PEL ee ni ; SGP. SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION % Reactance of inter-connector ‘on base MVA %x, =LKVA)X _ (10010) 0.25 _ 99.66% a : lo(Kvy° Oy as The Fig. (2) is the reactance diagram 8.33% 125% 0250 - Fig: 1 Fig: 2 ie Fault on station A: when a fault occurs on power station A (Point F;) the total Percentage reactance from generator neutral up to fault point F; is the parallel combination of (12.5% + 20.66%) and 8.33%, 3 3316x833 23 ee 9 ae = 16.66% Total % reactance up to fault point Fy = 33 = 55 16.66% -: Short cireuit MVA = Base MVA x—!00 = 10 100 _ 600.2: 2m Reactance 16.66. Fault on Station B: When a fault occurs on power station B (oint F,), the total parentage reactance from generator neutral up to fault point Fy is the parallel combination of (8.33% + 20.66%) and 12.5% Ria 28.99%12, 28.99412,5° : Shor circuit MVA=100%-52 = 400 oe ~. Total % reactance up to fault point F)= ay Why do you use reactors’ in power system? Discuss. their advantages and Se ‘ ee [Model Question] Answer: es ger cae oe Due to rapid expansion of power system the fault level is also expanding. ‘The circuit breakers connected in the power system must be capable of dealing with maximum possible short circuit currents that can occur at theif points of connections... Generally, the reactance of the system under fault conditions is low-and fault ts may rise to a dangerously high value. In order to limit the short circuit cul ee sli which the circuit breakers can handle, additional ‘feactances kno’ ments toa value connected in series with the system at suitable points, In fact a fae ae of turns designed to have a large inductance as compared to its oh 18.4 Coil of number * forces on the turns of these reactors under Short circuit conditior ug Tesistance. The therefore, the windings are solidly braced, MONS ate Considerable and, POLY-SGPy | Fundamental SGP.9 eS? 7 Ai ey permit the installation of circuit breakers of lower rating, ji) It limits the flow of short circuit current and protect the equipment from over heating as well as from failure due to destructive mechanical forces, iii) Troubles are localized or isolated at the point where they originate without communicating their disturbing effect to other parts of the power system. This increases the chances of continuity of supply. Disadvantages: i) There is a constant voltage drop and power loss in the reactors even during normal operation. ii) Ifa bus bar or feeder fault occurs close to the bus bar, the voltage of the bus bar will be reduced to alow value there by causing the generators to fall out of step. iii) Tf_a fault occurs on any feeder, the continuity of supply to other is likely to be affected. 14, What is a 3-phase unsymmeirical fault? Discuss the different types of symmetrical fault that can occur on a 3-phase system. [Model Question] Answer: 1" Part: Unsymmetrical faults are those faults on the power system which gives rise to unsymmetrical currents ie. unequal fault currents in the lines with unequal phase displacements. 2 Part: Symmetrical three phase fault may be a solid three phase short circuit or may involve arc impedance. > i x Long Answer Type Questi ion: Md Write the names of different type of fault occurred in power system, [WBSCTE 2005, 2009, 2013] (b) What do you understand by percentage reactance? Why do we prefer to express the reactances various elements in percentage values? : [WBSCTE 2005, 2013] Answer: 3 4) The different types of fault occurred in power system are: (}) Symmetrical Fault: 3 Phase Fault (ii) Unsymmetrical Fault: pie i Unsymmetrical faults on the power system give rise to unsymmetrical currents i.e. Unequal fault currents in the fines with unequal phase displacements. Various types of “nsymmetrical faults that occur in power systems are: POLY-SGESWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION (@) Shunt type fautts ; ; (Single line-to-ground (LG) faults ; Gi) Line to line (L-L) fault . iii) Double line to ground (LLG) fault “daei ban (©) Series type faults-open conductor (one or two conductor open) fault _D) Percentage reactance’ is the reactance drop. in volts. at expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage Percent x= 100: 2 nie 4 and~ _ Percent * 2.100 : ‘ he ‘3 The important advantage of expressing resistance and reactance of’a transformer in percentage is that the percentage resistance and percentage reactance have same values Whether determined referred to primary or secondary whereas when expressed in ohms they have different values when referred to pri an ~ urther, percent reactances and impedances are convenient for computing the current that will flow ina transformer when he secondary is accidentally shorted. Whe~ the 3 or E,=IZ, ie., when secondary is shorted, 1,Z, is 100 0 < eee percent of £,. Therefore, the short-circuit current is given by equation, Short circuit current; J, =_——100 ___ ———= © Percent Impedance Unless- the transformer “is quite small, equivalent resistance is negligible and percent reactance may be substituted for percent impedance in the above equation (i). \ secondary is shored, /, x full load rated current =i) OP A 3 phase transmission line operating at 10 kV and having a resistance of 1.09 and reactance of 4.09 is connected to generating station bus bars through 5 MVA step up transformer having reactance of 5%. The bus bars are supplied by 10 MVA alternator having 10% reactance. Calculate the shot circuit kVA fed to symmetrical fault between phases if it occurs — (i) ‘at the load end of the transmission line, (ii) at the high voltage terminal of the transformer. ©" WBSCTE 2007, 2011] 10MVA ___. The Transformer 10% i Load Bus + 5 MVA, 5% Answer: a ‘ Let 10000 kVA be the base kVA a Percentage Reactance of: alternator on base KVA®”= 10000” 10x19" *10=10% : Recs enorme orbs VA : ‘ ; : 7 pe x5 = 10% e Reactance of transmission ling = HVA xteactance ing _ 10000 £ oo f ‘ a A 2 lOve ipsa? 40% Age resistance of euion line : eo r, =(10000%1) (toxi0%) ~ ne : 4 ult at the end of a transmission line (B) Teactance=%X, $%X+%X, =10+10+40= 60% - FP etiande~ 10%, ‘ Impedance from generator = 60.83% neutral’ upto’ fault “point a fault at high voltage t terminal (A) A eo Feactance from generator neutral upto point B=%X,, +%X, mills 10)=20% circuit kKVA=10000 x ° 50000 kVA. 23.43 plise alternator can supply a maximum load of 500 kVA at 6600 V. The achine has an internal reactance of 6%. Find the reactance per phase of the reactor if the steady apparent power (kVA) on short circuit is not to Fi car en [WBSCTE 2010, 2011) Sestva) [i.e., short circuit current] isto be 5 times the full load value. at Pil pad cet) 100=4100= 125% Teactance required=| cy cireuit current [reactance required=12.5-6=6.5%SGP, SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION 12 Let X or be the external reactance / phone equired, Now % reactance = , 100 ea] Waxesoo |~ or, ae (2) v3 : or, 6.5 = 5000x103 uo9x) : V3 x6600 6600 65x 66x66 ; gt = 9.56628 * (Ans. 350x107 6 (Ans.) . >. 4. A salient pole synchronous generator without dampers is rated 20MVA, 15.8K V and has a direct-axis Sub-transient reactance of 0.25 p.u. The negativé _ and zero-sequence reactances are 0.35 and 0.19 p.u. respectively. The nevfral of the generator, is solidly grounded. Determine the fault current in the gencrator _ and the line-to-line voltages for a single line to ground fault at the terminals of ~ the said alternator at no load. Neglect resistance. [Model Qilestion] Answer: : Normally the positive sequence impedance is greater than the negative sequence but since the given positive sequence impedance corresponds to the sub transient State, it may be less than the negative sequence impedance. The sequence network for a single line to - ground fault current is shown in the figure. : Ta ee ‘ Fa). vay . i = t Jay F ala, . i 4 =a, \ > _ pot y-sGPy Fundamental SGP.13 ¢ the line to neutral voltage at the fault point before the fault be 1.0 + j0.0 p.u. For line to ground fault the line impedance is j0.25 + j0.35 + j0.19 = j0.7 [y= = jars 1 Z,+Z,+2Z, j0.7 For L-G fault I,, = I,, = Ig) =—/1.428 The p.u. fault current I, = I, +J,) = 31, =—J4.285 Let the base quantities be 20 MVA, 13.8 kV and hence . The base current = 2AlxL000 V3x13.8 :. The fault current in amperes = 836.74 x 4.285=3585.4 amp ‘ Va = E —14)Z,= 1 + 50.0 —(—j1.428) (0:25) = 1 - 0.357.= 0.643 Von = IqnZy = ~(—j.428)( 0.35) = -0.4998 : Similarly Vag =—g9Zy = —(—j1.428)(j0.1) = 0.1428 Now V, = 0. Substituting the values of V,,,V,, and V,, 0.643 - 0.4998 — 0.428 ~0 Vy =Vin +V 2 + Vso & Ve =Vey + Vig + Veg Vz, =A V4 = (-0.5— j0.866)(0.648) = -0..3215— j0.5568 Vg = AV = (0.5 + j0.866)(—0.050) = (0.25 0.433) Vig = Vi = 0.1428, V,, = AV, = (-0.5 + 70.866)(0.643) = — 0.3215+40.5568 Fer = 836.74 Amps. = AV, = (-0.5 — j0.866(-0.5) = 0.25 + 0.433 =-0.3215— j0.5568 + 0.25— 70.433 —0.1428= 0.2143 —j0.9898 0.3215 + j0.5568 + 0.25 + j0.433—0.1428=— 0.2143 + j0.9898 Now the line-to-line voltage V,, =V,—V, Since V, =0 Vay = -Vp = 0.2143 + j0.9898 Vic = 0.2143 - 0.9898 Vie = Vp — Ve =—j2x 0.9898 = —j Now Vgp= 0.2143 + j0.9898=4/(0.4592 + 9.797)x1 o =V10.346x107 = 1.0346 =1.0127 pu. The line to line voltage will be V,, =1.0127x 33 =8.06kV 3B V,, =8.06 kV Vi. 21,9796 3:8 =15.77 kV. B Yoo= iz 2 POLY-SGP- miX SGP.1 S o SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION 4 te determine the fault D5. For ‘the one-line diagram shown in following yeioo KV. current when L-I-G fault occurs at point P. Assume!) 00 es Gestion, Sor oe a Orr G :30MVA, 13.8kV, X,"=15%, X,=15%, X.