[NCycles] = 3 … 50

- Query: Dem:Set:Cycles?
 [NCycles]

• Dem:Meas

Returns the current set of measurements used in the demagnetization process. The
current
demagnetization cycle [CycleAct], the remanence flux determined during analysis
[FluxRemanence],
the current magnetic flux [FluxAct], the induced voltage [UInduced], the current [I] and the
winding
resistance [R].

- Query: Dem:Meas?
 [CycleAct],[FluxRemanence],[FluxAct],[UInduced],[I],[R]

22.4 Programming examples

22.4.1 Resistance Measurement

First, start with REN. This will enable remote controlling and it will transfer the current local set of
settings to the remote set of settings. Then send all settings to the device and at the end call
RemoteToLocal to transfer the remote settings to the local settings.

REN

Meas:Set:App RES
Res:Set:Mode Auto
Res:Set:YNMode PhPh
DUT:Set:Vectorgroup YN,YN,0,D,5
DUT:Set:TempCoeff CopperANSI,CopperIEC,Aluminium
Res:Set:Temp:Man 18.9
Res:Set:Temp:Ref 75.0
Res:Set:Temp:Use 0,1,0,0,0,0,1
Res:Set:Temp:Enable 1
Res:Set:Current HV,2.2

Remote Control 201

 Res:Set:Current LV,8.9
Res:Set:Current TV,13.2
Res:Set:Phase:Select HV,1,1,0
Res:Set:Phase:Select LV,1,0,1
Res:Set:Phase:Select TV,1,1,1
Res:Set:Winding:Select HV-LV
Res:Set:Data:Stability 0.0003
Res:Set:Data:Recording Auto

RemoteToLocal

After sending all the settings, a

Meas:Start

will start the resistance measuring sequence. After the measurement has started, the measuring
sequence and mode can be obtained using

Res:Meas:Sequence?

The result of this query helps to find out which winding and phase the device is currently
measuring. Further

Res:Meas:State

Shows which sequence step is currently performed and if a stable resistance reading is reached.

Meas:State

Has to be used to find out in which state within a sequence step the device currently is. For
resistance measurement the state flow will typically look like

Standby  Initializing  Charging  Measuring  Discharging 

Reset 
Standby

When “Data Recording” is set to auto, the device will automatically continue from Measuring to
Discharging. When “Data Recording” to manual, the device stays in the Measuring state until

202 Remote Control

 Meas:Continue

is issued. The sequence can be stopped anytime by sending

Meas:Stop

One can observe the current measured values during the whole process using

Res:Meas:R?
Res:Meas:U?
Res:Meas:I?
Res:Meas:T?
Temp:Values?

Recorded values (auto or manual) can be obtained using

Res:Data:R?
Res:Data:U?
Res:Data:I?
Res:Data T?

If a measuring process aborts unexpectedly or the system state is Reset or Interlock, one
can get an error message using

Meas:Error

22.4.2 Tap Changer Control

A remote controlled tap changer can be operated using

TC:Move Up ¦ Down

This operation is only valid if the system state is either Measuring or Standby. Further only an
On-Load Tap Changer could be operated during Measuring. NEVER operate an Off-Load Tap
Changer during Measuring. An Off-Load Tap Changer must be operated ALWAYS during
Standby. After issuing a TC:Move command the Tap Changer Feedback will be set to 0. When
the Tap Changer movement completed, the feedback will be set to 1. This status can be obtained
using

TC:Feedback?

Remote Control 203

22.4.3 Heat Run
REN

Meas:Set:App HR
Res:Set:YNMode PhPh
DUT:Set:Vectorgroup YN,YN,0,D,5
Res:Set:Current HV,2.2
Res:Set:Current LV,8.9
Res:Set:Current TV,13.2
HR:Set:Phase:Select 2
Res:Set:Winding:Select HV-LV
HR:Set:Interval 5
HR:Set:NumPoints 100

RemoteToLocal

After sending all the settings, a

Meas:Start

will start the Heat Run sequence. The start command will only start the timer when switching the
transformer heating supply off. When the 2293 is connected to transformer and everything is
ready for cooling curve acquisition, the command

Meas:Continue

will start the actual resistance measuring process. After the measurement has started, the
measuring sequence and mode can be obtained using

Res:Meas:Sequence?