=5% T, & T,:35MVA, 13.2A/115Y kV, X =10% M, — :20MVA,12.5kV, X,," = 20%, X, =20%, X= 5% M, —:10MVA,12.5KV, X," = 20%, X, = 20%, Xo =5% Line: (a) Series reactance = 802 (b) Zero sequence reactance = 2002 ‘Answer: . 0.07842, jo.1672- j0.0740 0.07840 he j0.1672 j0.07840. L050 LOIS.100 = 2400 15, % 144 Negative Sequence network: The network is exactly identical of positive sequence network except for source. 2 ” Zero sequence network: The neutral reactance = 2x3 30.190 = 180%100 54 504 : 3.8) (3.8 ns =100 = £000 44 80g (a0y = 144 ‘The sequence iietwork are connected in series. : Positive sequence impedance between Pandz PB= 0.146 Davng LLG fault : Here] negativesequence impedance = j0.146 zerosequence impedance = 0.06767 total impedance = 0.3596 _ The ze zero (0 sequence reactance of line = 200 x ——— 1+ 70.0 0.19224 =-j5.2p.u 8, : * 59.146 0.06767 sp TesZy 2 45:2 0.06767 = iy 647; Tq = 73.553 Z, +2 (j0.21367 > 6a Define series fault and shunt fault. What is common fault and what is the a) fine sev : s most fault that occurs in power system?1 SWITCHGEAR AND sprROTECTION ? SGP .29 Tigh Rupturings Capacity (H.R.C,) Fuses: | : : : z Fuse’ Outer a Se _ Filling Element element a eer DET ‘Small éross section n governing over ‘governing short TSS FUR Link load characteristic Characteristic eiaa Contact po TT) i Cartridge ‘The lag center Insert - (b) Fuse element _ The current carrying element is completely surrounded by the filling powder, IRC Fig. 1 shows the essential parts of a typical H.! RC. Ss oe HLR.C. fuses mainly consist of a heat resisting ceramic body. Both the ends of ceramic body consist of metal end caps. = = A silver current carrying element is welded to these metal end caps. HRC. fise | Sere The filling material may be plaster of parries, chalk, quartz or marble dust. Filling material acts as an are“ quenching and cooling medium when fuse element blows off due to excessive heat generated under abnormal condition. Under normal conditions, the fuse element is at a temperature below its melting point. Therefore, it carries the normal curtent without overheating. z When a fault occurs, the current increases and the heat produced is sufficient to melt fuse.element. Fuse element melt before the fault current reaches its first peak value. Vaporization of metal silver element chemically reacts with filling powder and results in the formation of high resistance substance and helps in quenching the arc. Advantages: sl Speed of operation is very high, 2. Maintenance cost is practically zero. 3. They are capable of clearing high as well as low fault currents. 4. ‘They do not deteriorate with age. 5, They provide reliable operation, ii 6. They are cheaper than other circuit interrupting: aoyices of equal breaking capacity: Disadvantages: ene z 1. . Heat produced by them are may affect t the associat 2. They have to be replaced after each‘ Seaton, = putes- Circuit Interrupting Devices : SGP.31° * ruse Characteristics: : ; 2s : Minimum fusing current 091 04 i 10 100 1000 Thine in second RM.S,symmetrical prospective current Fig: Fuse characteristic 2.2 Isolators - ¢ _ Isolator (disconnecting switch) ‘Operates under no load condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. [solator is not even used for breaking load currents, Z 7 ¢ Isolators are used in addition with circuit: breakers, and are provided on each side of every circuit breaker to provide isolation and enable maintenance. . Isolators used in power system are of 3 - poles.are identical one. While opening: © Open the circuit breaker. © Open isolator. © Close earthing switch: While closing: © Open earthing switch © Close. isolator * Close circuit breaker 2.3 Arc formation process Parting contacts Air or oil vapour or gas ‘Are extinguishing medium ircuit in closed position. And entire cross . above circuit breakers contacts are in c! 9 : fin te nnductor carries the current. Now when fault occurs om system a eo eiviei flows through the contacts of the circuit breaker before they are opened to urrent POL¥-SGPCircuit interrupting Devices seP.49 . Tip characteristics often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and ielays. + Usually electronically + Often used for main are arranged in draw controlled—some models are microprocessor controlled. Power distribution in large industrial plant, where the breakers ‘Out enclosures for ease of maintenance. Vacuum Circuit Breaker: : + With rated current up to 3000 A, +. These breakers interrupt the'arc ina vacuum bottle, + These can also be applied at up to 35,000 V. Vacuum breakers, tend to have longer life expectancies bet ‘tween overhaul than do air circuit breakers. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): = Rated current not more than 100 A. : + Trip characteristics normally not adjustable. «Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker): * Rated current up to-1000 A. + Trip current may be adjustable. + Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. RCD (Residual Current Device) / RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker): * Phase (line) and Neutral both wires connected through RCD. « ‘Ittrips the circuit when there is earth fault current. * The amount of current flows through the phase (line) should return through neutral. * It detects by RCD. any mismatch between two currents flowing through phase and neutral detect by RCD and trip the circuit within 30 Mili-second. : * Ifa house has an earth system connected to an earth rod and not the main incoming cable, then it must have all circuits pe by an RCD (because u mite not be able rent to trip a - parce Aad are 30 me (milliamp) and 100 mA devices. A current flow of 30 mA (or 0.03 amps) is sufficiently small that it makes it very difficult to receive a ‘hock. Even 100 miA is a relatively small figure when compared to the cr flow in an earth fault without such protection (hundred of amps) earwanrs nA RCCB may be used where only fire proton i euired eo © Oe ed isk of electric shock is smal * oo oe spent ee form of shock protection itation of RCCB: ; CBs are designed. to operate on normal * Standard electrome uaranteed to operate where none standard supply waveforms and cannot be The most common is the half wave rectified yads. waveforms are generated by lo POLY-SGP- Circuit interrupting Devices, SGP.57 g. Fillin the blanks in the following statement 46, Aecing. current is the rms value of the curent which a breaker must carry fOF stated time. ; [WBSCTE 2013) 7. Paterson coil is the reactance used in ungrounded 3-phase systems 10 limit arcing carcentscarhing, [WBSCTE 2014] 38, The phenomena of arcing grounds is commonl enced with ungrounded jephase ly experien with ‘ungrounde Be ET: [WBSCTE 2014] 29, The grounding is generally at the Neutral end. [WBSCTE 2014] 30. The smallest value of actuating quantit % a Seite q ‘i ve uantity at which protection starts operating in relation with the minimum value of fault current in the protected zone, is known as differential protection of the protective scheme. [WBSCTE 2014] 31. Trip circuit is normally a part of circuit breaker. [WBSCTE 2014] 32. The voltage appearing across the circuit breaker pole after final current zero is called transient recovery (TRY) voltage. (WBSCTE 2014] | 33. Breaking current’is the ‘rms value of the current which a breaker must carry for a stated time. 5 [WBSCTE 2014] x 2 1) What is the function of Earth leakage circuit breaker? {WBSCTE 2005, 2009, 2012] truction and working principle of MCB. pat t (b) Briefly discuss the cons [WBSCTE 2005, 2009, 2012] Or, Write short note on Miniature circuit breaker (MCB). [WBSCTE 2012] (©) What is Auto Recloser? State its application. {WBSCTE 2005, 2012] Answer: ; e a) The main function of earth leakage circuit breaker protectors to prevent injury to humans and animals due to electric shock. fe use more commonly miniature circuit. Nowadays w' rk instead of fuse. ini: ircuit breaker: b) Miniature circull Jectrical networ breaker or MCB in low voltage ¢ POLY-SGPOn SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION > The MCB has some advantages compared tofuse: 9 44) H conditi l. It automatically switched of the electrical Fe dion The t the network means in over load condition as, well as ore reliable way, Mca? does not sense but miniature circuit oe oe Te : . much more sensitive to over current than fuse. i iti 2... Another advantage is, asthe switch operating. Knob comes © 0 aa during tripping, the faulty zone of the electrical circuit 0-0, °— XH Cntiied * But in case of fuse, fuse wire should bé se Pere ce Sito from fuse base, for.confirming the blow of fuse wire, ; 3. "Quick restoration of supply cannot be possible in ase of fuse as ae iss have to be rewirable or replaced for restoring the supply. But in a "Quick restoration is possible by just switching on operati : Handling MCB is more electrically safe than fuse. dem Because of to, many advantages of MCB over fuse units, in modern low Voltage electrical network, miniature circuit breaker is mostly used instead of backdateg SGP 5, ap -; fuse unit, i ae Meas. ‘ 6. Only one disadvantage of MCB over fuse is that this system is more costlier than -fuse unit system, 5S Ai ee a Working Principle Miniature Circuit Breaker There are two arrangement of operation of mini cuit breaker. One dueto thermal effect of over current and other due to electromagnetic effect of over current. The thermal operation of miniature circuit breaker is achieved’ with. a bimetallic strip. whenever continuous over current flows through MCB, the bimetallic strip is heated and deflects by bending. This deflection of bimetallic strip releases mechanical latch. As this mechanical latch is attached with’ operating ‘mechanism, it causes to open the miniature circuit breaker contacts. But during. short, circuit :condition, sudden rising of current, causes electromechanical displacement of plunger assoc’ ith tripping coil or solenoid of MCB. The plunger strikes the trip lever causing imm: late release of latch mechanism “a simple explanation of consequently, open. the “circuit breaker “contacts, Thi miniature circuit breaker working principle, ke s ao gis Miniature ,circuit breaker construction imple, robust-and maintenance free. Generally 2 MCB is not repaired or maintained, it-just replaced by new one when required, A miniature circuit breaker has normally three main constructional parts. These ATO My iE fn Sid 4 Frame of Miniature Circuit Breaker ay The frame of miniature circuit breaker is a molded case. Thi housing in which the other components are mounted, Operating Mechanism ot Mina cuit Breaker The operating mechanism of miniature vireut breaker provides the f manual opening and closing operation of miniature circuit breaker. It has Mie cositio ns "ON." PoLr-sc? is igid, strong, insulated: Circuit Interrupting Devices SGP.59 STRIPPED". The external switching latch can be in the "TRIPPED" position, is tripped due to over-current. When manually switch off the MCB, the atch will be in "OFF" position. In close condition of MCB, the switch is at "ON". By observing the positions of the switching latch one can determine jon of MCB whether it is closed, tripped or manually switched off. of. Miniature Circuit Breaker ¢ it is the main part, responsible for proper working of miniature circuit breaker. in types of trip mechanisin are provided in MCB. A bitnetal provides protection ‘over load current and an electromagnet provides protection against short-circuit of Miniature Circuit Breaker ; three mechanisms provided in a single miniature citcuit breaker to make it off. If we carefully observe the picture beside, we will find there are mainly one tallic strip, one trip coil and one hand operated on - off lever. Electric current th of a miniature circuit breaker shown in the picture is like follows. First left power terminal - then bimetallic strip - then current coil or trip coil - then contact - then fixed contact and - lastly right had side power terminal. All are in series. . overloaded for long time, the bi - metallic strip begomes over heated and This deformation of bi metallic strip causes displacement of latch point. The contact of the MCB is so arranged by means of spring pressuré, with this latch a little displacement of latch causes, release ofispring and makes the moving ito move for opening the MCB. The current coil or trip coil ig placed such a that during short circuit fault the m.m.f of that coil causes its plunger to hit the _ h point and make the latch to be displaced. Hence the MCB will Open in same Again when operating lever of the miniature circuit breaker is operated by hand, ns when we make the MCB at off position manually, the same latch point is as a result moving contact separated from fixed contact in same manner. So, er may be’the operating mechanism, that means, may be due to deformation of ‘bi - ic strip, due to increased m.m.f of trip coil or may due to manual operation, teyni SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECT! ION SGP.60 d and same deformed spring is released, which e moving contact. When the moving contact high chance of arc. This are then goes up actually the same latch point is, displaced ultimately responsible for. movement of the fixed contact, there may be a i e Sagres faniet and enters into arc splitters and is finally quenched. When we switch on an MCB, we actually reset the displaced operating latch to its previous on ' position and make the MCB ready for another switch off or trip operation. c) Inelectric power distribution, a recloser, or auto-recloser, is a circuit breaker etipped with a mechanism that can automatically close the breaker after it has been opens od due to a fault, Reclosers are used on overhead distribution systems to detect and interrupt momentary faults. Since many short-circuit on overhead lines clear themselves, arecloser improves service continuity by: automatically restoring power to the line after a momentary fault. = > 2. Explain the purpose of Auto Reclosing of an EHV circuit breaker controlling an overhead transmission line. [IWBSCTE 2006, 2013] Answer: The most important consideration in the application of auto-reclosing to EHV transmission lines is the maintenance of system stability and synchronism. The problems involved are dependent on whether the transmission system is weak or strong. With a weak system, loss