The result of this query helps to find out which winding and phase the device is currently
measuring.

Meas:State

Has to be used to find out in which state within a sequence step the device currently is. For
cooling curve measurement the state flow will typically look like

204 Remote Control

 Standby  Initializing  Charging  Measuring  Discharging 
Reset 
Standby

When the device has reached the Measuring state, it will immediately start to record data sets.
The sequence can be stopped anytime by sending

Meas:Stop

One can observe the current measured values during the whole process using

Res:Meas:R?
Res:Meas:U?
Res:Meas:I?
Res:Meas:T?
Temp:Values?

Recorded values can be obtained using

HR:Data? HV,2,1
HR:Data? LV,2,1
HR:Data? HV,2,2
HR:Data? LV,2,2
HR:Data? HV,2,3
HR:Data? LV,2,3
…

If a measuring process aborts unexpectedly or the system state is Reset or Interlock, one
can get an error message using

Meas:Error

22.4.4 Demagnetization
First, start with REN. This will enable remote controlling and it will transfer the current local set of
settings to the remote set of settings. Then send all settings to the device and at the end call
RemoteToLocal to transfer the remote settings to the local settings.

REN

Meas:Set:App DEM
DUT:Set:Vectorgroup YN,YN,0,D,5

Remote Control 205

 Res:Set:Current HV,2.2
Res:Set:Current LV,8.9
Dem:Set:Phase HV,2

RemoteToLocal

After sending all the settings, a

Meas:Start

will start the demagnetization process. Further

Meas:State

Has to be used to find out in which state the device currently is. For the demagnetization process
the state flow will typically look like

Standby  Initializing  Charging  Measuring  Discharging 

DemagAnalyzing  Initializing  Charging  Discharging 
DemagAnalyze 
DemagCycleInit

In the state DemagCycleInit the system decides whether the transformer is still
magnetized (next cycle) or already demagnetized (no more cycles).

(Not Demag.) Initializing  Charging  Discharging 

DemagCycleInit

(Demag.) Reset  Standby

One can observe the current measured values during the whole process using

Dem:Meas?

If a measuring process aborts unexpectedly or the system state is Reset or Interlock, one
can get an error message using

Meas:Error

206 Remote Control

At the end of successful demagnetization, this command should return

NoError

Remote Control 207

 22.5 File & Data Transfer
File and data transfer is not covered in the 2293 remote control feature.
For file/data transfer we recommend the following methods:

USB Memory Stick

USB connection from a host computer to the device:
Windows XP and earlier: Microsoft Active Sync.
Windows Vista or later: Windows Mobile Device Center
Windows Remote API --- RAPI --- rapi.dll

The measurement data can be found in the directory

\Storage Card\Test

208 Remote Control

 23 Miscellaneous

23.1 Care and Maintenance

The 2293 instrument is basically service free, as long as the specified environmental conditions are
adhered to. As a result, service and maintenance is restricted to cleaning of the equipment and calibration
at intervals stipulated by the application for which the instrument is used.
The insulation of all cables should be periodically checked for damage. If any damage to the insulation is
detected then a new measuring cable should be ordered from HAEFELY TEST AG.

23.1.1 Cleaning the Instrument

The instrument should be cleaned with a lint free cloth, slightly moistened using mild household cleanser,
alcohol or spirits. Caustic cleansers and solvents (Trio, Chlorothene, etc.) should definitely be avoided.
In particular, the protective glass of the display should be cleaned from time to time with a soft, moist cloth
such as used by opticians.

23.1.2 Instrument Calibration

When delivered new from the factory, the instrument is calibrated in accordance with the calibration report
provided. A periodical calibration of the instrument every two years is recommended.
As the calibration process is fairly extensive, the instrument can only be calibrated and, if necessary,
adjusted at HAEFELY TEST AG’s factory. An updated calibration report will then be issued.

23.1.3 Changing Fuses

Before changing the mains fuse, remove the mains power cord. Fuses should only be replaced with the
same type and value.

23.2 Instrument Storage

If the instrument is to remain unused for any length of time, it is recommended to unplug the mains lead.
In addition, it is advisable to protect this high precision instrument from moisture and accumulation of dust
and dirt with a suitable covering.

Miscellaneous 209
 23.3 Packing and Transport
The packing of the 2293 instrument provides satisfactory
protection for normal transport conditions. Nevertheless, care
should be taken when transporting the instrument. If return of the
instrument is necessary, and the original packing crate is no
longer available, then packing of an equivalent standard or better
should be used.
Whenever possible protect the instrument from mechanical
damage during transport with padding. Mark the container with the
pictogram symbols "Fragile“ and “Protect from moisture“.

23.4 Recycling
When the instrument reaches the end of its working life it can, if required, be disassembled and recycled.
No special instructions are necessary for dismantling.
The instrument is constructed of metal parts (mostly aluminum) and synthetic materials. The various
component parts can be separated and recycled, or disposed of in accordance with the associated local
rules and regulations.

210 Miscellaneous
 24 Customer Support
All error messages appear on the display of the 2293 measuring instrument. If persistent problems or
faulty operation should occur then please contact the Customer Support Department of HAEFELY TEST
AG or your local agent.
The Customer Support Department can be reached at the following address:
HAEFELY TEST AG
Customer Service - Tettex
Birsstrasse 300
CH-4052 Basel
Switzerland

Tel: +41 61 373 4422

Fax: +41 61 373 4914
E-mail: [email protected]

We prefer contact via email. Then the case is documented and traceable. Also
the time zone problems and occupied telephones do not occur.

Complete information describing the problem clearly helps us to help you:

Failure description
Used settings
DUT type
Firmware Version
Serial Number
MAC address
Printouts, Pictures

Firmware Version & Serial No. can be found in “Setup - Miscellaneous”

Customer Support 211

25 Appendix

212 Appendix
25.1 Declaration of Conformity

Appendix 213
25.2 Application Note “Temperature
Measurement”

25.2.1 1. Flat Surface

▪ Setup

To check the performance of different types of surface temperature measurement probes for flat
surfaces, the setup depicted in figure 1 was constructed:

Figure 1: Flat surface test setup

The surface to be measured is a flat and 4.5mm thick steel plate, which was heated by 2 power
resistors located at the bottom side of the plate. For reference temperature measurement 2
Thermocouples Type were used. Ech of them were sticked in a hole (d = 1.5mm, h = 2mm) filled
with thermal compound for optimal thermal conduction. The thermocouples are the two black
cables in figure 1. The probes under test were located near to the thermocouple probes.
The thermal contact is quite good in this setup for both types of probes.

214 Appendix
▪ Probes under Test

1. Tettex magnetically Surface Temperature Measurement Probe Box (PT100)

 See figure 2, the probe with the black plastic handle.
2 Fühlersysteme OF/E-14/10-4 (PT100)
 See figure 1, the probe with the red horseshoe magnet and the spring loaded sensor
tip.

Appendix 215
▪ Measurements

1. Steady state at ambient

Without thermal compound

OF/E-14 24.7°C TC 1 24.4°C

Tettex 24.7°C TC 2 24.4°C

2. Heating power: 17.6W

Steady state (~0.1°C per minute)
Without thermal compound

OF/E-14 67.9°C TC 1 69.5°C  ΔT = -1.6°C

Tettex 68.1°C TC 2 69.6°C  ΔT = -1.5°C

3. Heating power: 17.6W

Steady state (~0.1°C per minute)
With thermal compound

OF/E-14 69.4°C TC 1 70.0°C  ΔT = -0.6°C

Tettex 70.2°C TC 2 70.3°C  ΔT = -0.1°C

 Thermal compound increases measurement accuracy! OF/E-14 (ΔT = -0.6°C) shows

slightly worse measurement results than the Tettex probe (ΔT = -0.1°C). But it is easier to handle:
Compare thermal compound usage in picture 1 (small dot compared to large area).