of a transmission link may lead quickly to an excessive phase angle across the CB used for re-closure, thus preventing a successful re-closure. In a relatively strong system, the rate of change of phase angle will be slow, so that delayed auto-reclose can be successfully applied. An illustration is the interconnector between two powers systems as shown in Figure below under healthy conditions, the amount of synchronising power transmitted, P, crosses the power/angle curve OAB at point X, showing that the phase displacement between the two systems is @0. Under fault conditions, the curve OCB is applicable, and the operating point changes to Y. Assuming constant power input to both ends of the line, there is now an accelerating power XY. As a result, the Spesuting point moves to Zz with an increased phase displacement, 8,, between the two systems. At this point the circuit breakers trip and break the connection. The phase dis; lacement continues to increase at a rate dependent on the inertia of the two power si i Te maintain synchronism, the circuit breaker must be reclosed in a time sh oan i prevent the phase angle exceeding @>. This angle is such Sacro at that th than the area (1), which is the condition for maintenance of. avichranes ech aslgies Circuit Interrupting Devices SGP.61 ee eas Normal system condition "0 Power Input line Fault condition 0 OQ 9; 8, B : Phase displacement Fig: Effect of high-speed three-phase auto-reclosing on system stability for a weak system This example, for a weak system, shows that the successful application of auto- steclosiad in such a case needs high-speed protection and circuit breakers, and a short dead time: On strong systems, synctironism is unlikely to be lost by the-tripping out of a single line. For such systems, an alternative policy of delayed auto-reclosing may’ be adopted. This enables the power swings on the system resulting from thie fault to decay before Heleva is attempted. > 3, Distinguish between a fuse and a circuit breaker, OR, i jent differences between a fuse and a circuit breaker. © Indicate salient di niebete dace: Sua} [WBSCTE 2607, 2009, 2012] POLY-SGPnk SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION SGP.62 (b) Define the following terms in respect of a fuse - (i) fusing current, (ii) fusing factor, (iii) prospective current, (iv) rupturing current, (v) braking. capacity, (vi) cut-off current. IWBSCTE 2007, 2009, 2012) Answer: al Sr. No: Fuse Circuit Breaker lL It detects and interrupts the fault | It only interrupts the fault current. The current. detection is done by relay system. 2: The operation is inherently automatic. | It is not automatic. The relay system is required to operate it. 3. “The breaking capacity is less. Having large breaking capacity. 4 ‘Arc interruption is simple. ‘Arc interruption is complicated. 3. The operating time is small. The | The operating time is large. The operating speed is high. operating speed is comparatively less. 6. ‘After every operating, the replacement | No need of replacement after operation. is necessary. 7 Replacement takes time. No question of replacement. 3 ‘Simple to design hence cheap. ‘Complicated to design hence expensive. b) (i Fuse Current : ‘The minimum value of the current at which the fuse element melts to interrupt the circuit current is called fusing current. . (ii) Fusing Factor The ratio of the minimum fusing current and the current rating of the fuse is called the fusing factor. As minimum fusing current is more than the current rating, the fusing factor is always greater than one. Fusing factor Minimum fusing current Current rating of fuse y ¥ _ The small the value of fusing factor, greater it is difficult to avoid the deterioration on due to oxidation and overheating at the rated current. For a household fuse which is semi- closed type using copper wire, this factor is generally 2. (iii) Prospective Current When the fault occurs, the current starts increasing. This fault current is asymmetrical and very large first loop. But before achieving maximum value, it generates sufficient energy to melt the fuse element. The r.m.s. value of the first loop of fault current is called prospective current. So it is defined as the r.m.s. value of the first loop of the fault current calculated if fuse is assumed to be replaced by a link of negligible resistance is called the prospective current. POLY-SGPrating correspot ing to the r.m.s. value of the ac. ent of maximum prospective current at its rated service oliser it value at ae the fuse melts, before fault ‘current achieves its | 2 off current. It can also be defined as the maximum value attained Py te fault” eae when the fuse melts. ; dey thayate i 9 iF Name the factors on which current carrying oe p ends. ag current nis on the various factors such as, _ _ Fuse element material. c Shorter the fuse ie., lesser is the fuse feet greaterois the current. This is _ because short fuse can easily conduct es the heat generated. So'short fuse can Carry more current. “Diameter of the element. More the fai more is the current. * Size of: the terminal used. Bigger size’ can: dissipate more heat and can carry A 6f the surface i.e., the standard fuse esarounings in which fuse is to be used ;OTECTION Sep, nX SWITCHGEAR AND PR’ : 84 disadva! D 5. (@ What are the advantages and O70 use eler (b) Name three desirable character ies as a radi (c) A fuse wire of circular crass-secrm of the wire t Off at a current of 8A. Calculate radi i of 1A. Answer: a) Advantages of fuse 4 ice are, "i aivaloned of using fuse as a protecting osina Avice: 1. Itis simplest and cheapest form of prot ; | 3 f ta pees athe T casoinato' while circuit breaker needs a tripping circuit, saredachieioa ller than that of circuit breaker ini ing tir uch smaller reaker, Sc leheae lina erat rae a ables jt to use for the overload protection, 5. Inverse time-current characteristic enables } be interrupted without noise, smoje With the help of a fuse, heavy currents can be int , Ml, and flame. . ao ni 7. The fuse can produce a current limiting effect under short circuit conditions. element. ee jius of 0.8 mm. The Wire hat will flow off at a curry (Wescte 2a" Disadvantages of Fuse e The various disadvantages of 4 fuse are, Q 1. The fuse is required to be replaced or rewired after its operation. _ 2. The replacement of rewiring of fuse takes a lot of time: 3. Discrimination between is series cannot be obtained unless there. is much difference in relative sizes of the fuses. 4, The current-time characteristics cannot be always correlated with that of the protected equipment. 5. It is not possible to provide secondary protection to fuses, — b) Fuse element material a‘ The desirable characteristics of any fuse element are. 1. Low melting point > 2. High conductivity 3. Free from deterioratioy ack 4. Low cost. 1 due fo oxidation No metal can posses all these characteristic, . °° We know that, P proportional to R3 = @) hy? ne =R, => =0, i = Ry (2) 8x (4) =0.2 mm.nk SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION SGP.70 Fig: (a) Equivalent single-phase version of any portion of a power system 1. Fault current 2. Circuit voltage 3. Are current 3. Are voltage ‘S. Re-striking voltage % Fig: (b) Wave form of voltage and current at the time of arc extinction WOK Write down the classification of circuit breakers based on the medium used for arc extinction? What are the advantages of MOCB over-a bulk oil circuit breaker? IWBSCTE 2014] Answer: : 1” part: Classification by Interrupting Media The interrupting medium has been-the vital factor in the evolution of circuit breakers. It dictates the overall design parameters of the breaker. The choice of air and oil, as the interrupting media, was predominant till late 70s. But today, vacuum and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) are the only dominant interrupting technologies, for medium and high voltage segments of circuit breaker design respectively, 1. Air Blast Circuit Breaker In the design of air blast circuit breakers, the interrupting process is initiated by establishing an arc. between two parting: contacts and by simultaneously opening a pneumatic valve. A blast of high pressure air is blown over the arc column, thereby POLY-SGP_ Circuit Interrupting Devices t to the intense Soar. and quenching the arc between the contacts Wh n the ionization is agent a current zero. [circuit breakers can be farthee classified with reference to the avanti of oil used as: ik oil circuit breakers (BOCBs), and imum oil circuit breakers (MOCBs) - vacuum, circuit breaker takes the advantage of non- ‘Sustainability of electric arc in and employs the principle of contact separation under vacuum where there is no m due to medium. The initial arc caused by field and thermionic emissions contact separation, will die. away soon, as there is no further ionization because of The contact design in vacuum breakers is such that the arc becomes elongated contact separation process. Vacuum breakers are cost effective in the medium > range: Vacuum. interrupters are sealed units and maintenance-free for 10,000 load operations. \g properties, resulting in many advantages ea as So and less itenance of EHV circuit breakers. * \dvantages _ 1. Lesser quantity of oil is required smaller space is required sauiaeet tes = 8. (a) What are” ‘the characteristics of SR6 easly is es of SKS: age i fe properties of SF, gas can an be divided as Physical properties cal propertiesnk s SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION d SGP.72 iii) It is in gas state at normal