216 Appendix
25.2.2 2. Round Surface (Tube)

▪ Setup

During the HeatRun, the Radiator top and bottom (outlet and inlet) temperatures must be
measured. Usually there are tubes, which are not very easy to measure. To check the
performance of different types of surface temperature measurement probes for round surfaces,
the setup depicted in figure 2 was constructed.

Figure 2: Round surface test setup

The steel tube to be measured has a diameter of 50mm and a thickness of 5mm. The tube was
heated using 3 power resistors circularly arranged inside the tube . For reference temperature
measurement 2 Thermocouples Type J were used. Each of them were sticked in a hole (d =
1.5mm, h = 2mm) filled with thermal compound for optimal thermal conduction. The
thermocouples are the two black cables in figure 2. The probes under test were located near to
the thermocouple probes.
The thermal contact is not very good for the OF/E-14 and even worse for the Tettex probe.

▪ Probes under Test

Appendix 217
1. Tettex magnetically Surface Temperature Measurement Probe Box (PT100)
 See figure 2, the probe with the black plastic handle.
2 Fühlersysteme OF/E-14/10-4 (PT100)
 See figure 1, the probe with the red horseshoe magnet and the spring loaded sensor
tip.

218 Appendix
▪ Measurements

1. Steady state at ambient

Without thermal compound

OF/E-14 24.5°C TC 1 24.1°C

Tettex 24.4°C TC 2 24.1°C

2. Heating power: 15.3W

Steady state (~0.1°C per minute)
Without thermal compound

OF/E-14 68.3°C TC 1 75.1°C  ΔT = -6.8°C

Tettex 57.7°C TC 2 74.6°C  ΔT = -16.9°C

3. Heating power: 17.5W

Steady state (~0.1°C per minute)
With thermal compound

OF/E-14 67.4°C TC 1 68.5°C  ΔT = -1.1°C

Tettex 65.9°C TC 2 67.4°C  ΔT = -1.5°C

 Thermal compound is absolutely necessary for measurements on round surfaces! Using

thermal compound, OF/E-14 shows slightly better measurement results than the Tettex probe.
But the OF/E-14 is much easier to handle: The Tettex probe must be positioned exactly according
to its internal PT100 probe position. And it must be fixed in this position, since it is very likely to
slip or turn (the screwdriver in figure 2 serves for this purpose). Otherwise the measurement
performance decreases significantly. The OF/E-14 probe keeps the correct position by itself. See
figure 3.

Appendix 219
 Figure 3: OF/E-14 placement on tube
3. Further Accuracy Improvement

The main Application issue, when measuring the temperature of a surface, is heat transfer from
the surface to the probe. The surface will heat or cool the probe tip and the ambient air will do the
opposite (cool or heat). Unless ambient air and surface temperature are equal, there will always
be thermal flow at the probe. In order to reduce the thermal effect of the ambient air, it is strongly
recommend isolating the temperature probe from the ambient. This can easily be achieved using
an EPS foam box or similar.
See figure 4 as a reference design:

220 Appendix
Figure 4: Thermal isolation using a piece of EPS foam

Appendix 221
 25.3 Application Note “Unit calibration”

Resistance measurement accuracy verification

To verify the resistance measurement accuracy of the instrument usually a certified standard resistor is
used. These resistors normally have a current connection and a sense connection.
The 2293 measuring clamp is a Kelvin type. Means on one jaw is the current input on the other jaw is the
voltage (sense) measurement.

If calibration with a common standard resistor is performed, one has to isolate the voltage
(sense) line from the current jaw to avoid failures by additionally measure the internal connection
lead to the standard resistor part itself.

222 Appendix