temperature and non-inflammable gas. iv) It is heavy gas having density 5 times that of air at 20°C and atmospheric pressure, v) The gas starts liquefying at certain low temperatures, The temperature of liquefaction depends on pressure. At 15 atm: pressure, the gas liquefies at a temperature of about 1o°c .: vi) It has an excellent heat transfer property. The heat transfer capability of SF, is 2 to 2,5 times that of air af same pressure. _ vii)The heat content property is much higher than air. This property of SF, assists cooling of arc space after current zero. 2. Cheinical Properties of SF; i) It is chemically stable at pele pressure and at temperatures up to 500°C ii) Itis a chemically inert gas. iii) The property of chemical inertness of this gas is advantageous in switchgear. Because of this property, it has exceptionally low reactivity and does not attack metals, glass, ~ plastics, etc. The life of contacts and other metallic parts is longer in SF, gas. The components do not get oxidized or deteriorated. Hence the maintenance requirements are reduced. iv) Moisture is very harmful to the properties of this gas. In the presence of moisture, hydrogen fluoride is formed during arcing which can attack-the metallic and insulating parts of the circuit breaker. y) Itis non-corrosive on all metals at ambient temperatures. Ni) It is an electronegative gas. The ability of an atom to attack and hold electrons is designated as its ‘electro negativity’. Because of electro-negativity, the arc-time constant (the time between current zero and the instant at which the conductance of contract spaces reaches zero value) of SF, gas is very low (<1 us) and the rate of rise of dielectric’ strength is high. Hence SF; circuit breakers are suitable for switching condition involving high RRRV: : wy) The products of decomposition of SF, recombine in a short time after are extinction. ‘During are - extinction Process, SF, decomposes: fo some extent into SF,,SFy,S,,Fy,S and F at temperatures of the order of io00°C.. The time products of _ decomposition recombine to form the original gas in a short upon’ cooling. The remainder of the decomposition products is absorbed oye a anu of. soda lime (NaOH + CaO) and actated aun: “3, Electrical Properties of SF, Gas. aie Dielectric properties ‘ i i 2 dielectris strength at ahah ee is 2.35 times that of air and 30% less than that of dielectric oil used in oil circuit Ces The excellent: dielectric strengthCircuit Interrupting Devices SGP.81 __ Gas flow during arc quenching Breaker open Fig: 2 Arc interrupting operation of a 145 kV SF¢ circuit breaker Advantages of SF¢ Circuit Breaker The main advantages of SF, circuit breakers are as under: Low gas velocity and pressures employed prevent current chopping; capacitive currents are interrupted without re-striking. There is no exhaust of high-pressure gas to atmosphere, and their operation is silent. There is short time arc, low contact erosion and no contact replacement. No carbon deposition takes place and, as such, there is no insulation tracking. 4 The smaller sizes of conductors are clearances lead to small overall breaker size; and these have ample overload margin. They are non-inflammable. POLY-SGPnix SWITCHGEAR ‘AND PROTECTION oe Disadvantages of SF Circuit Breaker © . SF¢ breakers are costly due to the high cot of SF¢ Since SF; gas has to be reconditioned after every. oper additional Equipmeney is required for this purpose | Use: This SF ‘breaker consists of ii interrupter units each capable of dealing with currents up to 66 KA and voltage in the range of 50 - 80 kV. A number of units are connected j in series according to’ the system voltage. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 kV to 230 kV, power rating 10 MVA to 20 Aye and interrupting time less than 3 cycles. 50. or f 22x50 - Capacitance per phase, C = 0. 02 WF = =2x 10°F @ er au value of 1 feo voltage (Phase to neutral) = Vdc <8 98kv i oy ; “3. : Peak re- striking Voltage = 2F max = di x8.98=17.96KV w Freq pent iice: In = oH Salle a Be ee 1 ie 2#N0.159x2x10° 5 2 i 3 ee bag 3 Fe Ee iki ; fs (Gy ays see tong vole S UTAGRY ii caves Time upto first peak 0.0177 us The mathematical form of the wave form of TRV with power frequency sinusoidal generator voltage and consideration of circuit damping is: - =0.159H” y = E, = ie cosot 312 0.. 0) ¢ wh _ The above form jis with the understanding that at power frequency ol << — and the ac generator voltage fully appears across the capacitor, From the’ point of view of arc restriking two fecovery: voltages are f i iportance, and must be fi ited for the re-striking not to oceur, which are max, value of ¢ ‘value of rate of rise of ek iets From oe (1), Capes Ens (att aN LC ) and differentiating e q _ RRRV=En/VLC. int / VEC. Its maxn value